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Jacques Cartier

By: History.com Editors

Updated: June 6, 2023 | Original: November 9, 2009

Explorer Jacques Cartier

In 1534, France’s King Francis I authorized the navigator Jacques Cartier to lead a voyage to the New World in order to seek gold and other riches, as well as a new route to Asia. Cartier’s three expeditions along the St. Lawrence River would later enable France to lay claim to the lands that would become modern-day Canada. He gained a reputation as a skilled navigator prior to making his three famous voyages to North America.

Jacques Cartier’s First North American Voyage

Born December 31, 1491, in Saint-Malo, France, Cartier began sailing as a young man. He was believed to have traveled to Brazil and Newfoundland—possibly accompanying explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano —before 1534.

That year, the government of King Francis I of France commissioned Cartier to lead an expedition to the “northern lands,” as the east coast of North America was then known. The purpose of the voyage was to find a northwest passage to Asia, as well as to collect riches such as gold and spices along the way.

Did you know? In addition to his exploration of the St. Lawrence region, Jacques Cartier is credited with giving Canada its name. He reportedly misused the Iroquois word kanata (meaning village or settlement) to refer to the entire region around what is now Quebec City; it was later extended to the entire country.

Cartier set sail in April 1534 with two ships and 61 men, and arrived 20 days later. During that first expedition, he explored the western coast of Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence as far as today’s Anticosti Island, which Cartier called Assomption. He is also credited with the discovery of what is now known as Prince Edward Island.

Cartier’s Second Voyage

Cartier returned to make his report of the expedition to King Francis, bringing with him two captured Native Americans from the Gaspé Peninsula. The king sent Cartier back across the Atlantic the following year with three ships and 110 men. With the two captives acting as guides, the explorers headed up the St. Lawrence River as far as Quebec, where they established a base camp.

The following winter wrought havoc on the expedition, with 25 of Cartier’s men dying of scurvy and the entire group incurring the anger of the initially friendly Iroquois population. In the spring, the explorers seized several Iroquois chiefs and traveled back to France.

Though he had not been able to explore it himself, Cartier told the king of the Iroquois’ accounts of another great river stretching west, leading to untapped riches and possibly to Asia.

Cartier’s Third and Final Voyage

War in Europe stalled plans for another expedition, which finally went forward in 1541. This time, King Francis charged the nobleman Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval with founding a permanent colony in the northern lands. Cartier sailed a few months ahead of Roberval, and arrived in Quebec in August 1541.

After enduring another harsh winter, Cartier decided not to wait for the colonists to arrive, but sailed for France with a quantity of what he thought were gold and diamonds, which had been found near the Quebec camp.

Along the way, Cartier stopped in Newfoundland and encountered Roberval, who ordered Cartier to return with him to Quebec. Rather than obey this command, Cartier sailed away under cover of night. When he arrived back in France, however, the minerals he brought were found to have no value.

Cartier received no more royal commissions, and would remain at his estate in Saint-Malo, Brittany, for the rest of his life. He died there on September 1, 1557. Meanwhile, Roberval’s colonists abandoned the idea of a permanent settlement after barely a year, and it would be more than 50 years before France again showed interest in its North American claims.

Jacques Cartier. The Mariner’s Museum and Park . The Explorers: Jacques Cartier 1534-1542. Canadian Museum of History .

jacque cartier 3 voyages

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jacque cartier 3 voyages

Les trois voyages de Jacques Cartier

Jacques Cartier découvre le Canada en 1535. Issu d’une famille de marins de Saint-Malo, il effectue trois grands voyages qui le mènent à affronter d’incroyables aventures franco-québécoises. Canal Académie vous emmène en voyage avec l’historien Bernard Allaire.

Navigateur malouin, découvreur du Canada, Jacques Cartier est né en 1491 à Saint-Malo d'une famille aisée de marins. Très jeune, il est engagé comme mousse. Il se marie en 1520 avec Catherine des Granches, elle-même issue d'une famille de navigateurs. Matelot puis maître pilote, il est promu capitaine de navire lors d'une visite de François 1 er au Mont Saint-Michel. C'est à ce moment que le souverain français aurait été sollicité pour l'accord et le financement nécessaires pour armer deux navires et se lancer à la découverte du « Passage du Nord-Ouest » vers les Indes.

Arrivée de Jacques Cartier au Canada

Il part de Saint-Malo le 20 Avril 1534 et aborde les côtes de Terre-Neuve le 10 mai. Il explore l'estuaire d'un fleuve qu'il nomme le Saint Laurent puis aborde le Labrador. Il prend possession de cette terre au nom du roi de France et la nomme « Canada » du mot iroquois Kanata qui signifie « village ».

De retour à Saint Malo le 5 septembre 1534, Jacques Cartier, avide de nouvelles aventures à Terre-Neuve, demande de l'argent auprès du Roi de France pour former une deuxième expédition. L'année suivante, le 16 mai 1535, il arme une flotille de trois navires, la Grande Hermine (cent tonneaux), la Petite Hermine (soixante tonneaux), et l'Hermérillon (quarante tonneaux), et part pour Terre-Neuve, avec pour mission du roi de « parachever la découverte des terres occidentales » . La remontée du Saint Laurent permet d'atteindre le site de « Québec » où l'ancre est jetée.

L'exploration est poursuivie avec le plus maniable des navires, l'Hermérillon. Un lieu baptisé « Mont-Royal » est atteint, il deviendra Montréal. L'hiver est rigoureux et le scorbut fait périr vingt-cinq des marins de l'expédition. Au retour, par manque d'équipage, un des navires (la petite Hermine) doit être abandonné.

Jacques Cartier (1491-1557), par Théophile Hamel, 1848, d’après un portrait aujourd’hui disparu produit par François Riss (1804-1886) en 1839. — On ignore cependant son vrai visage

La troisième et dernière mission sera sous le commandement de Jean-François de la Rocque, Seigneur de Roberval avec qui Jacques Cartier se brouillera par la suite. Le 23 mai 1541, Jacques Cartier quitte Saint-Malo avec cinq bateaux, tandis que Roberval rejoint Honfleur. Entre 1541 et 1542, les premiers colons français qui devait peupler cette « Nouvelle France » apportée à la Couronne Royale, s'installèrent le long des berges du Saint Laurent. Jacques Cartier regagna la France sans l’autorisation de Roberval. Quant à ceux restés au Canada, les maladies et les mauvaises relations avec les autochtones les obligèrent, au printemps 1543, à rentrer en France.

