trip 780 steel properties

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TRIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity) steels

Description.

TRIP steels offer an outstanding combination of strength and ductility as a result of their microstructure. They are thus suitable for structural and reinforcement parts in complex shapes. The microstructure of these steels consists of islands of hard residual austenite and carbide-free bainite dispersed in a ductile ferritic matrix. Austenite is transformed into martensite during plastic deformation (TRIP: TRansformation Induced Plasticity effect), enabling greater elongation to be achieved which endows these steels with their excellent combination of strength and ductility.

These steels have considerable strain hardening capacity which endows them with good aptitude for strain redistribution and hence excellent drawability. 

In the course of the manufacturing stages of parts, the tensile strength of TRIP steel increases sharply compared to its reference value for flat metal, both under the effect of local stamping strains and BH (Bake Hardening) effect during the paint process. These effects can be used to optimise the design of the part, especially in terms of crash behaviour. See below.

Applications

As a result of their high energy absorption capacity and fatigue strength, TRIP steels are particularly well-suited for automotive structural and safety parts such as crossmembers, longitudinal beams, B-pillar reinforcements, sills and bumper reinforcements.

ArcelorMittal has extensive data on the forming and service properties of the TRIP family of steels. A team of experts is available to carry out specific studies based on modelling or laboratory tests to incorporate these steels at the design stage.

B-pillar reinforcement in CR450Y780T-TR-EG (thickness: 1.2 mm)

Bumper cross member in CR450Y780T-TR-EG (thickness: 1.6 mm)

Designation and standard

Cold rolled steel.

Uncoated (EN 10338: 2015): Steel grade name Electrogalvanized (EN 10338: 2015 + EN 10152: 2017): Steel grade name+ZE Galvannealed (EN 10346: 2015): Steel grade name+ZF Extragal ® (EN 10346: 2015): Steel grade name+Z

VDA 239-100

Uncoated: Steel grade name-UNC Electrogalvanised: Steel grade name-EG Galvannealed: Steel grade name-GA Extragal ® : Steel grade name-GI

Mechanical properties

A 80mm  %: Percentage elongation after fracture using a specimen with gauge length L 0  = 80 mm (ISO 6892-1 type 2 (EN20x80)) A 50mm  %: Percentage elongation after fracture using a specimen with gauge length L 0  = 50 mm (ISO 6892-1 type 1 (ASTM12.5x50) or type 3 (JIS25x50) A%: Percentage elongation after fracture using a proportional specimen with L 0  = 5.65 (So) 1/2 Ag %: Percentage plastic extension at maximum force BH 2 : Increase in yield strength between a reference condition after a 2% plastic pre-strain and the condition obtained after heat treatment (170°C-20minutes)

Typical CR450Y780T-TR-EG microstructure (residual austenite fraction approx. 18%)

Typical CR400Y690T-TR-GI microstructure (residual austenite fraction approx. 10%)

Chemical composition

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TRIP steels offer high ductility relative to their tensile strength. For example, CR450Y780T-TR boasts uniform elongation comparable to that of a type CR3 deep drawing grade.

The illustration below shows examples of forming limit curves for 1.5 mm thick CR400Y690T-TR and CR450Y780T-TR steels. Their formability is superior to that of a lower strength CR330Y590T-DP steel.

Forming limit curves for CR400Y690T-TR-GI and CR450Y780T-TR-EG (thickness: 1.5 mm) (ArcelorMittal model for Europe)

Forming limit curves for CR400Y690T-TR-GI and CR450Y780T-TR-EG (thickness: 1.5 mm) (Keeler model for North America)

Please contact us for more information on forming TRIP steels.

Resistance spot-welding

TRIP steels can be readily welded using conventional welding processes, provided the welding parameters are adjusted.

The table below gives examples (for information only) of spot welding parameters for CR400Y690T-TR-GI and CR450Y780T-TR-EG matching joints, in accordance with the ISO 18278-2 standard:

MAG arc welding

MAG (Metal Active Gas) arc welding employs a filler wire in a protective gas shield. It can be used for thicknesses greater than 0.8 mm. MAG weldability of CR450Y780T-TR has been assessed using CMOS (Welding Operating Procedure Characterisation based on standards EN 288 and EN 25817) for 1.5 mm thick butt joints. Heat input is of the order of 2 kJ/cm.

