space travel calculator

Space Travel Calculator

Table of contents

Ever since the dawn of civilization, the idea of space travel has fascinated humans! Haven't we all looked up into the night sky and dreamed about space?

With the successful return of the first all-civilian crew of SpaceX's Inspiration4 mission after orbiting the Earth for three days, the dream of space travel looks more and more realistic now.

While traveling deep into space is still something out of science fiction movies like Star Trek and Star Wars, the tremendous progress made by private space companies so far seems very promising. Someday, space travel (or even interstellar travel) might be accessible to everyone!

It's never too early to start planning for a trip of a lifetime (or several lifetimes). You can also plan your own space trip and celebrate World Space Week in your own special way!

This space travel calculator is a comprehensive tool that allows you to estimate many essential parameters in theoretical interstellar space travel . Have you ever wondered how fast we can travel in space, how much time it will take to get to the nearest star or galaxy, or how much fuel it requires? In the following article, using a relativistic rocket equation, we'll try to answer questions like "Is interstellar travel possible?" , and "Can humans travel at the speed of light?"

Explore the world of light-speed travel of (hopefully) future spaceships with our relativistic space travel calculator!

If you're interested in astrophysics, check out our other calculators. Find out the speed required to leave the surface of any planet with the escape velocity calculator or estimate the parameters of the orbital motion of planets using the orbital velocity calculator .

One small step for man, one giant leap for humanity

Although human beings have been dreaming about space travel forever, the first landmark in the history of space travel is Russia's launch of Sputnik 2 into space in November 1957. The spacecraft carried the first earthling, the Russian dog Laika , into space.

Four years later, on 12 April 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin became the first human in space when his spacecraft, the Vostok 1, completed one orbit of Earth.

The first American astronaut to enter space was Alan Shepard (May 1961). During the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first men to land on the moon. Between 1969 and 1972, a total of 12 astronauts walked the moon, marking one of the most outstanding achievements for NASA.

In recent decades, space travel technology has seen some incredible advancements. Especially with the advent of private space companies like SpaceX, Virgin Galactic, and Blue Origin, the dream of space tourism is looking more and more realistic for everyone!

However, when it comes to including women, we are yet to make great strides. So far, 566 people have traveled to space. Only 65 of them were women .

Although the first woman in space, a Soviet astronaut Valentina Tereshkova , who orbited Earth 48 times, went into orbit in June 1963. It was only in October 2019 that the first all-female spacewalk was completed by NASA astronauts Jessica Meir and Christina Koch.

Women's access to space is still far from equal, but there are signs of progress, like NASA planning to land the first woman and first person of color on the moon by 2024 with its Artemis missions. World Space Week is also celebrating the achievements and contributions of women in space this year!

In the following sections, we will explore the feasibility of space travel and its associated challenges.

How fast can we travel in space? Is interstellar travel possible?

Interstellar space is a rather empty place. Its temperature is not much more than the coldest possible temperature, i.e., an absolute zero. It equals about 3 kelvins – minus 270 °C or minus 455 °F. You can't find air there, and therefore there is no drag or friction. On the one hand, humans can't survive in such a hostile place without expensive equipment like a spacesuit or a spaceship, but on the other hand, we can make use of space conditions and its emptiness.

The main advantage of future spaceships is that, since they are moving through a vacuum, they can theoretically accelerate to infinite speeds! However, this is only possible in the classical world of relatively low speeds, where Newtonian physics can be applied. Even if it's true, let's imagine, just for a moment, that we live in a world where any speed is allowed. How long will it take to visit the Andromeda Galaxy, the nearest galaxy to the Milky Way?

We will begin our intergalactic travel with a constant acceleration of 1 g (9.81 m/s² or 32.17 ft/s²) because it ensures that the crew experiences the same comfortable gravitational field as the one on Earth. By using this space travel calculator in Newton's universe mode, you can find out that you need about 2200 years to arrive at the nearest galaxy! And, if you want to stop there, you need an additional 1000 years . Nobody lives for 3000 years! Is intergalactic travel impossible for us, then? Luckily, we have good news. We live in a world of relativistic effects, where unusual phenomena readily occur.

Can humans travel at the speed of light? – relativistic space travel

In the previous example, where we traveled to Andromeda Galaxy, the maximum velocity was almost 3000 times greater than the speed of light c = 299,792,458 m/s , or about c = 3 × 10 8 m/s using scientific notation.

However, as velocity increases, relativistic effects start to play an essential role. According to special relativity proposed by Albert Einstein, nothing can exceed the speed of light. How can it help us with interstellar space travel? Doesn't it mean we will travel at a much lower speed? Yes, it does, but there are also a few new relativistic phenomena, including time dilation and length contraction, to name a few. The former is crucial in relativistic space travel.

Time dilation is a difference of time measured by two observers, one being in motion and the second at rest (relative to each other). It is something we are not used to on Earth. Clocks in a moving spaceship tick slower than the same clocks on Earth ! Time passing in a moving spaceship T T T and equivalent time observed on Earth t t t are related by the following formula:

where γ \gamma γ is the Lorentz factor that comprises the speed of the spaceship v v v and the speed of light c c c :

where β = v / c \beta = v/c β = v / c .

For example, if γ = 10 \gamma = 10 γ = 10 ( v = 0.995 c v = 0.995c v = 0.995 c ), then every second passing on Earth corresponds to ten seconds passing in the spaceship. Inside the spacecraft, events take place 90 percent slower; the difference can be even greater for higher velocities. Note that both observers can be in motion, too. In that case, to calculate the relative relativistic velocity, you can use our velocity addition calculator .

Let's go back to our example again, but this time we're in Einstein's universe of relativistic effects trying to reach Andromeda. The time needed to get there, measured by the crew of the spaceship, equals only 15 years ! Well, this is still a long time, but it is more achievable in a practical sense. If you would like to stop at the destination, you should start decelerating halfway through. In this situation, the time passed in the spaceship will be extended by about 13 additional years .

Unfortunately, this is only a one-way journey. You can, of course, go back to Earth, but nothing will be the same. During your interstellar space travel to the Andromeda Galaxy, about 2,500,000 years have passed on Earth. It would be a completely different planet, and nobody could foresee the fate of our civilization.

A similar problem was considered in the first Planet of the Apes movie, where astronauts crash-landed back on Earth. While these astronauts had only aged by 18 months, 2000 years had passed on Earth (sorry for the spoilers, but the film is over 50 years old at this point, you should have seen it by now). How about you? Would you be able to leave everything you know and love about our galaxy forever and begin a life of space exploration?

Space travel calculator – relativistic rocket equation

Now that you know whether interstellar travel is possible and how fast we can travel in space, it's time for some formulas. In this section, you can find the "classical" and relativistic rocket equations that are included in the relativistic space travel calculator.

There could be four combinations since we want to estimate how long it takes to arrive at the destination point at full speed as well as arrive at the destination point and stop. Every set contains distance, time passing on Earth and in the spaceship (only relativity approach), expected maximum velocity and corresponding kinetic energy (on the additional parameters section), and the required fuel mass (see Intergalactic travel — fuel problem section for more information). The notation is:

• a a a — Spaceship acceleration (by default 1   g 1\rm\, g 1 g ). We assume it is positive a > 0 a > 0 a > 0 (at least until halfway) and constant.
• m m m — Spaceship mass. It is required to calculate kinetic energy (and fuel).
• d d d — Distance to the destination. Note that you can select it from the list or type in any other distance to the desired object.
• T T T — Time that passed in a spaceship, or, in other words, how much the crew has aged.
• t t t — Time that passed in a resting frame of reference, e.g., on Earth.
• v v v — Maximum velocity reached by the spaceship.
• K E \rm KE KE — Maximum kinetic energy reached by the spaceship.

The relativistic space travel calculator is dedicated to very long journeys, interstellar or even intergalactic, in which we can neglect the influence of the gravitational field, e.g., from Earth. We didn't include our closest celestial bodies, like the Moon or Mars, in the destination list because it would be pointless. For them, we need different equations that also take into consideration gravitational force.

Newton's universe — arrive at the destination at full speed

It's the simplest case because here, T T T equals t t t for any speed. To calculate the distance covered at constant acceleration during a certain time, you can use the following classical formula:

Since acceleration is constant, and we assume that the initial velocity equals zero, you can estimate the maximum velocity using this equation:

and the corresponding kinetic energy:

Newton's universe — arrive at the destination and stop

In this situation, we accelerate to the halfway point, reach maximum velocity, and then decelerate to stop at the destination point. Distance covered during the same time is, as you may expect, smaller than before:

Acceleration remains positive until we're halfway there (then it is negative – deceleration), so the maximum velocity is:

and the kinetic energy equation is the same as the previous one.

Einstein's universe — arrive at the destination at full speed

The relativistic rocket equation has to consider the effects of light-speed travel. These are not only speed limitations and time dilation but also how every length becomes shorter for a moving observer, which is a phenomenon of special relativity called length contraction. If l l l is the proper length observed in the rest frame and L L L is the length observed by a crew in a spaceship, then:

What does it mean? If a spaceship moves with the velocity of v = 0.995 c v = 0.995c v = 0.995 c , then γ = 10 \gamma = 10 γ = 10 , and the length observed by a moving object is ten times smaller than the real length. For example, the distance to the Andromeda Galaxy equals about 2,520,000 light years with Earth as the frame of reference. For a spaceship moving with v = 0.995 c v = 0.995c v = 0.995 c , it will be "only" 252,200 light years away. That's a 90 percent decrease or a 164 percent difference!