Jacques Cartier se retire dans sa propriété de Limoëlou à Rotheneuf. Il y jouit alors d'une grande considération et y accueille d'illustres hôtes dont Rabelais. Il meurt en 1557 d'une épidémie de peste qui ravage Saint-Malo et sa région.

Bernard Allaire, historien

Bernard Allaire est historien. Né à Québec en 1960, il a obtenu un diplôme d’études approfondies de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales de Paris ainsi qu'un doctorat à l’Université Laval avec sa thèse sur le commerce des fourrures en Europe. Après quelques années de recherche pour le bureau parisien des Archives nationales du Canada, il travaille avec le Célat et le groupe de recherche britannique ARTAF sur l’histoire des voyages de Martin Frobisher. Il participe aussi à différents projets à caractère historique et archéologique de concert avec des chercheurs canadiens, américains et européens.

En savoir plus :

- Samuel de Champlain par Raymonde Litalien - Archives Canada France

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Jacques Cartier

Article by Bernard Allaire

Published Online August 29, 2013

Last Edited July 9, 2020

Jacques Cartier, navigator (born between 7 June and 23 December 1491 in Saint-Malo, France; died 1 September 1557 in Saint-Malo, France). From 1534 to 1542, Cartier led three maritime expeditions to the interior of the  Gulf of the St. Lawrence River . During these expeditions, he explored, but more importantly accurately mapped for the first time the interior of the river, from the Gulf to  Montreal  ( see also  History of Cartography in Canada ). For this navigational prowess, Cartier is still considered by many as the founder of “Canada.” At the time, however, this term described only the region immediately surrounding  Quebec . Cartier’s upstream navigation of the  St. Lawrence River  in the 16th century ultimately led to France occupying this part of North America.

Jacques Cartier

Voyages to the Americas

Jacques Cartier’s early life is very poorly documented. He was likely employed in business and navigation from a young age. Like his countrymen, Cartier probably sailed along the coast of France, Newfoundland and South America (Brazil), first as a sailor and then as an officer. Following the annexation of Brittany to the kingdom of France, King François 1 chose Cartier to replace the explorer Giovanni da Verrazano . Verrazano had died on his last voyage.

First Voyage (1534)

Jacques Cartier’s orders for his first expedition were to search for a passage to the Pacific Ocean in the area around Newfoundland and possibly find precious metals. He left Saint-Malo on 20 April 1534 with two ships and 61 men. They reached the coast of Newfoundland 20 days later. During his journey, Cartier passed several sites known to European fishers. He renamed these places or noted them on his maps. After skirting the north shore of  Newfoundland , Cartier and his ships entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence by the Strait of Belle Isle and travelled south, hugging the coast of the Magdalen Islands on 26 June. Three days later, they reached what are now the provinces of  Prince Edward Island  and  New Brunswick . He then navigated towards the west, crossing Chaleur Bay and reaching Gaspé , where he encountered Iroquoian lndigenous people from the region of Quebec . They had come to the area for their annual seal hunt. After planting a cross and engaging in some trading and negotiations, Cartier’s ships left on 25 July. Before leaving, Cartier abducted two of Iroquoian chief  Donnacona’s sons. They returned to France by following the coast of Anticosti Island and re-crossing the Strait of Belle Isle.

Second Voyage (1535-6)

The expedition of 1535 was more important than the first expedition. It included 110 people and three medium-sized ships. The ships were called the  Grande Hermine  (the Great Stoat), the  Petite Hermine  (the Lesser Stoat) and the  Émérillon  (the Merlin). The Émérillon  had been adapted for river navigation. They left Brittany in mid-May 1535 and reached Newfoundland after a long, 50-day crossing. Following the itinerary from the previous year, they entered the Gulf , then travelled the “Canada River” (later named the  St. Lawrence River ) upstream. One of chief Donnacona’s sons guided them to the village of  Stadacona  on the site of what is now the city of  Quebec . Given the extent of their planned explorations, the French decided to spend the winter there and settled at the mouth of the St. Charles River. Against the advice of chief Donnacona, Jacques Cartier decided to continue sailing up the river towards Hochelaga , now the city of Montreal . Cartier reached Hochelaga on 2 October 1535. There he met other Iroquoian people, who tantalized Cartier with the prospect of a sea in the middle of the country. By the time Cartier returned to Stadacona (Quebec), relations with the Indigenous people there had deteriorated. Nevertheless, they helped the poorly organized French to survive scurvy thanks to a remedy made from evergreen trees ( see also  Indigenous Peoples’ Medicine in Canada ). When spring came, the French decided to return to Europe. This time, Cartier abducted chief Donnacona himself, the two sons, and seven other Iroquoian people. The French never returned Donnacona and his people to North America. ( See also  Enslavement of Indigenous People in Canada. )

Third Voyage (1541-2)

The war in Europe led to a delay in returning to Canada. In addition, the plans for the voyage were changed. This expedition was to include close to 800 people and involve a major attempt to colonize the region. The explorations were left to Jacques Cartier, but the logistics and colonial management of the expedition were entrusted to  Jean-François de La Rocque , sieur de Roberval. Roberval was a senior military officer who was responsible for recruitment, loading weapons onto the ships, and bringing on craftsmen and a number of prisoners. Just as the expedition was to begin, delays in the preparations and the vagaries of the war with Spain meant that only half the personnel (led by Cartier) were sent to Canada in May 1541 by Roberval. Roberval eventually came the following year. Cartier and his men settled the new colony several kilometres upstream from Quebec at the confluence of the Cap Rouge and St. Lawrence rivers. While the colonists and craftsmen built the forts, Cartier decided to sail toward  Hochelaga . When he returned, a bloody battle had broken out with the Iroquoian people at Stadacona .

Return to France

In a state of relative siege during the winter, and not expecting the arrival of Jean-François de La Rocque , sieur de Roberval until spring, Jacques Cartier decided to abandon the colony at the end of May. He had filled a dozen barrels with what he believed were precious stones and metal. At a stop in  St. John’s , Newfoundland, however, Cartier met Roberval’s fleet and was given the order to return to Cap Rouge. Refusing to obey, Cartier sailed toward France under the cover of darkness. The stones and metal that he brought back turned out to be worthless and Cartier was never reimbursed by the king for the money he had borrowed from the Breton merchants. After this misadventure, he returned to business. Cartier died about 15 years later at his estate at Limoilou near Saint-Malo. He kept his reputation as the first European to have explored and mapped this part of the Americas, which later became the French axis of power in North America.

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  • St Lawrence

Further Reading

Marcel Trudel, The Beginnings of New France, 1524-1663 (1973).

