trip to erbil

Things to do in Erbil (Iraq) – A complete guide

By Joan Torres 39 Comments Last updated on May 3, 2024

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Not many cities in the world can brag about having as much history as Erbil has.

Historians claim that the city has been permanently inhabited since the 5th millennium B.C., making it one of the oldest cities in the world, if not the oldest. Erbil’s Citadel is a UNESCO World Heritage site for being an astonishing example of a multilayered archaeological mound, today overlooking a modern city that has grown around it over the centuries.

With more than 7,000 years of history, Erbil – or Hawler, as the locals call it – is the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan , a city with fantastic old bazaars and traditional cafés, which can all be visited while you bump into the many locals that hang out in the lively Erbil’s central square.

Nevertheless, if you think that visiting Erbil is just about wandering around a traditional Muslim city, you are completely wrong because Erbil is a modern metropolis which for the last years, has become a regional business hub, home to a large expat community and some of the best nightlife in the Middle East, often compared to Beirut .

I have traveled to Erbil three times, so here is a complete Erbil tourism guide, which includes the best things to do in Erbil , as well as plenty of travel tips.

In this Erbil travel guide you will find:

Table of Contents

• Where to stay

How to go to Erbil

• Moving around
• Things to do
• Where to eat
• More resources

our recommended travel insurance for Iraq

IATI Insurance is one of the very few that covers travel in Iraq.

Do you need a visa to go to Erbil? Most Western nationalities, including EU countries, the USA, Canada and Australia, among many others, can easily purchase a visa on arrival for 75USD or 60€. For more information, read my Iraqi Kurdistan travel guide

Where to stay when you visit Erbil

In Erbil, accommodation can get pricey, as there are no hostels and guest houses and the cheapest options can’t be booked online.

Budget Hotel – Fareeq – With super friendly staff and modern facilities, this reasonably budget hotel is the cheapest hotel in town that can be booked online. It has loads of positive reviews and the location is great. Overall, a good, practical option.

Nicer – Erbil View Hotel – This hotel is one of the best value-for-money options in Erbil. Everybody claims that the staff are amazing, as well as the breakfast and the hotel in general.

Top-end – Divan Erbil Hotel – One of the most popular luxury choices in Erbil. If you are looking for real comfort and affordable luxury, this is the place to stay in Erbil.

I also traveled to Mosul from Erbil, and you can read about it here

Erbil has an international airport, Istanbul (both Turkish and Pegasus) and Dubai (Fly Dubai) being the cheapest and most common routes.

For more information on how to travel to Erbil , check the Getting in section of my Kurdistan guide .

Getting to and from the airport when you visit Erbil

Getting to and from Erbil airport is a bit tricky. Due to extreme security measures, you can’t actually reach the airport by car, but you can take a free shuttle bus that connects the airport with the actual arrival terminal.

Going to Erbil from the airport

There is only one taxi company which is allowed to go to the actual airport. They tend to be particularly expensive so, if you want to save some money, take the shuttle bus that goes to the arrival terminal. Taxis there are cheaper and for going to Erbil, they typically charge 20-30USD, depending on where you go.

Going to the airport from Erbil

You can just take a regular taxi, which will charge around 20USD. The taxi will drop you off at the arrival terminal, from where you must take a shuttle bus to the airport. You will go through so many security layers, so do head to the airport well in advance.

How to move around Erbil

The easiest and most comfortable way to move around. Typically, any ride within the city costs from 3,000 to 5,000ID.

Most likely, you won’t need to take a bus but, if you are traveling on a budget and staying in Erbil’s suburbs – in New Hawler for example – you may have to take the bus. The bus station is close to the citadel, next to Downtown Mall.

Getting out of Erbil

Local shared taxis are the most common way of moving around the country. You may also find mini-vans, which are cheaper but they travel to very few places and run less often. In any case, the terminal is right here: 36.205632, 44.046895 .

In my Kurdistan itinerary , you can read more about it.

Things to do in Erbil, the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan

Erbil is quite small, hence, most sites can be reached on foot.

Visit Erbil – Map of the things to do in Erbil

Enjoy a perfect sunny day at Erbil’s main square

The best thing to do in Erbil is visiting its main square, a lively place that is miles away from the stereotype you may have of Iraq .

This is where the Kurds meet, socialize and, basically, hang out. It is always crowded with all kinds of people, from kids to the local young hipsters and old men in their traditional clothes.

The square is enjoyed by sitting on any terrace from the many cafés around, which are always filled with Kurds having chai and smoking shisha.  Just sit down, observe and all the pieces will come together.

Read: Places to visit in Iraqi Kurdistan – A 2-week itinerary

Check out the obsession the Kurds have with worry-beads

The Kurds, especially the elderly, have one hobby, which is that they spend the whole day buying, selling and playing around with worry-beads, a sort of necklace. They touch them, squeeze them and switch them from one hand to the other, non-stop, for the whole day.

You can see people playing with worry-beads all over the Middle East , especially in Turkey, but seriously, nowhere else it is as crazy as in Erbil and Iraqi Kurdistan in general.

Traditionally, they used them for praying but then, they became a way to fight against stress, to the extent that it has become a habit which they can’t stop.

There is even a worry-bead market in the main square itself, one of the most interesting things to see in Erbil.

Visit Erbil Citadel, a UNESCO World Heritage site

Erbil’s Citadel has over 7,000 years of history and it was proclaimed a UNESCO World Heritage in 2014.

Nobody lives inside anymore but there are museums, buildings under restoration, and a souvenir shop, where you can buy fridge magnets, carpets or even a coffee cup featuring Sadam Hussein.

To be very honest, the inside of the citadel is not very exciting, as the restorations seem to take forever. The views, however, the best ones to see in Erbil, especially at sunset, when the orange light covers up the minaret and clock tower of the main square.

Go for drinks to Ankawa, Erbil’s Christian district

Ankawa is home to the largest Christian community in Kurdistan, an area packed with loads of liquor stores and churches and, of course, where the nightlife in Erbil is going on.

The area is very pleasant to walk around, as you barely see cars and you won’t experience the chaos the Middle East is famous for. 

Moreover, if you are tired of Kurdish food, here you will find a large variety of international restaurants, including Indian, Italian or Lebanese.

They are a bit pricey but they are pretty good. I actually got some amazing Indian dal and curry but, perhaps, it was because I had spent more two months eating the same thing every day when I was traveling in Iran , so putting some Indian spices into my mouth was like an explosion of flavors. 

After some hard-backpacking, Ankawa was one of the best places I visited in Erbil.

By the way, Ankawa is a bit far from Erbil’s citadel (5-6km). A taxi should cost around 3,000-4,000ID. 

Read: Solo female travel in Kurdistan

Have some tea at one of Erbil’s historical teashops, like Mam Khalil

A visit to Erbil won’t be completed without enjoying a cup of tea at Mam Khalil Tea House .

Serving everyone from famous politicians to tourists and all the locals in general, Mam Khalil was opened in 1952 and hasn’t been closed since then.

The most famous Kurdish intellectuals and politicians and from other places in the Middle East have slurped sweet Kurdish tea in this hidden, cozy café, and you should do the same.

It’s located inside the covered bazaar.

Another epic, historical café which you can visit is Machko Chai Khana , built into the wall of the citadel, western part of the square. Opened in 1940, it’s actually older than Mam Khalil, but I personally find Mam Khalil to be cozier.

Stroll Qaysari bazaar (the covered bazaar)

This maze of narrow alleys contains the most traditional shops in the city, from fabrics to dried fruits.

Allow some time to walk around and besides Mam Khalil’s teahouse, I particularly liked the jamadany shop – the traditional Kurdish scarf, whose design changes across the region – and the klash workshop – where they make and sell the traditional hand-made Kurdish shoes

Uusally, locals don’t mind being photographed so, if you are into street photography, this is the place to go.

The money market

The craziest place. 

The exchange offices in Erbil are street stalls with no security, where the locals have huge bundles of money on the counter, without a window, without surveillance and in the middle of the street.

You can find a few money exchange stalls in the covered bazaar, but there is a specific market with plenty of them. Most stalls have Iraqi Dinars but I saw a few tables with loads of Syrian notes with Bazar al-Assad’s face printed on them.

It’s sort of a sensitive place, so be careful when taking photos.

Check out Erbil’s particular  street art

Not sure whether this may be considered graffiti or not but there are some peculiar murals on a few walls across the city.

All of them represent peace, Kurdish soldiers’ heroism and the important role that women play in military Kurdish affairs. In case you didn’t know, the Kurdish women participate in the battlefield.

I saw these paintings when I first traveled to Erbil back in 2015. However, those walls belonged to a Government building and, after taking the photo, some soldiers came from across the street and were actually quite upset.

It was not a big deal anyways but, when I came back in 2018, the murals were gone.

Read: Visiting a Syrian refugee camp in Iraq

Explore the abandoned Arab Quarter

For your information, Kurds are not Arabs, yet, both cultures have been coexisting for a long time.

The old Arab quarter is located in downtown and, nowadays, it is completely abandoned, in ruins, which makes it particularly interesting to walk around and feel the creepiness of the place.

Jalil Khayat Mosque, Erbil’s Grand Mosque

Located within a walking distance from Erbil’s square, this is the largest mosque in the city, whose design resembles the Blue Mosque in Istanbul or the Mosque of Muhammad Ali in Cairo. The interior is absolutely jaw-dropping.

It’s relatively new. Its construction began in 2005 and was completed in 2007.

Some non-Muslim travelers have reported having some trouble getting in. It depends on the guard’s mood but generally, dress modestly and try NOT to be there during the time of prayer.

Where to eat in Erbil

My list of the best places where to eat in Erbil.

Iskan street food – An entire street packed with tens of fast-food restaurants which are all opened 24/7, the busiest time being after 12am. Here you will find the best shawarma in Erbil.

Best local kebab – Kebab Yasin – Arguably, the best place for kebab in town. It’s located inside the covered bazaar.

Best Syrian restaurant – Fuul w Hummus – In Erbil, there is a huge Syrian population and this restaurant serves the best Syrian food.

Best Kurdish restaurant – Tamdar – The best spot for traditional Kurdish food.

More information for visiting Erbil

📢 In my Travel Resources Page you can find the list of all the sites and services I use to book hotels, tours, travel insurance and more.

All guides and articles for traveling in Iraq destination

• A City Guide to Mosul
• Visiting Syrian Refugee Camp
• Is Iraq Safe?
• Solo Female Travel Guide to Iraq
• Iraq Itinerary
• Travel Guide to Amedi
• Iraq Travel Guide
• Tales of Backpacking in Iraqi Kurdistan
• Solo Female Travel Guide to Iraqi Kurdistan
• Iraqi Kurdistan Itinerary
• Iraqi Kurdistan Travel Guide

Check more city guides

• Tunis Travel Guide
• Asmara Travel Guide
• Travel Guide to Riyadh
• Muscat Travel Guide
• Travel Guide to Dubai
• Beirut Travel Guide
• Tehran Travel Guide
• Travel Guide to Astana
• Tashkent Travel Guide
• Baku Travel Guide
• Tbilisi Travel Guide
• Travel Guide to Minsk
• Kiev Travel Guide
• Travel Guide to Nouakchott

39 comments

I never considered travel to Iraq, but you’ve made me second-guess myself. The citadel and main square are simply gorgeous.

So interesting to see and learn about a city I’m not at all familiar with. The contrast between so many thousands of years of history and modern cultural aspects like street art would make it a really interesting city to experience.

And, in addition to what you say, Erbil is a developed that has served as a business hub in the Middle East for decades. They are rich in petrol and there’s an uprising middle class!

Hello, as a kurd and someone who lives in Erbil,I’m really glad you liked Erbil and the way you described Kurdistan really moved me and I’m sure the same happened to every other kurd that read this,so thanks alot!

it is my pleasure 🙂

Thanks Joan, it’s such an interesting place to visit! For most people, Kurdistan and Iraq is probably not going to be a place they would seek to travel to but it’s posts like this one which show the human side to these destinations that will hopefully inspire people to visit. And shawarma, everyone loves shawarma…..

Hey Kim, yes you are absolutely right. My only objective is to inspire people by making them see that Kurdistan is a safe and awesome place to visit. Yeah, everybody loves shawarma but when is the only choice available, after 4 days you hate it for life!

Looks like there’s plenty to see! I think it would be fascinating to visit Iraq but I’d be a bit concerned about safety. I went to Syria just before the war and was so glad to get the chance to visit before many of the historic sites were destroyed. Is there a political undercurrent in Iraq?

WOW! I’m so jealous that you went to Syria. When did you go? I tried to go a couple of months back, but just to Damascus as it’s still safe. I wanted to go there to visit some friends but getting a visa is pretty hard. Yeah, it’s a shame that those fuckers are destroying all the historical sites. A few weeks back, palmyra was taken over again by ISIS and they destroyed one more building… Really sad. What do you mean by political undercurrent?

For me, the Middle East is not somewhere I am personally attracted to, but I always read with interest the perspectives and experiences of others. Loved learning about the Kurdish men who have the fascination for necklaces. I wonder where all of that started. Looks like you’ve had a great time there, if your photos are anything to go by.

Hi Kerri, the necklace thing is an ancient Greek game. It had relaxing and anti-stress purposes. Not much of a secret 😉 I hope one day you are attracted to the Middle East! Is the region I’ve traveled the most!

A 50c Shawama – I’m sold! I never think to visit the heart of the middle east (preferring to stay on the fringes in places like Dubai and Doha) due to their precarious position in relation to ISIS, but I find their culture fascinating. Interesting to hear about the men and their necklaces – and that westerners would we welcome to sit down and smoke a shisha with the locals!

A very interesting insight to Iraq. I like your idea of sitting next to a Kurd to smoke and drink tea with them. It must lead to some interesting communication.

Breathtaking photos!! I would absolutely, absolutely love to visit Iraq. It’s been high on my bucket list for some time now. I dearly hope 2017 can be the year that I make it happen <3

I hope you really mean it Aileen 😉 Please, let me know before you go

I can help you if you come to kurdistan ? Let me help you

Hello, are you still there ?

I love the choices you make about where you travel. Really unique and true to your blog’s name! Erbil looks really interesting, from the culture to the landmarks. Great list of things to do in Erbil!

It took me 3 weeks to find this name and, since I’ve always been working on Brand Management, I really wanted to find that name that summarizes the concept and content of my site! It was tough! Loads of brainstorming but finally go it 😉 ! I’m glad you find Iraq interesting

So fascinating to read about Iraq – it’s very rare these days to find an article or post which paints it in a positive light, so I’m so glad that you’ve been able to share with us the highlights of Erbil … hopefully these kind of insights can change people’s perspectives of a war torn and dangerous nation.

I would love to travel to Erbil – this to me screams real travel – history, culture in tact, it’s a real experience and so much opportunity for cultural immersion away from the mass tourism which plagues other cities.

Thanks for the photos and sharing your insights from your time here!

Hey Megan, I wish you are talking seriously and you are thinking of going to Erbil at any time soon. If you do, please let me know in advance 😉 And yes, at least Kurdistan is a place where one can only write good things about it. After Lebanon, this is the only Middle Eastern country with a large middle class!

Hi dear …. in fact the history of Erbil is Turkmen city, just go back to 40 years ago when the kurds came to Erbil for selling and trading ….until that time, there was no one who could speak kurdish, that all happend in saddam rijim time and then they migrated them to Erbil…

Hi, I don’t understand what you mean

Beautiful! May I print your pictures for talking about with our refugees? I please you. Mila

Yes, of course you can print them 🙂

Thank you …ya you will have to be polite and friendly with the locals then they Respect you more its the imp. point… & keep smiling ^^

Type here..Hello am Martin Kweku and am a Ghanaian, I want to visit Kurdistan within this year. I wish you could make me your friend so that we can chat more.

Hey what’s up , how I can help you?

Hey what’s up , how I can help you

I did not know much about Erbil in Iraq, until I found some pictures that a friend posted on his Instagram. The place looked interesting and I came across this article while trying to find more about this place. Erbil is definitely on my bucket list now.

In Erbil today. Can vouchsafe everything Joan says. It is the perfect tourist destination and my daughter and I are the ONLY bloody tourists here. A consequence is no hassling whatsoever and you pay the local price. Yes two shwama with works for A$3.

Is very safe. People need distinguish political danger from bandit country. I found it more modern, tidier with better services than most eastern European capitals. Wish I could put up a few pictures.

How about air quality? Is it bad or moderate?

I’d say good to very good with clear skies everyday. Mind you we’d just flown in from Lahore. In december!

Hi! I am in erbil right now and would like to note that super budget accom (layli) you recommended is sadly no longer. Myself and another traveler I crossed paths with in Suli both searched it out with no luck! Thank you for this blog though, it has been instrumental in my trip!! 🙂

thanks for the update!

I have been to Erbil twice in the past 6 months, thanks to this great guide which helped me in many ways specially my first visit. As for taxis from Airport you can also book your taxi online in advance at NA Much cheaper and reliable.

I almost believe it, but you just tried to spam with a website that doesn’t accept bookings in Erbil

So the people who live in Ankawa are Assyrians, they are not only christians. They are the indigenous people of Northern Iraq and South Eastern Turkey.

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Erbil, Iraq: Ultimate Travel Guide

• Author david
• Date November 21st, 2023

Welcome to Erbil, Iraq ! Nestled in the heart of the picturesque Kurdistan region, Erbil is a captivating destination that offers a unique blend of history, culture, and natural beauty. This vibrant city is often referred to as the ‘Paris of Iraq,’ and it’s not hard to see why.

With its ancient citadel that has stood for centuries, bustling bazaars filled with spices and textiles, and mouthwatering local cuisine, Erbil is a treasure trove for travelers seeking an authentic Middle Eastern experience. Whether you’re wandering through the narrow streets of the old town, exploring the fascinating museums, or venturing into the stunning surrounding landscapes, Erbil has something for everyone.

As you explore Erbil, be prepared to uncover hidden gems and learn about the rich history of the city. From archaeological sites to vibrant markets, this city is a blend of everything curious travelers love.

I visited Erbil in September 2022 with my guides Jafar and Ali from Bil Weekend . With them, not only did I get to experience Erbil, but I also got my first taste of Iraqi Kurdistan. I only got to spend a day in the city, but my time there was still quite eventful. I highly recommend at least two full days there if you want to experience it properly. These are my favorite things I did in Erbil, Iraq!

See a Livestock Market

My first stop in Erbil was a local livestock market. As you might imagine, it’s a raw and fairly smelly experience, as the vendors there sell everything from chickens, goats, and rabbits, to more exotic creatures like ostriches. Other vendors sell feed for the animals. I even found some offering foods and snacks, including a milky and nutty knafeh , a popular Middle Eastern snack made from sweet cheese and crispy vermicelli noodles.

Experiencing the market was a wild ride. One of my favorite things about experiencing any market is the unexpected. You never know what you’re going to see and encounter next. It always helps when the people are friendly, as they were in Erbil. It made the experience quite enjoyable despite the funky smells!

Visit the Citadel of Erbil

Easily the most notable attraction in Erbil, Iraq is the Citadel of Erbil . Locally known as Qelat, this ancient wonder dates back over 6,000 years and is one of the longest continuously inhabited sites in the world. The imposing structure stands atop a hill formed by generations of people living and rebuilding on it. The citadel played a significant role in the Neo-Assyrian period and was involved in the famous battle between Alexander the Great and Darius III.

In recent years, efforts have been made to preserve and rehabilitate the citadel. It was officially designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2014. As a history buff, it pains me that the citadel was closed during my short time in Erbil, but I did get to marvel at it from the outside. When you visit Erbil, just remember that the citadel closes at 7 p.m. every night, so get there before then if you want to explore it!

Explore the Citadel Bazaar in Erbil, Iraq

Although the Citadel of Erbil, Iraq had closed earlier in the evening, the bazaar below it was rife with activity. As I mentioned earlier, I tend to make a beeline to local markets and bazaars when I travel. When I visit a new place, I want to be among the people. I like chatting with them, shaking their hands, and being shoulder-to-shoulder to them with tons of things happening around me. That’s what the Citadel Bazaar is like, and I loved it.

The Citadel Bazaar is alive with food vendors. There are tons of options, so be sure to pace yourself. They sell roasted corn on the cob with a squeeze of lemon, an earthy fava bean dish called bagilla, baklava, dried fruit, and even honey! You can also find vendors selling household goods like mirrors and intricate, colorful rugs. Come with some money—if you’re anything like me, you’ll probably spend a nice amount there!

Enjoy Iraqi Kebabs

I tried a lot of food in the Citadel Bazaar, but my favorite, by far, was the kebabs. These were Kurdish kebabs, which included an assortment of grilled meats I hadn’t tried anywhere else in Iraq. Our massive kebab feast included chicken wings, chicken tikka (boneless chicken), lamb meat, and exotic fare like kidney, lamb testicles, and liver!

As much as I love fresh organ meat, the lamb kebabs were my favorite. They were tender and juicy, and practically disintegrated the moment they touched my tongue. The lamb testicle kebabs were unique but surprisingly tasty as well. We also enjoyed some yogurt mixed with ice afterward! Try the Kurdish kebabs when you visit Erbil, Iraq. You won’t regret it!

Get an Iraqi Haircut

If you’ve followed my blog or YouTube channel for a while now, you’ll probably know that I love getting haircuts in different countries. It’s a way for me to unwind and relax, as I work almost constantly and rarely get the chance to do anything for myself.

At Bash Turkish Barber in Erbil, Iraq, I enjoyed a wonderful pampering session, starting with a beard trim and lining. Then, my barber also gave me a face waxing and a full head shave. Then, another guy came in to give me a much-needed massage. He released all of the tension from my head, neck, shoulders, and back!

Experience the Magic of Erbil, Iraq

Whether you find yourself in Erbil to explore its history, cuisine, or Kurdish culture, you will have a wonderful time. I was there for barely 24 hours, but I got to experience a bit of each. It made Erbil a wonderful stop on my Iraqi itinerary, and was a great way to wrap up my trip through the country.

Iraq may not have the best image on the world stage, but as someone who recently visited the country, I can positively say it’s one of the kindest and warmest cultures I’ve ever experienced. Everyone made me feel welcomed and at home. The generosity and hospitality were off the charts. It’s very different from what you often hear about the country. So book a trip to Erbil, Iraq today. I think you’ll be surprised by what you find.

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• Travel Guide

Things To Do In Erbil (Iraq) – A Complete Guide

Published: September 16, 2023

Modified: December 27, 2023

by Marya Radke

• Plan Your Trip
• Travel Tips

Introduction

Welcome to Erbil, the capital city of the Kurdistan Region in Iraq. With a rich history spanning thousands of years, this vibrant city offers a multitude of experiences for travelers. Erbil, also known as Hawler in Kurdish, is a captivating blend of ancient tradition and modern development.

As you explore this bustling city, you will be mesmerized by the magnificent Erbil Citadel, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Immerse yourself in the vibrant culture of the region as you visit the Kurdish Textile Museum and the Kurdish Heritage Museum, where you can learn about the fascinating history and traditions of the Kurdish people.