Now you probably understand why special relativity allows us to intergalactic travel. Below you can find the relativistic rocket equation for the case in which you want to arrive at the destination point at full speed (without stopping). You can find its derivation in the book by Messrs Misner, Thorne ( Co-Winner of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics ) and Wheller titled Gravitation , section §6.2. Hyperbolic motion. More accessible formulas are in the mathematical physicist John Baez's article The Relativistic Rocket :

• Time passed on Earth:
• Time passed in the spaceship:
• Maximum velocity:
• Relativistic kinetic energy remains the same:

The symbols sh ⁡ \sh sh , ch ⁡ \ch ch , and th ⁡ \th th are, respectively, sine, cosine, and tangent hyperbolic functions, which are analogs of the ordinary trigonometric functions. In turn, sh ⁡ − 1 \sh^{-1} sh − 1 and ch ⁡ − 1 \ch^{-1} ch − 1 are the inverse hyperbolic functions that can be expressed with natural logarithms and square roots, according to the article Inverse hyperbolic functions on Wikipedia.

Einstein's universe – arrive at destination point and stop

Most websites with relativistic rocket equations consider only arriving at the desired place at full speed. If you want to stop there, you should start decelerating at the halfway point. Below, you can find a set of equations estimating interstellar space travel parameters in the situation when you want to stop at the destination point :

Intergalactic travel – fuel problem

So, after all of these considerations, can humans travel at the speed of light, or at least at a speed close to it? Jet-rocket engines need a lot of fuel per unit of weight of the rocket. You can use our rocket equation calculator to see how much fuel you need to obtain a certain velocity (e.g., with an effective exhaust velocity of 4500 m/s).

Hopefully, future spaceships will be able to produce energy from matter-antimatter annihilation. This process releases energy from two particles that have mass (e.g., electron and positron) into photons. These photons may then be shot out at the back of the spaceship and accelerate the spaceship due to the conservation of momentum. If you want to know how much energy is contained in matter, check out our E = mc² calculator , which is about the famous Albert Einstein equation.

Now that you know the maximum amount of energy you can acquire from matter, it's time to estimate how much of it you need for intergalactic travel. Appropriate formulas are derived from the conservation of momentum and energy principles. For the relativistic case:

where e x e^x e x is an exponential function, and for classical case:

Remember that it assumes 100% efficiency! One of the promising future spaceships' power sources is the fusion of hydrogen into helium, which provides energy of 0.008 mc² . As you can see, in this reaction, efficiency equals only 0.8%.

Let's check whether the fuel mass amount is reasonable for sending a mass of 1 kg to the nearest galaxy. With a space travel calculator, you can find out that, even with 100% efficiency, you would need 5,200 tons of fuel to send only 1 kilogram of your spaceship . That's a lot!

So can humans travel at the speed of light? Right now, it seems impossible, but technology is still developing. For example, a photonic laser thruster is a good candidate since it doesn't require any matter to work, only photons. Infinity and beyond is actually within our reach!

How do I calculate the travel time to other planets?

To calculate the time it takes to travel to a specific star or galaxy using the space travel calculator, follow these steps:

• Choose the acceleration : the default mode is 1 g (gravitational field similar to Earth's).
• Enter the spaceship mass , excluding fuel.
• Select the destination : pick the star, planet, or galaxy you want to travel to from the dropdown menu.
• The distance between the Earth and your chosen stars will automatically appear. You can also input the distance in light-years directly if you select the Custom distance option in the previous dropdown.
• Define the aim : select whether you aim to " Arrive at destination and stop " or “ Arrive at destination at full speed ”.
• Pick the calculation mode : opt for either " Einstein's universe " mode for relativistic effects or " Newton's universe " for simpler calculations.
• Time passed in spaceship : estimated time experienced by the crew during the journey. (" Einstein's universe " mode)
• Time passed on Earth : estimated time elapsed on Earth during the trip. (" Einstein's universe " mode)
• Time passed : depends on the frame of reference, e.g., on Earth. (" Newton's universe " mode)
• Required fuel mass : estimated fuel quantity needed for the journey.
• Maximum velocity : maximum speed achieved by the spaceship.

How long does it take to get to space?

It takes about 8.5 minutes for a space shuttle or spacecraft to reach Earth's orbit, i.e., the limit of space where the Earth's atmosphere ends. This dividing line between the Earth's atmosphere and space is called the Kármán line . It happens so quickly because the shuttle goes from zero to around 17,500 miles per hour in those 8.5 minutes .

How fast does the space station travel?

The International Space Station travels at an average speed of 28,000 km/h or 17,500 mph . In a single day, the ISS can make several complete revolutions as it circumnavigates the globe in just 90 minutes . Placed in orbit at an altitude of 350 km , the station is visible to the naked eye, looking like a dot crossing the sky due to its very bright solar panels.

How do I reach the speed of light?

To reach the speed of light, you would have to overcome several obstacles, including:

Mass limit : traveling at the speed of light would mean traveling at 299,792,458 meters per second. But, thanks to Einstein's theory of relativity, we know that an object with non-zero mass cannot reach this speed.

Energy : accelerating to the speed of light would require infinite energy.

Effects of relativity : from the outside, time would slow down, and you would shrink.

Why can't sound travel in space?

Sound can’t travel in space because it is a mechanical wave that requires a medium to propagate — this medium can be solid, liquid, or gas. In space, there is no matter, or at least not enough for sound to propagate. The density of matter in space is of the order 1 particle per cubic centimeter . While on Earth , it's much denser at around 10 20 particles per cubic centimeter .

Dreaming of traveling into space? 🌌 Plan your interstellar travel (even to a Star Trek destination) using this calculator 👨‍🚀! Estimate how fast you can reach your destination and how much fuel you would need 🚀

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ol{padding-top:0px;}.css-z0bf05 ul:not(:first-child),.css-z0bf05 ol:not(:first-child){padding-top:4px;} Spaceship and destination 👩‍🚀👨‍🚀

Spaceship acceleration

Spaceship mass

Mass of spaceship excluding fuel.

Destination

Select a destination from the list or type in distance by hand.

Which star/galaxy?

If you want to input your own distance, select the 'Custom destination' option in the 'Which star/galaxy?' field.

Calculation options

Do you want to stop at destination point? If yes, the spaceship will start decelerating once it reaches the halfway point.

Calculations mode

You can compare Einstein's special relativity with non-relativistic Newton's physics. Remember that at near-light speeds only the former is correct!

Travel details 🚀

Time passed in spaceship

Time passed on Earth

Time passed in the resting frame of reference. It could be an observer on Earth.

Required fuel mass

Assuming 100% efficiency.

Maximum velocity

Note that our calculator may round velocity to the speed of light if it is really close to it.

Additional parameters

Space Travel Calculator

Calculate how long it would take to reach planets, stars, or galaxies, as well as fuel mass, velocity and more, journey details.

Space Travel Calculator

Prepare for launch and fasten your seatbelts because we’re about to take a galactic joyride into the cosmos! 🚀✨

Formula for Space Travel:

Now, let’s boldly go where no calculator has gone before!

Table of Contents

Categories of Space Travel

From short interplanetary jaunts to epic journeys across the universe, space travel can be categorized into mind-boggling types:

Examples of Space Travel Calculations

Hold onto your space helmets as we calculate some whimsical space journeys:

Different Methods of Calculation

Space travel calculations can be as diverse as the cosmos itself, each with its quirks and peculiarities:

Evolution of Space Travel Calculation

The history of space travel calculations is a journey in itself:

Limitations of Accuracy

Even in the vastness of space, accuracy has its limits:

• Complexity: Space travel equations can involve complex math and relativistic principles.
• Specific Scenarios: Some methods are limited to specific scenarios, like near-light-speed travel.
• Theoretical Speculation: Hyperspace theory remains speculative and unproven.

Alternative Methods for Measurement

When it comes to space travel, alternative methods are often found in the realm of science fiction:

FAQs on Space Travel Calculator

• Can space travel be faster than the speed of light? According to current physics, traveling at or faster than the speed of light is impossible.
• What is time dilation in space travel? Time dilation is the effect where time passes differently for travelers moving at high speeds or in strong gravitational fields.
• Are wormholes real and can we use them for space travel? Wormholes are theoretical, and their existence is unproven. They remain a concept in the realm of science fiction.
• How does space travel affect time? Traveling at high speeds, as described by special relativity, can cause time dilation, where time passes more slowly for the traveler than for those at rest.
• What is the concept of hyperspace travel? Hyperspace is a theoretical concept where ships can travel faster than light by entering another dimension or space.
• Is it possible to travel back in time through space travel? Current scientific understanding suggests that traveling backward in time is highly unlikely and remains a subject of science fiction.
• How far can humans travel in space today? Human space travel is primarily limited to our solar system, with missions to Mars and beyond in planning stages.
• What is the closest star to Earth? The closest star to Earth is the Sun, which is part of our solar system. The closest star system is Alpha Centauri.
• How do scientists calculate travel time to other planets? Scientists use the principles of physics, including special relativity and rocket science, to calculate travel time to other planets.
• What is the ultimate goal of space travel? The ultimate goal of space travel is to explore, understand, and potentially colonize other planets, and to expand humanity’s presence in the universe.

Resources for Further Research

Explore more about space travel through these reputable government and educational resources:

• NASA’s Official Space Travel Page : Discover NASA’s missions, research, and the latest in space travel.
• Space.com – Space News : Stay updated with the latest news, articles, and information on space exploration.
• ESA – European Space Agency : Explore Europe’s contribution to space science, technology, and exploration.
• Caltech – Jet Propulsion Laboratory : Learn about space missions, robotics, and planetary exploration.

• Transtopia Site
• Space Travel
• Space Travel Calculator | Relativistic

Space Travel Calculator | Relativistic Rocket Equation

Posted: July 10, 2021 at 3:24 am

The space travel calculator is a comprehensive tool that allows you to estimate many essential parameters in theoretical interstellar space travel. Have you ever wondered how fast can we travel in space, how much time will it take to get to the nearest star or galaxy, or how much fuel does it require? In the following article, we'll try to answer questions is interstellar travel possible? and can humans travel at the speed of light? using a relativistic rocket equation. Explore the world of light speed travel of (hopefully) future spaceships with our relativistic space travel calculator!

If you're interested in astrophysics, check out our other calculators. Find out the speed required to leave the surface of any planet with the escape velocity calculator or estimate the parameters of the orbital motion of planets using the orbital velocity calculator.