External Links

Watch the Heritage Minute about French explorer Jacques Cartier from Historica Canada. See also related online learning resources.

Exploring the Explorers: Jacques Cartier Teacher guide for multidisciplinary student investigations into the life of explorer Jacques Cartier and his role in Canadian history. From the Dictionary of Canadian Biography.

Recommended

Indigenous languages in canada, enslavement of indigenous people in canada, indigenous perspectives education guide.

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Cartier’s Third voyage

Cartier's Third Voyage to Canada

In June 1536, Jacques Cartier sailed out to France. After a three-week Atlantic crossing, on July 15, 1536, the sailors arrived in Saint-Malo: the second, 14-month voyage, was completed.

To France, Cartier brought along the Iroquois Chief Donnacona so that he could personally tell the story of a country farther north, known among the Indians as the “Kingdom of Saguenay.” It was reportedly full of gold, diamonds, rubies, and other precious stones and metals. The third voyage thus was inevitable.

On October 17, 1540, Francis I, the king of France, ordered Cartier to go back to Canada and to launch a colonization project. However, on January 15, 1541, the navigator was supplanted by Jean-Francois de La Rocque de Roberval, appointed the commander of the expedition with Cartier as his subordinate.

Roberval gave permission to Cartier to sail on ahead with five ships. On May 23, 1541, Jacques Cartier departed Saint-Malo on his third voyage to Canada. This time, the main goal was to find the “Kingdom of Saguenay” and to establish a permanent settlement in Canada. Cartier arrived at Stadacone and met his old acquaintances the Iroquoians. Nevertheless, he decided not to settle there. His choice was the present-day Cap-Rouge, in Quebec City . There, a fortified settlement was established and named Charlesbourg-Royal. Two forts were built for its protection.

The colonists planted seeds of cabbage, turnip, and lettuce. At the site, the French collected what they believed were diamonds and gold. On September 2, 1541, two ships were dispatched to France with these minerals. Unfortunately, upon return to France, it was discovered that those stones were merely quartz crystals and iron pyrites. On September 7, 1540, Cartier left for a reconnaissance trip in search of the “Saguenay.” He reached Hochelaga, but bad weather and the rapids prevented him from continuing up to the Ottawa River , and he returned to Charlesbourg-Royal.

No records exist about the winter of 1541-1542, but it seems the Iroquois attacked and killed more than 30 Frenchmen before the colonists could retreat to the fortifications. Jacques Cartier was certain that, without help from France, he could not protect the settlement for the next year. The explorer left for France to get help in June 1542.

Along the Newfoundland coast, the expedition encountered Roberval who insisted that Cartier should accompany him back to Saguenay. Certain that his ships contained a wealth of gold and diamonds, Cartier, however, decided to sail off one night. He arrived in France in October 1642. Roberval took command at Charlesbourg-Royal, but the settlement was abandoned in 1543.

It seems, in 2006, Canadian archaeologists had discovered the precise location of Cartier ’s lost first colony of Charlesbourg-Royal.

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The first voyage (1534)

Cartier-brébeuf national historic site.

Jacques Cartier made three voyages to Canada. On April 20, 1534, accompanied by approximately 60 sailors who were to handle two ships of about 60 tonnes each, Cartier set sail from Saint-Malo. Crossing the Atlantic went smoothly; after 20 days, he entered the Strait of Belle Isle. After following the north shore of the gulf of St. Lawrence for a time, he turned back, then headed south following the west coast of Newfoundland. Then, sailing toward the continent, he deduced the existence of the Cabot Street, skirted the Magdalen Islands, rounded the northern tip of Prince Edward Island, and put in at Chaleur Bay. Believing he had discovered the passage to Asia, he travelled to the head of the bay, but then had to backtrack. A storm drove him into the bay of Gaspé, where he met more than 300 people from Stadacona (Québec), who had come there to fish. Two Amerindians who were relatives (sons) of the chief Donnacona were made to embark on Cartier's ship; they accompanied the explorer on the remainder of his exploration.

Following this, weather conditions prevented Cartier from making out the entrance to the St. Lawrence River between the Gaspé peninsula and Anticosti Island. After hunting along the north shore of this island, he finally found a passage, but was unable to travel further inland on account of strong winds and opposing tides. As winter was not far off, Cartier and his men decided to head the two ships back to France. A second voyage thus became a compelling necessity: the St. Lawrence River might be the northern passage so ardently hoped for.

Map of Cartier's first voyage (1534)

Carte du 1er voyage de Cartier 1534

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We do not know how Jacques Cartier learned the art of navigation, but Saint-Malo, the town where he was born between the summer and winter of 1491, was at the time one of the most important ports in Europe. In 1524 he probably accompanied Giovanni da Verrazzano on unofficial explorations initiated by the king of France. Some ten years later, Jacques Cartier was a sufficiently experienced navigator to be asked by Francis I to undertake the official exploration of North America. There is no doubt that he was already familiar with the sea route that he took in 1534.

Cartier 1534

To the New Lands

On March 19, 1534, Cartier was assigned the mission of “undertaking the voyage of this kingdom to the New Lands to discover certain islands and countries where there are said to be great quantities of gold and other riches”. The following April 20, the navigator from Saint-Malo cast off with two ships and a crew of 61. Twenty days later he reached Newfoundland. The exploration began in an area frequented by Breton fishermen: from the Baie des Châteaux (Strait of Belle Isle) to southern Newfoundland. After erecting a cross at Saint-Servan on the north coast of the Gulf, Cartier tacked to the south. He first encountered the Magdalen Islands, and then set course for present-day Prince Edward Island, failing to notice that it was in fact an island.

A Lie and A Claiming of Possession

Cartier then moved on to Chaleur Bay, where he encountered some Micmacs on July 7. The talks were accompanied by a swapping of items, which history has recorded as the first act of trade between the French and Amerindians. Soon after, Cartier reached Gaspé Bay.

More than 200 Iroquois from Stadacona (Québec) were on the peninsula to fish. Initially trusting and cordial, relations were tarnished when Jacques Cartier claimed possession of the territory on July 24. The 30-foot cross he erected at Pointe-Penouille seemed improper to Donnacona, the Native chief. Fearing the consequences of this discontent, Cartier lied, describing the cross as an insignificant landmark.

Jacques Cartier in Gaspé  On the 25th he left the Gaspé area, heading for the Gulf of St. Lawrence. After navigating the strait separating Anticosti Island from the north shore, he set off again for Saint-Malo, where he landed on September 5. The St. Lawrence River had not been discovered.