Erbil is a city that caters to all interests. For nature lovers, there are serene parks like Sami Abdulrahman Park and Shanadar Park, perfect for relaxation and picnics. If you are looking for adventure and excitement, head to Chavi Land, an amusement park that offers a variety of thrilling rides and activities for all ages.

No trip to Erbil would be complete without experiencing the local cuisine. Indulge in a culinary journey as you savor traditional Kurdish dishes like kebabs, dolma, and baklava. Explore the bustling Kurdish Textile Souk, where you can find exquisite hand-woven textiles and handicrafts that showcase the craftsmanship of the Kurdish people.

If you are in the mood for shopping, Erbil has impressive malls like Family Mall Erbil and Majidi Mall Erbil, offering a wide range of international and local brands. Take a leisurely stroll along Gulan Street, a vibrant boulevard lined with shops, cafes, and restaurants.

Erbil is also surrounded by natural wonders. Visit the famous Shanidar Cave, known for its archaeological significance and stunning rock formations. Pay your respects at the Peshmerga Martyrs Monument, a tribute to the brave Kurdish fighters who sacrificed their lives. Discover the dark history of the region at the Amna Suraka Museum, which sheds light on the atrocities committed during Saddam Hussein’s regime.

Conclude your visit to Erbil by exploring Sami Rahman Square, a vibrant public square where locals and visitors gather to enjoy concerts, cultural events, and delicious street food.

Get ready to immerse yourself in the rich history, culture, and natural beauty of Erbil. Whether you are an adventure seeker, a history enthusiast, or a lover of fine cuisine, this city has something for everyone. So, pack your bags and embark on an unforgettable journey to Erbil, where you can experience the warm hospitality and charm of the Kurdish people.

History and Culture

Erbil has a rich history that dates back over 8,000 years, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. As you walk through the streets of Erbil, you will be surrounded by a fascinating mix of ancient landmarks and modern developments.

The city’s most iconic attraction is the Erbil Citadel, towering over the cityscape. This historical gem is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is believed to be the longest continuously inhabited settlement in the world. Explore the narrow alleys, visit the ancient mosques and palaces, and soak in the breathtaking views of the city from the Citadel’s rooftop.

Erbil is the cultural hub of the Kurdistan Region, offering a wealth of museums and cultural institutions that showcase the region’s rich heritage. The Kurdish Textile Museum is a must-visit, displaying a stunning collection of traditional Kurdish textiles and garments. From intricately woven carpets to colorful dresses, this museum provides a glimpse into the artistry and craftsmanship of Kurdish textiles.

For a deeper understanding of Kurdish culture and history, head to the Kurdish Heritage Museum. Here, you can explore exhibits that trace the origins of the Kurdish people, their struggles for independence, and the preservation of their unique traditions. The museum also offers educational programs and workshops to engage visitors of all ages.

A visit to Erbil would not be complete without a stroll through the bustling Kurdish Textile Souk. This vibrant market is a treasure trove of vibrant fabrics, handmade carpets, and traditional Kurdish crafts. Immerse yourself in the bustling atmosphere, negotiate with local artisans, and take home a piece of Kurdish culture.

Throughout the year, Erbil hosts various cultural festivals and events that celebrate the region’s heritage. The annual Erbil International Film Festival showcases the talents of Kurdish and international filmmakers, while the Nawroz Festival marks the Kurdish New Year and is celebrated with music, dancing, and traditional ceremonies.

The people of Erbil are known for their warmth and hospitality. Engage with locals, share a cup of traditional Kurdish tea, and listen to their stories. You will find that their strong sense of identity and pride in their culture is deeply ingrained in their everyday lives.

Erbil’s history and culture are intertwined, creating a vibrant tapestry that tells the story of a resilient people. From ancient citadels to contemporary museums, the city showcases the rich heritage and traditions of the Kurdish people. Soak in the history, immerse yourself in the culture, and embark on a journey of discovery in the captivating city of Erbil.

Erbil Citadel

Standing as a magnificent testament to Erbil’s rich history, the Erbil Citadel is a must-visit attraction for history enthusiasts and architecture aficionados. Perched on a hilltop in the heart of the city, this ancient citadel offers a fascinating glimpse into the city’s past.

The Citadel, also known as Qalat Erbil, is believed to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the world. Its history can be traced back to at least the 6th millennium BC, with evidence of human occupation throughout the centuries. The site has served as a military stronghold, a royal residence, and a bustling urban center.

One of the most striking features of the Citadel is its fortified walls, which have been meticulously preserved and restored over the years. As you pass through the imposing entrance gates, you will step into a world frozen in time. Narrow winding alleys lead you through a maze of traditional mud-brick houses, ancient mosques, and serene courtyards.

Take a leisurely stroll along the Citadel’s pathways and soak in the historical ambiance. Admire the intricate architectural details, such as the carved wooden doors, ornate balconies, and decorative motifs adorning the buildings. The stunning craftsmanship is a testament to the skills of craftsmen of centuries past.

At the heart of the Citadel, you’ll find the ancient Erbil Citadel Mosque, which dates back to the 12th century. This beautifully designed mosque retains its original features, including its tall minaret adorned with intricate geometric patterns.

The Citadel also houses several museums that offer a deeper insight into its rich history. The Kurdish Textile Museum, located within the Citadel’s walls, showcases a collection of traditional Kurdish textiles and garments. Explore the exhibits and learn about the artistry and symbolism behind these stunning creations.

From the top of the Citadel, you’ll be rewarded with breathtaking panoramic views of Erbil and its surroundings. Marvel at the modern skyline juxtaposed against the ancient architecture, a visual representation of the city’s evolution through time.

The Erbil Citadel is not just a historical monument; it is a living testament to the resilience of the Kurdish people. Despite facing various challenges and conflicts, the people of Erbil have preserved and restored this iconic landmark, ensuring its place as a symbol of heritage and cultural identity.

Visiting the Erbil Citadel is like stepping back in time and immersing yourself in the city’s storied past. As you wander through its ancient streets, you’ll feel a sense of awe and wonder at the history that unfolds before you. So take the time to explore this architectural marvel and unravel the mysteries of Erbil’s captivating Citadel.

Sami Abdulrahman Park

Nestled in the heart of Erbil, Sami Abdulrahman Park is a verdant oasis that offers a tranquil escape from the bustling city streets. Spanning over 100 acres, this park is a favorite among locals and visitors alike, providing a serene setting for relaxation, recreation, and appreciation of nature.

Named after a Kurdish politician and former mayor of Erbil, Sami Abdulrahman Park is a beautifully landscaped green space filled with lush gardens, colorful flowers, and towering trees. As you enter the park, you’ll be greeted by scenic walkways, peaceful ponds, and charming bridges, creating a sense of serenity and tranquility.

The park features a picturesque lake, where you can rent paddleboats and gently glide across the shimmering water. Enjoy the soothing sounds of nature and take in the panoramic views of the surrounding landscape. The lake is also home to various species of birds, making it a paradise for birdwatchers and nature enthusiasts.

For those seeking recreational activities, Sami Abdulrahman Park offers a wide range of amenities. Engage in a friendly game of football or basketball at the numerous sports fields and courts scattered throughout the park. There are also dedicated areas for jogging, cycling, and skating, catering to those who enjoy an active lifestyle.

Children can delight in the park’s spacious playgrounds, equipped with swings, slides, and climbing frames. Let them unleash their energy as they explore the play areas, under the watchful eyes of their parents or caregivers.

Sami Abdulrahman Park is more than just a space for leisure; it also hosts a variety of cultural and recreational events. During the summer months, the park comes alive with concerts, performances, and festivals. Join in the festivities and experience the vibrant energy and creativity of the local community.

Whether you’re looking for a serene spot to enjoy a picnic, a peaceful environment for a leisurely walk, or a place to engage in outdoor activities, Sami Abdulrahman Park has something for everyone. Escape the hustle and bustle of the city and immerse yourself in the beauty of nature in this urban oasis.

Visiting Sami Abdulrahman Park is an opportunity to connect with nature, relax your mind, and rejuvenate your senses. The park’s beauty and tranquility provide a welcome respite from the fast-paced world, allowing you to embrace the peacefulness that only nature can provide. So, pack a picnic, grab a book, or simply take a leisurely stroll and savor the serenity of Sami Abdulrahman Park.

Shanadar Park

If you’re looking for a place to unwind and connect with nature in Erbil, look no further than Shanadar Park. Located in the bustling neighborhood of Shanadar, this urban green space offers a peaceful retreat from the city’s hustle and bustle.

Spread over a sprawling area, Shanadar Park is known for its beautifully manicured gardens, vibrant flowers, and well-maintained pathways. As you enter the park, you’ll be greeted by the gentle rustling of leaves and the sweet fragrance of blooming flowers, creating a serene ambiance that instantly relaxes the mind and rejuvenates the spirit.

The park features a picturesque lake at its center, surrounded by lush greenery and picturesque landscapes. Take a leisurely stroll along the lake’s edge or sit on one of the benches scattered throughout the park, allowing yourself to be immersed in the tranquility of the surroundings.

For those seeking recreational activities, Shanadar Park offers a range of options. Engage in a friendly game of football or volleyball on the open grassy areas, join a group of locals in a lively game of chess, or simply bring a book or a picnic blanket and find a tranquil spot to relax and unwind.

Families with children will find delight in the park’s playgrounds, equipped with swings, slides, and climbing frames. Let the little ones explore and burn off energy while you bask in the peaceful atmosphere of the park.

Shanadar Park is not just a place for relaxation; it also serves as a hub for cultural and community events. From art exhibitions to live music performances, the park often hosts a variety of events that showcase the local talent and bring the community together.

As you stroll through the park, you’ll notice small food stalls and vendors selling snacks and refreshments. Treat yourself to a refreshing drink or indulge in a local delicacy, immersing yourself in the flavors of Erbil.

One of the highlights of Shanadar Park is the stunning water fountain show, which takes place in the evening. As the sun sets and darkness falls, the fountain comes alive with a mesmerizing display of lights and water choreography, captivating visitors of all ages.

Whether you’re looking for a peaceful retreat, a place for outdoor activities, or a venue for cultural experiences, Shanadar Park has something to offer. Embrace the tranquility, soak in the beauty of nature, and enjoy moments of serenity in this urban oasis.

Visiting Shanadar Park allows you to escape the noise and chaos of the city and find solace in the peacefulness of nature. So, grab a blanket, bring a book, or simply take a leisurely stroll and savor the tranquility of Shanadar Park.

Kurdish Textile Museum

The Kurdish Textile Museum in Erbil is a hidden gem that unveils the artistry and craftsmanship behind traditional Kurdish textiles. This unique museum is a treasure trove of exquisite hand-woven fabrics, showcasing the rich heritage and cultural significance of Kurdish textiles.

As you step into the museum, you’ll be greeted by a fascinating collection of textiles, garments, and accessories that represent the distinct weaving techniques and designs of the Kurdish people. From intricately patterned rugs and tapestries to vibrant kilims and embroidered garments, each piece tells a story of the region’s history and cultural diversity.

One of the highlights of the museum is the display of traditional Kurdish costumes. Admire the intricate details, vibrant colors, and elaborate embroidery that adorn these garments. Each costume represents a specific Kurdish region, with its unique design elements and motifs.

The Kurdish Textile Museum goes beyond showcasing the finished products; it also provides insight into the traditional weaving process. Visitors can observe demonstrations of loom weaving, spinning, and dyeing techniques, gaining a deeper appreciation for the skill and dedication required to create these beautiful textiles.

The museum not only highlights the traditional techniques but also emphasizes the importance of preserving this cultural heritage. It offers educational programs and workshops, allowing visitors to learn about the various stages of textile production and even try their hand at weaving under the guidance of skilled artisans.

The Kurdish Textile Museum is not just a place to marvel at beautiful textiles; it also serves as a platform for promoting the local textile industry. The museum’s gift shop offers a wide range of textiles and handicrafts for sale, providing support to local artisans and creating economic opportunities for Kurdish weavers.

When visiting the Kurdish Textile Museum, take the time to engage with the knowledgeable staff, who are eager to share their passion for Kurdish textiles and culture. Listen to the stories behind each piece, learn about the symbolism and cultural significance of the designs, and gain a deeper understanding of the Kurdish people and their traditions.

Whether you are an art enthusiast, a history buff, or simply interested in immersing yourself in local culture, the Kurdish Textile Museum offers a captivating and educational experience. It serves as a celebration of the rich heritage of Kurdish textiles and the artistry of the skilled weavers who continue to keep these traditions alive.

Visiting the Kurdish Textile Museum allows you to explore the intricacies of traditional Kurdish textiles and gain a deeper appreciation for the cultural significance of weaving in Kurdish society. So, immerse yourself in the captivating world of Kurdish textiles and discover the remarkable craftsmanship that has been passed down through generations.

Kurdish Heritage Museum

Located in Erbil, the Kurdish Heritage Museum is a captivating destination that offers a deeper understanding of the rich history, culture, and traditions of the Kurdish people. This engaging museum invites visitors to embark on a journey of discovery, exploring the roots and resilience of the Kurdish community.

Step into the Kurdish Heritage Museum and be transported to a world that showcases the diverse aspects of Kurdish culture. The museum’s exhibits highlight the unique heritage of the Kurdish people and provide insights into their language, traditions, music, art, and daily life.

Visitors are greeted with an array of artifacts that date back centuries, including ancient manuscripts, tools, weapons, and pottery. These artifacts bear witness to the rich history and cultural heritage of the Kurdish people.

One of the highlights of the museum is the comprehensive display on the origins and migration patterns of the Kurdish people. Discover the geographical and historical context that has shaped the Kurdish identity, and gain a deeper understanding of their struggles for self-determination and autonomy.

The museum also sheds light on the important role of Kurdish women in society. Exhibits showcase the various roles and contributions of Kurdish women throughout history, highlighting their strength, resilience, and contributions to their communities.

As you explore the Kurdish Heritage Museum, take the time to appreciate the vivid artworks that adorn the walls. These artworks depict scenes from Kurdish folklore, historical events, and everyday life, providing a glimpse into the vibrant artistic traditions that have been passed down through generations.

In addition to showcasing the past, the museum celebrates the present achievements of the Kurdish community. Exhibits highlight the developments and advancements made in various fields, such as science, literature, and sports.

The Kurdish Heritage Museum is also committed to educational programs and initiatives. Visitors can attend lectures, workshops, and cultural events that deepen their understanding of Kurdish history, culture, and current affairs.

Engage with the knowledgeable museum staff, who are passionate about sharing the stories and traditions of the Kurdish people. They are eager to answer questions, provide insights, and engage in meaningful conversations, ensuring a truly enriching and immersive experience.

Visiting the Kurdish Heritage Museum allows you to delve into the captivating history and culture of the Kurdish people. It provides an opportunity to learn about their unique customs, traditions, and struggles, fostering a deeper appreciation for the Kurdish identity and their resilience.

So, come and explore the Kurdish Heritage Museum, where history comes alive, stories are woven, and the vibrant Kurdish culture is celebrated. Immerse yourself in the richness of Kurdish heritage and gain a newfound appreciation for the diversity and resilience of the Kurdish people.

Kurdish Textile Souk

Located in the heart of Erbil, the Kurdish Textile Souk is a vibrant and bustling market that immerses visitors in the world of traditional Kurdish textiles and handicrafts. This vibrant souk is a treasure trove of colorful fabrics, intricately woven carpets, and unique Kurdish crafts, offering a delightful shopping experience for visitors.

As you enter the Kurdish Textile Souk, you’ll be greeted by a maze of narrow lanes filled with shops and stalls, each displaying an array of beautifully crafted textiles. From hand-woven carpets and rugs to embroidered shawls and blankets, the market showcases the artistry and skill of Kurdish weavers.

The souk is a paradise for those seeking unique and authentic souvenirs. Whether you’re looking to decorate your home with traditional Kurdish textiles or searching for a meaningful gift, you’ll find a wide selection of high-quality items to choose from. Each piece tells a story of Kurdish heritage and craftsmanship.

Engage with the friendly and passionate shopkeepers, who are eager to share their knowledge and expertise. They can provide insights into the historical significance of the designs, the techniques used in the production, and even help you find the perfect piece to suit your taste and preferences.

Aside from textiles, the Kurdish Textile Souk also offers a variety of other Kurdish handicrafts. You’ll find intricately crafted ceramics, traditional musical instruments, artisanal jewelry, and hand-carved wooden sculptures. These items beautifully showcase the rich artistic heritage of the Kurdish people.

Exploring the Kurdish Textile Souk is not just about shopping; it is also an opportunity to immerse yourself in the vibrant atmosphere and experience the local culture. As you wander through the market, you’ll hear the chatter of bargaining, feel the energy of the bustling crowds, and catch glimpses of skilled artisans at work.

Take a moment to appreciate the intricate patterns and vibrant colors that adorn the textiles. Each motif and design is a reflection of Kurdish culture, depicting elements from nature, tribal symbols, or historical events. The textiles are not just objects of beauty, but they also carry deep cultural significance.

Visiting the Kurdish Textile Souk allows you to support local artisans and contribute to the preservation of traditional Kurdish crafts. By purchasing items directly from the market, you can ensure that these art forms continue to thrive and pass down through generations.

Whether you’re an avid shopper, an appreciator of art and craftsmanship, or simply curious to explore the local culture, the Kurdish Textile Souk is a must-visit destination in Erbil. Step into this vibrant market, feel the rich textures, feast your eyes on the colors, and take home a piece of Kurdish heritage.

Explore the Local Cuisine

One of the highlights of visiting Erbil is the opportunity to indulge in the delicious and diverse flavors of Kurdish cuisine. The local culinary scene in Erbil is a delightful fusion of traditional Kurdish dishes and international influences, offering a gastronomic adventure for food enthusiasts.

Start your culinary journey by trying some of the traditional Kurdish dishes that have been passed down through generations. Kebabs are a staple in Kurdish cuisine and come in various forms, such as lamb, chicken, or even vegetarian options. Enjoy the juicy and flavorful meat, complemented by aromatic spices and served with freshly baked bread.

Another must-try dish is dolma, which consists of stuffed vegetables like grape leaves, bell peppers, or zucchini. The filling typically includes a mixture of rice, meat, herbs, and spices, creating a harmonious blend of flavors. Each bite is a burst of deliciousness that showcases the rich culinary heritage of the region.

Be sure to sample the mouthwatering Kurdish desserts, as well. Baklava, a sweet pastry made with layers of filo dough, nuts, and a sticky syrup, is a favorite among locals and visitors alike. Let the delicate layers melt in your mouth and savor the perfect balance of sweetness and nuttiness.

To truly immerse yourself in the local cuisine, head to the bustling food stalls and restaurants in Erbil’s markets and neighborhoods. The food scene in Erbil is a vibrant mix of traditional Kurdish eateries, international restaurants, and fusion cuisine that caters to all tastes.

For a unique dining experience, visit the street food stalls known as dawazis, where you can savor a variety of authentic Kurdish dishes. From grilled meat skewers to hearty soups and stews, these stalls offer a taste of the true flavors of Erbil.

Don’t forget to sample the local dairy products, such as yogurt and cheese. Kurdish yogurt is known for its creamy texture and tangy flavor, while the local cheese varieties range from soft and crumbly to aged and sharp.

To enhance your dining experience, pair your meal with traditional Kurdish tea or sharbat, a refreshing fruit-based drink. Kurdish tea is served hot and often flavored with a hint of cardamom or other aromatic spices, while sharbat comes in various flavors like pomegranate, rose, or mint.

Exploring the local cuisine in Erbil is not just about satisfying your taste buds; it’s also an opportunity to connect with the culture and traditions of the Kurdish people. The warmth and hospitality of the locals extend to the dining experience, where you’ll be welcomed to share a meal and engage in lively conversations.

So, go ahead and embark on a culinary adventure in Erbil. Let the tantalizing aromas, bold flavors, and friendly ambiance whisk you away into a world of Kurdish gastronomy. Discover the rich tapestry of flavors that make up the local cuisine and create unforgettable culinary memories in Erbil.

If you’re in the mood for some family-friendly fun and adventure, look no further than Chavi Land in Erbil. This vibrant amusement park offers a range of thrilling rides and exciting activities that cater to visitors of all ages.

Chavi Land is home to a variety of rides that are sure to get your adrenaline pumping. From heart-racing roller coasters to spinning teacups and Ferris wheels, there’s something for everyone. Let your inner child out as you conquer the twists, turns, and loops of the park’s exhilarating attractions.

Families with young children will find plenty of age-appropriate rides and attractions in the dedicated kids’ area. From gentle carousels and mini roller coasters to interactive play zones, the little ones will have a blast exploring and experiencing age-appropriate fun.

In addition to the thrilling rides, Chavi Land offers a range of entertaining games and activities. Challenge your skills at the arcade games, try your luck at the carnival-style booths, or test your aim at the shooting galleries. There’s no shortage of ways to keep the whole family entertained and engaged.

When it’s time for a break, head to the park’s various food stalls and restaurants, which offer a wide array of tasty treats and refreshments. Indulge in classic amusement park favorites like cotton candy, popcorn, and ice cream, or satisfy your hunger with a variety of international and local cuisine options.

Chavi Land also hosts regular live performances and shows, adding an extra dose of excitement and entertainment to your visit. From energetic dance performances to captivating magic shows, these performances are sure to leave you mesmerized and wanting more.

As you explore Chavi Land, you’ll notice the vibrant and colorful atmosphere that surrounds you. The park is adorned with dazzling lights, vibrant decorations, and lively music, creating an immersive and festive ambiance that enhances the overall experience.

Chavi Land is a place where laughter, joy, and unforgettable memories are made. The park’s dedication to safety, cleanliness, and customer service ensures a pleasant and enjoyable visit for all. It’s a perfect destination for families, friends, and anyone seeking an action-packed and fun-filled day in Erbil.

So, get ready to let loose and have a blast at Chavi Land. Experience exhilarating rides, engage in exciting games, and immerse yourself in the thrilling atmosphere of this fantastic amusement park. Indulge in delicious treats, make lasting memories, and leave with a smile on your face as you bid farewell to Chavi Land.

Family Mall Erbil

For a day of shopping, dining, and entertainment, head to Family Mall Erbil, one of the largest and most popular shopping centers in the city. Located in the bustling neighborhood of Ankawa, this modern mall offers a wide range of retail outlets, dining options, and leisure activities for visitors of all ages.

Family Mall Erbil boasts a diverse selection of local and international brands, making it a shopper’s paradise. From high-end fashion to electronics, home decor to sporting goods, you’ll find everything you need under one roof. Explore the various stores, browse the latest fashion trends, and enjoy a leisurely shopping experience.

Aside from the extensive shopping options, Family Mall Erbil features a range of entertainment facilities to keep visitors of all ages entertained. The mall is home to a state-of-the-art cinema complex, where you can catch the latest blockbuster films in spectacular high-definition quality.

Children will delight in the mall’s dedicated play areas, featuring interactive games, slides, and climbing structures. Let the little ones run free and burn off some energy while you take a moment to relax and recharge at one of the mall’s cozy cafes or restaurants.

Food lovers will be spoilt for choice at Family Mall Erbil. The mall houses a variety of eateries, offering diverse cuisines from around the world. Whether you’re craving traditional Kurdish dishes, international fast food favorites, or a gourmet dining experience, you’re sure to find something to satisfy your taste buds.