Interstellar space is a rather empty place. Its temperature is not much more than the coldest possible temperature, i.e., an absolute zero. It equals about 3 Kelvins - minus 270 C or minus 455 F. You can't find air there, and therefore there is no drag or friction. On one hand, humans can't survive in such a hostile place without expensive equipment like a spacesuit or a spaceship, but on the other hand, we can make use of space conditions and its emptiness.

The main advantage of future spaceships is that, since they are moving through a vacuum, they can theoretically accelerate to infinite speeds! However, this is only possible in the classical world of relatively low speeds where Newtonian physics can be applied. Even if it's true, let's imagine, just for a moment, that we live in a world where any speed is allowed. How long will it take to visit the Andromeda Galaxy, the nearest galaxy to the Milky Way?

We will begin our intergalactic travel with a constant acceleration of 1 g (9.81 m/s or 32.17 ft/s) because it ensures that crew experiences the same comfortable gravitational field as the one on Earth. By using this space travel calculator in Newton's universe mode, you can find out that you need about 2200 years to arrive at the nearest galaxy! And, if you want to stop there, you need an additional 1000 years. Nobody lives for 3000 years! Is intergalactic travel impossible for us, then? Luckily, we have good news. We live in a world of relativistic effects where unusual phenomena readily occur.

In the previous example, where we traveled to Andromeda Galaxy, the maximum velocity was almost 3000 times greater than the speed of light c = 299,792,458 m/s, or about c = 3 * 10 m/s using scientific notation. You can always use our speed converter to find its value in any other speed units.

However, as velocity increases, relativistic effects start to play an essential role. According to special relativity proposed by Albert Einstein, nothing can exceed the speed of light. How can it help us with interstellar space travel? Doesn't it mean we will travel at a much lower speed? Yes, it does, but there are also few new relativistic phenomena, including time dilation and length contraction to name a few. The former is crucial in relativistic space travel. Time dilation is a difference of time measured by two observers, one being in motion and second at rest (relative to each other). It is something we are not used to on Earth. Clocks in a moving spaceship tick slower than the same clocks on Earth! Time passing in a moving spaceship T and equivalent time observed on Earth t are related by the following formula:

where is the Lorentz factor that comprises the speed of the spaceship v and speed of light c:

= 1/(1 - ) = 1/(1 - v/c),

where = v/c.

For example, if = 10 (v = 0.995c), then every second passing on Earth corresponds to ten seconds passing in the spaceship. Inside the spaceship, events take place 90 percent slower; the difference can be even greater for higher velocities. Note that both observers can be in motion, too. In that case, to calculate the relative relativistic velocity, you can use our velocity addition calculator.

Let's go back to our example again, but this time we're in Einstein's universe of relativistic effects trying to reach Andromeda. The time needed to get there measured by the crew of the spaceship equals only 15 years! Well, this is still a long time, but is more achievable in a practical sense. If you would like to stop at the destination, you should start decelerating halfway through. In this situation, the time passed in the spaceship will be extended by about 13 additional years.

Unfortunately, this is only a one-way journey. You can, of course, go back to Earth but nothing will be the same. During your interstellar space travel to the Andromeda Galaxy, about 2,500,000 years have passed on Earth. It would be a completely different planet, and nobody can foresee the fate of our civilization. A similar problem was considered in the first Planet of the Apes movie, where astronauts crash landed back on Earth. While these astronauts had only aged by 18 months, 2000 years had passed on Earth (sorry for the spoilers, but the film is over 50 years old at this point, you should have seen it by now). How about you? Would you be able to leave everything you know and love about our galaxy forever, and begin a life of space exploration?

Now that you know whether interstellar is travel possible and how fast can we travel in space, it's time for some formulas. In this section, you can find the "classical" and relativistic rocket equations that are included in the relativistic space travel calculator. There could be four combinations since we want to estimate how long it takes to arrive at the destination point at full speed as well as arrive at the destination point and stop. Every set contains distance, time passing on Earth and in the spaceship (only relativity approach), expected maximum velocity and corresponding kinetic energy (if you turn on the advanced mode), and the required fuel mass (see Intergalactic travel - fuel problem section for more information). The notation is:

Relativistic space travel calculator is dedicated to very long journeys, interstellar or even intergalactic, in which we can neglect the influence of the gravitational field, e.g., from Earth. We didn't include in destination list our closest celestial bodies like Moon or Mars, because it would be pointless. For them, we need different equations that also take into consideration gravitational force.

Newton's universe - arrive at destination at full speed

It's the simplest case because here T equals t for any speed. To calculate distance covered, at constant acceleration during a certain time, you can use the following classical formula:

d = 1/2 * a * t.

Since acceleration is constant and we assume that the initial velocity equals zero, you can estimate the maximum velocity using this equation:

and the corresponding kinetic energy:

KE = m * v / 2.

Newton's universe - arrive at destination and stop

In this situation, we're accelerating to the half-way point, reaching maximum velocity and then decelerating to stop at the destination point. Distance covered during the same time is, as you may expect, smaller than before:

d = 1/4 * a * t.

Acceleration remains positive until we're half-way there (then it is negative - deceleration), so the maximum velocity is:

v = a * t/2,

and the kinetic energy equation is the same as the previous one.

Einstein's universe - arrive at destination at full speed

The relativistic rocket equation has to consider the effects of light speed travel. These are not only speed limitations and time dilation, but also how every length becomes shorter for a moving observer which is a phenomenon of special relativity called length contraction. If l is the proper length observed in rest frame and L is length observed by a crew in a spaceship, then:

What does it mean? If spaceship moves with the velocity of v = 0.995c, then = 10 and the length observed by a moving object is ten times smaller than the real length. For example, the distance to the Andromeda Galaxy equals about 2,520,000 light years with Earth as the frame of reference. For a spaceship moving with v = 0.995c, it will be "only" 252,200 light years away. That's a 90 percentage decrease or 164 percentage difference!

Now you probably understand why special relativity allows us for intergalactic travel. Below you can find relativistic rocket equation for the case in which you want to arrive at destination point at full speed (without stopping). You can find its derivation in the book by Messrs Misner, Thorne (Co-Winner of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics) and Wheller titled Gravitation, section 6.2. Hyperbolic motion. More accessible formulas are in the mathematical physicist's, John Baez, article The Relativistic Rocket:

t = c/a * sh[a*T/c] = [(d/c) + 2*d/a],

T = c/a * sh[a*t/c] = c/a * ch[a*d/c + 1],

d = c/a * [ch(a*T/c) - 1] = c/a * [(1 + (a*t/c)) - 1],

v = c * th[a*T/c] = a*t / [1 + (a*t/c)],

EK = mc * ( - 1)

The symbols sh, ch and th are respectively sine, cosine, and tangent hyperbolic functions, which are analogs of the ordinary trigonometric functions. In turn, sh and ch are the inverse hyperbolic functions that can be expressed with natural logarithms and square roots according to the article Inverse hyperbolic functions on Wikipedia.

Einstein's universe - arrive at destination point and stop

Most websites with relativistic rocket equations consider only arriving at desired place at full speed. If you want to stop there, you should start decelerating at the halfway point. Here, you can find set of equation estimating interstellar space travel parameters in situation when you want to stop at destination point:

t = 2*c/a * sh[a*T/(2*c)] = [(d/c) + 4*d/a],

T = 2*c/a * sh[a*t/(2*c)] = 2*c/a * ch[a*d/(2*c) + 1],

d = 2*c/a * [ch(a*T/(2*c)) - 1] = 2*c/a * [(1 + (a*t/(2*c))) - 1],

v = c * th[a*T/(2*c)] = a*t / (2 * [1 + (a*t/(2*c))]),

So after all of these considerations, can humans travel at the speed of light, or at least at a speed close to it? Jet-rocket engines, used e.g. by NASA, taught us that rockets need a lot of fuel per unit of weight of the rocket. You can use our rocket equation calculator to see how much fuel you need to obtain a certain velocity (e.g., with an effective exhaust velocity of 4500 m/s).

Hopefully future spaceships will be able to produce energy from the matter-antimatter annihilation. This process releases energy from two particles that have mass (e.g., electron and positron) into photons. These photons may be then shot out at the back of the spaceship, and accelerate the spaceship due to the conservation of momentum. If you want to know how much energy is contained in matter, check out our E = mc calculator which is about the famous Albert Einstein equation.

Now that you know the maximum amount of energy you can acquire from matter, it's time to estimate how much of it you need for intergalactic travel. Appropriate formulas are derived from conservation of momentum and energy principles. For the relativistic case:

M = m * (exp(a*T/c) - 1),

where exp(x) is an exponential function, and for classical case:

M = m*v / (2*c) + m*v / c.

Remember that it assumes 100% efficiency! One of the promising future spaceships sources of power is the fusion of hydrogen into helium which provides energy of 0.008 mc. As you can see, in this reaction, efficiency equals only 0.8%.

Let's check whether fuel mass amount is reasonable for sending a mass of 1 kg to the nearest galaxy. With space travel calculator you can find out that, even with 100% efficiency, you would need 5,200 tons of fuel to send only 1 kilogram of your spaceship. That's a lot! So can humans travel at the speed of light? Right now it seems impossible, but technology is still developing. For example, photonic laser thruster is a good candidate since it doesn't require any matter to work, only photons. Infinite and beyond is actually within our reach!

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Space travel time calculator

Do you ever wonder how long it would take to go to space? Or how much fuel it takes to get there? With space-time calculator, you can find out precisely that! This handy tool uses the latest space technology to help you plan your space journey. Simply enter the information about your spacecraft and launch date, and the calculator will do the rest!

What is a space-time calculator and how it works?

Space travel is exciting but complicated. To plan a successful space exploration mission , it is essential to consider the vast distances involved and the amount of time required to complete the journey. A space-time calculator is a tool that can help with this planning process. The calculator takes into account the space vehicle’s speed and the distance to the target destination.