Revelations of the Amerindian Guides

Jacques Cartier arrived in France with two precious trophies: Domagaya and Taignoagny, the sons of Donnacona, whom he had convinced to come with him. They told him of the St. Lawrence River and the “Kingdom of the Saguenay”, the objectives of his second voyage upon which he set forth on May 19, 1535. Cartier had been persuasive: his crew had doubled and he had command of three ships: the Grande Hermine, Petite Hermine and Émérillon.

Fifty days after putting to sea, a first vessel laid anchor off the shores of Newfoundland. On July 26 the convoy was reunited, and exploration could begin again. On August 10, the day of St. Lawrence, the explorer gave the saint’s name to a little bay. Cartographers later applied it to the the “great river of Hochelaga and route to Canada” leading to the interior of the continent, “so long that no man has seen its end”.

From the Saguenay to Hochelaga

Sailing along the river to Stadacona (Québec), the ships passed Anticosti Island and the mouth of the Saguenay. Cartier established his headquarters on the Sainte-Croix (Saint-Charles) river, and five days later boarded the Émérillon to travel to Hochelaga (Montreal). Leaving the ship in Lake Saint-Pierre, he proceeded in a small craft to the Iroquois village, where he arrived on October 2.

There were nearly 2,000 people living there. The island and village were overlooked by a mountain, which he named mount Royal. He was taken there by his hosts, who spoke to him of the riches of the west, and again of the “Kingdom of the Saguenay”. The rapids north and south of Montreal Island prevented him from continuing his route to the west. Cartier had to return to harbour on the Saint-Charles river, where he found that relations with the Iroquois had become more acrimonious. The threat of an early winter lay before the Frenchmen.

Isolation, Cold and Scurvy

From mid-November, the ships were imprisoned in the ice. December began with an epidemic of scurvy. The Iroquois, the first affected, were slow in delivering up the secret of anedda, a white cedar tea which would save them. Of the 100 Frenchmen afflicted, 25 died.

On May 3, Cartier planted a cross on the site where he had just wintered. The same day, he seized about ten Iroquois, one of them Donnacona, the only one who was able to “relate to the King the marvels he had seen in the western lands”.

The voyage back began three days later, without the Petite Hermine. Following a swerve along the Newfoundland coast, Jacques Cartier discovered the strait which bears the name of the explorer Giovanni Caboto. On July 16, 1536, Cartier was again in Saint-Malo.

The Colonization of Canada

On October 17, 1540, Francis I ordered the Breton navigator to return to Canada to lend weight to a colonization project of which he would be “captain general”. But on January 15, 1541 Cartier was supplanted by Jean-François de La Roque de Roberval, a Huguenot courtier.

Authorized to leave by Roberval, who was awaiting the delivery of artillery and merchandise, Jacques Cartier departed from Saint-Malo on May 23, 1541. He led five vessels “well provisioned with victuals for two years”, including the Grande Hermine, Émérillon, Saint-Brieux and Georges. There were 1500 people travelling with him. The crossing took more than three months.

With the exception of one little girl, all the Iroquois died in France. Cartier admitted the death of Donnacona, but claimed that the others “had remained in France where they were living as great lords; they had married and had no desire to return to their country”.

Being no longer welcome in Stadacona, the colonists settled at the foot of Cap Rouge (Cap Diamant), named Charlesbourg Royal. The experience was a disaster. In June 1542 Cartier left the St. Lawrence valley with the survivors. At Newfoundland he met with Roberval’s group, which had only left La Rochelle in April. The night after their encounter, Cartier placed the entreprise in jeopardy by slipping away from his leader. He landed in Saint-Malo in September.

Jacques Cartier would never return to Canada. As for Roberval, he continued on to Charlesbourg Royal, which he renamed France-Roi. After putting up with the climate, scurvy, quarrelling and adversity, his colony was extinguished in 1543 with the repatriation of those who survived.

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  • The Voyages of Jacques Cartier

In this Book

The Voyages of Jacques Cartier

  • With an introduction by Ramsay Cook
  • Published by: University of Toronto Press

Jacques Cartier's voyages of 1534, 1535, and 1541constitute the first record of European impressions of the St Lawrence region of northeastern North American and its peoples. The Voyages are rich in details about almost every aspect of the region's environment and the people who inhabited it.

In addition to Cartier's Voyages , a slightly amended version of H.P. Biggar's 1924 text, the volume includes a series of letters relating to Cartier and the Sieur de Roberval, who was in command of cartier on the last voyage. Many of these letters appear for the first time in English.

Ramsay Cook's introduction, 'Donnacona Discovers Europe,' rereads the documents in the light of recent scholarship as well as from contemporary perspectives in order to understand better the viewpoints of Cartier and the native people with whom he came into contact.

Table of Contents

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  • Title Page, Copyright Page
  • pp. vii-viii
  • Donnacona Discovers Europe: Rereading Jacques Cartier's Voyages
  • The Voyages
  • Cartier's First Voyage, 1534
  • Cartier's Second Voyage, 1535-1536
  • Cartier's Third Voyage, 1541
  • Roberval's Voyage, 1542-1543
  • pp. 107-113
  • Documents relating to Jacques Cartier and the Sieur de Roberval
  • 1 Grant of Money to Cartier for His First Voyage
  • 2 Commission from Admiral Chabot to Cartier
  • 3 Choice of Vessels for the Second Voyage
  • pp. 119-120
  • 4 Payment of Three Thousand Livres to Cartier for His Second Voyage
  • 5 Roll of the Crews for Cartier's Second Voyage
  • pp. 122-124
  • 6 Order from King Francis the First for the Payment to Cartier of Fifty Crowns
  • 7 List of Men and Effects for Canada
  • pp. 126-129
  • 8 Letter from Lagarto to John the Third, King of Portugal
  • pp. 130-133
  • 9 The Baptism of the Savages from Canada
  • 10 Cartier's Commission for His Third Voyage
  • pp. 135-138
  • 11 Letters Patent from the Duke of Brittany Empowering Cartier to Take Prisoners from the Gaols
  • pp. 139-140
  • 12 The Emperor to the Cardinal of Toledo
  • pp. 141-142
  • 13 An Order from King Francis to Inquire into the Hindrances Placed before Cartier
  • 14 Roberval's Commission
  • pp. 144-151
  • 15 Secret Report on Cartier's Expedition
  • pp. 152-155
  • 16 Cartier's Will
  • pp. 156-158
  • 17 Examination of Newfoundland Sailors regarding Cartier
  • pp. 159-168
  • 18 Cartier Takes Part in a 'Noise'
  • pp. 169-170
  • 19 Statement of Cartier's Account
  • pp. 171-176
  • 20 Death of Cartier

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Le premier voyage (1534), lieu historique national cartier-brébeuf.