In addition to shopping and dining, Family Mall Erbil also hosts a range of events and entertainment throughout the year. From fashion shows and live music performances to seasonal celebrations and cultural festivals, there’s always something happening to captivate visitors.

When it’s time to take a break from shopping and entertainment, enjoy the mall’s spacious and comfortable seating areas. Take a moment to relax, recharge, and catch your breath before continuing your exploration of all that Family Mall Erbil has to offer.

Accessibility and convenience are prioritized at Family Mall Erbil, with ample parking spaces, clean facilities, and helpful customer service. The mall’s welcoming and friendly environment ensures a pleasant experience for all visitors.

So, whether you’re a shopping enthusiast, a food lover, or seeking entertainment for the whole family, Family Mall Erbil has it all. Embark on a day of fun-filled activities, discover the latest trends, enjoy delicious meals, and create lasting memories at this vibrant and bustling shopping destination.

Majidi Mall Erbil

If you’re looking for a premier shopping experience in Erbil, look no further than Majidi Mall Erbil. This expansive shopping center is a hub of luxury brands, world-class boutiques, and upscale dining options, offering a sophisticated and indulgent retail experience.

Majidi Mall Erbil is renowned for its wide selection of prestigious international brands, making it a haven for fashion connoisseurs. From high-end designer labels to luxury accessories and cosmetics, you’ll find a plethora of options to satisfy your refined tastes. Immerse yourself in the glamorous ambiance as you browse the latest collections and discover exclusive pieces.

In addition to luxury fashion, Majidi Mall Erbil is home to a range of high-quality lifestyle and home decor stores. Whether you’re looking to upgrade your home with elegant furniture, enhance your personal style with exquisite watches and jewelry, or simply seek unique and elegant gifts, the mall’s offerings cater to all luxurious desires.

Indulge in a culinary journey at Majidi Mall Erbil, where a plethora of refined dining options await. From chic cafes offering artisanal coffee and delectable pastries to upscale restaurants serving gourmet cuisine, food lovers will be delighted by the array of culinary experiences available. Sit back, relax, and savor the flavors of exquisite dishes crafted by talented chefs.

Aside from shopping and dining, Majidi Mall Erbil offers a variety of entertainment options. The mall houses a state-of-the-art cinema complex, allowing visitors to catch the latest films in ultimate comfort and style. Additionally, there are entertainment zones featuring arcade games, virtual reality experiences, and engaging activities to cater to the whole family.

Visitors can also enjoy the mall’s beautiful open spaces, adorned with elegant decorations and seating areas, providing a serene environment to rest and unwind. Take a moment to recharge amidst the luxurious surroundings before continuing your exploration of the mall’s offerings.

Majidi Mall Erbil prides itself on providing exceptional customer service, ensuring a refined and enjoyable experience for all who visit. The attentive and knowledgeable staff are readily available to assist with any inquiries and ensure your visit is seamless.

With its upscale atmosphere, a curated selection of luxury brands, gourmet dining options, and entertainment experiences, Majidi Mall Erbil is a haven for discerning shoppers and those seeking luxury and refinement. Prepare to indulge in an unforgettable shopping adventure where opulence and elegance converge.

Walk along Gulan Street

If you’re looking to soak in the vibrant atmosphere of Erbil, a leisurely walk along Gulan Street is a must-do. Located in the heart of the city, this bustling boulevard is a hub of activity, lined with shops, cafes, restaurants, and attractions that showcase the modern side of Erbil.

Gulan Street is known for its lively ambiance, with locals and visitors strolling along the sidewalk, enjoying the vibrant energy of the area. The street comes alive with colorful banners, twinkling lights, and inviting storefronts, creating an inviting atmosphere that beckons you to explore.

As you walk along Gulan Street, you’ll find an array of shops offering a diverse range of products. From fashion boutiques and accessory stores to electronics retailers and gift shops, there’s something for everyone. Take your time to browse the latest trends, hunt for unique finds, and perhaps treat yourself to a special souvenir.

The street is also dotted with cafes, providing the perfect pit stop for a cup of traditional Kurdish tea or a delicious coffee. Find a cozy spot, relax, and people-watch as you enjoy your beverage of choice. Gulan Street is an ideal spot to observe the vibrant mix of locals and tourists bustling about.

If you’re feeling hungry, Gulan Street is a culinary delight offering a variety of dining options. You’ll find a plethora of restaurants serving a range of cuisines, from traditional Kurdish dishes to international favorites. Indulge in the flavors of Erbil as you savor the local culinary offerings.

Art enthusiasts will be delighted by the numerous art galleries along Gulan Street. These galleries showcase the works of talented local artists, providing a platform for creativity and self-expression. Take the time to admire the diverse range of artistic styles and perhaps even purchase a unique piece to take home.

As you explore Gulan Street, you’ll encounter street performers, musicians, and entertainers adding an extra touch of vibrancy to your leisurely stroll. Enjoy their performances, feel the rhythm of the music, and become immersed in the artistic ambiance that fills the air.

Gulan Street is not just a commercial hub; it’s also a gathering place for events and festivals throughout the year. From lively street fairs to cultural celebrations, you may stumble upon a festive atmosphere as you wander along the vibrant street.

Whether you’re a fashion enthusiast, a foodie, an art lover, or simply looking to immerse yourself in the lively spirit of Erbil, a walk along Gulan Street is an experience not to be missed. Enjoy the bustling atmosphere, soak in the local culture, and explore the myriad of offerings that make Gulan Street an integral part of the vibrant tapestry of Erbil.

Shanidar Cave

Located in the Zagros Mountains of Kurdistan, Shanidar Cave is an archaeological site of significant historical and anthropological importance. This ancient cave offers a glimpse into the lives of our early human ancestors, providing valuable insights into their behaviors, culture, and evolution.

Shanidar Cave gained international recognition in the 1950s when a series of Neanderthal burials were discovered within its depths. These Neanderthal remains, dating back tens of thousands of years, have provided researchers with valuable information about Neanderthal life, including evidence of cultural practices, tool use, and even the presence of flowers as funeral offerings.

Exploring Shanidar Cave is a fascinating journey into the past. As you venture deep into the cave, guided by expert archaeologists, you’ll witness firsthand the meticulous excavations that have unearthed these remarkable discoveries. Learn about the scientific methods used to analyze the remains and the theories that have emerged from these findings.

The cave’s interior reveals layers upon layers of ancient sediment, each representing a different time period in human history. These layers provide a timeline of cultural and environmental changes, helping researchers piece together the story of our early ancestors and their interaction with the world around them.

Aside from the scientific significance, the cave itself is a marvel to behold. Its large chambers, intricate rock formations, and stalactites create an otherworldly atmosphere that transports you back in time. The cool air and dimly lit passages add to the sense of mystery and wonder as you explore this prehistoric site.

Visiting Shanidar Cave is an opportunity to reflect on our shared human heritage. As you stand in the same space where our ancestors once lived, you can’t help but be humbled by the vast span of time and the complexities of our evolutionary journey. It’s a chance to connect with our past and gain a deeper appreciation for our place in the world.

It’s important to note that access to Shanidar Cave is restricted and controlled in order to protect and preserve the site. Visitors are typically guided by knowledgeable archaeologists who provide informative explanations and ensure the preservation of this invaluable piece of our human history.

For those with an interest in anthropology, archaeology, or the wonders of the natural world, a visit to Shanidar Cave is an unforgettable experience. It allows you to step back in time, unravel the mysteries of our ancient ancestors, and gain a deeper understanding of our shared human story.

So, embrace the opportunity to explore Shanidar Cave and embark on a journey that transcends time. Discover the wonders of our early human history and marvel at the intricate patterns that connect us to our ancestors. Shanidar Cave is a testament to the resilience and ingenuity of the human spirit, an archaeological treasure that continues to shed light on our collective past.

Peshmerga Martyrs Monument

Standing as a solemn tribute to the bravery and sacrifice of the Peshmerga fighters, the Peshmerga Martyrs Monument in Erbil is a symbol of Kurdish resilience and the struggle for freedom. This powerful memorial honors the men and women who have lost their lives in the fight for the Kurdish cause.

As you approach the monument, you’ll be struck by its grandeur and significance. The imposing bronze sculpture depicts a group of Peshmerga fighters standing in unity, with unwavering determination etched on their faces. They are armed and ready, symbolizing the unwavering dedication and courage of the Kurdish forces.

The Peshmerga Martyrs Monument serves as a sacred memorial and a place for reflection and remembrance. It holds deep emotional significance for the Kurdish people, serving as a reminder of the sacrifices made by those who fought valiantly for their rights, freedom, and the wellbeing of their fellow Kurds.

Visitors to the monument can pay their respects at the engraved plaques that list the names of the Peshmerga martyrs. Each name represents a life given in the struggle for the Kurdish cause, fostering a sense of reverence and gratitude for their sacrifice.

The memorial also serves as a gathering place for commemorations and ceremonies, particularly on important dates and anniversaries related to the Kurdish fight for self-determination. It is a site of unity, where the Kurdish community comes together to honor their fallen heroes and celebrate their resilient spirit.

Standing before the Peshmerga Martyrs Monument, one cannot help but be moved by the stories of sacrifice and bravery that it represents. It serves as a reminder of the struggles faced by the Kurdish people and the indomitable spirit that continues to drive their fight for equality, justice, and freedom.

It’s important to approach the monument with respect and reverence, understanding the significance it holds for the Kurdish people. Take a moment to reflect on the sacrifices made by the Peshmerga fighters and the enduring legacy they have left behind.

The Peshmerga Martyrs Monument stands as a testament to the resilience, courage, and indomitable spirit of the Kurdish people. It is a place of remembrance, where the sacrifices of those who lost their lives in the pursuit of freedom are honored and cherished. By paying tribute to the Peshmerga martyrs, we not only honor their memory but also pledge our commitment to supporting the Kurdish cause for a better future.

So, take the time to visit the Peshmerga Martyrs Monument, pay your respects, and gain a deeper understanding of the struggles faced by the Kurdish people. Let the monument serve as a reminder of the ongoing fight for justice and freedom, and as a symbol of hope for a brighter future for all Kurds.

The Amna Suraka Museum

Situated in the city of Erbil, the Amna Suraka Museum serves as a testament to the painful past and enduring resilience of the Kurdish people. Housed in the infamous Red Prison complex, this museum provides a haunting yet important glimpse into the atrocities committed during Saddam Hussein’s regime.

The Amna Suraka Museum offers a deeply emotional and educational experience, shedding light on the history and impact of the Ba’athist regime on the Kurdish population. As you enter the museum, you’ll be transported back in time to the dark era of political repression and unspeakable suffering.

The museum showcases the original prison cells, interrogation rooms, and torture chambers, allowing visitors to witness firsthand the oppressive conditions endured by Kurdish prisoners. The crumbling walls and haunting remnants serve as stark reminders of the human rights abuses that took place within these walls.

Photographs, personal testimonies, and artifacts are displayed throughout the museum, providing a harrowing account of the experiences of the Kurdish people under the Ba’athist regime. They depict the resilience and determination of the Kurdish population in the face of unimaginable adversity.

One of the most impactful exhibits in the museum is the Hall of Mirrors, which displays photographs and names of individuals who were killed or went missing during the regime. This chilling space pays tribute to the victims of Saddam Hussein’s brutal campaign against the Kurdish people.

Visiting the Amna Suraka Museum is an emotionally charged experience that serves as a stark reminder of the importance of human rights, justice, and the preservation of cultural heritage. It offers an opportunity to reflect on the dark chapters of history and to honor the memory of those who suffered and lost their lives.

As you navigate through the museum, it’s essential to approach the exhibits with sensitivity and respect. The stories and artifacts on display reflect the pain and resilience of a community that has fought for survival, justice, and the rights of the Kurdish people.

Although the Amna Suraka Museum exposes the dark history of the Kurdish people, it also serves as a symbol of hope and resilience. It stands as a testament to their determination to preserve their identity and fight for a better future, free from oppression.

Visiting the Amna Suraka Museum is a humbling experience and an important reminder of the importance of human rights and social justice. It is an opportunity to connect with the history and struggle of the Kurdish people, and to renew our commitment to ensuring that such atrocities are never repeated.

So, take the time to visit the Amna Suraka Museum, bear witness to the painful history it represents, and honor the resilience of the Kurdish people. Let this experience deepen your understanding of the need for justice, compassion, and the preservation of human rights.

Sami Rahman Square

Situated in the heart of Erbil, Sami Rahman Square is a vibrant public space that serves as a gathering point for locals and tourists alike. Named after the late Kurdish musician, Sami Abdulrahman, this lively square offers a variety of activities, events, and cultural experiences, making it a must-visit destination in Erbil.

Sami Rahman Square is a bustling hub of activity, where the rich tapestry of Kurdish culture comes alive. Throughout the year, the square hosts a range of events, including live music performances, concerts, cultural festivals, and art exhibitions. This vibrant atmosphere creates a sense of celebration and showcases the talents of local artists and musicians.

Visitors to Sami Rahman Square can immerse themselves in the lively ambiance and enjoy the vibrant energy of Erbil. Take a stroll around the square and soak in the sights and sounds of the city. Engage with street performers, browse local vendors’ offerings, or simply find a spot to people-watch and absorb the bustling atmosphere.

The square is also a popular destination for families, offering various amenities for children. The area features playgrounds, interactive fountains, and open spaces where kids can play and enjoy outdoor activities. Bring the whole family and create lasting memories in this family-friendly environment.

When it’s time to refuel, you’ll find a range of cafes and restaurants surrounding Sami Rahman Square. Indulge in traditional Kurdish cuisine, sip on a cup of tea or coffee, or sample international flavors while enjoying the panoramic views of the square. The culinary options cater to all tastes and preferences.

For those looking to delve into local retail therapy, the square is surrounded by shops and boutiques offering a variety of merchandise. Explore the market stalls and browse through a range of products, including handicrafts, textiles, accessories, and souvenirs. Support local artisans and take home a piece of Kurdish culture as a memento of your visit.

Sami Rahman Square is not just a physical space; it’s a cultural meeting point that reflects the vibrancy and diversity of Erbil. It embodies the spirit of the Kurdish people, celebrating their heritage, talent, and unity. It serves as a reminder of the warmth and hospitality that defines Kurdish culture.

With its vibrant atmosphere, cultural events, diverse dining options, and vibrant street life, Sami Rahman Square offers visitors a unique and immersive experience that captures the essence of Erbil. Whether you’re seeking cultural immersion, family fun, or simply a place to relax and connect with the local community, Sami Rahman Square is the perfect destination.

So, take the time to visit Sami Rahman Square, immerse yourself in the vibrant atmosphere, and embrace the essence of Kurdish culture. Allow the energy and spirit of Erbil to captivate you as you explore this lively public space filled with music, art, delicious food, and the warm smiles of the Kurdish people.

Erbil, the capital city of the Kurdistan Region in Iraq, offers a plethora of experiences for travelers seeking adventure, culture, and history. From the ancient wonders of the Erbil Citadel and Shanidar Cave to the vibrant atmosphere of Sami Rahman Square and Gulan Street, this captivating city has something to offer everyone.

Immerse yourself in the rich history and cultural heritage of Erbil by visiting the Kurdish Textile Museum and the Kurdish Heritage Museum. Explore traditional markets like the Kurdish Textile Souk, where you can find exquisite handcrafted textiles and immerse yourself in the vibrant Kurdish culture. Indulge in the local cuisine and sample traditional Kurdish dishes, experiencing the diverse flavors that define the region.

For family-friendly adventures, explore the thrilling rides and activities at Chavi Land, or visit the spacious and entertaining Family Mall Erbil and Majidi Mall Erbil. Take a leisurely stroll along Gulan Street, where you can browse through shops, savor delicious food, and immerse yourself in the lively atmosphere.

Pay tribute to the bravery and sacrifice of the Peshmerga fighters at the Peshmerga Martyrs Monument, and witness the rich and tumultuous history of the Kurdish people at the Amna Suraka Museum. Finish your exploration of Erbil with a visit to Sami Rahman Square, a vibrant public space that captures the essence of Kurdish culture and provides a backdrop for cultural events and celebrations.

Erbil is a city that captures the heart and imagination, offering a unique blend of ancient heritage and modern experiences. Whether you’re an adventure seeker, a history enthusiast, a cultural explorer, or a lover of fine cuisine, Erbil has something to offer for everyone.

So, pack your bags and embark on a journey to Erbil, where you can immerse yourself in the rich history, culture, and natural beauty of the city. Discover the warm hospitality and charm of the Kurdish people, and create unforgettable memories in this enchanting destination.

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Travel Guide to Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan [with Sample Itinerary]

Read our Erbil travel guide to help you have an idea with your next journey and adventure here in the capital city of Iraqi Kurdistan.

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Table of Contents

Erbil Travel Guide: Places to Visit in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan

1. erbil-kurdistan.

2. Erbil Citadel

3. Sami Abdulrahman Park

4. Kurdish Textile Museum

5. The Korek Mountain Resort & Spa

Korek Mountain is a must-see natural beauty. The cable car gives great views on the way up. They also have a lot of activities for families for all seasons. Upon going down, you can stop at some of the small towns to eat.

6. Jalil Khayat Mosque

7. Gali Ali Bag

Located near Rawanduz, it is easy to get here by taxi. The sound of the water falling is like music in the ears. You can get very close to the water, but then you’ll get pretty wet. In summer, you can go dinghy, but remember that the current is much weaker.

Erbil Travel Guide: Sample Weekend Itinerary to Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan

Day 1 – weekend guide to erbil, iraqi kurdistan.

Kurdish Textile Museum –  Discover one of the Kurds’ rich culture and tradition. See how traditional carpets are made.

The Korek Mountain Resort & Spa –  Don’t miss the chance to go to the Korek Mountain. Try the cable car and enjoy a wonderful view on top of it.

Day 2 – Weekend Guide to Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan

Erbil Citadel –  On your second day, spend it by strolling around the citadel. By going here, you can also visit the Erbil square which is located just below the citadel. Buy anything at the bazaar and eat a lot of delicious food.

Jalil Khayat Mosque –  Ready your camera to capture picturesque shots of the Jalil Khayat Mosque.

Day 3 – Weekend Guide to Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan

Sami Abdulrahman Park –  To end your trip to Erbil, have a relaxing day at the Sami Abdulrahman Park. With the quiet and peaceful surroundings, you’ll get the chance to contemplate.

Erbil Travel Guide: Where to Stay in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan

*All prices are subject to change.

Where to Stay in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan if you’re a Backpacker

Logal Hotel 

All rooms at Logal Hotel are equipped with a flat-screen TV with satellite channels and are fitted with a private bathroom equipped with a bath or shower. There is a 24-hour front desk at the property as well. The nearest airport is Erbil International Airport, 9 km from the property.

Price: Starts at $50 per night for Standard Double or Twin Room, includes taxes and charges, free breakfast , but it’s non-refundable.

Hyksos Hotel

Hyksos Hotel provides accommodation with a restaurant, free private parking, a bar, and a shared lounge. It also provides accommodation with a restaurant, free private parking, a bar, and a shared lounge. At the Hyksos Hotel, each room includes a seating area.

Price: Starts at $77 per night for Twin Room with Balcony, includes taxes and charges, add $8 for breakfast , and free cancellation

Bella Roma Hotel

All rooms at Bella Roma Hotel boast a flat-screen TV with satellite channels and a private bathroom. The hotel provides an indoor pool, sauna, evening entertainment, and a 24-hour front desk. You can also enjoy a continental or a buffet breakfast.

Price: Starts at $85 per night for Standard Double Room, includes taxes and charges, free breakfast, and free cancellation.

Where to Stay in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan if you’re on a Budget

Masaya By Emerald

Masaya Hotel & Residences by Emerald features Cristal’s exclusively designed mattress for a soothing and relaxed stay, an LCD TV, coffee & tea facilities, mini bar, safe box, and complimentary internet access. It is a 10-minute drive from Erbil International Airport and offers free pick up from the airport for guests staying two or more nights.

Price: Starts at $107 per night for Superior Twin Room, includes taxes and charges, free breakfast, and free cancellation.

Darin Plaza Hotel

Darin Plaza Hotel offers a fitness center, an indoor pool, a sauna, and free Wi-Fi in all areas. all rooms and suites at Darin are decorated in soft tones. Each one offers a flat-screen TV, a wardrobe and a minibar. The suite includes a spacious seating area with a sofa. A buffet-style breakfast is served daily, while à-la-carte specialties are served in the evening at Darin Restaurant.

Price: Starts at $111 per night for Suite, includes taxes and charges, add $10 for breakfast , and free cancellation.

Cristal Erbil Hotel

Cristal Erbil Hotel is located in Erbil. Free WiFi access is available in the rooms. Each room here will provide you with a satellite TV, air conditioning, and an electric kettle. Featuring a shower, private bathroom also comes with a bath and a hairdryer. At Cristal Erbil Hotel guests can find a fitness center.

Price: Starts at $130 per night for Amber King Limited View, includes taxes and charges, free breakfast, and free cancellation.

Where to Stay in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan if you want Luxury

Ankawa Royal Hotel & Spa

Ankawa Royal Hotel & Spa offers free WiFi in all areas. Complete with a balcony, the elegant suites are air-conditioned. Each is equipped with a flat-screen TV, a seating area, and a safety deposit box. A bathrobe and free toiletries can be found in the private bathroom. A range of International classical and contemporary dishes can be enjoyed at the hotel’s restaurant.

Price: Starts at $154 per night for Deluxe King Room, includes taxes and charges, free breakfast, and free cancellation.

Divan Erbil Hotel

Divan Erbil Hotel offers luxurious, air-conditioned guestrooms with 24-hour room service. Each room offers a flat-screen TV, a minibar and an iPod docking station. Each suite has a separate living room with a plush sofa. Seasons Restaurant serves pizza, international, and barbecue cuisine, while Qi 21 Sushi Bar serves sushi.

Price: Starts at $227 per night for Deluxe King Room, add $23 for taxes and charges, $25 for breakfast , but offers a free cancellation.

Erbil Rotana

The Erbil Rotana is equipped with 201 spacious rooms and suites, each air-conditioned unit at The Erbil Rotana is elegantly decorated. They all have a bathroom with a walk-in rain shower and a separate bathtub. For lunch and dinner, the 5 on-site restaurants serve mesmerizing food adhering to all tastes and served by friendly, professional, and efficient staff.

Price: Starts at $230 per night for Classic King Room, add $23 for taxes and charges, $27.50 for breakfast , but offers a free cancellation.

Erbil Travel Guide: List of restaurants that you can try while in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan

1. DC Steakhouse

DC Steakhouse has raised the standards for premium international dining in Erbil. Their mouthwatering steak has been making the customers go back over and over again.

Operating hours: 12:30 PM – 01:00 AM (Sun-Sat) Address:  Dream City Commercial complex, first floor. Dream City Commercial Complex, first floor., Erbil 44001 Iraq

2. Basilico

Craving, for some Italian cuisine? Basilico is the place to be. You can have a romantic and elegant dining experience here. Don’t forget to try one of their main dishes, the Sea Bass dish.