It then calculates the time required for the space vehicle to reach its destination. This information can be used to plan space missions and confirm that all necessary supplies and personnel are available when needed. A space travel calculator is an essential tool for anyone interested in exploring the universe.

How to use a time calculator

The time calculator is an important technology that allows space travelers to determine how long it will take them to reach their destination. The time calculator can estimate the journey’s duration by inserting the desired destination and the space traveler’s current location.

The space-time calculator can also plan a safe and efficient route by considering the space traveler’s speed and the gravitational forces of nearby stars and planets. With this tool, space travelers can ensure that they arrive at their destination within a reasonable timeframe and without incident.

Examples of space time calculator

There are many examples of space calculators available online. Some of these calculators are very simple, allowing you to input your destination and the time you travel. Others are more complex, allowing you to input variables such as your starting point, your spacecraft’s speed, and the fuel you are using. These calculators can help plan a trip to outer space regardless of their complexity.

With a few simple clicks, you can calculate how long it will take you to reach your destination and plan your trip accordingly. In addition to being convenient, for example, space calculators can also help you save time and money by ensuring you don’t overshoot your target.

Benefits of space time calculator

By inputting data about a person’s weight, height, and space travel destination, the calculator can estimate how long it would take for that person to reach their destination. This information can be helpful for people who are planning space travel, as it can help them to choose more destinations and plan their space trips accordingly.

Further, the space-time calculator can help people to understand the effects of space travel on the human body. By putting a person’s age and health, the calculator can estimate how space travel will affect their health. This information can help them make an informed decision about whether or not space travel is right for them.

The space time calculator is a fantastic tool to help you plan your trips better. You can make the most out of your travels by understanding the benefits of using the calculator and its working. This blog post has helped you understand the space calculator and its many benefits. Have you tried using it for your next trip? Let us know in the comments below!

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Math problems about Space Travel

Problem 472: Investigating Juno's Elliptical Transfer Orbit Students use the Standard Formula for an ellipse to study the elliptical orbit of the Juno spacecraft, and relate specific properties of the ellipse to features of the spacecrafts trajectory such as aphelion, perihelion, and ellipticity. [Grade: 9-12 | Topics: formula for an ellipse; semi-major and minor axis] [Click here]

Problem 471: Investigating the Launch of the Juno Spacecraft Students use a series of images from a launch video to determine the scale of each image and determine the speed of the rocket as it leaves the gantry. [Grade: 6-8 | Topics: scale models; speed = distance/times] [Click here]

Problem 470: The Launch of the Juno Spacecraft - Ascent to orbit Students use tabulated altitude and range data following the launch of the Juno mission, to determine the speed of the rocket as it travels from the ground to earth orbit. [Grade: 6-8 | Topics: scale models; speed = distance/time] [Click here]

Problem 469: Solar Energy and the Distance of Juno from the Sun Students use the formula for an ellipse, along with the inverse-square law to create a mathematical model that predicts the declining solar power produced by Junos solar panels as the spacecraft travels from Earth to Jupiter. [Grade: 9-12 | Topics: algebra; trigonometry; distance formula] [Click here]

Problem 457: The Interplanetary Voyage of MSL Students use the properties of ellipses to determine the formula for the Hohmann Transfer Orbit taking the Mars Science Laboratory to Mars in 2012 [Grade: 10-11 | Topics: time=distance/speed; scale models; metric math; properties of ellipses] [Click here]

Problem 456: The Launch of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) in 2011 Students use a sequence of launch images to determine the Atlas V's launch speed and acceleration. By determining the scale of each image, they estimate average speeds during the first 4 seconds after lift-off. [Grade: 8-10 | Topics: time=distance/speed; scale models; metric math] [Click here]

Problem 455: The Night Launch of STEREO in 2006 An example of old news seen in a different way! Students use a spectacular time-lapse photo of the launch of the STEREO mission obtained by photographer Dominic Agostini in 2006 to study parabolic curves. [Grade: 8-10 | Topics: time=distance/speed; scale models; metric math; equation of a parabola; curve fitting] [Click here]

Problem 419: The Space Shuttle: Fly me to the moon? Students discuss the popular misconception that the Space Shuttle can travel to the moon by examining the required orbit speed change and the capacity of the Shuttle engines to provide the necessary speed changes. [Grade: 6-8 | Topics: amount = rate x time ] [Click here] Problem 324: Deep Impact Comet Flyby The Deep Impact spacecraft flew by the Comet Tempel-1 in 2005. Students determine the form of a function that predicts the changing apparent size of the comet as viewed from the spacecraft along its trajectory. [Grade: 9-12 | Topics: Algebra, geometry, differential calculus] [Click here]

• Author: Dr. Sten Odenwald
• NASA Official : Dr. C.A. Young
• Privacy Policy & Important Notices

INSTRUCTIONS: Choose the following:

• ( SV ) Space Velocity (choose from list of space travel velocities. See Below)
• ( D ) Space Distance

Space Travel Time (STT): The calculator returns the time it will take to travel the distance at the chosen velocity.  

 The velocity choices are:

• 10,9600 mph
• 28000 km/h (Space Shuttle speed)
• Full Impulse  (Star Trek: .25⋅ c = 269813212.2 km/h)
• WARP 1 =  light speed (299792458 m/s)
• WARP 2  (Star Trek: 8,634,022,790 km/h)
• WARP 3  (Star Trek:  29,139,826,918 km/h)
• WARP 4   (Star Trek:  69,072,182,323 km/h)
• WARP 5  (Star Trek: 134,906,606,100 km/h)
• WARP 6   (Star Trek: 233,118,615,341 km/h)
• WARP 7   (Star Trek: 370,183,727,138 km/h)
• WARP 8  (Star Trek: 552,577,458,586 km/h)
• WARP 9   (Star Trek: 786,775,326,775 km/h)
• WARP 9.9   (Star Trek: 1,047,197,959,938 km/h)

See  warp speed (Star Trek). The distances between the Earth and the objects within the solar system assume the shortest distances possible between the objects when their orbits are aligned on the same side of the sun.

Related Astro Calculators:

• Kepler's 3 rd Law Calc has Kepler's 3 rd law solved for each parameter.
• Astronomy Calculator contains basic formulas for a college level Introduction to Astronomy
• Exoplanet Calculator contains formulas for studying planets outside of our Solar System.
• Astronomical Distance Calculator provides the distance from the Earth to numerous astronomical bodies (e.g. Sun, Moon, planets, stars, Milky Way's Center and Edge, Andromeda Galaxy)
• Astronomical Distance Travel Time Calculator computes the time to travel to distant parts of space at different velocities.
• Drake Equation Calculator
• Seager Equation Calculator
• Friedman Equation Calculator

• w is WARP Speed .

Therefore, WARP 1 is the speed of light, WARP 2 is eight (2³) the speed of light, WARP 3 is twenty seven (3³) times the speed of light, and so on, according to some STAR TREK blogs.

• Physics 100  - Motion and Force equations
• Physics Circular Motion  - Circular motion equations

Acknowledgement

Images of the Milky Way galaxy and the Solar System are from Wikipedia and shared under the Creative Commons Licensing Agreement

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Space Travel Calculator

Welcome to the space travel time calculator, how does it work, interesting facts, give it a try.

Are you curious about how long it would take to reach the atmosphere of different planets in our solar system if you could travel at a constant speed? Our Space Travel Time Calculator is here to help you out!

This calculator uses the formula time = distance / speed to calculate the time it would take to reach a certain distance (the edge of a planet's atmosphere) at a constant speed. Note that this is a simplified calculation, as it does not take into account factors such as changes in gravity or air resistance, which would have a significant impact on a real-life space journey.

In addition to providing you with the estimated travel times, our calculator also gives you interesting facts about each planet. As you select a planet, you will see some intriguing information about it. This could be a fun way to learn more about our solar system!

To use the Space Travel Time Calculator, simply enter your desired speed in km/h and select a planet from the dropdown list. Click the "Calculate" button, and you will see the estimated travel time and an interesting fact about the planet you chose.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. how accurate is the space travel time calculator.

The calculator provides a basic estimate based on a simplified model of space travel (time = distance / speed). It does not take into account factors such as changes in gravity or air resistance, which would have a significant impact on a real-life space journey.

2. Why does the calculator provide facts about the planets?

Along with calculating the time to reach each planet's atmosphere, we thought it would be fun to also provide some interesting facts about each planet in our solar system!

3. Can I use the calculator for speeds faster than light?

Yes, you can input any speed, including speeds faster than light. However, remember that according to our current understanding of physics, nothing can move faster than light.

4. How do I use the calculator?

To use the calculator, enter your desired speed in km/h and select a planet from the dropdown list. Then click the "Calculate" button to get the estimated travel time and an interesting fact about the planet.

5. Why doesn't the calculator take into account factors like gravity?

Including factors such as gravity, air resistance, and other physical constraints would significantly complicate the calculation and require a lot more information. This calculator is designed to provide a simple, straightforward estimate based on constant speed.

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Rocket Equation Calculator

The history of tsiolkovsky rocket equation, the ideal rocket equation: explanation and calculation, tsiolkovsky rocket equation formula in action: calculating the rocket equation for an interplanetary journey.

From probes flying over Pluto to satellites for television, calculating the rocket equation is fundamental in astrodynamics . With our tool, you will learn:

• What is Tsiolkovsky rocket equation ;
• How to derive the rocket equation;
• How to calculate the rocket equation for an ideal rocket;
• How to use the formula for the velocity of a rocket.

And much more. Buckle up, 3, 2, 1... take off!

For millennia humans looked at the sky, wondering, but only at the end of the XIX century was science finally at our side.

Scientists developed the foundations of rocketry, both experimental and theoretical. Among them was a Russian scientist, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. In May 1987, he finalized the equation that now brings his name, the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation. In his work " " Exploration of Outer Space using Rocket Devices ", he envisioned a future where rockets propelled humanity among the planets.

We are not there yet, but his mathematics was sound, allowing our species to walk a first of hesitant steps in space.