Jacques Cartier entreprend trois voyages au Canada. Le 20 avril 1534, en compagnie de quelque 60 marins appelés à manœuvrer 2 navires d'environ 60 tonneaux chacun, Cartier quitte Saint-Malo. À la suite d'une courte traversée qui dure 20 jours, il parvient au détroit de Belle-Isle. Après avoir longé quelque temps la côte nord du golfe, il revient et navigue vers le sud en suivant la côte ouest de Terre-Neuve. Puis, se dirigeant vers les terres, il devine au passage l'existence du détroit de Cabot, côtoie les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, contourne la pointe nord de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard pour aboutir devant la baie des Chaleurs. Croyant avoir trouvé le chemin de l'Asie, il pénètre dans cette anse, mais il doit bientôt rebrousser chemin. Une tempête le pousse dans la baie de Gaspé, où il rencontre plus de 200 personnes de Stadaconé (Québec), venues y faire la pêche. Deux Amérindiens apparentés au chef Donnacona (ses fils), Domagaya et Taignoagny, se voient contraints d'embarquer à bord du navire de Cartier, qui poursuit son exploration avec eux.

Par la suite, les conditions climatiques empêchent Cartier de voir l'entrée du fleuve entre la Gaspésie et l'île d'Anticosti. Il continue à chercher un passage du côté nord de cette île. La voie s'ouvre enfin devant lui, mais de forts vents et des courants contraires empêchent les deux navires de la flottille de remonter plus loin. Comme l'hiver approche, Cartier et ses hommes décident de retourner en France. Un deuxième voyage s'impose : le fleuve Saint-Laurent pourrait être le passage nordique tant recherché.

Carte du premier voyage de Jacques Cartier au Canada (1534)

Carte du 1er voyage de Cartier 1534

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Trois voyages au Canada

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January 5, 2016 1 Comment

Cartier’s Third Voyage

On Cartier’s third voyage he pursued his course, sailed three leagues and a half up the St. Lawrence, and anchored off the mouth of the River of Cap Rouge.

Our special project presenting the definitive account of France in Canada by Francis Parkman , one of America’s greatest historians.

Previously on Parkman

A rigorous climate, a savage people, a fatal disease, and a soil barren of gold were the allurements of New France. Nor were the times auspicious for a renewal of the enterprise. Charles the Fifth, flushed with his African triumphs, challenged the Most Christian King to single combat. The war flamed forth with renewed fury, and ten years elapsed before a hollow truce varnished the hate of the royal rivals with a thin pretence of courtesy. Peace returned; but Francis the First was sinking to his ignominious grave, under the scourge of his favorite goddess, and Chabot, patron of the former voyages, was in disgrace.

Meanwhile the ominous adventure of New France had found a champion in the person of Jean Francois de la Roque, Sieur de Roberval, a nobleman of Picardy. Though a man of high account in his own province, his past honors paled before the splendor of the titles said to have been now conferred on him, Lord of Norembega, Viceroy and Lieutenant-General in Canada, Hochelaga, Saguenay, Newfoundland, Belle Isle, Carpunt, Labrador, the Great Bay, and Baccalaos. To this windy gift of ink and parchment was added a solid grant from the royal treasury, with which five vessels were procured and equipped; and to Cartier was given the post of Captain-General. “We have resolved,” says Francis, “to send him again to the lands of Canada and Hochelaga, which form the extremity of Asia towards the west.” His commission declares the objects of the enterprise to be discovery, settlement, and the conversion of the Indians, who are described as “men without knowledge of God or use of reason,” — a pious design, held doubtless in full sincerity by the royal profligate, now, in his decline, a fervent champion of the Faith and a strenuous tormentor of heretics. The machinery of conversion was of a character somewhat questionable, since Cartier and Roberval were empowered to ransack the prisons for thieves, robbers, and other malefactors, to complete their crews and strengthen the colony.

“Whereas,” says the King, “we have undertaken this voyage for the honor of God our Creator, desiring with all our heart to do that which shall be agreeable to Him, it is our will to perform a compassionate and meritorious work towards criminals and malefactors, to the end that they may acknowledge the Creator, return thanks to Him, and mend their lives. Therefore we have resolved to cause to be delivered to our aforesaid lieutenant (Roberval), such and so many of the aforesaid criminals and malefactors detained in our prisons as may seem to him useful and necessary to be carried to the aforesaid countries.”

Of the expected profits of the voyage the adventurers were to have one third and the King another, while the remainder was to be reserved towards defraying expenses.

With respect to Donnacona and his tribesmen, basely kidnapped at Stadacone, their souls had been better cared for than their bodies; for, having been duly baptized, they all died within a year or two, to the great detriment, as it proved, of the expedition.

Meanwhile, from beyond the Pyrenees, the Most Catholic King, with alarmed and jealous eye, watched the preparations of his Most Christian enemy. America, in his eyes, was one vast province of Spain, to be vigilantly guarded against the intruding foreigner. To what end were men mustered, and ships fitted out in the Breton seaports? Was it for colonization, and if so, where? Was it in Southern Florida, or on the frozen shores of Baccalaos, of which Breton cod-fishers claimed the discovery? Or would the French build forts on the Bahamas, whence they could waylay the gold ships in the Bahama Channel? Or was the expedition destined against the Spanish settlements of the islands or the Main? Reinforcements were dispatched in haste, and a spy was sent to France, who, passing from port to port, Quimper, St. Malo, Brest, Morlaix, came back freighted with exaggerated tales of preparation. The Council of the Indies was called.

“The French are bound for Baccalaos,” — such was the substance of their report; “your Majesty will do well to send two caravels to watch their movements, and a force to take possession of the said country. And since there is no other money to pay for it, the gold from Peru, now at Panama, might be used to that end.”

The Cardinal of Seville thought lightly of the danger, and prophesied that the French would reap nothing from their enterprise but disappointment and loss. The King of Portugal, sole acknowledged partner with Spain in the ownership of the New World, was invited by the Spanish ambassador to take part in an expedition against the encroaching French. “They can do no harm at Baccalaos,” was the cold reply; “and so,” adds the indignant ambassador, “this King would say if they should come and take him here at Lisbon; such is the softness they show here on the one hand, while, on the other, they wish to give law to the whole world.”

Voyage Begins

The five ships, occasions of this turmoil and alarm, had lain at St. Malo waiting for cannon and munitions from Normandy and Champagne. They waited in vain, and as the King’s orders were stringent against delay, it was resolved that Cartier should sail at once, leaving Roberval to follow with additional ships when the expected supplies arrived.