As a result of its chemical composition, CR450Y780T-TR typically has a relatively high carbon equivalent of the order of 0.50. However, no particular precautions are needed to prevent cold cracking. In actual fact, the reduced thicknesses employed (< 2 mm) minimise restraint stresses during welding.

The most appropriate combination for MAG welding of CR450Y780T-TR in a thickness range of approx. 1.5 mm is as follows:

• Filler: G3Si1 type in accordance with EN 440
• Shielding gas: Ar + 8% CO2
• (M21 in accordance with EN 439)

The CMOS evaluation shows satisfactory overall weld behaviour meeting the mechanical strength criteria set out in the standards, given that:

• Bends are acceptable up to 120° and crack on the reverse side at 180°;
• All tensile test failures occur in the base metal thanks to base metal/filler metal dilution, even with G3Si1 wire.

Laser welding

Laser welding tests have revealed no particular difficulties. Laser lap welding is particularly suitable for TRIP/TRIP joints.

Based on extensive shop-floor experience in characterising its products, ArcelorMittal is able to provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters for all steels in the TRIP range.

Fatigue strength

Due to their high mechanical strength, TRIP grades boast significantly better fatigue properties than conventional steels.

Examples of Wöhler curves for a variety TRIP grades are shown in the two graphs below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of cycles to failure. They are calculated for two loading ratios: tension-compression R=-1 and tension-tension R=0.1.

The graph below shows the low-cycle fatigue or E-N curves for the same steels. The curves plot strain amplitude versus number of reversals to failure (one cycle equals two reversals). Other high and low cycle fatigue data can be provided on request.

ArcelorMittal can make a TRIP steel fatigue database available to its customers.

Impact strength

As a result of their very high tensile strength, TRIP steels are particularly suitable for parts designed to absorb energy in an impact.

TRIP steels have been characterised in dynamic axial compression tests using an omega structure with a spot-welded closure plate at an impact velocity of 56 km/h. These tests have demonstrated the very positive impact behaviour of these steels.

Weight-reduction potential compared to that of a CR340LA steel (reference)

These results are obtained for test pieces produced by bending. Strain-hardening during drawing enhances the energy absorption capacity of this grade. In order to fully exploit the potential of TRIP steels, the metal properties after forming (hardening) rather than those of the initial blank should be used in the design stage. Crush tests have shown a 9% gain in energy absorption of drawn parts compared to parts obtained by bending.

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What are TRIP Steels?

WHAT ARE TRIP STEELS (Transformation Induced Plasticity Steels)?

TRIP Steels (Transformation Induced Plasticity Steel) are part of the Advanced High-Strength Steel (AHSS) family.

The microstructure of TRIP steels consists of at least five-volume percent of retained austenite, which is embedded in a primary ferrite matrix. The microstructure also contains hard phases like bainite and martensite in varying amounts.

TRIP steels are notable due to the higher carbon content than other members of the AHSS family, such as dual phase steels. They typically require the use of an isothermal hold at an intermediate temperature, which produces some bainite. Silicon and aluminum are added in order to both accelerate the ferrite and bainite formation process, as well as avoiding carbide buildup in the bainite region of the material.

Greater silicon, aluminum, and carbon content of TRIP steels result in large fractions of retained austenite in the material’s final microstructure. The increased carbon content also stabilizes the retained austenite phase below the usual ambient temperature.

Changing the carbon content helps to control the strain level at which the austenite begins to transform into martensite. At low carbon levels, the transformation of the retained austenite will begin almost immediately upon deformation, which will then improve the formability and work hardening rate during the stamping process.

At higher carbon content, the transformation will occur only at strain levels beyond those utilized during the forming processing. The retained austenite remains after the final stage of the forming process at these higher carbon levels – the transformation into martensite will occur only during subsequent deformation; in the case of automobiles, an example would be a crash event.

PROPERTIES OF TRIP STEELS

TRIP Steels can be produced as hot-rolled, cold-rolled, or hot dip galvanized, with a strength range from 500 MPa to 800 MPa.