But what is the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation? And what do we calculate with the rocket equation?

The Tsiolkovsky equation for a rocket (ideal, as we don't consider many factors in it), relates the initial and final mass of a rocket to the variation in velocity. This simple relationship is crucial in the planning of every kind of spaceflight: let's see the formula of the rocket equation:

• Δ v \Delta v Δ v — The variation in velocity (the delta v );
• v e v_{\text{e}} v e ​ — The exchaust velocity ;
• m i m_{\text{i}} m i ​ — The inital mass ; and
• m f m_{\text{f}} m f ​ — The final mass , after some of the fuel burned.

The derivation of the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation requires starting with the relationship between force and acceleration: we discussed it in our Newton's second law calculator . We set the rate of change in linear momentum to the external forces acting on the body — which are zero since we are dealing with the ideal rocket equation:

The initial and final momentums are:

Here we see the initial and final mass multiplied by the velocity, which in the final moment has an increase of Δ v \Delta v Δ v . In the second expression, we see the contribution of the exhaust, too (relative to the rocket).

Now compute the difference and calculate the limit. We change the sign of the mass variation to a decrease (we are considering a reduction in mass): Δ m → − d m \Delta m\rightarrow -\text{d}m Δ m → − d m , and we plug the result in the first equality (force-variation in momentum).

First, the difference:

Now we rearrange the terms and integrate on the proper boundaries:

You derived the rocket equation for the ideal case. It's not that easy when other factors come into play: in particular, a rocket is affected by drag (when in an atmosphere) and by gravity (when it's too close to a massive body). The effect of those forces is complex to mode, but you can learn more about them at ours drag equation calculator and gravitational force calculator .

Tsiolkovsky rocket equation tells us that, for a given engine and a given amount of fuel, we can achieve a specific change in velocity . The knowledge about this change is fundamental when planning a maneuver in space. We can also use the equation in "reverse": we can picture our Solar System with a map of the necessary delta-v for any desired maneuver, like the one below:

Sum the numbers on the desired branches, choose the dry mass (without fuel) of your craft, the exhaust speed of your engine, and by using the ideal rocket equation, you can find the amount of energy required for the travel. For less complexity but more speculation, you can plan your... star trek with our space travel calculator !

We can calculate the rocket equation in a practical case. Take the delta-v budget map above, and plan a trip from Earth's orbit to, say, Callisto, one of the many moons of Jupiter. There's no need for a formula for the rocket velocity difference, simply sum the values you find in the map:

• From LEO to Earth intercept: 3 , 120  m / s 3,120\ \text{m}/\text{s} 3 , 120   m / s ;
• FromEarth intercept to Jupiter intercept: 3 , 360  m / s 3,360\ \text{m}/\text{s} 3 , 360   m / s (why so low? There's not much out there to change your trajectory, simply coasting is fine!);
• From Jupiter to Callisto intercept: 5 , 140  m / s 5,140\ \text{m}/\text{s} 5 , 140   m / s ;
• From Callisto intercept to low orbit: 70  m / s 70\ \text{m}/\text{s} 70   m / s ; and
• From low orbit to landing on Callisto: 1 , 760  m / s 1,760\ \text{m}/\text{s} 1 , 760   m / s ;

For a total delta v Δ v = 13 , 540  m / s \Delta v = 13,540\ \text{m}/\text{s} Δ v = 13 , 540   m / s . Now choose your ride. We will use the same engine we used in the rocket thrust calculator , the RS-68A. We know its exhaust has speed: v e = 5 , 130  m / s v_{\text{e}} = 5,130\ \text{m}/\text{s} v e ​ = 5 , 130   m / s . With a final mass of our spaceship m f = 25 , 000  kg m_{\text{f}}= 25,000\ \text{kg} m f ​ = 25 , 000   kg , use our Tsiolkovsky rocket equation calculator to find the amount of fuel needed for the trip:

That's a lot of fuel! There are many ways to change this inconvenient situation: different engines (ionic, nuclear), different propellants, or staging. Or, even better, setting up a colony on the Moon!

Hubble's Law

Rocket thrust, schwarzschild radius.

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All the tools you need to calculate your mission to space

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Calculate the delta v required for a Hohmann transfer

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Mass Drivers

Calculate the length, acceleration, and power requirements for a mass driver

Nutrition Requirements

Estimate the nutrition requirements for a crew

O'Neill Cylinder

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Orbit Visualizer

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Rocket Potential Delta V

Calculate the delta v required for a mission

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Calculate the forces and properties of a rotating space habitat

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Estimate the available power from a solar panel anywhere in the solar system

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Calculate the time and energy required to travel between stars.

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Work with SpaceCalcs.com to build a bespoke tool! You can host the calculator on SpaceCalcs.com along with your logo, link and description.

Contact us for more information!

Space travel calculator

Interstellar space travel is really difficult.

Substantial corrections were made to this text in June 2016: The fuel calculations were incorrect in the earlier version of the space travel calculator, and my discussion of acceleration at 1g was confused and wrong. I've also added the point about collisions at high speeds.

Dozens of interplanetary spacecraft have been launched. All of them are unmanned. The furthest travelled is Voyager 1. Although Voyager is now considered to be nearing the edge of our solar system, it is still less than 17 light hours from earth. That is less than one two thousandth of the way to our nearest stellar neighbour, Proxima Centauri. It has taken Voyager almost 35 years to get where it is. At that stately pace, it will need about 70,000 years to travel the equivalent distance to Proxima Centauri.

Interplanetary space travel is hard. Manned interplanetary space is very hard . Practical unmanned interstellar space travel is really, really difficult. And manned interstellar space travel is so difficult that it might never be achieved.

Here are some of the massive technological problems that have to be overcome if we are to send a manned spacecraft to another star, say Proxima Centauri which is a mere 4.2 light years from earth.

Doing a one-way trip in a lifetime

To make this as easy as possible, let us say at some point in the distant future, we will fly two young intrepid adventurers on a one-way trip to Proxima Centauri. They're prepared to spend a very long time doing it and they accept they will never return to earth.

To get there in a reasonable time, they are going to have to accelerate constantly for much, most or all of the first half of the journey. Then to ensure they don't overshoot Proxima Centauri when they get there, they have to decelerate during the second half of their journey, essentially mirroring the first half.

Ideally they would like to accelerate at 9.8m/s 2 , or 1g for the first of the journey. This exerts the same force on the astronauts that they experience from gravity on earth. Then they will decelerate at the same rate for the second half. The advantage of accelerating at exactly 1g is that if the spacecraft is designed so that our astronauts, when standing, are parallel to the direction the spacecraft is moving, they will experience earth-like gravity.

To see how this works out, open the space travel calculator. In the Distance field, enter "pr" to bring up Proxima Centauri and select it. The number 39734219300000000 is filled in for you in the distance. You will probably find the number displayed more intuitive if you change the units to light-years in the adjacent select box. Leave acceleration as is. Click Calculate . By selecting the appropriate unit measurement, you can now see that the maximum velocity, which our astronauts will achieve half way through their journey, is approximately 95% the speed of light. From an observer on earth's timeframe it takes our astronauts 5.8 years to reach Proxima Centauri. But Einstein's theory of relativity tells us that it will only be 3.5 years from the astronauts perspective, because the faster you go, the more time slows down for you. Run the animation to get a very simplistic view of what happens.

That all seems very promising. But sadly there's the problem of fuel. A great deal of it is needed to get to Proxima Centauri at a constant acceleration of 1g. To get the 22,000 kilogram payload of the space shuttle Endeavour to Proxima Centauri using hydrogen to helium nuclear fusion would require more than 100 million kilograms of fuel. By comparison, the weight of the space shuttle at take-off, with fuel, is about 2 million kilograms.

And nuclear fusion is orders of magnitude more efficient than any other rocket fuel in existence. Although the technology to make nuclear fusion bombs is available, controlled nuclear fusion for the purposes of powering a spacecraft is still science fiction.

It it possible to imagine a more efficient fuel than nuclear fusion. The E=mc 2 equation tells us the maximum amount of energy you can get from a given mass. For nuclear fusion you get about 0.008 x mc 2 joules, so there is significant room for improvement.

Antimatter rockets could in principle convert virtually all of their mass into energy. But these are not even on the technological horizon. Also, in practice 100% efficiency would not be achieved, as some of the thrust would be lost to heat.

Some means of space travel that don't use onboard fuel have been proposed, such as interstellar ramjets or beamed propulsion. The Wikipedia article on interstellar travel explains these in more detail. These proposed technologies are highly speculative.

One possibility is to reduce the spacecraft's acceleration, use much less energy, much less fuel and take a lot longer. At the stately acceleration of 0.5m/s 2 , they would eventually reach over 40% of the speed of light relative to earth, and take about 18 years for the trip.

There are further challenges:

Our travellers will have to spend their entire journey floating about in the weightlessness of space. This likely has adverse health effects over time. By accelerating the spacecraft at 1g, our travellers will feel the same weight they do on earth, but it's unlikely this will be achieved.

Our travellers would need enough food for 18 years (if it's a one way trip). Assume our travellers can live on the equivalent of six cans of 150g corned beef and one litre of water a day. Since there are two of them, and they need this for 18 years, the weight of their food will be in the region of 25,000kg. 2 And that's before we consider water for washing. Perhaps you could reduce this by recycling the water, but that's still a lot of weight, which means more fuel.

The smaller and therefore the lighter the spacecraft the less fuel it will need. But our astronauts are going to be spending their lives on this ship, so they need something that's big enough for recreation, thereby increasing the size and weight of the spacecraft and increasing the fuel needed. Though perhaps with nuclear fusion this will not be too large a challenge.