Address:  Gulan Street Hotel Rotana, Erbil 44001 Iraq

3. Well Done Bowl

For some Asian cuisine, you should head your way to the Well Done Bowl. Serving Chinese and Japanese dishes, it can satisfy your Asian cravings.

Address:  Ainkawa main road, close to US consulate Ankawa, Erbil 44001 Iraq

4. Al Bustan Lebanese Restaurant & Garden

From the name itself, this is a Lebanese Restaurant. Al Bustan’s mouth-watering menu is filled with Lebanese and local cuisine that is sure to please every diner’s palettes.

Operating hours: 7:00 PM – 12:00 AM  (Sun-Sat) Address:  Gulan Street, Erbil 44001 Iraq

To have a taste of a wonderful Middle Eastern cuisine, you should head your way to Dawa 2. Those meat-lovers would enjoy dining here.

Address:  Mosul Road, Erbil 0964 Iraq

And that’s our Erbil travel guide for you! We hope we’re able to give you enough insights about this city. Have you been here? Or are you planning to go here? Share with us your experience!

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• 1 Districts
• 2.1 Climate
• 3.2 By plane
• 4 Get around
• 5.1 Museums
• 8.2 Mid-range
• 8.3 Splurge
• 10.1 Budget
• 10.2 Mid-range
• 10.3 Splurge
• 11.1 Consulates

Erbil (Hawlêr in Kurdish and also transliterated as Arbil) is the capital and largest city in Iraqi Kurdistan , and the fourth-largest city in Iraq . It is one of the oldest continually-inhabited sites of human civilization, and is also a rapidly-growing and urbanizing center for the oil industry and NGOs in the Middle East.

Districts [ edit ]

• Old Erbil The historic and geographic center of the city. Home to most major tourist sights, including the Citadel, Qayseri Bazaar, and museums, as well as many government offices.
• South Erbil Neighbourhoods immediately south of the old city include Minaret Park, Shanidar Park, and Iskan Street.
• Northwest Erbil Brand-new developments between 60 Meter Road and 100 Meter Road, west of Ankawa include many of the city's restaurants and hotels, as well as Sami Park and many upscale villa and apartment communities.
• Northeast Erbil Developments east of Ankawa and outside 60 Meter Road include Erbil's three major shopping malls, hotels and restaurants, and sprawling, brand-new villas and apartment towers.
• American Village On the eastern outskirts of Erbil, this community contains a large number of foreign companies and workers as well as a popular bar.
• Komari Where the stadium is located.
• Ankawa Christian suburb to the north of the city and close to the airport, home to most of the city's bars, many hotels, and a large expatriate community.

Understand [ edit ]

Climate [ edit ].

Erbil has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa), meaning it has extremely hot summers and cool wet winters. January is the wettest month.

Get in [ edit ]

Visas [ edit ]

Comprehensive and up to date info on visa requirements and cost can be found in the article Iraqi Kurdistan under Get in .

By plane [ edit ]

• Austrian Airlines has flights between Vienna and Erbil on a daily basis.
• Turkish Airlines and Iraqi Airways fly to Istanbul daily or almost-daily. Pegasus flies three times a week to Ankara ; Turkish and Pegasus also fly to Antalya during summer.
• Middle East Airlines flies to Erbil from Beirut on 7 flights per week.
• Royal Jordanian has daily flights to Amman , while Iraqi Airways has several flights a week to Amman.
• Qatar Airways flies 4 times a week between Erbil and Doha .
• FlyDubai has flights to Dubai daily, while Emirates flies twice a week to Dubai.
• Lufthansa flies two weekly round-trip flights from Frankfurt .

Other destinations are served with less frequent flights. In Europe, destinations with at least weekly flights include Berlin (Iraqi Airways), Dusseldorf (Iraqi Airways), Copenhagen (Iraqi Airways), London (Iraqi Airways). Egypt Air has flights four times a week to Cairo , while Mahan Air has three flights weekly to Tehran . Iraqi Airways provides frequent flights to other parts of Iraq, but the security situation in these places is rarely safe even for experienced travellers.

By bus [ edit ]

• 36.20564 44.04689 2 Erbil International General Terminal ( Erbil International Terminal ), Peshawa Qazi Street ( 500 meters south of Family Mall ). Generally, international buses arrive and leave from this modern bus terminal. There are ticket offices of many big Turkish bus companies (Can Diyarbakir, Özel Diyarbakir Yeni Diyarbakir, Cizre Nuh, Cizre Itimat, Metro, Van). There are several buses leaving everyday to Turkish cities such as Diyarbakir or Istanbul . ( updated Sep 2022 )

There are many Iranian bus companies that run services connecting Iran to Erbil. This is about 916 km (569 mi) or 10 hours. There are many cities in Iran that connect to Erbil by bus including Tehran , Isfahan , Tabriz , Shiraz , Kurdistan , and Ahwaz . The VIP buses travel from Tehran to Erbil every day, 2 buses per day. If you move to Erbil by bus, you should stop in Piranshahr city, at the Iran-Iraq border, to show your passport. If you have an Iranian passport, you don't need a visa to cross the border. Companies include

• Seyr O Safar ( Seyr O Safar  : +982144648484)

Bus companies also connect Erbil to Diyarbakir in Turkey (10–15 hours) and Istanbul (36–48 hours). You can find ticket offices of most of these companies at Erbil International Terminal . Arrival time depends on border formalities (around 1 hour from Turkey to Iraq in May 2019 and 2 hours back to Turkey).

• Cizre Nuh (Tel Erbil: 0750 340 47 73)
• Can Diyarbakir (Tel Erbil: 0750 895 62 17-18-19)

Get around [ edit ]

Public transportation is available in the form of taxis and some bus routes, but automobiles are the main mode of transportation. Compared with other cities in the Middle East, shared taxis and buses are very infrequent and impractical. If you don't know your way around or have a guide with local knowledge it is inadvisable to try public transportation alone. In terms of taxis there are several choices:

• 36.233517 43.956031 1 Airport Taxi , Airport , ☏ +964 750 507 0000 . Taxi service at Erbil Airport ( updated Jul 2018 )
• 36.20564 44.04917 2 Soran Garage , Peshawa Qazi Street ( just behind Erbil International General Terminal ). This is a Garage where you can find shared taxis going to some eastern destinations in Iraq, such as Soran, Ranya or Rawandoz (10000 IQD). Just ask somebody for your destination and you will be directed to the right “platform”. Expect to wait until the taxi is full before the ride starts. ( updated Sep 2022 )
• 36.157539 44.012032 3 Baghdad Garage , Qasimlo Street . This is a Garage serving cities to the south of Erbil, such as Dukan, Kirkuk , Baghdad , Sulemania . Has both minibuses as well as shared taxis. ( updated Sep 2022 )
• "Street Taxis" . Generic independent taxis, which will take you most places in Erbil and Ankawa. Rates are negotiable. For a drive across town (15–25 minutes), expect to pay 4000–6000 dinars. It is acceptable to pay at the end of a ride without negotiating the price beforehand.  
• Hello Taxi . Erbil's branded taxi company, with English speaking drivers – at highly inflated rates. USD is accepted. From the airport to Erbil centre the rate is US$15, to Ankawa $10.  
• 36.185534 43.962834 4 Europcar , Italian Village, Villa 137 , ☏ +964 (750) 7372288 . Most of their rental cars have automatic transmissions.  

See [ edit ]

• 36.19154 44.0097 2 Grand Mosque ( The Citadel ). Erbil's historic central mosque, still open despite renovations on the Citadel.  
• 36.190133 44.008928 4 Erbil Gem Museum , 52R5+3H . 09:00-19:00 . ( updated Jun 2019 )
• 36.18843 44.00911 6 Quayseri Market ( Across the street from South Gate of Citadel ). Erbil's historic covered bazaar, built out of vaulted yellow brick. It is similar to many others found throughout the Middle East and North Africa, but with less tourism than most. Market stalls sell everything from cheap toys and pirated DVDs to bulk spices to fine jewelry and carpets.  

Museums [ edit ]

• 36.179664 44.012824 9 Hawler Museum . ( updated Dec 2017 )
• Mound of Qalich Agha . An excavation here in 1996 found tools from the Halaf, Ubaid and Uruk periods. On the grounds of Erbil Civilization Museum.  

Parks [ edit ]

• 36.181482 44.001159 12 Shanidar Park ( Across the street from Minaret Park ). Shanidar park feats an aerial cable car connecting with Minaret Park.  
• 36.189706 44.009906 14 Shar Park ( Parki Shar ), In Front of Erbil Citadel . Free . ( updated Feb 2018 )
• 36.22154 44.033723 15 Peshmerga Park ( Parki Peshmerga ), Kwestan Quarter . Free . ( updated Feb 2018 )

Do [ edit ]

• Stroll around in the deserted city inside the citadel in the centre of Erbil. Hundreds of houses that appears to have been abandoned in a hurry. Walk into the court yards, sleeping rooms and bed rooms or up to the rooftop terraces to enjoy a spectacular panorama of Erbil or ponder what life might have been in this place before the inhabitants were repopulated.
• In season, see the Erbil SC football team play a match at Franso Hariri Stadium, south of the city center. Erbil SC is a regular winner in the Iraqi Premiere League, runner-up in the Asian Football Cup, and beloved by many locals.
• Explore Erbil's nascent local art scene at the Shanadar Gallery, in Shandar Park, then take in Kurdish, Arab, and Persian music at one of the many restaurant/show venues in the city.

Buy [ edit ]

• Quayseri Market ( across the street from South Gate of the Citadel ). In addition to sightseeing, Erbil's historic bazaar provides good opportunities to haggle for carpets , jewellery , traditional Kurdish clothing, and other handicrafts.  
• 36.19537 44.065 1 Majidi Mall . A large, Western-style shopping mall opened in November 2009, with stores such as Mango, Adidas and Levis as well as Turkish and Gulf brands. Also has a very large hypermarket in the basement of the mall, and a food court at the top.  
• 36.21007 44.04626 2 Family Mall ( 100 m road besides Family Fun ). The largest shopping mall in Erbil (and one of the largest in Iraq) with predominantly American, European, and Turkish clothing labels and other stores. Includes a movie theater and food court  
• 36.201744 44.02029 3 Royal Mall ( 60 m Road ). The most centrally located of Erbil's large, Western-style shopping malls. Includes a popular food court as well as clothing stores  
• 36.2078 44.02641 4 Mega Mall ( Pirmam St, near Shorsh Petrol Station ), ☏ +964 750 742 9391 .  
• 36.171411 44.013611 5 Tablo Mall , Kirkuk Road,Near to Franso Hariri Stadium , ☏ +964 750 193 3330 . 09:00-12:00 . Tablo Mall is one of the famous malls in Erbil City, it has 270 shops, a hypermarket, games hall for children, furniture shops and many cafeterias. ( updated Apr 2018 )
• 36.185328 44.037457 6 Langa Market ( Bazari Langa ), Peshawa Qazi (100 m Street), Near to Rizgary Teaching Hospital, Erbil , ☏ +964 781 057 7040 . 09:00-20:00 . ( updated Apr 2018 )

Eat [ edit ]

Many good restaurants exist in Erbil. However, the vast majority serve kebabs and chicken, with some Lebanese and Turkish restaurants. Options for foreign food are limited. Most restaurants, except those in high-end hotels, do not serve alcohol or accept credit cards.

Budget [ edit ]

• Iskan Street . Popular street lined with cheap Kurdish and Turkish kebab shops, as well as one of the center of (male) social gathering. Kebabs are usually served with a soup, bread, and assortment of pickled vegetables. Meal for two: 10,000 dinars/USD 8 .  
• Abu Afif ( 60 m road near Ministry of Trade ). Erbil's most famous bakery and confectionery, and stems out of an equally famous Baghdad bakery that has been open since 1973.  
• Second Cup ( Jouhayna Hotel, 100 m road across from Empire ). Among the best places in Erbil for European-style espresso drinks. Also offers light sandwiches and an attractive space.  
• Sandwich shops . Shops near the Quayseri Market offer a cheap, quick lunch of kebabs and bread.  

Mid-range [ edit ]

• Abu Shahab ( Meal for two: 45,000 dinars/USD 36 ). An iconic (and physically sprawling) Erbil restaurant serving standard Kurdish cuisine (salads, soups, and meat-based entrees), as well as a popular spot for local celebrities. Intersection of Gulan Street and Ankawa Road .  
• Saj Alreef Restaurant ( on Kirkuk Road and Gulan Street ). Serves a smorgasbord of standard Asian, Western, and Middle Eastern Cuisine. Like Abu Shahab, this is a local icon and sprawling emporium. Meal for two: 50,000 dinars/USD 40 .  
• Tarin Restaurant ( Saladin Road, just outside city limits ). Features fairly typical, heavy Kurdish restaurant cuisine, with live music (Arab, Kurdish, and Turkish) and an attractive outdoor garden. Serves alcohol. Meal for two: 35,000 dinars/USD 28 .  
• Zahle ( Arabella Hotel, 60 Meter Road opposite Parliament ). Serves Lebanese mezzo and meats, in a more intimate environment than most Erbil restaurants and with attentive service. Serves alcohol. Meal for two: 35,000 dinars/USD 28 .  
• O'Caffee ( Ankawa Main Road, Ankawa ). Good Italian cuisine, including oven-baked pizzas, good pasta dishes, and Western-style salad. Also has one of Erbil's better espresso bars Meal for two: 35,000 dinars/USD 28 .  
• 36.188956 44.008357 1 Kebab Yasin (Main) ( Grand Bazaar ), ☏ +964 750 461 6610 . 07:00-17:00 . Good Middle Eastern, halal, excellent kebabs. Meal for one: 9,000 dinars/USD 7 .  

Splurge [ edit ]

• 36.1853 43.9844 2 Dawa 2 , Mosul Road, Erbil 0964 ( South side of Sami Abdulrahman Park ), ☏ +964 750 445 0330 . Particularly good local restaurant serving meat kebabs. All freshly prepared, often in front of you. This is a large modern and clean place. Have a look at the 'rogues' gallery of well known people that have dined at the restaurant. ( updated Feb 2018 )
• Qi 21 ( Divan Hotel, Gulan Street ), ☏ +964 66 210 50 00 . Erbil's only sushi bar, at the top of the Divan Hotel with panoramic views of the city. Prices are astronomical, but the sushi is good. This is a place to see and be seen, and attracts a wide range of celebrities and politicians. Serves alcohol.  
• Divan Erbil Seasons Restaurant ( Divan Hotel, Gulan Street ). 18:30-23:30 . Buffet.  
• Greek Grill ( Classy Hotel, Ankawa ). Despite the name, is a steakhouse with Mediterranean accents rather than a proper Greek restaurant. The food is good, however, and prices are more reasonable than other high-end hotel restaurants. Serves alcohol. Meal for two: 85,000 dinars/USD 68 .  

Drink [ edit ]

You can buy a wide variety of beer, wine and liquor at pretty reasonable prices in Ainkawa, the Christian suburb of Irbil. Just look for any of the local liquor stores. A litre of Jack Daniels for about US$22 is cheaper than in Tennessee where it is bottled! Remember that Erbil is a predominantly Muslim city: drinking in public is unacceptable and public drunkenness is frowned upon.

In addition, the bars at the major luxury hotels (such as the Divan and the Rotana) are popular gathering spots.

• Marina . Great food Pretty expensive .  
• 36.224043 43.995957 1 Deutscher Hof ( Ankawa ), ☏ +964 750 488 3981 . For German draught beer and food. Features dancing and Western music on weekend evenings. ( updated Mar 2017 )
• Mamounia Sky Bar ( Noble Hotel, Erbil ). Cocktails, wine and beer, and dancing at the top of the Noble Hotel.  
• T Bar Sports Lounge and Grill ( Ainkawa exit road across from RRT compound ). 17:00 to late . American-style sports bar and lounge. Features plasma TVs with international sports.  

Sleep [ edit ]

There is an active couchsurfing community in Erbil, which offers a low cost alternative for hotels if you only plan to stay a few days in Erbil.

• Hotels below main gate to the Citadel . One of the cheapest options in town. Numerous other hotels exist in this area or just west of it. Beds on terrace start from 5000 dinars/USD 4. Rooms 25,000-50,000 dinars/USD 20-40 .  
• 36.18015 44.01585 1 Altin Saray , İskan Street, City Center , ☏ +964 750 302 2002 . With a little restaurant on site. $35 (May 2022) . ( updated May 2022 )
• 36.15612 44.01429 2 Merci Hotel , 100M street, aladala , ☏ +964 750 186 5349 . Little cookies and things for breakfast. $35 (May 2022) . ( updated May 2022 )
• 36.187643 44.007695 3 Montana Hotel , Shekh AllahStreet . Very basic, not all rooms with windows, but AC. 25,000 IQD . ( updated Sep 2022 )
• 36.18125 44.01142 4 Erbil International Hotel ( Barzany Namr Street, across from City Council ). Nicknamed "The Sheraton". Erbil's oldest high-end hotel, built in 2004, and centrally located. There are several relatively good restaurants in the hotel (including East Asian and Indian food). USD 200 .  
• 36.23927 43.9962 5 Ankawa Palace Hotel , Near Residency Office in Ankawa. . It is nice and clean, the staff is very helpful. USD 150 .  
• 36.22183 43.99436 6 Noble Hotel ( 100 Meter Road, Ankawa ). USD 175 .  
• 36.22529 43.9914 7 Classy Hotel ( Ankawa Main Road, Ankawa ). Business-oriented hotel in Ankawa, popular with international travellers. USD 200 .  
• 36.197411 43.977786 8 Hotel Divan , Gulan Street ( Gulan Street, near Sami Park ), ☏ +964 66 210 5000 . Major luxury hotel with several restaurants, popular bars and lounges, a duty-free shop, and large gym and pool. Along with the Rotana, a center of the high-society social scene. Higher security than in other hotels. USD 300 . ( updated Mar 2017 )
• 36.18712 43.973836 9 Erbil Rotana , Gulan Street ( Gulan Street and Mosul Road ), ☏ +964 66 210 5555 . Major luxury with spa and outdoor swimming pool, plus popular bars and restaurants. Along with the Rotana, a center of Erbil's high-society social scene. Security is tighter than in other hotels. USD 300 . ( updated Mar 2017 )

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Sulaymaniyah is an easy 2-3 hour drive. Described as the centre of education and culture in Kurdistan. The city features the best museums in Iraqi Kurdistan, good hotels and a number of pleasant parks including Chavvy Land.

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Beyond Wild Places

Your guide to the wilder side of life

A Travel Guide to Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan’s Capital

Erbil is Iraqi Kurdistan’s capital and one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world. The central citadel has been continuously lived in for 7000 years, and is now a built up, manmade hill jutting out of the city centre, as one generation after another have built and rebuilt the city after foreign invasions.

The square and bazaar around the citadel were always buzzing with activity but at around sunset the place really came to life. I met so many people who just wanted to come and talk to me. I met market vendors who wanted their photo taken, I was interviewed by local UN staff for a film project, I had a conversation with a college student for his English assignment, I was bought water and chai and coffee and I had young girls ask for a selfie. It was a really incredible city to be in and I could have stayed longer to just walk the bazaar one more time and sit in the central square one last evening. 

Everyone who visits Iraqi Kurdistan comes to spend at least a day in Erbil. While there might not be as many things to do as in Sulaymaniyah, I definitely suggest allowing a couple of days to soak up this incredibly fascinating place and its friendly locals. Here’s my guide to Erbil, for any tourists hoping to visit Iraqi Kurdistan.

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How to get to Erbil

Erbil is home to Erbil International Airport , which is the main airport in Iraqi Kurdistan. It has regular flights to Europe, Asia and other destinations in the Middle East.

If you’re travelling around Iraqi Kurdistan, then Erbil is easily connected to most places by taxi and shared minivan.

From Sulaymaniyah

If you’re coming from Sulaymaniyah , the second largest city in Kurdistan, then there are two road options.

The quicker option takes the road that goes close to Kirkuk and unfortunately, it is not possible to take this route as a foreigner. Kirkuk is still not entirely safe and it is under control of the Iraqi government which means you need an Iraq visa to use the road. 

The better option is to take the  Khalkan-Dukan Road . Shared taxis and minivans leave from the General Bus Station or otherwise known as Baghdad Terminal in Sulaymaniyah for Erbil. They leave when full which is quite regularly throughout the day. Most locals will know that you need to go via Dukan, so they’ll point you to the right vehicle.

In Erbil, shared taxis and minivans depart from  Garaj Sulaymaniyah , which is slightly to the south of the city centre in Erbil. This is where a congregation of vehicles are waiting to fill with passengers.

A minivan between Erbil and Sulaymaniyah via Dukan will cost around 10, 000 dinar (AUD$12) per seat (a shared taxi will be more expensive). The trip took around 4.5 hours with a lunch stop and four military checkpoints where ID is checked along the way.

From the north west of Erbil, Duhok is the third largest city in Iraqi Kurdistan. Most minivans and taxis travel via Mosul between Duhok and Erbil. For foreigners this can be a problem, if you don’t have an Iraq visa as the city is still unstable. However, most drivers will know this and they tend to stay on the outskirts of the city anyway.

There are shared taxis and minivans leaving from Duhok’s main garaj or Bus Station in the middle of the city.

Travelling in the other direction, Erbil’s main bus station and transport hub is known as Erbil Terminal , next to Shaykh Ahmad and Family Fun Mall. From here, you can take buses and shared vans to cities in Northern Iraq, as well as, international buses to Turkey.

Where to stay in Erbil

There is plenty of accommodation to choose from in Erbil. While I wanted too stay close enough to the main bazaar area so that I could walk around, many foreigners choose to stay in Ankawa neighbourhood to the north of the city centre. This is where you can find many foreign offices and aid organisations, wand has traditionally been known as the Christian neighbourhood in the city.

Some of my hotel recommendations for Erbil include:

Janet Bludan Hotel || This budget hotel was USD$25 per night for a double room, single occupancy. It included a very nice breakfast and decent Wi-Fi. It’s the most popular budget option for foreigners as it is just 10-15 minutes walk from the main square. I loved my stay here, as the staff were extremely friendly and I could walk to most places. Check availability here .

Fareeq Hotel || One of the most popular budget options in Ankawa area 5km away from the bazaar, this hotel is common amongst foreigners. The staff are super friendly and will help you with your stay in Erbil City. Check their availability here .

Erbil Quartz Hotel || For something nicer, this hotel is located close to the city centre and is a nice 4-star hotel with an indoor pool, Wi-Fi and a restaurant. Very convenient place to stay and foreign tourists have said the staff are lovely. Check availability here .

Things to do in Erbil

All the exciting action happens in the main bazaar and city centre. It’s dominated by the impressive Citadel and main square, which is where people congregate every evening. While there’s not a whole lot to do in Erbil, it’s worth spending some time to soak up the energy of the place.

Erbil Citadel

Officially recognised under UNESCO in 2014, the old walled city is seeing a revitalisation that will likely take years. From the outside, it’s an impressive sight and dominates the centre of the city, as most of modern Erbil spreads outwards from the citadel itself. It is free to enter and roam around inside, however, most of it is under construction and there really isn’t much to see other than crumbling old houses and construction workers. 