On the twenty-third of May, 1541, the Breton captain again spread his canvas for New France, and, passing in safety the tempestuous Atlantic, the fog-banks of Newfoundland, the island rocks clouded with screaming sea-fowl, and the forests breathing piny odors from the shore, cast anchor again beneath the cliffs of Quebec. Canoes came out from shore filled with feathered savages inquiring for their kidnapped chiefs. “Donnacona,” replied Cartier, “is dead;” but he added the politic falsehood, that the others had married in France, and lived in state, like great lords. The Indians pretended to be satisfied; but it was soon apparent that they looked askance on the perfidious strangers.

Cartier pursued his course, sailed three leagues and a half up the St. Lawrence, and anchored off the mouth of the River of Cap Rouge. It was late in August, and the leafy landscape sweltered in the sun. The Frenchmen landed, picked up quartz crystals on the shore and thought them diamonds, climbed the steep promontory, drank at the spring near the top, looked abroad on the wooded slopes beyond the little river, waded through the tall grass of the meadow, found a quarry of slate, and gathered scales of a yellow mineral which glistened like gold, then returned to their boats, crossed to the south shore of the St. Lawrence, and, languid with the heat, rested in the shade of forests laced with an entanglement of grape-vines.

Now their task began, and while some cleared off the woods and sowed turnip-seed, others cut a zigzag road up the height, and others built two forts, one at the summit, and one on the shore below. The forts finished, the Vicomte de Beaupre took command, while Cartier went with two boats to explore the rapids above Hochelaga. When at length he returned, the autumn was far advanced; and with the gloom of a Canadian November came distrust, foreboding, and homesickness. Roberval had not appeared; the Indians kept jealously aloof; the motley colony was sullen as the dull, raw air around it. There was disgust and ire at Charlesbourg-Royal, for so the place was called.

Roberval’s Voyage

Meanwhile, unexpected delays had detained the impatient Roberval; nor was it until the sixteenth of April, 1542, that, with three ships and two hundred colonists, he set sail from Rochelle. When, on the eighth of June, he entered the harbor of St. John, he found seventeen fishing-vessels lying there at anchor. Soon after, he descried three other sail rounding the entrance of the haven, and, with anger and amazement, recognized the ships of Jacques Cartier. That voyager had broken up his colony and abandoned New France. What motives had prompted a desertion little consonant with the resolute spirit of the man it is impossible to say, — whether sickness within, or Indian enemies without, disgust with an enterprise whose unripened fruits had proved so hard and bitter, or discontent at finding himself reduced to a post of subordination in a country which he had discovered and where he had commanded. The Viceroy ordered him to return; but Cartier escaped with his vessels under cover of night, and made sail for France, carrying with him as trophies a few quartz diamonds from Cap Rouge, and grains of sham gold from the neighboring slate ledges. Thus closed the third Canadian voyage of this notable explorer. His discoveries had gained for him a patent of nobility, and he owned the seigniorial mansion of Limoilou, a rude structure of stone still standing. Here, and in the neighboring town of St. Malo, where also he had a house, he seems to have lived for many years.

Marguerite’s Story

Roberval once more set sail, steering northward to the Straits of Belle Isle and the dreaded Isles of Demons. And here an incident befell which the all-believing Thevet records in manifest good faith, and which, stripped of the adornments of superstition and a love of the marvelous, has without doubt a nucleus of truth. I give the tale as I find it.

The Viceroy’s company was of a mixed complexion. There were nobles, officers, soldiers, sailors, adventurers, with women too, and children. Of the women, some were of birth and station, and among them a damsel called Marguerite, a niece of Roberval himself. In the ship was a young gentleman who had embarked for love of her. His love was too well requited; and the stern Viceroy, scandalized and enraged at a passion which scorned concealment and set shame at defiance, cast anchor by the haunted island, landed his indiscreet relative, gave her four arquebuses for defense, and, with an old Norman nurse named Bastienne, who had pandered to the lovers, left her to her fate. Her gallant threw himself into the surf, and by desperate effort gained the shore, with two more guns and a supply of ammunition.

The ship weighed anchor, receded, vanished, and they were left alone. Yet not so, for the demon lords of the island beset them day and night, raging around their hut with a confused and hungry clamoring, striving to force the frail barrier. The lovers had repented of their sin, though not abandoned it, and Heaven was on their side. The saints vouchsafed their aid, and the offended Virgin, relenting, held before them her protecting shield. In the form of beasts or other shapes abominably and unutterably hideous, the brood of hell, howling in baffled fury, tore at the branches of the sylvan dwelling; but a celestial hand was ever interposed, and there was a viewless barrier which they might not pass. Marguerite became pregnant. Here was a double prize, two souls in one, mother and child. The fiends grew frantic, but all in vain. She stood undaunted amid these horrors; but her lover, dismayed and heartbroken, sickened and died. Her child soon followed; then the old Norman nurse found her unhallowed rest in that accursed soil, and Marguerite was left alone. Neither her reason nor her courage failed. When the demons assailed her, she shot at them with her gun, but they answered with hellish merriment, and thenceforth she placed her trust in Heaven alone. There were foes around her of the upper, no less than of the nether world. Of these, the bears were the most redoubtable; yet, being vulnerable to mortal weapons, she killed three of them, all, says the story, “as white as an egg.”

It was two years and five months from her landing on the island, when, far out at sea, the crew of a small fishing-craft saw a column of smoke curling upward from the haunted shore. Was it a device of the fiends to lure them to their ruin? They thought so, and kept aloof. But misgiving seized them. They warily drew near, and descried a female figure in wild attire waving signals from the strand. Thus at length was Marguerite rescued and restored to her native France, where, a few years later, the cosmographer Thevet met her at Natron in Perigord, and heard the tale of wonder from her own lips.

Chapter 1 Concludes

Having left his offending niece to the devils and bears of the Isles of Demons, Roberval held his course up the St. Lawrence, and dropped anchor before the heights of Cap Rouge. His company landed; there were bivouacs along the strand, a hubbub of pick and spade, axe, saw, and hammer; and soon in the wilderness uprose a goodly structure, half barrack, half castle, with two towers, two spacious halls, a kitchen, chambers, storerooms, workshops, cellars, garrets, a well, an oven, and two watermills. Roberval named it France-Roy, and it stood on that bold acclivity where Cartier had before intrenched himself, the St. Lawrence in front, and on the right the River of Cap Rouge. Here all the colony housed under the same roof, like one of the experimental communities of recent days,–officers, soldiers, nobles, artisans, laborers, and convicts, with the women and children in whom lay the future hope of New France.