The psychological stresses of living in space for one's entire life are immense and possibly insurmountable. What would our astronauts do with their days and nights? Well there aren't days and nights; which is itself a massive psychological stress. As romantic as space travel might seem, on the vast majority of 24-hour time periods on a 100 year journey the view out of the space ship window would be the same and monotonous, no matter how beautiful our travellers find the stars. The boredom would be unimaginable, except perhaps to people who have spent years in solitary confinement. Perhaps, as in science fiction movies, we will invent a way of keeping the human body in stasis, in which case they could "sleep" most of the journey and not age. They might find however that when they get to Proxima Centauri, there isn't much to get excited about, or if there is, there is not enough fuel left in their spacecraft to explore.

The space shuttle has fantastically complicated systems to maintain its atmosphere. Yet the longest space shuttle journey has been just under 18 days . We are a long way from building systems that can reliably maintain artificial conditions for life for decades.

At the high speeds — close to the speed of light relative to everything around it — that our spacecraft will eventually travel, the risk of it having a catastrophic collision, e.g. with hydrogen gas, becomes a serious problem .

There are many other difficulties I haven't discussed. Manned interstellar travel seems a very distant dream at best. It might never be achieved. Unmanned interstellar travel on the other hand is a realistic future possibility, especially if we accept that the generation that launches the interstellar probe might not be the one that experiences the joy of that probe sending information on Proxima Centauri back to earth.

Another, (perhaps far-fetched?) possibility, is that one day it will be possible to download the human brain, to something as small as a microchip, with durability of hundreds if not thousands of years. Perhaps if this is the future evolution of our species, we will be able to travel in this form to distant stars without being too concerned about the time it takes. (A reader has expressed scepticism of this idea, and so have some philosophers and scientists.)

In the meanwhile, while we have our flesh and blood form, all is not doom and gloom. The solar system is a massive place with hundreds, perhaps thousands, of interesting objects to visit. We haven't fully explored the earth, so you can just imagine how much there is to explore on the nearest planets and moons. We're still a long way from being able to send manned vehicles to other planets, but it is feasible with enough investment.

Finally, when you consider how difficult manned interstellar space travel is and how inhospitable to sustained human life we know the planets and the moons in the solar system are, you realise that even the long term possibility of seeking permanent refuge for humanity in another part of space is minuscule. And then you realise how important it is that we don't mess up our current planet.

Even this is unlikely because it assumes all the fuel's energy conversion is directed to the rocket's thrust. ↩

Six cans of 150g corned beef provides over 8000kj per day, which is enough to live on comfortably. In addition 1l of water weighs 1kg. So 150g, 6 times daily for 365 days per year for 18 years for 2 people = (0.150kg x 6 + 1kg) x 365 x 18 x 2 = 24,966kg. ↩

Copyright (C) Nathan Geffen 2012 under the GNU Affero General Public License . This software is available here . There are probably bugs, bad ones. And there are no doubt errors in the text. I would like this site to be 100% accurate eventually. Please tell me about bugs and errors by emailing nathangeffen at quackdown dot info or logging issues at the above code repository.

Last updated: 5 June 2016.

What it does

How it works, easter eggs.

• Feedback and Review

Planetary Transfer Calculator

A solar system simulator that can calculate transfers between planets, moons and stars.

An overview of  what the program calculates.

Details on how to use the program and the user interface.

Details of how the program works, in terms of both code and orbital mechanics.

THE CALCULATOR

Not only a calculator.

The program also has detailed and beautiful planets, with shadows from the mountains and reflections off the water. Non-spherical asteroids and moons have detailed 3D models.

Transfers Between Planets

The calculator can determine the trajectory of a transfer between planets. This trajectory is ballistic, the rocket engine is only activated at each planet to start and end the trajectory. The system calculates (for an optimal ballistic transfer) the start time of the transfer, the transfer time, the needed change in velocity, and the orbital parameters fo the transfer orbit.

Transfers Between Stars

The calculator can determine how long a semi-powered interstellar transfer would take, from both the Earth’s reference frame and the ship’s (due to relativistic time dilation). The system uses an acceleration-coast-deceleration profile, with a constant proper acceleration. It takes in the acceleration time, the proper acceleration, and the distance travelled.

Minerva Predavec (xe/xem)

Programmer and Designer

How to unlock

There are a few ways to unlock the Easter Eggs in the calculator. One is typing “kerbal” , “starman”, or the Konami Code. You can also look at Eros (under minor bodies) or Iapetus, the moon of Saturn (under minor satellites). Once you do any of these, all Easter Eggs are enabled.

2001: A Space Odyssey

The Monolith on Iapetus plays Also Sprach Zarathusa when you look at it.

The Expanse

Adds bodies from The Expanse (the toggle is on the bottom left), speeds up spin rates for Eros and Ceres, and adds high constant thrust transfers under Epstien Drive.

Elon Musk’s Roadster

Shows the Roaster’s trajectory after the Falcon Heavy launch (under minor bodies).

Adds the theoretical location of Homestead II, and includes a document on the science and engineering flaws on the Starship Avalon.

©  2024 Planetary Transfer Calculator. Built using WordPress and OnePage Express Theme .

All three require about 30 seconds to load the first time, though the low-powered version can be a bit faster. Some computers may take up to a minute, so please be patient!

Space Travel Calculator

Created By : Abhinandan Kumar

Reviewed By : Rajashekhar Valipishetty

Last Updated : May 16, 2023

The Space Travel Calculator makes it simple to compute a black hole's temperature in a dark environment. To acquire the result in a short period of time, simply enter the mass of the black hole and press the calculate button.

Space Travel Calculator: It is also said to be drive time calculator. This smart tool for drivers can assists them in determining the estimated time of arrival at your automobile travel destination as well as the travel fuel expenses. Learn what is meant by Sapce Travel, its Formula, How to Compute Sapce Calculations using the Relativistic Rocket Equation explained clearly in the below modules.

How can Humans go through Space? | Is it feasible to travel between Galaxies?

Interstellar space is a fairly barren environment. Its temperature is very close to the coldest temperature imaginable, i.e., absolute zero. It's around 3 Kelvins, or negative 270 degrees Celsius or 455 degrees Fahrenheit. Because there is no air there, there is no drag or friction. Humans cannot survive in such a hazardous environment without costly equipment such as a spacesuit or a spaceship, yet we can take advantage of space circumstances and its emptiness.

For more concepts check out physicscalculatorpro.com to get quick answers by using this free tool.

Travel Distance Formula

If you have the time (period) and average speed, the distance formula is: Distance = Speed x Time.The outcome is determined by the speed metric's unit; for example, if the speed is given in mph, the result will be in miles.If it is supplied in km/h, the result will be in kilometres.

• Where, v is the velocity (average speed)
• t is the time
• d is the distance

Space Travel Calculation - Relativistic Rocket Equation

• The classical and relativistic rocket equations that are included in the relativistic space travel calculator can be found in this section.
• It's time for some formulas now that you know whether interstellar travel is conceivable and how fast humans can travel in space.
• The relativistic space travel calculator is designed for interstellar or even intergalactic travels in which the gravitational field is not a factor.

How do you figure out how long it will take you to go somewhere?

• Calculate how fast you'll travel on your journey.
• Then divide the total distance by the speed.
• This will give you an estimate of how long it will take you to get there.

Arrival Time Estimation: The concept of moving between particular points in time using space travel calculator is known as estimation of time travel.The time when a vehicle, ship, aeroplane, or cargo is projected to arrive at a specific location is known as the estimated time of arrival.

Space Travel Calculation Examples

Question 1: If your journey is 140 miles long and you travel of reach the destination at 70 miles per hour. What will be the duration for reach at destination?

Consider the question,

Travel distance = 140 miles

Travel time per hour = 70 miles/hr

We know that, The formula for finding the travel time is Time = Distance/Speed

Total duration will be 140/70 = 2 hours.

Therefore,The Space Travel can be completed in 2 hours.

FAQs on Space Travel Calculator

1. What is the formula for calculating the travel time?

You can use the formula is t = d/t.

• where, v is the velocity (average speed)

2. What is the travel formula?

The path taken by a body to get from an initial point to an end point in a certain amount of time and at a given velocity is known as the distance travelled. If the speed remains constant: Distance equals time multiplied by velocity. d = v*t .

3. How do you estimate the travel time?

Calculate how fast you will travel on your journey. Then divide the total distance by the speed. This will give you an estimate of how long it will take you to get there.

4. Is it possible to travel through time?

Yes, the time travel is a viable possibility. But it's not exactly like you've seen in the movies. It is possible to experience time passing at a rate other than 1 second per second under certain circumstances.

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Delta V Calculator

Harness the power of the delta v calculator developed by newtum.

Embark on a journey of discovery with Newtum's Delta V Calculator. This tool offers a swift and reliable method to calculate the velocity change required for your space missions, sparking curiosity and empowering you to plan your rocket trajectories with confidence.

Understanding the Mechanics of Space Travel

The Delta V Calculator is an essential tool for aerospace enthusiasts and professionals. It calculates the required change in velocity, or Delta V, for a spacecraft to accomplish various maneuvers, ensuring mission success by precisely determining fuel needs and trajectory adjustments.

Unraveling the Delta V Formula

The formula behind the Delta V Calculator is crucial for determining the velocity change needed for your space mission. Understanding this will help you plan efficient and successful spaceflights.

• Define the initial and final orbits of the spacecraft to determine the required orbital changes.
• Apply the Rocket Equation to calculate the necessary Delta V for each stage of the mission.
• Factor in gravitational forces, fuel efficiency, and mass ratios for accurate calculations.

Step-by-Step Guide to Using the Delta V Calculator

Our Delta V Calculator is user-friendly and straightforward. Follow the instructions below to effectively plan your space mission calculations with ease and precision.

• Input the mass and fuel efficiency parameters for your spacecraft.
• Enter the initial and desired final orbits.
• Click 'Calculate' to receive your Delta V results instantly.