The main gate just above the main square provides a great panorama of the city, and is particularly popular at sunset.

There are, however, some good museums inside and it’s clear that they’re trying to turn the city into a real cultural hub for tourists to one day come and explore Kurdish history. The best museum and worth the small 1500 dinars (AUD$2) ticket, is the  Kurdish Textile Museum . It was opened way back in 2004 and is housed inside a renovated mansion inside the citadel. The displays are beautiful and written in English. Even if you’re not interested in carpets, it’s a great introduction to Kurdish culture.

Main Square

The main square is in front of the citadel and beside the main bazaar. With its water fountains and numerous street vendors, it’s impossible to miss. It comes to life at sunset time, when tourists, families and locals all go to sit, drink chai and ponder life. 

Around the afternoon and evening, there is also a small side walk market run by men on the east side of the main square near the clocktower. There is always a crowd there bargaining and discussing over prayer beads, but also clothes and antique watches. I walked up and down through the small market a couple of times each night and I could not get over how friendly the men were. They always wanted photos and to know where I was from and what I was doing in Erbil. I always left in the evening back to my hotel with a smile on my face.

Tea culture and cafes

The one thing you’ll notice in Iraqi Kurdistan and Erbil is the tea drinking culture. There are coffee and tea shops everywhere, some just being a small street side vendor. There are also plenty of people walking the bazaar and main square selling tea and coffee out of flasks. I drank plenty of tea in Erbil, mostly because I had people pour me a cup without even asking and I’m almost certain I never had to pay for any of it. It is part of the Kurdish hospitality.

The most famous tea shop is on the edge of the main square, underneath the main gate of the citadel and next to the only group of souvenir shops I saw in Iraqi Kurdistan. It’s called  Machko Cafe  and always has tea drinkers spilling out onto the pavement. It’s considered potentially the oldest, continuously running tea shop in the city and is now run by the grandson of the founder. It’s been open since the 1940s and it claims that every important person, dignitary, intellectual, writer and activist have sat to drink tea there at least once. It’s also one of the only tea shops where women and men can drink tea side by side and people are extremely friendly.

Main bazaar

The bazaar reminded me of the ones I had strolled around in Iran; a large covered area selling everything from sweets and dried fruits to clothes and headscarves to Kurdish flags and knock-off Nikes. Plenty of the traders were friendly and some even spoke enough English to ask where I was from and explain what they had for sale. I spent nearly an hour inside a large shop tasting all the sweets, dried fruits, chocolate and nuts for sale. And of course, he bought me a cup of tea as well.

Jalil Khayat Mosque

I stumbled across this mosque when I was walking back into the city from an ATM (see below) and it is incredibly beautiful. Relatively new, it was opened in 2007 after being built by a wealthy local family and it can hold up to 2000 worshippers at prayer time. It’s a worth a look if you have time.

Erbil parks

The Middle East really does love a good park. Most cities have a few of them, which can be a nice escape after the concrete jungles that are Middle Eastern cities. Erbil’s most popular park is  Sami Abdulrahman Park , which is also built on top of a former military base like Azadi Park in Sulaymaniyah. It’s a huge green area that is popular for picnics and exercising.

Finding a bank and ATM in Erbil

ATMs are hard to come by in Iraqi Kurdistan and it’s truly still a cash economy. In Sulaymaniyah it is possible to find a couple within the city centre, however, in Erbil it’s basically impossible. I spent an entire morning trying to find an ATM and I only found one that didn’t accept foreign cards. I decided to just go inside a bank to ask where I could find an ATM. I immediately had all the friendly security guards asking me what I needed and when I said ATM, they began discussing the whereabouts of one. After none of them actually knowing anything about ATMs, they finally said, “Just go see bank manager.” 

So I walked into the bank manager’s office, who I was delighted to see was a woman, and she was holding a meeting with a couple of people. She ushered them out and then proceeded to call a number of banks to see where an ATM that accepted foreign cards would be. I suggested an Iraqi bank because that was what I had used in Sulaymaniyah. So she grabbed a customer who was doing his own business at the bank and told him to drive me to the Bank of Baghdad , a few kilometres outside of the city. 

I jumped into the car with him, he was a teacher and happened to speak good English. He drove me out to the bank and I told him I would find my own way back as I was already overwhelmed with how much people were going out of their way to help me. (I ended up opting to take the long walk back into the city and stumbled across the Jalil Khayat mosque on the way, so it was worth it.)

I met a US citizen who was working in Erbil at the ATM and we laughed together about how ridiculous it is that there’s so few of these machines and they just so happen to be way outside of the city centre. But, just ask for help and you will get it in Iraqi Kurdistan!

Exploring more of Iraqi Kurdistan?

Check out my other posts about Iraqi Kurdistan:

Best Things to Do in Sulaymaniyah

• Why You Should Explore Akre, Lalish and Alqosh

A Complete Guide to Travelling in Iraqi Kurdistan

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16 Amazing Things to do in Erbil, Iraq in 2024

I spent a week exploring Erbil in late 2022 and detail some of the best Erbil tourist attractions below. There are lots of great things to do in Erbil from an assortment of interesting museums, to city parks, bazaars, markets, mosques, churches and of course, the ancient citadel.

Erbil is the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan and is separate from Federal Iraq. It has its own government and army and is administered separately from the rest of the country. It is also one of the safest parts of Iraq to visit.

The centre of the city is dominated by the citadel (Qelat/Qalat) which is thought to be the oldest continuously inhabited place on earth (6,000 to 7,000 years as a human settlement). There are also many other interesting places to visit in Erbil from the bazaars to the parks and much more.

Boring stuff: I have visited each of the places I recommend and give you my honest opinion, warts and all. All photos are my own unless otherwise stated and may not be reproduced without permission. Affiliate links may earn a commission at no extra cost to you.

Table of Contents

Top Things to do in Erbil

1. erbil citadel (one of the best things to do in erbil).

The UNESCO-listed Erbil citadel is definitely one of the best things to do in Erbil. After you ascend the road to the Grand Gate you will be met with stunning views of the city skyline and an old cannon.

The citadel has been home to many peoples throughout the ages from the Assyrians to the Sassanians and even captured by the Mongols in 1258. The impressive sandstone Grand Gate opens up into a courtyard with winding lanes and

Once inside, there are many things to see from archaeological ruins to an assortment of museums and gift and antique shops which I’ve detailed below. The Citadel is free to enter but the various museums charge a small entrance fee of around 1,500 Iraqi Dinar ($1.00).

2. Visit the Kurdish Textile Museum

The Kurdish Textile Museum houses a collection of traditional Kurdish rugs, national dress and more over two floors and several rooms. From carpets to a recreated Kurdish home and a pleasant cafe, this interesting museum is definitely worth a look and one of the top Erbil tourist attractions.

The walls are adorned with rugs incorporating many different designs from sun wheel patterns to animals and represent different Kurdish tribes throughout the ages.

The museum costs 1,500 ($1.00) to enter and is open daily from 9:00am to 6:00pm. To get to the museum walk in through the Grand Gate and take the first lane on the right.

3. Shop for Souvenirs at Qaysari Grand Bazaar

The area in front of the citadel is packed with bazaars and market stalls, the largest of these being the indoor Qaysari Grand Bazaar . This is a fantastic place to browse all manner of goods on sale from sweets, nuts and herbs to clothing, keffiyehs, plants, snacks and household goods.

If you want to bring a souvenir or gifts back from Erbil this is the place to get them. I picked up Kurdish and Iraqi flags, and some old banknotes from the Sadam days. I also bought some sweets (candy) for my host family back in Diyarbakir ).

The bazaar is open seven days a week from 9:00am to 10:00pm and is definitely one of the best places to visit in Erbil for shopping, eating and soaking up the atmosphere. Be sure to haggle for your bargains, and you’ll find that one or two of the sellers may speak a few words of English.

4. Visit Minaret Park (One of the Best Places to Visit in Erbil)

Across the road from, Shanadar Park is the Minaret Park , a large open space with some interesting sculptures, a miniature version of the citadel and the 36-metre (118-foot) Mudhafaria Minaret.

The minaret was completed in 1232 and is adorned with Kufi calligraphy and patterns. It’s not possible to climb the tower as the stairs have collapsed, but it’s still impressive to see this baked-brick structure still standing after nearly 800 years.

Entrance to the park is free and in summer there is a cafe selling refreshments. This is definitely one of the top Erbil attractions so be sure to pay it a visit and explore the interesting art and architecture on display.

5. Shanadar Park (One of the Top Erbil Attractions)

Shanadar Park was less than one kilometre from my hotel (the Sinaia Palace ) and almost on the way to the Citadel so this was my first Erbil attraction. It’s a large park with pleasant walkways, benches, cable cars, cafes and a large lake.

Although the park was open, the cafes and cable cars were closed on my visit (a weekday in November) and I assume this is for the winter.

6. Gemstone Museum

The Erbil Gemstone Museum houses an impressive collection of precious stones, gems, meteorites and more from all over the world. There are two rooms with various displays, a small courtyard and upstairs a gift shop selling gems and other stones.

There is a raised platform next to the gift shop with excellent views of the inner citadel and the Qalat Mosque. The entrance fee is 1,500 Iraqi dinars ($1.00). Open daily from 9:00am to 6:00pm. Although it’s a small museum, it’s definitely worth having a look at, especially for the upstairs views of the citadel.

7. The Grand Mosque Qalat

The Grand Mosque , also known as the Mullah Afandi or Old Sawafa Mosque is the oldest in the city and dates back to the 8th Century. It was however rebuilt in 1719 to face Mecca. The yellow and blue minaret reminded me a lot ofRegistan Square Samarkand in Uzbekistan.

The mosque is currently closed for renovation (2022) but it’s possible to walk around the outside and there are great views from the gemstone museum. The mosque is located within the Citadel at the middle point just to the right of the flagpole.

8. Visit the Erbil Civilization Museum

The Erbil Civilisation Museum is located in the Hawler district and contains three halls with displays charting the history of Mesopotamia from prehistoric times through to the Assyrians, Sassanids and later Islamic period of northern Iraq.

Inside you’ll find a selection of archaeological finds from pottery to statues, and even a few Babylonian relics. Visiting the museum is a great way to get an introduction to the history of Iraq.

Unfortunately, the museum was closed when I tried to visit as it was the weekend (closed Friday and Saturday). Opening hours are 8:00am to 2:00pm Sunday to Thursday. There is no entrance charge, making it another one of the best free things to do in Erbil.

9. Syriac Heritage Museum

Like the Civilization Museum, the Syriac Heritage Museum was also closed when I tried to visit (it seems Saturday in Iraq is when most museums are closed) but I was able to have a nose around outside and snap some pictures of the interesting exterior which seems almost Babylonian in style.

The museum is open from 9:00am to 5:30pm Sunday to Thursday. The museum is free to enter so it’s one of the best free things to do in Erbil if you want to learn about Assyrian culture.

10. Military Bazaar

If military chic is your thing (it’s definitely mine), then head to Erbil’s military market a short walk from ther centre of the city. Here you can pick up anything from combat boots and army jackets to sniper scopes and militaria.

The military surplus stalls and shops can be found along Kirkuk Road 500 metres from the citadel, cose to the Kirkuk bus terminal. Open normal shopping hours from 9:00am to 10:00pm.

11. Jalil Khayat Mosque

The Jalil Khayat Mosque is the largest in the city and is located on the northeast outskirts of Erbil a couple of kilometres from the centre. This Sunni place of worship bears a resemblance to the Blue Mosque in Istanbul and has a similar Ottomon-inspired interior.

The mosque was completed in 2007 so it’s not a historic building (check out the Qalat Mosque in the Citadel for a more historic building). The total area stretches over 15,000 square metres so it’s an impressive sight.

The mosque is open to the public daily between 10:00am and 7:10pm.

12. City (Shar) Park

The City Park is mostly a concrete affair with trees and shrubs around the edges, but this vibrant area between the bazaars and in front of the citadel has great views. Tea sellers walk around selling hot tea between the fountains and pools.

13. Mzgawi Xanaqa

Mzgawi Xanaqa is home to two mosques, a bazaar with countless market stalls, and a recreation of London’s Big Ben. This is where I bought my Sadam banknotes for 1,000 dinars apiece ($0.70). There are fruit juice stalls and food stands selling kebab, shawarma and other local snacks.

14. Have Coffee and Cake at the Machko Cafe

The Machko Cafe (Chaixanay Machko) is located in a gorgeous old building at the foot of the citadel overlooking City Park and the Grand Bazaar. I stopped in here for a coffee and a piece of cake (pricey at 13,000 dinars / $9.00), but the views are fantastic and it has a great atmosphere.

The cafe has an English menu, and they also serve food and hookah. Head up the stairs to the right of the downstairs cafe for the best seats and views. The cafe is open every day from 9:00am to 12:00pm.

15. Walk around the Christian Ainkawa (Ankawa) District

Ankawa (also known as Ainkawa) is Erbil’s Christian district and it has a completely different feel to the rest of the city. This is also the only place you’ll find bars and shops selling alcohol (the Suryiani wine is a must-try). Ankawa has lots of churches to explore, but they are all protected by soldiers and armed guards.

One of the best expat hangouts is the Deutscher Hoff German bar and beer garden. I popped in here for a drink on my last night in Erbil and met lots of foreigners working and living in the city. Prices are pretty steep with a steiner of beer costing 12,000 dinars ($8).

16. See St Joseph’s Cathedral

I tried visiting St Joesph’s Cathedral in Ainkawa but a soldier wouldn’t let me in or take any photos outside. I tried another entrance and a friendlier soldier allowed me to take a couple of pictures but I still wasn’t able to go inside, contrary to other reports I’ve read online.

Getting Around Erbil

Taxis are inexpensive and you can get anywhere in the city for 5,000 Iraqi Dinars ($3.50) including the international bus station. The citadel, parks and museums are all within walking distance of a couple of kilometres. The only exception is the Ankawa Christian suburb which is about 6km from the centre of the city.

Getting to Erbil

I took the bus from Diyarbakir in Turkey (it also makes stops in Mardin, Cizre and Duhok). Ibrahim Kalil Border Crossing. The journey from Diyarbakir to Erbil took 10 hours bu the return journey took 22 hours as we were stuck at the border for many hours.

Erbil Accommodation

I stayed at the Sinaia Palace Hotel which was basic but comfortable and included a half-decent breakfast. It’s one kilometre from Shanadar Park and just under two kilometres from the citadel and an easy walk from most of the city’s main attractions.

Is Erbil Safe to Visit?

Erbil is a very safe city to visit. I walked around the city day and night and never felt unsafe. The only time I was ever really worried was at night in my hotel. There was a gun on the reception desk which freaked me out a little (as an Englishman I’m not used to seeing guns).

Although Mosul, the former capital of the ISIS caliphate, is just 40km away, Erbil hasn’t seen any major terrorist incidents since the defeat of Daesh in 2019.

One thing to be aware of is that both Turkey and Iran are conducting airstrikes in northern Iraq as they hunt Kurdish separatists such as the PKK. There have been several incidents recently of tourists being killed in these airstrikes and by roadside bombs .

Travel Insurance

Our partners at SafetyWing provide insurance cover for trips to Iraq.

For more on travelling in the region, check out this excellent Kurdistan Travel Guide from Joan Torres of Against the Compass.

Now you know what to do in Erbil, this incredible city should be high on your list of places to visit in the Middle East. There are so many wonderful things to do in Erbil and I loved walking around the parks, bazaars, and of course the magnificent citadel.

Iraq is bursting with history from Babylonian and Mesopotamian times to the present day and is an intensely rewarding destination. The Kurdish people of northern Iraq were some of the friendliest people I’ve met on my travels.

You might also enjoy these articles:

Travelling the Silk Road

Things to do in Mardin

London to Baghdad by Car

About the author: Steve Rohan is a writer from Essex, England. He has traveled to over 60 countries, lived in Armenia, China and Hong Kong, and is now living the digital nomad life on the road.

Steve prefers “slow travel” and has covered much of the world by train, bus and boat. He has been interviewed multiple times by the BBC and recently featured in the documentary Scariest Places in the World . See the About page for more info.

Where I am now: Yerevan, Armenia 🇦🇲

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$447 Find cheap flights to Erbil

This is the cheapest one-way flight price found by a kayak user in the last 72 hours by searching for a flight to erbil departing on 10/15. fares are subject to change and may not be available on all flights or dates of travel. click the price to replicate the search for this deal., search hundreds of travel sites at once for deals on flights to erbil.

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Depending on the traveler's nationality, a passport, and visa may be required to board a flight leaving the U.S. to EBL. U.S. citizens require a valid passport to enter Iraq and can get a visa upon arrival at EBL. However, foreigners from other nations might need extra paperwork or a visa before entry. It is advised that travelers check with the Iraqi Embassy to establish the specific requirements of their nationality.

Are there car rentals at Erbil International Airport?

Yes, the car rental area is near the airport's arrivals hall. Either ask a staff member for guidance or follow the signage at EBL to get there. You must be over 21 and have a valid driver's license to rent a car at the airport. To rent a car at EBL, you will need a valid driver's license above 21.

What cities are served by the Erbil International Airport?

Erbil International Airport serves the cities of Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, and Duhok in Iraq. Duhok is famous for its rich cultural legacy, Erbil is renowned for its historic Citadel, and Sulaymaniyah for its booming nightlife. The airport is a convenient hub for travelers because all three cities are within a two hours radius drive of it.

What are some rules for car seats at the Erbil International Airport?

All children under 12 must be restrained in a certified child safety seat at EBL while traveling in a car. All car seats must comply with European Union ECE or United Nations Regulation and be installed in the back seat. All passengers must be buckled up while riding in a car.

Are there onsite hotels at the airport?

There's Erbil International Airport Hotel if you're looking to stay overnight at the airport. Other hotels nearby include the Sheraton Hotel and the Al-Khalil International Hotel. Soldiers patrol the airport 24 hours a day, and it is considered one of the safest places in Iraq.

What transport options are available to the city center?

There are regular taxis waiting outside the terminal. These will take you to any destination in Erbil and the prices vary depending on distance, season and time of day. Other transport options at the city center are buses. The fastest means of transport to the city center is by taxi. The taxi takes about 20-25min to get from Erbil International Airport into the city center.

Are there car rental companies at the airport?

Yes, there are a few car rental agencies at Erbil International Airport. The most popular are Hertz and Avis Rent A Car. These are available on the ground level of the airport. Hertz is in the North and Avis is in the South. If you are looking for a car rental company that offers a pick-up service, check out National or Rental Cars Erbil Airport. They have desks on the ground level of the airport as well.

What services are available for passengers with limited mobility?

The terminal has an escalator and elevator for those with limited mobility. The airport also provides a special parking area in front of the terminal building, which is equipped with appropriate facilities for passengers using wheelchairs or similar devices. These services are meant for the elderly, pregnant women, children under 12 years old and people with disabilities.

How far is Erbil from central Erbil?

You’ll need to travel 4 miles to reach the Erbil city center from Erbil.

What is the name of Erbil’s airport?

Erbil is served by Erbil, also commonly referred to as Erbil Intl. The airport code is EBL.

How does KAYAK find such low prices on flights to Erbil?

KAYAK is a travel search engine. That means we look across the web to find the best prices we can find for our users. With over 2 billion flight queries processed yearly, we are able to display a variety of prices and options on flights to Erbil.

How does KAYAK's flight Price Forecast tool help me choose the right time to buy my flight ticket to Erbil?

KAYAK’s flight Price Forecast tool uses historical data to determine whether the price for a flight to Erbil is likely to change within 7 days, so travelers know whether to wait or book now.

What is the Hacker Fare option on flights to Erbil?

Hacker Fares allow you to combine one-way tickets in order to save you money over a traditional round-trip ticket. You could then fly to Erbil with an airline and back with another airline.

What is KAYAK's "flexible dates" feature and why should I care when looking for a flight to Erbil?

Sometimes travel dates aren't set in stone. If your preferred travel dates have some wiggle room, flexible dates will show you all the options when flying to Erbil up to 3 days before/after your preferred dates. You can then pick the flights that suit you best.

Which airline offers the most flights to Erbil?

Of the 2 airlines that fly to Erbil, Iraqi Airways offers the most flights, with around 22 per week, followed by Fly Baghdad with 1 flights per week.

Top tips for finding cheap flights to Erbil

• Enter your preferred departure airport and travel dates into the search form above to unlock the latest Erbil flight deals.
• Erbil International Airport (EBL) is the busiest and largest airport in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It serves as the primary gateway to the region, and it is situated in Erbil Governorate with two terminals.
• Year-round flights are accessible from U.S. locations to Erbil International Airport (EBL). The cities include Philadelphia, Atlanta, Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Dallas, San Francisco, New York City, Houston, and Boston.
• When travelling to Erbil, Iraq, you will land at the Erbil International Airport (EBL). This airport has a clear and efficient layout which makes it easy to navigate and find your way around the airport terminal.
• The check-in area is located on level one of the terminal, where you will be greeted by friendly staff who speak many languages including English, Arabic, Kurdish and Russian.
• In case you need storage facilities at the airport, there are lockers available on the left of levels one and two. For storage over 24 hours, you can get a locker at the airport's business center.
• The Erbil International Airport is also well equipped with a wide variety of shops, restaurants and cafes to choose from. You can find many brands in these stores including Adidas, Nike, H&M and Lacoste as well as other international brands that are hard to get elsewhere in Iraq. There are many cafe and restaurant options available at the airport, including international chains such as Pizza Hut.
• If you are landing with children at the airport, you will be happy to know that there are plenty of facilities for them here, too. There is a play area in the international terminal with toys and games for children under 12 years old as well as an indoor playground just outside security on level one.

Prefer to fly non-stop to Erbil Intl?

Find which airlines fly direct to Erbil Intl, which days they fly and book direct flights.

Nonstop departures

United States to Erbil Intl

Air Arabia, Austrian Airlines, British Airways, +13 more

Air Arabia, Austrian Airlines, +14 more

Air Arabia, Austrian Airlines, British Airways, +14 more

Air Arabia, Austrian Airlines, +15 more

Air Arabia, Austrian Airlines, British Airways, +15 more

Air Arabia, Austrian Airlines, +16 more

Air Arabia, Austrian Airlines, British Airways, +11 more

Air Arabia, Austrian Airlines, +12 more

Air Arabia, British Airways, Egypt Air, +12 more

Air Arabia, British Airways, +13 more

Nonstop returns

Erbil Intl to United States

Top 5 airlines flying to erbil.

Besides the flight cancellation, everything else was prefect. Kudos to Malaysian Airlines.

Operated by American Airlines. Very chaotic and the crew was bit rough responding any enquiries. Restricted leg space.. Qatar would have been better

Qatar airways from Doha to guangzhau was excellent big bird Boeing 777 more room and smoothly flight, I Love it

It was good no problems made it on time for the next flight overseas!

The made us waiting and held our passports and boarding pass making us miss our flights

Not impressed. Only allowed one carry on on such a long flight.

The flight was good but my neighbor had the vent open full power for the whole flight and because the air was blowing from the side instead of from the top and I got very cold and ended up with a sore throat.

Bad experience with the delay n long wait time for connecting flight after missing the connection flight from Doha.