TRIP Steels are highly sought after due to their high work hardening rate, which is created by the hard second phases that are dispersed in the soft ferrite during deformation. Despite the fact that initial work hardening rate of the material is lesser than that of, say, dual phase steels, TRIP steels sustain their hardening rate at much higher strain levels, where DP steel’s work hardening rate would deteriorate.

As a result of the high work hardening rates, TRIP steels also have substantial stretch forming properties.

The high strain hardening capacity and mechanical strength make these steels an excellent candidate for automotive parts that require a high energy absorption capacity. TRIP steels also have a strong bake hardening following deformation, which even further improves their crash performance.

To summarize TRIP steel’s properties:

• Work hardening  – When compared to other advanced high-strength steels, TRIP steels exhibit and retain a higher work hardening rate at higher levels of strain.
• Formability  – As a byproduct of the high work hardening rate, these steels have substantial stretch forming properties, and can be put through stamping processes in a relatively stable manner.
• Bake hardening  – TRIP steels have a very high bake hardening capacity, and can by doing so can increase their yield strength by close to 70 MPa.
• Product mass reduction capacity  – Due to the above characteristics, these steels are good candidates for weight reduction and part down gauging techniques.

APPLICATION OF TRIP STEELS IN AUTOMOBILES

TRIP steels are excellent for automotive parts that require high work hardening during crash deformation and large amounts of energy absorption.

They are also very well-suited for creatingcomplicated, hard-to-form parts, which is a result of their high formability and work hardening attributes. Thus, they are handy for complex reinforcement and structural parts.

Current production grades of TRIP steels and example automotive applications:

TRIP 350/600              Frame rails, rail reinforcements

TRIP 400/700              Side rail, crash box

TRIP 450/800              Dash panel, roof rails

TRIP 600/980              B-pillar upper, roof rail, engine cradle, front and rear rails, seat frame

TRIP 750/980

About National Material L.P.  – National Material Limited Partnership and its affiliates have a long history of quality and service dating back to 1964. Since its founding, National Material L.P. has grown to over 30 business units and is now one of the largest suppliers of steel in America. The National Material group of industrial businesses consists of the Steel Group, Stainless and Alloys Group, Raw Material Trading Group, Aluminum Group, and Related Operations.

Visit National Material:  https://www.nationalmaterial.com  or call (U.S.) 847-806-7200.

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Cyclic Deformation of Advanced High-Strength Steels: Mechanical Behavior and Microstructural Analysis

• Published: 06 January 2009
• Volume 40 , pages 342–353, ( 2009 )

Cite this article

• Timothy B. Hilditch 1 ,
• Ilana B. Timokhina 1 ,
• Leigh T. Robertson 1 ,
• Elena V. Pereloma 2 &
• Peter D. Hodgson 1  

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The fatigue properties of multiphase steels are an important consideration in the automotive industry. The different microstructural phases present in these steels can influence the strain life and cyclic stabilized strength of the material due to the way in which these phases accommodate the applied cyclic strain. Fully reversed strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue tests have been used to determine the mechanical fatigue performance of a dual-phase (DP) 590 and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) 780 steel, with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) used to examine the deformed microstructures. It is shown that the higher strain life and cyclic stabilized strength of the TRIP steel can be attributed to an increased yield strength. Despite the presence of significant levels of retained austenite in the TRIP steel, both steels exhibited similar cyclic softening behavior at a range of strain amplitudes due to comparable ferrite volume fractions and yielding characteristics. Both steels formed low-energy dislocation structures in the ferrite during cyclic straining.

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The Effects of Pre-Straining Conditions on Austenite Stability during Fatigue of Multiphase Trip Steels

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Timothy B. Hilditch ( Research Academic ), Ilana B. Timokhina ( Research Academic ), Leigh T. Robertson ( Postdoctoral Student ) & Peter D. Hodgson ( Professor )

School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia, 2522

Elena V. Pereloma ( Professor )

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Correspondence to Timothy B. Hilditch .

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Hilditch, T.B., Timokhina, I.B., Robertson, L.T. et al. Cyclic Deformation of Advanced High-Strength Steels: Mechanical Behavior and Microstructural Analysis. Metall Mater Trans A 40 , 342–353 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-008-9732-x

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-008-9732-x

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