Why Choose Our Delta V Calculator? Discover the Benefits

• User-Friendly Interface
• Instant Results
• Data Security
• Accessibility Across Devices
• No Installation Needed
• Examples for Clarity
• Transparent Process
• Educational Resource
• Responsive Customer Support
• Regular Updates
• Privacy Assurance
• Efficient Age Retrieval
• Language Accessibility
• Engaging and Informative Content
• Fun and Interactive Learning
• Shareable Results
• Responsive Design
• Educational Platform Integration
• Comprehensive Documentation

Applications and Benefits of the Delta V Calculator

• Analyze various space mission scenarios and their velocity requirements.
• Optimize fuel consumption and rocket design for cost-effective launches.
• Facilitate educational and research activities in the field of orbital mechanics.

Example Scenarios Using the Delta V Calculator

For instance, if a spacecraft needs to transition from a low Earth orbit (LEO) to a geosynchronous orbit (GEO), input the relevant parameters into the Delta V Calculator. If LEO is at 200 km altitude (x) and GEO is at 35,786 km altitude (y), the calculator will provide the Delta V needed for this maneuver. Another example could be a lunar transfer, where different values for x and y would result in a new Delta V calculation for reaching the moon's orbit.

Securing Your Space Mission Planning with Our Calculator

In concluding, the Delta V Calculator offered here is more than just a computational tool; it's a secure and reliable companion for your space mission planning. Since the calculator operates solely in your browser using JavaScript and HTML, your data remains on your device at all times. There is no risk of sensitive information being transmitted or stored on a server, offering you total privacy and security. This assurance, combined with the tool's precision and ease of use, makes it an indispensable resource for anyone involved in the meticulous planning of space travel.

Frequently Asked Questions About the Delta V Calculator

• What is Delta V, and why is it important for space missions?
• How does the Delta V Calculator determine the required velocity change?
• Can the Delta V Calculator be used for interplanetary travel calculations?
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Space Travel Calculator Level 1 Level 1

Module description.

This module is a  space travel calculator  based on the classical method (Newton) and the relativity method (Einstein). With this tool you can calculate how long it will take with your spaceship to reach a remote planet or a nearby star in a quite accurate and realistic way. This module is for science fiction settings and role playing games.  

In order to have an estimation of the distances in space, we are going to offer some data of interest to be able to improvise:

- The distance between nearby planets is 228,000,000 km or about 0.4 AU. - The distance between the Earth and the Sun is 1 AU. - A solar system is about 50 AU in diameter. - The Milky Way (the galaxy in which the Earth is located) has a diameter of 100,000 light years. - The distance between the Earth and the center of the Galaxy is 25,000 light years. - From one star to another, parsecs are used in role-playing games (1 Parsec = 3.26 light years = 206265 AU).  - The distance from one galaxy to another is 2,537,000 light years. - The farthest galaxy from our galaxy is 13,400,000,000,000 light years away.

This module uses cosmos-scale units of measurement that are abbreviated. Here we give the keys for each of them:

Distance: - m (meters) - km (kilometers) - yd (yard) - mi (mile) - au (astronomical unit) - ly (light year) - pc (parsec) - mpc (megaparsec) - mly (mega light year)

Acceleration: - m/s2 (meters per second squared) - ft/s2 (feet per second squared) - g (G-force) - c (speed of light)

With this data you will be able to improvise the distances between your planets. For example:

- If we want our players to travel from one planet to another that is in the same solar system but there are 2 planets in between we can put that it is approximately 1.2 AU away. If you want to generate solar systems with more specific distances you can use our  Solar Systems Generator . Within the same solar system, having this 50 AU of maximum diameter, you will be able to estimate how far an object can be from a point. For example, an asteroid can be 39 AU away from the planet where the players are located.

- If our players are going to travel from one solar system to another, they will be 1 parsec away. But if they want to travel to a solar system that is more than 15 stars away, it will be 15 parsec.  - When traveling to the center of the galaxy (where the highest concentration of stars is located and also the oldest ones with ancestral planets) we can use the distance 25,000 light years, and once there move in parsecs between systems.

Some of the example ships are intellectual property of other brands and may not be accurate, as they are estimated cases for science fiction. In case you want to add the characteristics of the ships in a more accurate way we recommend to go to the official information of those brands and use their data in the calculator. This module is inspired by the calculator  Space Travel Calculator .

How does this module work?

Simply enter the necessary data for the voyage or choose example ships and distances. Once the variables have been selected, click on "Calculate".

The result will depend on the chosen method. As a general rule it will show the elapsed time, the fuel required, the maximum speed the ship has reached, the kinetic energy and the mass energy of the ship. The fuel required is based on the type of the ship's engine and its efficiency. Depending on the technology used the amount of J/gram of fuel will vary. This data is optional and subjective, as each science fiction world has its own energy and way of measuring it.

Two methods have been used:

-  Newton : Newton's classical mechanics is a theory that describes the behavior of moving bodies at speeds much slower than the speed of light. This theory includes Newton's laws, which describe how force affects the motion of bodies. According to classical mechanics, an object in motion will maintain a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force.  -  Einstein : Einstein's theory of special relativity is a theory that describes the behavior of matter and energy at high velocities, close to the speed of light. This theory includes the law of conservation of energy and the law of conservation of linear momentum, as well as the idea that time and space are two aspects of the same concept called space-time. According to the theory of special relativity, as an object accelerates toward velocities approaching the speed of light, time passes more slowly aboard the object compared to the time perceived by an observer at rest. In addition, length and time contract and the mass of the object increases as it approaches the speed of light.

Although this calculator allows you to add speeds faster than the speed of light , it is important to keep in mind that, according to Einstein's theory of special relativity, nothing can exceed the speed of light. This means that, although it is theoretically possible to imagine space travel at speeds faster than light, there is no known formula that can be used to calculate such travel.

In Einstein's theory of special relativity, the speed of light is an absolute limit that cannot be exceeded. This is because, as an object approaches the speed of light, its mass increases enormously and it would require an infinite amount of energy to accelerate it further. Furthermore, according to the theory of special relativity, time and space are greatly distorted at high speeds, so it is difficult to predict what travel at speeds faster than light would be like.

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A "so what" calculator for space travel.

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Space Travel Calculator

Have you ever asked the question of how long would it take for you to travel to any of the potential habitable planets in our universe?

How about asking this question from the perspective of the actual flight time within the ship itself?

This calculator was designed to answers these kinds of questions.

What Does Space Travel Calculator Do?

Space Travel Calaculator is a collection of libraries, utilities and scripts that allows a user to performi basic calculations around space travel taking into consideration concepts such as special relativity.

This Calculator focuses on the SO WHAT.

The entire purpose of this calculator is to understand space travel from the average human's intellect, not from the perspective of a super math genius. With this in mind, the calculator is for answering "so what?" type questions rather than focusing on the technicals.

It turns out the "so what" of some concepts like special relativity, are actually VERY interesting.

This is why I made this calculator.

Money blog: Popular pub chain owner admits 'uncertainty' over future

The owner of Slug & Lettuce and Yates's bars has revealed concern over its future as it looks to refinance more than £2bn of debt. Read this and the rest of today's consumer and personal finance news in the Money blog, and listen to the latest Ian King Business Podcast as you scroll.

Tuesday 9 April 2024 19:48, UK

• Basically... Tax codes
• Popular pub chain owner admits 'uncertainty' over future
• Spain to scrap 'golden visa' scheme for non-EU citizens in blow to British emigrants
• Tories have stolen key Labour pledge - so how will they pay for promises now?
• Shell, the biggest company on the London Stock Exchange, looking at leaving for New York
• Money Problem : The monthly charge on my leasehold flat has gone up by more than £60 a month - what are my rights?
• Listen to the Ian King Business Podcast above and tap here to follow wherever you get your podcasts

Sky News is looking to speak with residents of shared ownership properties who have been impacted by rising service charges. 

Please reach out if you have been affected and are willing to tell us about your experience.  

Send us a message on WhatsApp or email [email protected] .

High mortgage costs have led a large chunk of UK homeowners to rent out their rooms in a bid to raise more cash.

More than one in 10 (12%) of people who own property in London have moved someone into their home to create additional income, according to a new report from Barclays.

The figure reveals the impact of the capital's soaring housing costs - across the UK as a whole, the proportion of people renting out rooms stands at 3%.

The Barclays report also reveals that 16% of people aren't confident they'll be able to meet their mortgage or rental payments.

Cost of living pressures and higher interest rates have taken a toll on borrowers in the past couple of years.

Last month we reported how there had been a jump in the number of properties falling behind with mortgage payments.

The owner of Slug & Lettuce and Yates's bars has revealed concern over its future as it looks to refinance more than £2bn in debts due next year, The Telegraph reports .

Stonegate - the UK's biggest pub operator with 4,500 venues - said in its interim report that a "material uncertainty exists" over whether it can continue as a going concern (a term meaning a business has financial stability).

If the company is unable to refinance its debts, it said it "may be unable to realise its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business".

Stonegate is owned by the private equity firm TDR Capital, which jointly owns Asda.

It also runs the Be At One and Popworld chains and the Craft Union pub brand.

At the end of the financial year, its debts were more than £3bn.

Some of this is linked to its buyout of rival pub chain Ei Group in 2019.

David McDowall, chief executive of Stonegate, struck a more upbeat note in comments to the Money blog, saying: "I am really pleased with the performance of the business in 2023, which included a sector-leading Christmas trading period. 

"We have delivered a rise in revenue and a significant increase in profitability. Our all-round performance exemplifies the strength and depth of the Stonegate estate, with our outstanding Craft Union and L&T divisions continuing to lead the way. This is testament to the hard work of our people and partners, but also to the success of our ongoing initiatives to increase profitability across our portfolio of brands and venue formats. 

"Our performance gives me real confidence in the future and excitement in seeing our strategy come to fruition. Notably our asset optimisation plan which makes sure we have the right pub in the right location, further profit improvement initiatives, and above all our efforts to continue to support the Great British pub. 

"With a summer of sport on the horizon, and the Euro's and T20 World Cup fast approaching, we are looking forward to building on this momentum in the months ahead. We have been very clear that we continue to work towards achieving our long-term balance sheet goals, with the successful refinancing of a portion of our estate in December marking a significant strategic step towards this."