Wore experience due to delay and took me 3 days to reach my destination.

All over with Qatar airlines my experience was really bad due to delays and then putting me on different airlines and after 8 hours of wait I had to listen to their is no plane to fly for another 24 hours. Wore experience ever.

No delays, helpful staff, well organised. The check in and boarding procedures ran smoothly. The only thing that put me off is that the meal had spicy peppers in. I would have appreciated at least a warning (if i couldn't have a choice) so as to simply not eat them because they were too spicy.

Schedule and on time departure and arrival were great. The crew was good, but a change in aircraft bumped many of us from our expected seats. It was a crowded flight, but the cabin crew did their best to keep things under control.

The crew was attentive but not intrusive, and was always kind in every interaction.

Austrian airline they cancel my fight , and the couldn’t give me flight , they said only available flight 4th and after , I sacked for refund, even from you KYAK , and tell now no any refund , because what happened I lost more money because I have to stay in hotel and then I buy new ticket

Management and staff att viena wasn’t professional,and they are not good by how to communicate and solve the problem, I was shocked , as I know Austrian airlines was amusing Thank you

I bought the ticket a month before my flight but checked in couple hours before my flight and had to wait seat assignment just before take off. On top of that there was not enough room in the overhead bin for my luggage.

The baggage arrived damaged and i spent EUR 300 on the baggage a month ago. No responsibility from airline or the handles.

There were a number of passengers scheduled to transfer to the flight from Vienna to Warsaw. None of them made it because the crew failed to assist them in getting to the gate for the Warsaw bound flight in time. It could have been done very easily with proper assistance.

Overall pleasant flight . The lunch was exceptional! Delicious chicken curry with perfect rice and amazing chocolate (Sacher torte) for desert. I have not eaten such a good airplane meal in a very, very long time.

Flight attendants were awful, very rude and inconsiderate for mothers with small infants traveling.

Overnight flight in the old style Business class, but still very good.

I was in business class, without the business class amenities. Large seat with lots of legroom, but no TV or bed. Food was okay, but I did enjoy the Turkish red wine.

Excellent service and comfort from the moment you check in. Flight crew is hyper focused on making passengers comfortable and at ease. It’s like a flying hotel!

Only chicken as a meat dish through out the flight

Nothing really was great as such. Seen other no name airlines perform better.

Quality of service on board was very inconsistent. FA service primarily seemed robotic and they barely engaged with passengers

I’m unclear why I had to pay extra for assigned seats as Turkish airlines did not honor the seating. We were placed across the aisle from each other on TK 34, and were seated behind one another on TK 694. Because my name was misspelled on e-ticket (Klawiter, instead of Klawitter) I could not log onto website to get the connection gate number in Istanbul. The monitors in the airport were a jumbled mess 1/2 Arabic and 1/2 English.

On line check in needs a lot of improvement. I tried and gave up.

Food not good, flight attendants not the best, not accommodating very ruff

the female flight attendant was racist towards me. I could tell she treated the two other passengers next to me with more softness.

No Wi-Fi 50% of headphones handed out do not work. Otherwise pleasant.

Very nice staff. organized check in and good food. Bit cramped and tired looking plane inside

Was so surprised that for a short flight we were served a sandwich lunch

I didn’t like anything. I fly about 40 times per year and this is by far the worst airline I’ve even been on.

In business class and attendants acted like bothering them when asking for water. Which they didn’t even offer at all during the flight.

Worst flying experience ever. Both kids fell sick from food afterwards. In flight Service was missing. Same food served for all meals and that too stale which made us sick.

I had bad experience, this flight from Amman to Detroit was delayed for 40 hours!!!! The staff are rude & the food was not good at all.

I had bad experience, the first flight was delayed for 4 hours & the second flight was delayed for 40 hours!!!!! The staff on the flight from Amman to Detroit are rude . The food was not good at all.

Entertainment content is outdated. Food; I chose the chicken meal with rice, I would like to know the thought process of serving rice and chicken to be eaten with only a fork?! I don't eat spicy food for health reasons, I found out that the rice is very spicy after the first bite, so I didn't eat.

It was operated by Oman Air . So old airplane so dirty and so hot till we were flown We paid a full price for this flight but it’s not acceptable The plane was parked in cargo parking it was very far from the airport

Overall, the flight was comfortable without any serious issues. Transit through Frankfurt airport was a little confusing, but not too difficult if you follow the signs

There was a screaming child behind our seats. This prevented us from getting any sleep during the night.

There was a screaming child just behind our seats. This prevented us from getting any sleep during the night!!

Staff disappeared after dinner service until breakfast, no help with beds, no help running to our gate to catch connection cause flight was late, our luggage didn’t make it, took over 24 hours to get luggage to hotel, no compensation!!

Everything was good except food. I believe there is room for improvement

Houston to Porto flight delayed landing made us miss our connection. Tried to get on standby for the next flight and even though the lady knew we wouldn’t be able to get on it and she sent us down there. We sat there three hours and then we’re told there’s no way you’re getting on this flight. So we had to go to customer service and ended up having to spend the night in Frankfurt and missed a whole day of our vacation in Porto

my flight was at 3:45 after that they delayed to 4:40 I have transit from Chicago to Frankfurt and Frankfurt to vina airport from vina to Erbil buy the Time I come to Frankfort my other flight left me I have to stay at airport all day with my 5 kids ask for help no one help me I spent at airport almost $450 just for food was horrible flight ever I call and ask for hotel from united customer service they been telling me we can’t provide any hotel I need some refund or fixed my flight when I return to America need some one respond my email

My experience would have been greatly improved by arriving on time to connect to my Porto flight. The staff that dealt with the aftermath of the late arrival evidently booked my group into a hotel in Frankfurt. This reduced my time in Porto Portugal a day and half. I do want to commend Jorge Klein for his hard work. He spent a great deal.of time trying to rebook the flight and he eventually did rebook for the next day and did provide accommodations for me overnight. This was a big issue for me and the group I traveled. The rest of the trip was good.

Not your fault…..didn’t get my drink until just before landing….bumpy flight.

Lufthansa flights were great. United flight from houston to Frankfurt had very small seats with almost no space

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Security Alert May 17, 2024

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Travel Advisory April 24, 2024

Iraq - level 4: do not travel.

Updated to reflect the termination of Ordered Departure of non-emergency U.S. government employees and eligible family members.

Do not travel to Iraq due to terrorism, kidnapping, armed conflict, civil unrest, and Mission Iraq’s limited capacity to provide support to U.S. citizens.

On April 1, 2024, the Department terminated the Ordered Departure status for U.S. Embassy Baghdad and U.S. Consulate General Erbil. However, the Travel Advisory level for Iraq remains at Level 4, advising that U.S. citizens not travel to Iraq.

Country Summary:  U.S. citizens in Iraq face high risks to their safety and security, including the potential for violence and kidnapping. Terrorist and insurgent groups regularly attack Iraqi security forces and civilians. Anti-U.S. militias threaten U.S. citizens and international companies throughout Iraq. Attacks using improvised explosive devices, indirect fire, and unmanned aerial vehicles occur in many areas of the country, including Baghdad and other major cities. In an emergency, consular services to U.S. citizens in Iraq are limited due to severe restrictions on the movements of U.S. government personnel.

Demonstrations, protests, and strikes occur frequently throughout the country. These events can develop quickly without prior notice, often interrupting traffic, transportation, and other services, and sometimes turning violent.

Do not travel near Iraq’s northern borders due to the continued threat of attacks by terrorist groups, armed conflict, aerial bombardment, and civil unrest. U.S. citizens should especially avoid areas near armed groups in northern Iraq, which have been targeted with aerial strikes by neighboring countries’ militaries.

U.S. citizens should not travel through Iraq to engage in armed conflict in Syria, where they would face extreme personal risks (kidnapping, injury, or death) and legal risks (arrest, fines, and expulsion). The Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraq has stated that it will impose prison sentences of up to ten years on individuals who illegally cross the Iraq-Syria border. Additionally, fighting on behalf of or supporting designated terrorist organizations is a crime under U.S. law that can result in prison sentences and large fines in the United States.

Because of security concerns, U.S. government personnel in Baghdad are instructed not to use Baghdad International Airport. Due to risks to civil aviation operating in the Baghdad Flight Information Region, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has extended its Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR) prohibiting certain flights at altitudes below 32,000 feet for an additional two years. For more information, U.S. citizens should consult the   Federal Aviation Administration’s Prohibitions, Restrictions, and Notices.

Read the country information page for additional information on travel to Iraq.

If you decide to travel to Iraq:

• Establish your own personal security plan in coordination with your employer or host organization or consider consulting with a professional security organization.
• Draft a will and designate appropriate insurance beneficiaries and/or power of attorney.
• Discuss a plan with loved ones regarding care/custody of children, pets, property, belongings, non-liquid assets (collections, artwork, etc.), funeral wishes, etc.
• Share important documents, login information, and points of contact with loved ones so that they can manage your affairs if you are unable to return as planned to the United States.
• Visit our website for Travel to High-Risk Areas .
• Enroll in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) to receive alerts and make it easier to locate you in an emergency.
• Follow the Department of State on Facebook and Twitter .
• Review the Country Security Report for Iraq.
• Visit the CDC website for the latest Travel Health Information related to your travel.
• Prepare a contingency plan for emergency situations. Review the Traveler’s Checklist

Embassy Messages

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Quick Facts

Embassies and consulates.

U.S. Embassy Baghdad Al-Kindi Street International Zone Baghdad, Iraq

Business Hours: 8:00am to 5:00pm, Sunday through Thursday Telephone: From Iraq and outside the United States:  +964-760-030-3000 From the United States:  +1-301-985-8841 U.S. Citizen Emergency Telephone (After-Hours, Friday, Saturday & Holidays): Call and ask to speak with the Duty Officer Email:  [email protected]

U.S. Consulate General Erbil 413 Ishtar, Ankawa Erbil, Iraq Business Hours: 8:00am to 5:00pm, Sunday through Thursday Telephone: From Iraq and outside the United States:  +964-66-211-4000 From the United States:  +1-240-264-3467extension 4554 U.S. Citizen Emergency Telephone (After-Hours, Friday, Saturday & Holidays): Call and ask to speak with the Duty Officer E-mail:   [email protected]

Destination Description

Learn about the U.S. relationship to countries around the world.

Entry, Exit and Visa Requirements

Iraq has a strict entry and exit system.  Visa requirements vary depending on the traveler’s citizenship, Iraqi ancestry, purpose of travel, and duration of stay.  Visas on arrival are available for U.S. citizen tourists at airports in Iraq, including Erbil International Airport.  Travelers to Iraq should not depart Iraq without ensuring they receive an exit stamp in their passport. 

Residency stamps and blood tests may be required for long-term residents and those who plan to seek employment.  Iraq imposes penalties, such as fines, detention, or deportation, for violations of Iraqi immigration policies, including overstays or working without authorization.  

The possession of weapons and movements through checkpoints are strictly regulated.  U.S. citizens traveling to Iraq without authorization to possess weapons, or those who travel through checkpoints without proper documents or a clear purpose of travel, may be detained by authorities.

All travelers should visit the Embassy of Iraq’s website at  https://www.iraqiembassy.us/page/visas-to-iraq/ for visa and other relevant travel information. 

HIV/AIDS:   Iraq imposed HIV/AIDS-related travel restrictions on all visitors and new residents.  Travelers with HIV/AIDS should verify their eligibility to travel to Iraq with the  Embassy of Iraq  before travelling.

Find information on our website about  dual nationality ,  prevention of international child abduction , and  customs regulations .

Safety and Security

Terrorism: Terrorist groups and those inspired by such organizations are intent on attacking U.S. citizens abroad. Terrorists increasingly use less-sophisticated methods of attack – including knives, firearms, and vehicles – to target crowds at venues such as:

• High-profile public events (sporting contests, political rallies, demonstrations, holiday events, celebratory gatherings, etc.)
• Hotels, clubs, and restaurants frequented by tourists
• Places of worship
• Shopping malls and markets
• Public transportation systems, including subways, buses, trains, and scheduled commercial flights.

Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, also known as ISIS, ISIL or Da’esh, is a designated terrorist organization, which is active in Syria and near the Iraq border. ISIS and its associated terrorist groups indiscriminately commit attacks and violent atrocities in Iraq despite improved Iraqi government control. ISIS, militia groups, and criminal gangs target U.S. citizens for attacks and hostage-taking.

Iraq’s northern borders are especially dangerous due to the continued threat of attacks by terrorist groups, armed conflict, aerial bombardment, and civil unrest.  U.S. citizens should especially avoid areas near armed groups in northern Iraq, which have been targeted with aerial strikes by neighboring countries’ militaries.

Due to security and safety threats, U.S. government personnel in Iraq live and work under strict security guidelines, which limit their movements and interactions.

Crime:   Carjacking is common, even during daylight hours, and particularly on the highways from Jordan and Kuwait to Baghdad.  Kidnappings of foreigners, Iraqi citizens, and dual U.S.-Iraqi citizens can occur for ransom or political/religious reasons.  Many hostages have been killed.  The murder rate remains high due to terrorism, tribal and family disputes, and religious/sectarian tensions.  Sexual assault and domestic violence are common.  Petty theft is common in Iraq, including pickpocketing and theft of valuables from hotel rooms and private residences.

Demonstrations  occur frequently.  They may take place in response to political or economic issues, on politically significant holidays, and during international events.

• Even demonstrations intended to be peaceful can turn confrontational and possibly become violent.
• Avoid areas around protests and demonstrations.
• Check local media for updates and traffic advisories.

International financial and romance scams can be connected to Iraq.  See the  Department of State  and the  FBI webpages  for information.

Women Travelers:  Female U.S. citizens have been subject to threats, kidnappings, abuse, and extortion by their family, including loss of custody of children or forced marriage.  U.S. laws do not protect U.S. citizens when they are outside of the United States.  The Iraqi police and legal system may offer little protection.  See our travel tips for Women Travelers .     

Victims of Crime:   Report crimes, fires, and accidents to local authorities by dialing 104 (Police), 115 (Fire), 112 (National Emergency Hotline), or 139 (sexual assault and domestic violence).  Local authorities are responsible for investigating and prosecuting crimes.  They speak Arabic.  U.S. citizen victims may contact the U.S. Embassy for assistance at +964-760-030-3000.  We can:

• Help you find appropriate medical care
• Assist you in reporting a crime to the police
• Contact relatives or friends with your written consent
• Provide general information regarding the victim’s role during the local investigation and following its conclusion
• Provide a list of local attorneys
• Provide information on victim’s compensation programs in the United States

Domestic Violence:   U.S. citizen victims of domestic violence in Iraq are encouraged to contact the Embassy for assistance.

Tourism:  Tourists participate in activities at their own risk.  Emergency response and subsequent appropriate medical treatment may not be available in-country.  U.S. citizens are encouraged to purchase medical evacuation insurance.  See our website for information on insurance providers for overseas coverage.

Local Laws & Special Circumstances

Criminal Penalties:  U.S. citizens are subject to the laws of the foreign countries they visit. If you violate local laws, even unknowingly, you may be expelled, arrested, or imprisoned. Furthermore, certain acts of U.S. citizens overseas are prosecutable as crimes in the United States even if they are not illegal under the local law.  For examples, see our website on  crimes against minors abroad  and the  Department of Justice  website.

Arrest   Notification:  If you are arrested or detained, ask police or prison officials to notify the U.S. Embassy immediately. See our  webpage  for further information.

Property Disputes : Land disputes are common in Iraq and are often difficult to resolve through the legal system. The U.S. Embassy cannot take sides in a legal dispute. Those involved in a court dispute risk having claims filed against them, arrest, and being jailed.

Special Circumstances:  Iraq has serious deficiencies in public services. Electricity often fails. Fire and rescue services are inadequate, and hotels may not be equipped with fire safety equipment. Landline telephone service is limited; while cellular service reliability varies by region. The banking and financial infrastructure is underdeveloped. Transactions are largely cash-based. Hotels usually require payment in foreign currency. Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs) are rare.

Customs officers have broad authority to search persons or vehicles at Iraqi ports of entry. Officers may confiscate any goods deemed a threat to the peace, security, health, environment, or social order of Iraq. Antiquities, cultural and undeclared items for export may be confiscated. Visitors may be ordered to return such goods, at their expense, to the jurisdiction from which they came.

Counterfeit and Pirated Goods : Possession of counterfeit goods may be confiscated or fined. See the U.S. Department of Justice website for more information.

Dangers of Proselytizing:  While proselytizing is not considered a criminal offense under Iraqi law, it may expose you to danger. Iraq is a predominantly Muslim country, and individuals visiting for the purpose of spreading other faiths have been targeted and attacked by armed groups.

Faith-Based Travelers:  See the following webpages for details:

• Faith-Based Travel Information
• International Religious Freedom Report – see country reports
• Human Rights Report – see country reports
• Hajj Fact Sheet for Travelers
• Best Practices for Volunteering Abroad    

LGBTQI+ Travelers:  Discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity, and unconventional appearance is common. In April 2024, the Iraqi Council of Representatives passed an amendment to Iraq’s existing Anti-Prostitution Law which bans same-sex relations with fines ranging from 10 to 15 million IQD, imprisonment of 10 to 15 years, and punishes any persons or organizations that “promote homosexuality”.

See our  LGBTQI+ Travel Information  page and section six of our  Human Rights report  for details.

Travelers with Disabilities:  Individuals with disabilities may find accessibility and accommodation very different from what they find in the United States. Buildings, public restrooms, classrooms, offices, public transportation, and other places may not be accessible.

Students:  See our  Students Abroad  page and  FBI travel tips .

Women Travelers:   Female U.S. citizens have been subject to threats, kidnappings, abuse, and extortion by their family, including loss of custody of children or forced marriage. U.S. laws do not protect U.S. citizens when they are outside of the United States. The Iraqi police and legal system may offer little protection.  See our travel tips for  Women Travelers . 

Basic, modern medical care and medicines are not widely available in Iraq and do not meet U.S. standards. A limited number of companies facilitate medical evacuations. Blood banks exist in Iraq, though the blood supply may not be sufficient in the event of an emergency and likely has not been tested under U.S. standards for infectious disease. There is limited mental health or psychiatric care in Iraq.

For ambulance services dial 122. Ambulance services are not present throughout the country or are unreliable in most areas. They are not staffed with trained paramedics and often have little or no medical equipment.

We do not pay medical bills.  Be aware that U.S. Medicare/Medicaid does not apply overseas. Most hospitals and doctors overseas do not accept U.S. health insurance.

Medical Insurance:  Make sure your health insurance plan provides coverage overseas.  Most care providers overseas only accept cash payments.  See our webpage for more  information on insurance providers for overseas coverage .  Visit the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for more information on type of insurance you should consider before you travel overseas.

We strongly recommend  supplemental insurance  to cover medical evacuation.

Always carry your prescription medication in the original packaging along with your doctor’s prescription.

Vaccinations:  Be up-to-date on all  vaccinations recommended by  the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Further Health Information:

• World Health Organization
• U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  (CDC)

Prevalent Diseases:

• Tuberculosis
• Food-borne illnesses

Water Quality: In many areas, tap water is not safe to drink. Bottled water and beverages are generally safe, although you should be aware that many restaurants and hotels serve tap water unless bottled water is specifically requested. Be aware that ice for drinks may be made using tap water.

Air Quality

Air pollution is a significant problem in several major cities in Iraq. Seasonal smog and heavy particulate pollution may be especially harmful to the following people:  

• Infants, children, and teens
• People over 65 years of age
• People with lung disease, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
• People with heart disease or diabetes
• People who work or are active outdoors

Travel and Transportation

Road Conditions and Safety:  Vehicular travel in Iraq can be extremely dangerous. There have been attacks on civilian vehicles and on Iraqi military and security convoys on roads and highways throughout Iraq, both in and outside metropolitan areas. Attacks can occur at any time, night or day, and have involved small arms fire and Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) capable of destroying vehicles.

Traffic Laws:  Drivers usually do not yield to pedestrians at crosswalks and ignore traffic lights (if available), traffic rules, and regulations. Jaywalking is common. Roads are congested. Some cars do not use lights at night and urban streetlights may not be functioning. Some motorists drive at excessive speeds, tailgate, and force other drivers to yield the right of way.

Iraq has many government checkpoints scattered throughout the country. New ones may be placed randomly, particularly after terrorist attacks. It can take a long time to navigate them in crowded traffic, and some may shut down altogether at certain hours. Drivers should have car registration and ID documents available and should be very patient and polite.

Public Transportation:  Buses run irregularly and frequently change routes. City transit vehicles are often poorly maintained and can be involved in accidents. Long-distance buses are available but are often in poor condition and drive at unsafe speeds.

See our  Road Safety page  for more information.

Aviation Safety Oversight:  As there is no direct commercial air service to the United States by carriers registered in Iraq, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has not assessed the Government of Iraq’s Civil Aviation Authority for compliance with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) aviation safety standards. Further information may be found on the  FAA’s safety assessment page .

Because of the risks to civil aviation in the vicinity of Iraq, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has issued a Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR) that prohibits U.S. operators and codeshare flights from operating in Iraqi airspace below 32,000 feet. For more information, U.S. citizens should consult the  Federal Aviation Administration's Prohibitions, Restrictions, and Notices .

Maritime Travel:  Mariners planning travel to Iraq should also check for  U.S. maritime advisories and alerts . Information may also be posted to the  U.S. Coast Guard Homeport  and the  NGA Broadcast Warnings  website. 

For additional travel information

• Enroll in the  Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP)  to receive security messages and make it easier to locate you in an emergency.
• Call us in Washington, D.C. at 1-888-407-4747 (toll-free in the United States and Canada) or 1-202-501-4444 (from all other countries) from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Eastern Standard Time, Monday through Friday (except U.S. federal holidays).
• See the  State Department’s travel website  for the  Worldwide Caution  and  Travel Advisories .
• Follow us on  Twitter  and  Facebook .
• See  traveling safely abroad  for useful travel tips.

Review information about International Parental Child Abduction in Iraq . For additional IPCA-related information, please see the International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act ( ICAPRA ) report. 

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35 Things To Know Before You Travel To Kurdistan Iraq in 2024

As part of my big trip through the Middle East I was excited to set foot in Iraq, well... Kurdistani Iraq of course! After my trip to Syria , Lebanon and Jordan, flying to Erbil, Iraq was a perfect stop on my itinerary, although I had to fly through Istanbul. In this Kurdistan blog I will tell you all about my experiences traveling to Kurdistan, Iraq.

Surely I could understand all the questions when I said I was going to visit Kurdistan Iraq. Most Westerns think Iraq is one of the most unsafe places to travel, but I already knew for quite a while that a trip to Kurdistan was not really risky or dangerous. I guess going off the beaten path is in my nature and traveling to these kind of destinations makes me excited.

In this Kurdistan travel blog I will give you as many travel tips as possible and also show you the best things to do and places to see, some background information and some accommodation tips. Find it all in this complete Kurdistan travel guide.

1. Is it safe to travel to Kurdistan Iraq

From my experiences is a trip to Kurdistan completely safe. Keep in mind that things can change overnight as this still is a conflict area. Although over the last years the Autonomous region of Kurdistan has been doing an amazing job to make Kurdistan safe for travelers.