Experience and forecast had both been wanting. There were storehouses, but no stores; mills, but no grist; an ample oven, and a dearth of bread. It was only when two of the ships had sailed for France that they took account of their provision and discovered its lamentable shortcoming. Winter and famine followed. They bought fish from the Indians, and dug roots and boiled them in whale-oil. Disease broke out, and, before spring, killed one third of the colony. The rest would have quarrelled, mutinied, and otherwise aggravated their inevitable woes, but disorder was dangerous under the iron rule of the inexorable Roberval. Michel Gaillon was detected in a petty theft, and hanged. Jean de Nantes, for a more venial offence, was kept in irons. The quarrels of men and the scolding of women were alike requited at the whipping-post, “by which means,” quaintly says the narrative, “they lived in peace.”

Thevet, while calling himself the intimate friend of the Viceroy, gives a darker coloring to his story. He says that, forced to unceasing labor, and chafed by arbitrary rules, some of the soldiers fell under Roberval’s displeasure, and six of them, formerly his favorites, were hanged in one day. Others were banished to an island, and there kept in fetters; while, for various light offences, several, both men and women, were shot. Even the Indians were moved to pity, and wept at the sight of their woes.

And here, midway, our guide deserts us; the ancient narrative is broken, and the latter part is lost, leaving us to divine as we may the future of the ill-starred colony. That it did not long survive is certain. The King, in great need of Roberval, sent Cartier to bring him home, and this voyage seems to have taken place in the summer of 1543. It is said that, in after years, the Viceroy essayed to repossess himself of his Transatlantic domain, and lost his life in the attempt. Thevet, on the other hand, with ample means of learning the truth, affirms that Roberval was slain at night, near the Church of the Innocents, in the heart of Paris.

With him closes the prelude of the French-American drama. Tempestuous years and a reign of blood and fire were in store for France. The religious wars begot the hapless colony of Florida, but for more than half a century they left New France a desert. Order rose at length out of the sanguinary chaos; the zeal of discovery and the spirit of commercial enterprise once more awoke, while, closely following, more potent than they, moved the black-robed forces of the Roman Catholic reaction.

– Pioneers of France in the New World Part II, Chapter 1 by Francis Parkman

This was Cartier’s third voyage and Roberval’s voyage of discovery.

The below is from Francis Parkman’s Introduction.

If, at times, it may seem that range has been allowed to fancy, it is so in appearance only; since the minutest details of narrative or description rest on authentic documents or on personal observation. Faithfulness to the truth of history involves far more than a research, however patient and scrupulous, into special facts. Such facts may be detailed with the most minute exactness, and yet the narrative, taken as a whole, may be unmeaning or untrue. The narrator must seek to imbue himself with the life and spirit of the time. He must study events in their bearings near and remote; in the character, habits, and manners of those who took part in them, he must himself be, as it were, a sharer or a spectator of the action he describes. With respect to that special research which, if inadequate, is still in the most emphatic sense indispensable, it has been the writer’s aim to exhaust the existing material of every subject treated. While it would be folly to claim success in such an attempt, he has reason to hope that, so far at least as relates to the present volume, nothing of much importance has escaped him. With respect to the general preparation just alluded to, he has long been too fond of his theme to neglect any means within his reach of making his conception of it distinct and true.

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June 19, 2019 at 6:44 am

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Jacques Cartier’s Voyages of Exploration 1534–43

Jacques Cartier’s Voyages of Exploration 1534–43

The French mariner Jacques Cartier (1491–1557) was the first European to navigate the St Lawrence River, and his explorations and discoveries in northeast Canada during the course of the three expeditions he made there from 1534–42 were the basis for French claims in North America. He was despatched to North America by King Francis II of France in 1534. In the course of this first voyage he sailed the west coast of Newfoundland and explored the Gulf of St Lawrence. In the following year the king sent him on a second, more substantial voyage, with three ships and over 100 men. He sailed up the St Lawrence as far as present-day Quebec, and established a base near an Iroquois village. Venturing as far as the island of Montreal, he was blocked by the Lachine rapids (named after China, as he was convinced that the river was the Northwest Passage to Asia), and was forced to return to his base and over-winter there. He returned to France, with tales of the great wealth that lay in the Canadian interior. In 1541 Cartier sailed to Canada again, supposedly as an advance party for a group of French colonists, but after another brutal winter, which he spent in Quebec, he failed to penetrate any further into the interior, made enemies of the local Iroquois, and abandoned his fellow colonists to return to France. They fared little better, and returned to France just a year later.

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  1. Jacques Cartier

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  2. Les trois voyages de Cartier (1533-1543) timeline

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  3. Sociétés et Territoires

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  4. Sur les traces de Jacques Cartier : le troisième et dernier voyage (3/3)

    jacque cartier 3 voyages

  5. Les trois voyages de Cartier (1533-1543) timeline

    jacque cartier 3 voyages

  6. Sociétés et Territoires

    jacque cartier 3 voyages

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  2. JACQUE CARTIER BRIDGE #jacquecartierbridge #montreal #explore #foryou #newvideo

  3. Jacques Cartier

COMMENTS

  1. Jacques Cartier: Route, Facts & Accomplishments

    Jacques Cartier's First North American Voyage. Born December 31, 1491, in Saint-Malo, France, Cartier began sailing as a young man. He was believed to have traveled to Brazil and Newfoundland ...

  2. Les trois voyages de Jacques Cartier

    Jacques Cartier découvre le Canada en 1535. Issu d'une famille de marins de Saint-Malo, il effectue trois grands voyages qui le mènent à affronter d'incroyables aventures franco-québécoises. Canal Académie vous emmène en voyage avec l'historien Bernard Allaire. Écouter (24 min.) Référence : sav310.

  3. Jacques Cartier

    Jacques Cartier (born 1491, Saint-Malo, Brittany, France—died September 1, 1557, near Saint-Malo) was a French mariner whose explorations of the Canadian coast and the St. Lawrence River (1534, 1535, 1541-42) laid the basis for later French claims to North America ( see New France ). Cartier also is credited with naming Canada, though he ...

  4. The third voyage (1541-1542)

    It was only in the early 16th century, following the dispersion of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians that Québec became the centre of the first French colony in America. Map of Cartier's third voyage (1541-1542) Date modified : 2022-11-19. Summary of Jacques-Cartier's third voyage in 1541-42, the settlement at Cap-Rouge, his meeting with Roberval.