A record number of council bosses are earning salaries of at least £150,000 , according to new data from a pressure group.

The Taxpayers' Alliance annual Town Hall Rich List says at least 3,106 people employed in local authorities in 2022-23 received at least £100,000 - an increase of 347 on the previous year.

Of them, at least 829 received more than £150,000, the highest number since the list began in 2007.

John O'Connell, chief executive of the TPA, said residents "can use these figures to ask whether precious funds are really going towards frontline services, or whether town hall bosses can get better value for money".

M&S is investing £1m to change the diet of its milk-producing herd of cows and reduce the amount of methane they create.

The supermarket chain said it would work with 40 M&S dairy farmers to remove a projected 11,000 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere annually.

The move will cut the carbon footprint of M&S's fresh milk products by 8.4%, the company said.

Britons are being urged to "stop and think" before dipping into their retirement pot early during "peak" withdrawals season over the next few months.

Investment platform AJ Bell said people typically access their funds at the start of the tax year when allowances are refreshed.

Its director of public policy, Tom Selby, said this can be a "perfectly sensible thing to do" if there is a "thought-through withdrawal plan" in place.

However, he warned Britons not to make a "rash decision".

"Taking money out of your retirement pot early or withdrawing too much, too soon could have disastrous consequences over the long term," he said.

AJ Bell has listed five reasons why people should "stop and think" before accessing their retirement pot early:

• Early access increases the risk of running out of money in retirement and being left to rely solely on the state pension. For example, a healthy 55-year-old with a £100,000 pension pot who withdraws £5,000 a year could run out of funds by age 80 if their withdrawals increase with inflation;
• Accessing retirement cash early could also see savers miss out on investment growth;
• It will trigger the money purchase annual allowance (MPAA), which significantly reduces the amount you can save tax-free from £60,000 to £10,000;
• Hiking withdrawals could impact sustainability. Persistent high inflation could impact those with a laid-out withdrawal plan and risk them running out of funds early;
• Savers can pass on leftover pensions tax free if they die before the age of 75. AJ Bell says for those who wants to leave assets to loved ones, it makes sense to leave as much of your pension untouched as possible in order to minimise your tax bill.

Basically, a tax code is a series of numbers and letters used by employers or pension providers to work out how much tax should be deducted from your pay or pension at source.

Anyone in employment or with a private pension will have one.

Making sense of the letters and numbers

The number shows the amount you can earn tax-free - although you need to add a zero to get the actual figure. 

For example - the number 1257 means you can earn £12,570 a year tax-free.

The letters (which follow your tax code number) relate to your situation and how it alters your personal allowance.

For example,  L  means you are entitled to the tax-free personal allowance we outlined above. Therefore a tax code of 1257L (the most common tax code) means you are entitled to a personal allowance of £12,570 before any income tax is paid.

Here are what the other letters mean: 

• T  is similar to  L  in that if it follows numbers, you are entitled to that tax-free personal allowance. However, it also means HMRC will be taking a closer look at your tax affairs - usually the case if they are complicated;
• BR  means you aren't entitled to any personal allowance (usually because it's a second job etc) and will pay a flat rate of 20% tax. This is the same for  D0   but the rate is 40%, and  D1  where the rate is 45%.  SD2  is similar but only applicable in Scotland, where the top rate is 46%;
• K  means your personal allowance has been eroded down to less than nothing, meaning the number after the K is actually a negative personal allowance;
• 0T  means no personal allowance but you'll fall under the tax bands;
• NT  simply means "no tax";
• M  means your spouse or civil partner has transferred some of their personal allowance to you;
• N  means you've transferred it to your spouse/civil partner;
• If you have an  S  or a  C  ahead of any of the other letters, that just means you're living in Scotland or Wales. 

What happens when they're wrong?

Millions of Britons could be paying too much tax due to tax code issues, new data from Canada Life shows. 

A survey by the financial services provider found that 31% of adults have been on the wrong tax code at some point - with the average overpayment worth £689.

Over two thirds of those surveyed didn't know how to claim back overpaid tax.

The survey also found one in six UK adults did not know if they were on the right tax code and 39% were not aware what any of the letters or numbers on their tax code mean.

However, an HMRC spokesperson said: "We don't recognise these figures. 

"Tax codes are based on information provided by employers or pension providers. 

"People can check their code quickly and easily online and update any details that may be affecting it."

Why would my tax code be wrong?

There are any number of reasons HMRC could have the wrong tax code for you, including:

• A change in job 
• Having more than one source of income
• Retirement or having more than one pension
• Receiving employee benefits
• Starting your first job

How do I check my tax code?

You can check your tax code on your personal tax account online, or by looking at any payslip or via the HMRC app.

If you think it's wrong, you need to contact HMRC to tell them.

You can either phone 0300 200 3300, use their chat function or send them a letter. 

Emergency codes

W1 ,  M1  or  X are usually found after a regular tax code (eg 12570L W1).

This usually only happens if there's a delay in HMRC receiving details about a change in your circumstances, for example if you've just started a new job. 

SportsDirect.com, owned by Mike Ashley, is bringing a claim today against Newcastle United - the club Mr Ashley used to own.

It concerns a deal Newcastle has with JD Sports to offer exclusive kit sale rights.

The Competition and Appeals Tribunal will hear the case today - though it's not clear when a decision will come. 

Reports suggest Mr Ashley is seeking £1.5m in damages.

His company claims the club is abusing its dominant market position by refusing to supply its replica kit for the 2024-25 season.

Businesses are allowed to strike exclusivity deals unless they are in a dominant market position - for example, companies like Amazon or Google clearly have that status.

This case could rest on whether the tribunal deems Newcastle to hold such a position in the market.

By  Sarah Taaffe-Maguire , business reporter

As we mentioned below, there's possible bad news ahead for the London Stock Exchange (LSE) with talk of the biggest company in the FTSE 100, Shell, moving to the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).

There's been a run of bad news for the LSE over the past year or so. The world's largest building products manufacturer, CRH, moved to New York, while travel company Tui moved to Frankfurt. And despite the lobbying of numerous prime ministers, UK-based chip company Arm chose the NYSE.

It's been a good morning for Shell's fellow FTSE 100 constituent, the oil giant BP. It announced production higher in oil and slightly higher in gas and low carbon energy on Monday, which brought the share price to a five-month high.

Both companies are going to be boosted by the oil price, which is sticking around $90 as a barrel of the benchmark Brent crude is selling for $90.48.

On the currency market, one pound equals $1.2652 and €1.1652.

Shell is weighing up quitting the London Stock Exchange (LSE) for a move to New York over concerns its listing is currently "undervalued".

Chief executive Wael Sawan told Bloomberg that he was mulling "all options".

The British oil and gas giant is currently the largest company in the FTSE 100 index, and its departure from the LSE would be a significant blow to the UK stock market that is fighting to stay relevant.

Explaining the gap between Shell and its New York rivals Exxon Mobil Corp and and Chevron Corp, Mr Sawan told Bloomberg: "I have a location that clearly seems to be undervalued."

The oil boss said he was currently in the middle of a "sprint" of 10 quarters to cut costs.

He continued: "If we work through the sprint, and we are doing what we are doing, and we still don't see that the gap is closing, we have to look at all options."

The chancellor announced a scrapping of the non-dom status in his March budget, saying the decision would raise £2.7bn for a 2p cut in national insurance.

Labour have been committed to abolishing non-dom status for years - upon gaining power they planned to use the money to fund breakfast clubs for primary school children and additional appointments in the NHS.

The government has also adopted Labour's plans to extend the windfall tax on oil and gas companies

Facing questions about where funding would now come from for key policies, the party has today offered details for the first time.

Shadow chancellor Rachel Reeves is set to announce the party's plans to raise £5bn a year by the end of the next parliament...

• Labour has said it will raise £2.6bn by closing "loopholes" in the government's non-doms plan - after certain exemptions were kept in place by Jeremy Hunt;
• Labour said the "tax gap" - the difference between the amount of money HMRC is owed and the amount it receives - had widened to £36bn in 2021-22 - £5bn more than it had been the previous year;
• To close the gap, Labour said it would invest up to £555m a year in boosting the number of compliance officers at HMRC, increasing productivity and improving the organisation's "dire" customer service;
• It will also consider requiring more tax schemes to be registered with HMRC to ensure they are legitimate, and renew the focus on offshore tax compliance.

It is understood that only £2bn of the £5bn raised per year will fund breakfast clubs and NHS appointments, with the rest of the money being kept back for other uses.

Shadow chancellor Rachel Reeves is expected to say: "I have been clear that everything in our manifesto will be fully costed and fully funded. There will be no exceptions."

The government has responded by saying: "The Conservatives have introduced over 200 measures to clamp down on tax non-compliance and we are sticking to the plan to strengthen the economy so we can cut taxes, putting £900 in the pockets of the average worker and helping families to build a brighter future."

Ted Baker is to shut 15 of its stores across the UK within weeks, the retailer's administrators have announced.

Around 245 staff will be made redundant.

It comes after  Sky News revealed  that hundreds of jobs were at risk after the company behind the brand's UK shops, No Ordinary Designer Label Limited (NODL), collapsed last month.

In a statement, the administrators confirmed 11 UK stores will close by 19 April, resulting in the loss of about 120 roles.

A further four stores will also shut "in the coming weeks", resulting in 100 additional redundancies.

These shops had already been earmarked for closure prior to the firm's collapse, it has been revealed.

Around 25 head office jobs will also be axed as part of cost-cutting plans, administrators Teneo Financial Advisory said.

The 11 branches which will close as part of the administration process include:

• Birmingham Bullring • Bristol • Bromley • Cambridge • Exeter • Leeds • Liverpool One • London Bridge • Milton Keynes • Nottingham • Oxford

Administrators said the shops were "all currently loss-making" and had "no prospect of being returned to profitability, even with material rent reductions".

They added: "As such, their closure is believed to be a constructive and necessary step in ensuring the business can deliver a profitable trading performance in the future."

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