The Kurdistan Tourism Board claims that in the first 6 months of 2018 over 1.3 million tourists had been traveling to Kurdistan, most of them being Iraqis.

My experiences traveling Kurdistan were very laid-back so when you ask me if it is safe to travel to Kurdistan, I say: YES!  The first couple days I spent in Erbil and felt completely safe. A laid-back city to roam around in. The city center is filled with friendly locals and in the Ankawa district you can go out till late and walk home safely. Erbil is safe to travel in 2024!

When you visit Kurdistan there is no need to worry about anything getting stolen. Kurdistan sees very little crime. You can leave your phone and bag on the table while you order locals say. I would personally never do that, but according to locals it is common to do and nothing ever happens.

I also rented a car and went on a 4-day road trip. Roads are actually pretty ok, but definitely watch out for unexpected speed bumps and so now and then some potholes on less maintained roads. I drove around Northwest Kurdistan but avoided Mosul. I did not come across any problems or unsafe situations whatsoever on my road trip. Language barriers are real though, but people are very friendly and super helpful. When traveling to Kurdistan a road trip if one of the best things to do.

Watch my Instagram Story videos here: Iraq 1 , Iraq 2 and Iraq 3 .

The last 3 days I decided to travel to Sulaymaniyah, the shared taxi was pretty convenient and as I was hosted by a local in Sulaymaniyah I even got to see the city from a locals perspective. Not a single time did I feel unsafe or uncomfortable.

2. Kurdistan Iraq history

It is quite impossible to write in brief about the Kurdistan Iraq history in this travel blog. This region of the world has been fought over since the days of Karel the Great and still is a place of conflict until today. Kurdistan has had an extremely turbulent past and only in the last 30 years already they had to deal with a genocide, war against the Saddam regime, multiple humanitarian crises, fighting for independency and only recently the war against ISIS of course.

In this blog I want to focus on Kurdistan travel tips rather than its turbulent history. Though one of the best things to do in Kurdistan is to visit the Amna Suraka Museum in Sulaymaniyah. Definitely don’t miss this when traveling to Kurdistan Iraq. It is an amazing history lesson!

3. Do I need a visa to travel to Kurdistan

Most Western countries can visit Kurdistan Iraq visa free. Your passport will get stamped on arrival and you are allowed to stay up to 30 days. This only counts for the autonomous region of Kurdistan, you are NOT allowed to travel to Iraq. These are the visa free countries:

Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, UAE, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, United Arabic Emirates United Kingdom, United States.

4. Is Kurdistan a real country

Kurdistan is NOT an official country! Kurdish people are considered the biggest ethnic group in the world without their own country. They are spread over 4 countries: Iran, Turkey, Syria and Iraq. Only in Iraq Kurdistan is considered an autonomous region. In Iran, Turkey and Syria Kurds don’t have a special status.

Kurdistan became an autonomous region within Iraq since 1998 and this status was reconfirmed in the Iraqi constitution in 2005.

5. Language in Kurdistan

The official language spoken in Kurdistan is Kurdish. It is related to Turkish and Farsi (Iran) and therefore many Kurds also speak Turkish. Most of them also understand/speak Arabic, but do rather not use the Arabic language.

Kurds and Arabs are not each others best friends, but live in peace together nowadays… let’s put it that way!

When traveling to Kurdistan you may want to download a translate app or use Google Translator as most local people don’t speak English at all. In touristy places, hotels, restaurants there is always someone that speaks good English though. The younger generation speaks pretty ok English.

6. Religion in Kurdistan

The majority of the Kurdish people are Sunni Muslims, like in Saoudi Arabia. That said it felt like Kurdistan was pretty liberal and not that conservative as in other places in the Middle East. There are also some minorities like Christians, Yazidis and Zoroastrians.

Steets will mostly be filled with men and you won't see that many women out on their own. In Sulaymaniyah things are changing slowly though and you see women out and about on the streeets. I know you are wondering... No you don't need to wear a head scarf as a woman!

7. Weather in Kurdistan

Be prepared for extreme temperatures when traveling to Kurdistan in summer. It can get up to 50 degrees celsius in July and August. Winters are short but cold and snowfall in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah occurs from time to time. The mountains see a lot of snow every winter.

8. Best time to travel to Kurdistan Iraq

The best time to visit Kurdistan is in spring and autumn when temperatures are moderate. Best months are March and April when the countryside is green and heavenly with waterfalls all around. October and November sees great weather with clear blue skies guaranteed.

When I was visiting in mid September it was still 35+ degrees (95+), nights were pretty nice with 22 degrees (71). Pretty damn hot during the day though so visiting the more mountainous areas was the best thing to do in Kurdistan at that time.

9. Money in Kurdistan

The local currency is the same as in Iraq: the Iraqi Dinar (IQD). The Iraqi Dinar has been very stable in the last 5 years and the going rate is around $1 USD = 1,200 IQD. It is wisely to bring at least some cash money as there are exchange offices everywhere and they charge only a small fee.

10. ATM’s in Kurdistan

International ATM’s are not common, so bringing some cash when traveling to Kurdistan is advisable. The cash machines at Erbil International Airport weren’t working on my arrival so again bring cash to exchange. Later I found a good working cash machine for Visa and MasterCard at Nobel Hotel in Ankawa.

Most ATM’s don’t accept international bank cards. Those who do sometimes limit the amount to $50,000 ($42). Pretty annoying as in my case I get charged $5 per transaction from my bank! This happened to me at Byblos Bank and therefore I would suggest you to not use that one.

11. Credit cards in Kurdistan

Most of the places I have been didn’t accept international credit cards. The car rental company did. I rented a car from Europecar and they accepted a credit card.

12. Buying a sim card in Kurdistan

Upon arrival at Erbil Airport you will find 4 shops selling sim cards straight away Korek, Asiacell, Zain and Fastlink. It is pretty simple to determine the best prepaid Kurdistan sim card for tourists as only Fastlink can offer you a 4G connections. Unforunately Korek, Asiacell and Zain only offer 3G and I can tell you that is not what you want in a modern age.

Buying a sim card at Erbil Airport is slightly more expensive, but easy, quick and convenient. However Fastlink is not open at night! :(

The downside of Fastlink is that it only works for internet so you can’t call or text. However I never do that anyway, so for me this Kurdistan sim card was the best one anyway. As I needed to buy a sim card in Erbil anyway to find to best deal for Fastlink Kurdistan I shopped around. There are uncountable phone shops but they offer different value.

A Fastnet sim card costs 10,000 IQD ($8.5) and I found a mobile phone shop that gave me 18 GB for 15,000 IQD ($12.5). Amazing deal and it worked absolutely amazing, 4G around the whole country.

13. Prices in Kurdistan

Traveling in Kurdistan is not super cheap. Budget hotels start from $30 per night and getting around is not cheap either. As there is no public transport, taxis are the way to go. Restaurants in Erbil charge around $6 for breakfast and lunch, dinner is around $8-$10 per person. A beer in a restaurant is around $2-$3, a cocktail or mix drink around $5.

When backpacking Kurdistan you will probably like to go to the cheaper local restaurants where you can already find shawarma and kebabs for $1. But you can also find skybars in Erbil where a beer is $7, but these places are rare.

14. Drinking alcohol in Kurdistan, Iraq

Since Kurdistan is predominately Muslim, most places in Kurdistan don’t serve alcohol, but especially in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah it is super easy to find alcohol and to get drunk.

In Erbil you will need to go to Ankawa, the Christian Quarter. Here you will find multiple liquor stores and also restaurants that serve alcohol. Beers in a liquor store cost $1 (Corona, Heineken, Efes, etc.). International hotels often have a license to sell alcohol as well, but are expensive.

In Sulaymaniyah finding drinks is like anywhere in Europe. Pretty much every bar/restaurant serves alcohol and prices are ok.

For some reason Kurdistan Iraq is one of those few countries in the world where Corona is the cheapest beer on the menu! Definitely a reason to travel to Kurdistan, right? ;)

15. Prostitution in Kurdistan

Yes, yes! You would probably not expect it from Kurdistan, Iraq but in Sulaymaniyah I found a red light district. Not that I got a taste of it, but I stumbled upon it and was very surprised to see decriminalised prostitution in Kurdistan. Not throwing it out here because I think it should be mentioned as a Kurdistan travel tip, just willing to take away misconceptions. Apparently Sulaymaniyah in Kurdistan Iraq is not that strict Muslim as we may think it is.

16. Tipping in Kurdistan

It is not super common to leave a tip in Kurdistan. Just paying the bill and leaving small change is normal practice and will already be appreciated. However the more popular places, especially were they serve alcohol they already add 10% tip to the bill.

17. Getting around Kurdistan

There is no organized public transport so when traveling around Kurdistan you will have to make use of taxis. The cheapest way to go from A to B are shared taxis who depart from several places around the city. If you for example want to get from Erbil to Sulaymaniyah then a shared taxi can be found from the Bagdhad Terminal in Erbil. A shared taxi from Erbil to Sulaymaniyah and the other way around cost 15,000 IQD ($13) for a back seat and 20,000 IQD ($17) for the front seat. It takes about 3-4 hours depending on traffic.

Getting around cities

Within cities it is best to grab a taxi and the going rate is somewhere in and between 2,000 ($1.5) and 5,000 ($4). From one side to the other in Erbil was 5,000 and it took about 25 minutes. Taxi drivers were friendly and easy going and never over charging.

From Erbil Airport to the city

Don’t take a taxi straight on arrival. These guys will charge you $30 set fare, although Ankawa for example is only 10 minutes by taxi. There are very limited taxis allowed at the arrival hall exit. But there is a bus you can take at the Arrival terminal. Almost everyone will take this bus, so follow the crowd. Then grab a taxi here that is dropping off passengers. In the middle of the night when taxis were very rare I found a taxi for only 8,000 IQD ($6.5) to my Airbnb in Ankawa.

Renting a car in Kurdistan

The best way to travel around Kurdistan is by renting a car. There are some really cool places to visit in Kurdistan, but it is fairly impossible to get there by shared taxi or public transport. Renting a car in Erbil was $60 per day and that was over the weekend, so I guess you can find it cheaper during the week.

18. Checkpoints Kurdistan

When traveling in Kurdistan you will have to go through to several checkpoints. It weren’t that many as I lately had on my trip to Syria but there are a few. You can mostly just pass by smiling and waving, although some want to see your passport. It is pretty easy and there is no need to worry for them when visiting Kurdistan. It is all about your attitude, just be smiley, be happy, these soldiers are mostly happy to see tourists in Kurdistan.

19. Kurdistan tour guide

There are a bunch of Kurdistan tour guides you can find online, but they are pretty expensive. When you are backpacking Kurdistan Im sure you don’t want to even approach them as they charge up to $150 a day for a guide/driver and when there are more people in the car they charge even more. STUPID!

When I inquired I was straight away put off by this practice as that shows it purely is a money making thing, not serving tourism. Some don't even have English speaking guides, so what is the point. So if you are looking for a Kurdistan tour guide, I am not the one to ask, because I think most of them are rip offs. At least the ones I have been in contact with.

I was lucky I got toured around in Sulaymaniyah by my online friend from Instagram (@baderkhanamerbadran) . I even stayed with his family and was treated like a family member. An amazing local experience!

20. Kurdistan tours

A great alternative is the Facebook Group called Rock Ur Bones . They organize Kurdistan tours and you can just join them. Most trips though are over the weekend, but I am sure that if you drop your request here some people are able to help. This Facebook group is amazing for ideas/inspiration for when you travel to Kurdistan, Iraq. Also great for when backpacking Kurdistan and looking for fellow travel buddies.

21. What to wear in Kurdistan

Kurdistan is predominantly Muslim and therefore for women it is advised to cover shoulders and knees at all times. Erbil is much more conservative than Sulaymaniyah and while going out in Sulaymaniyah I saw girls in skirts and heels, but only in high end bars and restaurants. As a woman you don't need to wear a head scarf like in Iran. In 2014 I travel there, it was amazing, check my Iran travel guide .

For local men it is not common to wear shorts, but for tourists it is totally excepted. I always wore my short jeans, a t-shirt and my flip flops. In Sulaymaniyah even some local young men were wearing shorts. I must say though that walking around the streets of Kurdistan Iraq I always felt underdressed. But since it was 35/105 degrees I couldn’t really be bothered.

22. Where to stay in Kurdistan

Finding accommodation when traveling in Kurdistan can be a pain. It is not that easy to book hotels online, especially outside the bigger cities. A Kurdistan travel tip is to go old school and find accommodation while on the road. During my Kurdistan road trip I found out it was very easy to book hotels/motels on the spot. Just walk in, ask for the price, see the room, negotiate and reserve. I think this is the best way to travel Kurdistan.

Couchsurfing Kurdistan

When backpacking Kurdistan I would suggest you to make use of Couchsurfing. I did not use Couchsurfing for more than 5 years, but because of a friend’s recommendation I tried it again on my trip to Kurdistan. It was a winner!!!! Wow what was I lucky with my couchsurfing host in Erbil. I ended up staying 4 nights with my host and afterwards we rented a car and went on a road trip together with another friend. We ticked off some of the most amazing things to do in Kurdistan, the road trip was epic!

In Sulaymaniyah I was equally over the moon as I got to stay with a local friend. Not directly through couchsurfing this time, but through Instagram. His family treated me like one of them and I got a real local Kurdistan experience. Thanks a million!

Airbnb Kurdistan

There are some great Airbnb places for the grab in Sulaymaniyah and Erbil but outside the cities there are very few options. I used Airbnb for several nights while traveling in Kurdistan.

Booking Kurdistan hotels online

The same counts for Kurdistan hotels on online booking sites. While on our road trip we hardly found hotels in Kurdistan online, but while driving through towns there were always a bunch of hotels or motels for the grab.

Booking.com

23. Things to do in Kurdistan

This Kurdistan travel guide wouldn’t be complete without the best things to do in Kurdistan. Northern Kurdistan is known for its amazing natural beauty with deep canyons, lakes and green mountains. On top of the places to visit in Kurdistan that I will mention in this travel blog there for sure are a bunch more but I want to focus on the main tourist attractions in Kurdistan.

24. Visit Erbil

Let’s start with the capital of Kurdistan: Erbil. As I said before I definitely liked hanging out in this city but I wouldn’t name it on my top 10 places to visit in the Middle East. Erbil is a typical Middle Eastern city where you find modern buildings next to outdated or unfinished buildings. Make sure to walk around the main square before sunset and feel the local vibe. Sit down in one of the cafes and have a tea or stroll through the bazaar.

Also see if you can arrange a visit to the Jalil Khayat Mosque and get a sneak peak inside: fabulous!

Another amazing place to watch the sunset when you travel to Erbil is the Loft skybar located at the International Hotel.

Watch my Instagram Story videos here: Iraq 1 .

The Erbil Citadel is a UNESCO World Heritage site but pretty disappointing to visit to be honest. There is no entrance fee so just walk in and see it for yourself. There is a stones & gems museum, and the Kurdish textile museum, which all ask $1 entrance fee. In the middle you will find an impressively huge flag of Kurdistan.

25. Visit Sulaymaniyah

The second biggest city in Kurdistan, Iraq is not so conservative as Erbil. It definitely is more open and feels much relaxer and more modern. Where in Erbil you will mostly only see men on the streets in Sulaymaniyah also groups of girls go out by themselves. It is still not really common, but slowly slowly it is becoming a much more open society.

When visiting Sulaymaniyah don’t miss the busy city center where you will find many markets with endless food stalls to sample from. Fresh fruits, crepes, nuts, tea and coffee bars, barbecue places and many more. It is best to visit in the evening when the streets are packed and people watching while sipping a traditional Kurdish coffee is one of the best things to do in Sulaymaniyah.

When visiting Sulaymaniyah make sure you don’t miss a sunset! There are numerous viewpoints around. Don’t miss the sunset from the Goizha Mountain where you can get by taking the cable car up. This is also where I am going to paraglide next time I visit Sulaymaniyah. Families gather along the ridge of the mountain and there are places where you can buy food and drinks.

My other favorite place to visit in Sulaymaniyah is the Roman amphitheater in the Hawary Shar Park with amazing mountains views.

All about my videos about visiting Sulaymaniyah can be found in my Iraq 3 Instagram stories .

26. Amna Suraka (Red) Museum Sulaymaniyah

This museum for sure is among the best places to visit in Kurdistan. Housed in the former intelligence office of the Saddam regime this is were you will find all about the recent Kurdistan history: the 1988 Anfall genocide, the days of the Saddam Hoessein regime and even about the war against ISIS. Prepare for an emotional journey as the Red Museum in Sulaymaniyah will give you goosebumps.

These are some of the photos I took from the Amna Suraka Museum in Sulaymaniyah. 

27. Rawanduz

This small mountain village is one of the best places to visit in Kurdistan when you love the outdoors. Surrounded by mountains and deep canyons there are a ton of viewpoints, one already 10 minutes walk on the North side of this sleepy little town. To get here you will need to rent a car, but it is definitely one of my Kurdistan travel tips to write down.

28. Barzan viewpoint

With this name you will most likely find the best thing to do in Kurdistan. I was so extremely excited when I got to see this place with my own eyes. Luckily it is not mentioned in all Kurdistan travel guides yet and it is not easy to find either. The Barzan viewpoint looks like the horseshoe bend in Arizona, but then better because there are NO tourists.

The viewpoint can be found north of Rezan just before a little town called Dore. You can find it on Google Maps (36.8938876, 44.1304754).

Watch my Instagram Story videos (Iraq 2) about Barzan Viewpoint here . You will see for yourself how this is one of the best places to visit in Kurdistan.

29. Deralok Canyon

Another place you should definitely write down on your list of things to do in Kurdistan is the gorgeous canyon of Deralok. You will have to drive on a dirt road until you can’t go any further. Then cross the small river and climb up a little hill till you get to a man-made canal. Walk on the ridge for a s long as you can into the canyon. On your left hand side you will see the river and waterfalls of this oasis.

Watch my Instagram Story videos (Iraq 2) about Deralok here .

A pretty damn amazing photo spot, but not so interesting in itself to be honest. I drove through Amedi, but didn’t see anything interesting. Amedi is a village situated on top of a small hill. There are some waterfalls around, which are super touristy. Find a nice restaurant on the West side of the town and have lunch with an amazing view over Amedi.

This is the most holy place in the Yazidi religion, their Mecca or Jerusalem. There are very few Yazidis in the world who practice this monotheistic religion. This unwritten religion is taught on for generations dating back to the ancient Mesopotamians. It is often described as very mysterious and I kind a can confirm that. In Lalish you can find the clear water source related to where the Noah’s Ark stranded. Everyone is allowed to visit Lalish, but I would recommend you to fix a guide as otherwise you will be walking around not knowing what is going on here. It was an emotional, but also a very spirital experience.

Hard to express in words, may better you watch my Instagram Story videos (Iraq 3) about Lalish and this mysterious religion. In the link you find more details about the (tragic) story of the Yazidis.

32. Shanidar Cave

Coincidentally I stumbled upon the Shanidar Cave while on my road trip and I feel very lucky I did.  When you travel to Kurdistan try to make it out here (36.8337579, 44.2209624). At first I was a little disappointed as there are a lot of fences around the cave because of an ongoing excavation project. There is no guide available but talk to the one of the archeologists and he/her will explain you that this is where they found the biggest group of Neanderthals remains in the world. Another reason to visit Kurdistan!

33. Sadam's Villa Amedi

Not really sure if I should mention Sadam's Villa nearby Amedi as one of the things to do in Kurdistan Iraq, but to me it was very interesting. It definitely is not a tourist attraction as it now is a military base for the Kurdish Army. While on our Kurdistan road trip we drove by to check it out and were friendly greeting by a man with a big gun. We had no clue it was a military base nowadays so we were a bit surprised. They let us in though, gave us a tour around the building and let us shoot some photos from the landscapes from the top of the building.

This is not a Kurdistan tourist attraction, but if you are adventurous then totally go and you might be lucky to be toured around. We were not allowed to take film and take photos in the building. Before we were told not to I filmed a little bit with my GoPro.

34. Shaqlawa

A small village in and between two hills just north of Erbil. It is a popular place to visit in Kurdistan  on a weekend trip. Shaqlawa has some restaurants with good views and some hiking trails to the top of the hills. I wasn’t that impressed to be honest, but some Kurdistan travel guides rave about it. There is a female run bakery that serves delicious sweets too.

35. How to get to Kurdistan

There are two international Airports with direct flights to Europe: Erbil International Airport and Sulaymaniyah International Airport. This is the best way to get to Kurdistan, but you can also travel overland from either Turkey or Iran.

I hope all the above Kurdistan travel tips were useful for your next trip to Northern Iraq. Apart from all the amazing things to do and places to see in Kurdistan I have to thank the people of Kurdistan just as much. These warm hearted people made my trip one to never forget! Thank you for your amazing hospitality and your endless smiles.

I will definitely travel to Kurdistan again and will then continue my trip into Iran crossing the border overland. But that is something for 2024. I will definitely be back traveling in Kurdistan again.

I have traveled to almost all countries in the Middle East now. Syria was definitely one of my favorite trips. Click here for the best things to do in Syria .

Curious about more of my trips? Since December 2012 I am traveling the world continuously and have now been to more than 155 countries as of January 2024.

Interested how travel bloggers afford to travel the world  then click on the link to read my story.

Enjoy your trip to Kurdistan and thank you for reading my Kurdistan travel blog. 

A Day Trip to Mosul, Visiting Iraq’s Destroyed City

Updated May 2024 , A Day Trip to Mosul, Visiting Iraq’s Destroyed City was originally published in July 2022

Mosul has an outstanding history that stretches back to 6000 BC, coming to significance in 1800 BC when it became the ancient capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire- the City of Nineveh. Nineveh would go on to be an important city spanning several empires. But unfortunately in more recent years Mosul is most famously known for its destruction at the hands of ISIS and their 2014-2017 occupation.

Because Mosul has such a long history, it was one of Iraq’s (and arguably the Middle East region’s) most diverse cities, hosting an amalgamation of ethnic groups and religions. This isn’t as much the case these days following the mass exodus and murders of Mosul inhabitants during the ISIS occupation of Mosul. 

Despite the horrors that went on in Mosul during those years under terror and the bloody Battle of Mosul, the residents of Mosul are starting to sift through the rubble Old Mosul was reduced to and piece it slowly back together. 

Start planning your Iraq adventure with the Iraq Travel Guide

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How to Get to Mosul

How We Did it: Hiring a Driver (No Guide)

I’ll preface this by saying that we took the easy option of arranging a driver named Mohammad Sabhan, who picked us up (me and my friend Brett) from our hotel in Erbil and brought us to and back from Mosul. In total it cost 200,000 IQD for the day trip.

We knew that we had to go through several checkpoints to get into Mosul and that if they discovered we were foreign at one of the checkpoints we may get turned around, so ultimately that helped us make the decision to hire a local driver for the day. 

Note that the total travel time between Erbil and Mosul is about two hours, each way. From Baghdad, you can expect it to take five hours to reach Mosul. 