  5. Jacques Cartier

    Jacques Cartier, navigator (born between 7 June and 23 December 1491 in Saint-Malo, France; died 1 September 1557 in Saint-Malo, France). From 1534 to 1542, Cartier led three maritime expeditions to the interior of the Gulf of the St. Lawrence River.During these expeditions, he explored, but more importantly accurately mapped for the first time the interior of the river, from the Gulf to ...

  6. Cartier's Third voyage

    Roberval gave permission to Cartier to sail on ahead with five ships. On May 23, 1541, Jacques Cartier departed Saint-Malo on his third voyage to Canada. This time, the main goal was to find the "Kingdom of Saguenay" and to establish a permanent settlement in Canada. Cartier arrived at Stadacone and met his old acquaintances the Iroquoians.

  7. The first voyage (1534)

    Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Site. Jacques Cartier made three voyages to Canada. On April 20, 1534, accompanied by approximately 60 sailors who were to handle two ships of about 60 tonnes each, Cartier set sail from Saint-Malo. Crossing the Atlantic went smoothly; after 20 days, he entered the Strait of Belle Isle.

  8. Jacques Cartier

    Jacques Cartier was born on December 31, 1491 in Saint-Malo, a port town of Brittany, France. His father was Jamet Cartier, and his mother was Geseline Jansart.2 Almost nothing is known of his early life before his famous explorations. Saint-Malo was a fishing town in northern France.3 So young Jacques probably learned navigational skills and ...

  9. Jacques Cartier 1534-1542

    Jacques Cartier 1534-1542. We do not know how Jacques Cartier learned the art of navigation, but Saint-Malo, the town where he was born between the summer and winter of 1491, was at the time one of the most important ports in Europe. In 1524 he probably accompanied Giovanni da Verrazzano on unofficial explorations initiated by the king of France.

  10. The Voyages of Jacques Cartier on JSTOR

    Cartier's First Voyage, 1534: JACQUES CARTIER'S FIRST ACCOUNT OF THE NEW LAND, CALLED NEW FRANCE, DISCOVERED IN THE YEAR 1534 Download; XML; Carrier's Second Voyage, 1535-1536 Download; XML; Carder's Third Voyage, 1541 Download; XML; Roberval's Voyage, 1542-1543 Download; XML; GRANT OF MONEY TO CARTIER FOR HIS FIRST VOYAGE ...

  11. American Journeys Background on Third Voyage of Discovery Made By

    Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) was a Breton sailor who visited Brazil and may have accompanied Giovanni da Verrazzano during his exploration of the North American coast in 1524. In 1533 he inquired about further exploration of North America and received permission from the crown to pursue his idea. He made voyages in 1534, 1535-1536, and 1541-1542 ...

  12. Jacques Cartier

    Jacques Cartier (31 December 1491 - 1 September 1557) was a French-Breton maritime explorer for France.Jacques Cartier was the first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named "The Country of Canadas" [citation needed] after the Iroquoian names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec City) and at ...

  13. 1

    On April 20, 1534, Jacques Cartier and his crew set sail from the port of Saint-Malo, France to explore the "New World"... This series of 8 videos will allow...

  14. Jacques Cartier Interactive Map

    Click on the world map to view an example of the explorer's voyage. How to Use the Map. After opening the map, click the icon to expand voyage information. You can view each voyage individually or all at once by clicking on the to check or uncheck the voyage information. Click on either the map icons or on the location name in the expanded ...

  15. Jacques Cartier

    Jacques Cartier made his second voyage to the New World in 1535-1536. Cartier sailed with 110 sailors, 3 ships, and the two sons of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians' chief. Cartier sailed to the ...

  16. Project MUSE

    1993. Published by: University of Toronto Press. View. summary. Jacques Cartier's voyages of 1534, 1535, and 1541constitute the first record of European impressions of the St Lawrence region of northeastern North American and its peoples. The Voyages are rich in details about almost every aspect of the region's environment and the people who ...

  17. Le premier voyage (1534)

    Lieu historique national Cartier-Brébeuf. Jacques Cartier entreprend trois voyages au Canada. Le 20 avril 1534, en compagnie de quelque 60 marins appelés à manœuvrer 2 navires d'environ 60 tonneaux chacun, Cartier quitte Saint-Malo. À la suite d'une courte traversée qui dure 20 jours, il parvient au détroit de Belle-Isle.

  18. The Voyages of Jacques Cartier

    Jacques Cartier's voyages of 1534, 1535, and 1541constitute the first record of European impressions of the St Lawrence region of northeastern North American and its peoples. The Voyages are rich in details about almost every aspect of the region's environment and the people who inhabited it.As Ramsay Cook points out in his introduction, Cartier was more than an explorer; he was also Canada's ...

  19. The voyages of Jacques Cartier : published from the originals with

    The voyages of Jacques Cartier : published from the originals with translations, notes and appendices by Cartier, Jacques, 1491-1557. Publication date 1924 Topics Indians of North America -- Languages, Indians of North America -- Canada, America -- Discovery and exploration -- French, New France -- Discovery and exploration

  20. Voyages of Jacques

    Jacques Cartier's voyages of 1534, 1535, and 1541constitute the first record of European impressions of the St Lawrence region of northeastern North American and its peoples. The Voyages are rich in details about almost every aspect of the region's environment and the people who inhabited it.As Ramsay Cook points out in his introduction, Cartier was more than an explorer; he was also Canada ...

  21. Trois voyages au Canada : Cartier, Jacques, 1491-1557. Voyages faits en

    Cartier, Jacques, 1491-1557. Voyages faits en la Nouvelle France en 1534 et 1536; Champlain, Samuel de, 1567-1635. Voyages faits en la Nouvelle France en 1608 et 1611; Sagard, Gabriel, ca. 1614-ca. 1636 Le grand voyage fait au pays des Hurons en l'an 1624; Guégan, Bertrand, 1892-Bib_id aaa4008 Bookplateleaf 0004

  22. Cartier's Third Voyage

    This was Cartier's third voyage and Roberval's voyage of discovery. <—Previous: ... Uncategorized Tagged With: 1542, Canada, Cartier_Jacques, France. Comments. rhode island says. June 19, 2019 at 6:44 am. 433243 382267Whoa! This blog looks just like my old 1! It is on a entirely different topic but it has pretty considerably exactly the ...

  23. Jacques Cartier's Voyages of Exploration 1534-43

    Jacques Cartier's Voyages of Exploration 1534-43. $ 3.95. Map Code: Ax02345. The French mariner Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) was the first European to navigate the St Lawrence River, and his explorations and discoveries in northeast Canada during the course of the three expeditions he made there from 1534-42 were the basis for French ...