Fully Independent using Public Transport

We had looked into making the Mosul day trip on our own using public transport and it is possible to do it, albeit with a little more legwork. We found out that there are minibusses (4,000 IQD) and shared taxis (10,000 IQD) that depart from  Erbil  to Mosul or that if we had wanted to come from  Baghdad  (we had thought about Baghdad-Mosul Erbil) shared taxis left the Allawi Garage for 25,000 IQD. 

If you do opt to try to visit Mosul using public transport, just know that there is the possibility of getting turned around at a checkpoint if the officers working figure out that you’re foreign, so be prepared that this worst-case scenario may happen. It would be wise to have a sponsor in Mosul to help you out if you do get held up at a checkpoint. Check out the  Iraqi Travellers Cafe group on Facebook  to try and find a Mosul local who would be willing to sponsor you.

Taking a Guided Tour of Mosul

Note that the absolute easiest way of visiting and learning in-depth about Mosul is with a local Iraqi/Kurdish guide like  Haval Qaraman  who I met in Iraqi Kurdistan a few years ago, but you can expect this to cost in the realm of 360,000 IQD per person. 

Crossing Through the Checkpoints to Mosul

We heard there were 4 checkpoints (2 Kurdish, 1 Iraqi Army, 1 Hasht al Sha’abi) to go into Mosul from Erbil, but we only went through 3 each way on our visit. Brett was checked at every checkpoint, I was not (it’s worth noting that no one really ever thought I was a foreigner when I’ve traveled around Iraq). 

That said, you’re more likely to be checked at these checkpoints if you are male and if you look obviously non-Iraqi. 

Coming from Erbil? Check out my Erbil Travel Guide and Iraqi Kurdistan Travel Guide

What Visa do you Need to Visit Mosul?

Since Mosul is in Iraq proper (or Southern Iraq, Arab Iraq, Federal Iraq…) and falls under the jurisdiction of Federal Iraq, you need an actual Iraq visa to visit Mosul. Those eligible for the  visa on arrival in Iraq  can easily get the Federal Iraq visa when entering Iraq at Baghdad, Najaf, or Basra Airports (note that the visa on arrival is not given at the Kurdish Airports in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah or at the land borders). 

If you enter Iraq through Erbil or Sulaymaniyah Airports or at the Turkish or Iranian land borders with Iraqi Kurdistan, you will be given an Iraqi Kurdistan visa which will not permit you to enter Mosul, at least legally anyway. However, plenty of tourists have managed to visit Mosul with the help of a guide without an Iraq visa.

What We Visited in Mosul

East bank of the tigris.

If you’re arriving from Erbil, then you’ll likely explore the east bank of the Tigris River first. This side was less devastated during the Battle of Mosul than the western bank. Highlights on the East Bank include the Tomb (Mosque) of the Prophet Yunus, Yunus Souk, the ancient Assyrian Ruins of Nineveh, and the Grand Mosque of Mosul (formerly Saddam’s Mosque).

Tomb of the Prophet Yunus

Our first stop as we arrived in Mosul was the 12th century Tomb of the Prophet of Yunus that sits perched atop a hill with grand views over the eastern side of the city (if coming from Erbil like we did this will be the first major site you’ll reach). 

There is a gate you’ll need to unlock and drive through along the main road and then continue up the hill to a parking lot. Once at the lot you’ll meet the guard on duty here (this is where it helped to have a local driver as he knew the guard and was able to get us access as many times they do not want to let visitors in). The only condition on our entry was that we were not to take any photos of the destroyed structure (though eventually the guard caved and let us snap a few photos). 

To be honest, not a lot of the tomb remains as most of it was reduced to rubble after ISIS blew it up during their occupation of Mosul. Some pieces of walls, broken arches, and parts of hallways remain and a couple of walls appear to have at least been rebuilt. The Tomb of Yunus was one of the few buildings that were heavily destroyed on the eastern side of the Tigris River in Mosul. 

After we finished checking out the tomb and mosque, we exited out of a wrought iron gate and into a park where we walked down a staircase and across the street to go wander around the bazaar and have breakfast. 

To be honest, I didn’t get the name of the souk here, but I’m calling it Yunus Souk since it sits just across the street from the tomb. It’s a covered souk selling just about anything you can imagine under the sun. It was quite bustling the morning we visited it and there were heaps of taxis swarming around it so it was clearly a major hub of Mosul.

Ancient Ninevah Assyrian Ruins

As mentioned earlier, Mosul (then called Nineveh) served as the ancient capital of Assyria and was at its zenith, the largest capital city in the world. Unfortunately, it’s not really possible to visit ancient Nineveh, though you can do as we did and visit the gate and walls to get a glimpse of what remains of the former city. Note that the site of ancient Nineveh was blown up by ISIS and damaged.

Archeological explorations led by Nicolò Marchetti of the University of Bologna and the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage are currently underway of the Assyrian site of Nineveh to restore and repair damaged and destroyed parts of the ancient city and to unearth more artifacts. 

The Grand Mosque of Mosul (formerly Saddam’s Mosque)

Not far from ancient Nineveh and near the Tigris River is the unfinished Grand Mosque of Mosul. It is a Sunni mosque originally named Saddam’s Mosque after the nation’s long-time dictator. 

Construction on the mosque was halted and has never been completed and from the sounds of it never will be as there is a general tendency all over Iraq to not continue work on anything that had to do with Saddam. 

So the Grand Mosque of Mosul just sits in the middle of an empty dirt field with a couple of cranes looming over its cupolas. Note that you basically just have to admire the mosque from the main street.

West Bank of the Tigris

The Western Bank of the Tigris is a much more sobering experience, seeing the extent of the devastation reigned down on Mosul’s Old City’s historic buildings. This original core of Mosul is among the oldest neighborhoods in all of the Middle East.

Mosul’s Old City was Daesh’s last stronghold as forces took back the city and as such this section of the city was almost completely reduced to rubble. 

Likely the first thing you’ll notice as you make your way to the other side of Mosul is the five bridges that cross the Tigris, connecting the east and west banks. Some of these bridges have been patched up enough for use again, but the scars of war are very present as much of the damage is still very much visible. 

Old Mosul Souk

Upon crossing the Tigris, we first went to the Old Mosul Souk, parking the car in a lot by the river in order to explore the historic souk of Old Mosul before continuing on into the Old City. 

Traditionally it would have been mostly agricultural products traded here in the Old Mosul Souk, but these days you can find just about anything your heart desires here. It’s quite a photogenic spot too as you will find that many locals (mostly men) will stop you to smile and pose for the camera and give you a warm ‘welcome to Mosul’. 

Mosul Old City

As mentioned earlier, Mosul’s Old City is among the oldest neighborhoods in the world but sadly the Old City has been almost entirely reduced to rubble following the Battle of Mosul. As you wander the narrow lanes you’ll find structures still partially intact among piles of brick and ceramic. 

One thing to note is that you will see that some people have moved back into some of the structures here in Old Mosul and it appears that some are making efforts to try and restore them.

There are countless old buildings, many of which are hundreds and even over 1,000 years old in Mosul’s Old City, here are just a few we made time to see: 

Al Musfi Mosque

At over 1,000 years old, Al Musfi Mosque is among the oldest structures in Old Mosul. To be completely honest, it was my favorite of all the places we visited in Mosul on our day trip.

Passing under crumbling arches you’ll eventually reach the interior of the mosque, which on a sunny afternoon is perfectly lit through a high window. 

Al Tahera Syriac Catholic Church

The Al Tahera Catholic Church was another of my favorite structures we visited in Mosul. Sadly Al Tahera Church was badly damaged by ISIS in its attempts to destroy cultural heritage to those they deemed heretics. 

Al Tahera is a Syriac Catholic Church that’s construction began in 1859 and was completed in 1862. Reconstruction efforts are at least underway to help restore it as well as the other structures around it.

Great Mosque of Al Nuri

The Great Mosque of Al Nuri dates back to the 12th century and is one of the most important mosques in Mosul. The mosque was badly damaged and is under construction at this time, so you can see it from the outside but you cannot go in for obvious reasons.

Al Nuri Mosque climbed to fame yet again in 2014 when the first ISIS leader Abu Bakr Al Baghdadi declared the Islamic Caliphate from the mosque in his first and old public appearance. 

Bash Tapia Castle

North of the Old City of Mosul, but still on the West Bank of the Tigris is the 12th century Bash Tapia Castle, sat high on a hill offering sweeping views over Mosul from a strategic high point. At its pinnacle, it was continuous with neighboring Qara Serai Palace holding soldiers and ammunitions. 

Bash Tapia was damaged by Amir Timur’s army in 1393 and later rebuilt by the Ottomans. Much like the rest of Mosul’s West Bank, Bash Tapia was badly damaged during their reign over the city. 

Qara Serai was built following the construction of Bash Tapia as a royal palace under Sultan Badruddin Lulu. The palace was quite spectacular fountains, statues, and gardens, though you’ll need to use your imagination as the palace has nearly rotted completely away following decades of neglect. 

Al Imam Mohsin Mosque

Sitting just across the street from Bash Tapia and Qara Serai is Al Imam Mohsin Mosque, impossible to miss with its green cupola and striking minaret. The mosque was built atop the ruins of Madrasa Al Nuria in 1210 AD. 

The mosque once housed the Tomb of Imam Al Mohsin, but it was destroyed by ISIS in 2014. You’ll have the best views of what remains of the mosque from Bash Tapia. 

Where to Stay in Mosul

If you’re planning to spend the night in Mosul, the only hotel bookable online is the  Royal City Hotel , located on the West Bank of the Tigris near the Grand Mosque of Mosul. 

Where to Stay in Erbil

If you’re day-tripping to Mosul as we did, then you’re more than likely staying back in Erbil. In Erbil, we stayed at the Sinaia Palace Hotel and recommend it as it’s close enough to walk to many things and it was pretty cheap for Erbil.

Have any questions about visiting Mosul?

Ask in the comments section below.

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2 thoughts on “a day trip to mosul, visiting iraq’s destroyed city”.

what about visiting sites like Korsabat (Dur Sharikin) Nimrud, Assur. Al Qosh, tomb of the prophet Nahum?

We didn’t make the stop in Dur-Sharrukin.The Tomb of the prophet Nahum is in Alqosh, not Mosul, so I did not write about it on a post about Mosul

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Catholic University in Erbil Is a Beacon of Perseverance, Sowing Hope in Iraq

COMMENTARY: Archbishop Bashar Warda established the university 10 years ago, in the wake of the Islamic State’s campaign of genocide.

Historically, Iraqi Christians have been deeply challenged with persecution and have tried steadfastly to remain in their country and that of their ancestors; however, ISIS was particularly devastating for them — destroying their lives, livelihoods and instilling an ever-present fear to be able to live a dignified life anymore. Many have, therefore, been forced “with tears in their eyes” into the diaspora, with less than 250,000 souls now remaining. 

Chaldean Catholic Archbishop Bashar Warda of Erbil was not going to accept that hatred would win and see the end of Christianity in Iraq; out of the darkness, he would sow a great seed of hope to those who were losing their education. That seed would be sown in Ankawa, and it would also provide other great fruits for the future of Christianity in Iraq. 

Ankawa is the only Christian quarter on the outskirts of Erbil, the safe capital of Kurdistan, Iraq. In the unforgiving and blistering heat of an Iraqi summer, on Aug. 6-7, 2014, it found itself transformed and the center of international attention: Some 75,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) had fled there from ISIS. Mosul, the epicenter of the Islamic State group’s murderous military campaign in Iraq, was only 85 kilometers (52 miles) away. 

Amid the chaos, daily hubbub of crowded streets and frenzied activity, seeds were being sown by Archbishop Warda, who was ordained into that role in 2010 at 41 years old. Key issues that were important to him were education and health, ancient strengths of Iraqi Christians. Schools were needed and founded, with the shining beacon of light being the Catholic University in Erbil (CUE) — a rather bold name in a Muslim country, but from an archbishop who had the courage of his convictions, vision and a determined diplomacy to get what he needed. 

The Italian Bishops’ Conference gave him the money for the university; it was no easy matter to establish it in 2015, but he was determined in getting the myriad ministry and government permissions to do so. His initial and strategic goal was that he did not want the young displaced persons to miss out in their education; if they were not being educated, they too would head to the diaspora. 

A major issue was in paying the fees and accommodations; parents did not have the money to educate their children beyond high school, as ISIS had destroyed their livelihoods. Therefore, those fees had to be procured by a large worldwide appeal to donors: Aid to the Church in Need came to support scholarships with its “Pope Francis Scholarship Program” that currently supports 237 students; other major supporters include the Italian Bishops’ Conference (sponsoring 50 student scholarships), Italy; German Academic Exchange Service, Germany (19 scholarships); and the U.S. State Department (40 scholarships). The Knights of Columbus were always there to lend financial support for the university’s general running costs.

It is a wonderful and deeply religious Christian environment.

I came to the university in 2016, when it had around 55 students displaced in Ankawa. They loved the welcoming culture of the university; its inclusive formation for all faiths, which they proactively reached out to; the stellar teacher-student ratio; and the focus on learning in the English language that would afford them the opportunity to getting work with international companies in Erbil. They had their fears regarding security, their rights and regaining their homes, but they embraced the opportunity to be educated — no matter what that they had lost with ISIS’ brutal regime. 

Over the course of their degree, they became more confident about their future in Iraq and loved being able to express themselves through their life stories and views on how to achieve a better Iraq. The university is one engaging and existing with differences; this is creating a vibrant intellectual and philosophical culture within it, which bodes well for the future.

St. John Henry Newman saw a university as “a seat of wisdom, a light of the world, a minister of the faith, an Alma Mater of the rising generation. It is this and a great deal more, and demands a somewhat better head and hand than mine to describe it well” ( The Idea of a University) .

Student Perspectives

I witnessed how eloquent the students spoke with international journalists — not afraid to speak their minds. They are the future of a better country, and we should help them to achieve this by financial support or teaching coming from overseas. They need international teachers to come to Ankawa and teach for a year or two. 

CUE shared the perspectives of several students via email.

“I love the university because of the mixed ethnic groups, and freedom of speech, and the advanced education,” said Mohammed, a Muslim student.

“It’s a mixed community, and we are forgetting our past and we are learning new things every day about other ethnic groups, and we learn from each other’s culture,” said Almas, a Yazidi student. 

With the university accreditation, noted Rolan, a Chaldean Catholic student, “I could get job opportunities in the future, and I could help the country by developing new skills in the community.” 

Added Edyan, of the Kakayi faith, “The lecturers are great with us, and they encourage us to keep on going.”

At the university, I learned many things about the young, especially their unique fortitude, togetherness, forgiveness and willingness to help their neighbor, regardless of their faith; many had suffered from the brutality of ISIS, especially the Yazidis, the Kurdish-speaking ethnic-religious minority who live primarily in Iraq, who were brutally persecuted by ISIS. The young people eagerly volunteered in assisting the refugees in 2014 — and since. 

Christianity came there in the first century — it is in their blood, hearts and souls. The 8,000 Chaldean Christian families and other Christian faiths are being supported by a seminary of 20 students, six churches, four schools, a Catholic hospital, the Catholic University in Erbil, and an archbishop determined to ensure their survival.

10 Years of Learning

Coming up to its 10th anniversary with 11 undergraduate programs highly correlated to the job market, 590 students (24% Muslim, 14% Yazidi ), 59% of them women, the CUE is singularly placed as the only institution in Iraq where mixing with other faiths comes with absolute equality and trust from those of other faiths. This trust and formation have made a significant difference to the young of all faiths, enabling them to dialogue together, enjoy activities together and foster hope for the future.

The Catholic university is one of the key projects for keeping Christianity in Iraq, as families will stay if their children can be educated to secure jobs for a dignified life in their homeland. It is also becoming an educational institution hallmarked by successful social cohesion, a project that will build alumni who share mutual goals for a united Iraq. Prime Minister Masrour Barzani, of Kurdistan, attended the October 2023 commencement ceremony, praising the university for its excellent formation of young Iraqis and calling it “ sacred ground .”

The students still need donors for their education and accommodation, but the university is a success story emerging from the darkness and sheer evil of ISIS, where the Ankawa Christians and those spread across Iraq/Kurdistan stand firm in their faith to keep the spirit of Jesus Christ alive in Iraq. 

As Archbishop Warda said, “If we left, who would bring Christ to Iraq? Who would be the light of Christ to the people here, if not us?” 

At Westminster Abbey last November, he was invited to deliver the homily celebrating the 25th anniversary of the installation of statues honoring 10 modern martyrs in the abbey’s west wing, including three Catholics. “To witness for Christ is a treasure beyond all value that we hold deep in our souls,” he said . 

What he, his priests, his sisters and his determined students from all areas of Iraq and his vibrant staff have achieved in 10 years, amid persecution, war, widespread unemployment and COVID, shows the Holy Spirit creating a beautiful and ever-radiant light that is full of hope for those Christians that remain in Iraq. They still need help, amid ISIS-destroyed livelihoods, and unemployment remains very high in their villages. 

As a European, I believe this stands as an amazing witness — this type of Christianity where the life of the Christian community absolutely revolves around the Church. They totally rely on their shepherds, who know everyone in their community by name and family. These shepherds come from that ancient, selfless line — and very sadly, a recent one — where the seed of the Church is the blood of the martyrs.

John Neill is retired from the BBC. He currently serves as a volunteer for the Chaldean Archdiocese of Erbil as a consultant in raising funds for the university, the four schools, six churches and a hospital.

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Iraq - hub director (m/f) - erbil.

• Solidarités International

Desired start date: 1st of July 2024 Duration of the mission: 12 months Location: Erbil, Iraq

SOLIDARITES INTERNATIONAL (SI) is an international humanitarian aid association which, since more than 40 years, has been providing assistance to populations affected by armed conflicts and natural disasters by meeting their basic needs for food, water and shelter. Particularly committed to the fight against diseases linked to unsafe water, the leading cause of death in the world, SI's interventions provide expertise in the field of access to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene promotion, but also in the essential area of food security and livelihoods. Present in some twenty countries, the SI teams – 2500 people in total, made up of expatriates, national staff, permanent staff at HQ, and a few volunteers - intervene with professionalism and commitment while respecting cultural norms.

ABOUT THE MISSION

SI has had an operational presence in Iraq since 2017 to respond to post-conflict emergency needs of multi-displaced populations in Ninewa Governorate. SI has particularly been working in informal settlements and collective centres to provide WASH and shelter assistance to those affected by protracted displacements as well as by camp closures in October 2020.

SI strategy is now focused on ending displacement through Durable Solutions, including access to basic services, WASH and increased livelihoods while working towards Integrated Water Resources Management. SI also plans on partnering with civil society platforms and academics to strengthen water governance, improve sustainable access to water for multi-purpose use and mitigate socio-economic impacts of climate change on farmers, farming being the main livelihood activity.

ABOUT THE JOB

General objective:

The Hub Director is Solidarités International’s official representative in a country/region, or in an part of a country. S/He is in charge of the smooth running of the operations in North-East Syria (NWS) and Iraq. S/He contributes to the development of the mission strategy, according to the geopolitical and humanitarian context, and ensures its implementation once it has been validated. S/He monitors projects, ensuring that they are progressing in accordance with the Solidarités International charter and complying with internal and contractual procedures. S/He mobilizes the material and financial resources necessary for the programs to run effectively and supervises the administration of these resources. S/He coordinates the teams in place and ensures their security on the mission. S/He is the direct liaison for Solidarités International’s multi-country coordination office

The main challenges:

New position with communication channels to be established - Need for very strong contingency planning in an unpredictable environment - Two countries with very different humanitarian contexts and programming (protracted crisis in NES - mostly recovery programming in Iraq).

Priorities for the 2/3 first months:

Ensure scale-up of our BHA funded operations (response to strikes in Hassakeh in particular), while engaging in an updated annual plan for 2025 in NES Donor engagement for Iraq to further develop SI's climate change and Integrated Water Resources Management programming and to respond to closure of IDP camps.. Settle the new Hub structure and ways of working between the 3 bases (Raqqa, Hassakeh, Iraq)

YOUR PROFILE

Experience :

• 3-4 years of experience on a similar position
• 5 years or more in the humanitarian sector

Specific skills :

• Strategy development
• Representation and Donor engagement
• Excellent Management skills and internal communication
• Experience of working with ECHO, AFD and BHA would be an asset
• Experience in development/recovery settings would be appreciated
• Excellent records in security and crisis management required
• English necessary
• Arabic would be an asset

SI WILL OFFER YOU

A salaried position:

According to experience, starting from EUR 3740 gross per month (3400 base salary + 10% annual leave allowance paid monthly) and a monthly Per Diem of USD 750.

SI also covers accommodation costs and travel expenses between the expatriate's country of origin and the place of assignment.

Breaks: During the assignment, a system of alternation between work and time off is implemented at the rate of 7 working days every three months (with a USD 850 break allowance, allocated by Sl). To these breaks periods, SI grants one (1) additional rest day per month worked.

Insurance package: Expatriates benefit from an insurance package which refunds all healthcare expenses (including medical and surgical expenses, dental care and ophthalmological expenses, repatriation) and a welfare system including war risks. Essential vaccination and antimalarial treatment costs are refunded.

LIVING CONDITIONS:

• Good living conditions in Erbil
• 50% of the time in North-East Syria (NES) expected

Security inside NES is volatile and justifies specific arrangements for accommodation and displacements in the areas of intervention. While the context of Iraq is less volatile than in NES, restrictions of movement in Iraq may occur punctually and can lead to delays in some activities, in particular in Ninewa governorate.

APPLICATION PROCESS

Do you recognize yourself in this description? If yes, please send us your CV and cover letter!

Please note that CV-only applications will not be considered, and that the vacancy may close before the deadline.

Thank you for your understanding.

To learn more about Sl: www.solidarites.org

Solidarités International (SI) est déterminé à prévenir et à combattre tout type d’abus – tout acte d’exploitation, d’abus et/ou de harcèlement sexuels (SEAH) à l’encontre des membres des communautés bénéficiaires ou de ses collaborateurs et collaboratrices, atteinte aux personnes et/ou aux biens, fraude, corruption, conflit d’intérêt non déclaré, financement d’activités portant atteinte aux droits de l’homme - qui pourrait être perpétré dans le cadre de ses interventions. SI applique une tolérance zéro à l’égard de tout type d’abus, particulièrement des actes de SEAH.

Solidarités International est un employeur équitable qui combat toute forme de discrimination. SI ne demandera jamais une rétribution quelconque en vue de participer à un processus de recrutement.

Solidarités International (SI) is determined to prevent and fight all type of abuse – all act of exploitation, abuse and/or sexual harassment (SEAH) against members of beneficiary communities or collaborators, fraud, corruption, violation of persons and/or property, funding of activities harmful to human rights – that could be perpetrated in the frame of its interventions. SI implements a zero-tolerance policy regarding acts of abuse, notably acts of SEAH.

Solidarités International is an equitable employer committed to find all forms of discrimination. SI will ever ask for any remuneration to take part in a recruitment process

How to apply

https://www.aplitrak.com/?adid=YXNzaXN0LnJlY3J1dC44MzA5My4zODMwQHNvbGlkYXJpdGVzaW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbC5hcGxpdHJhay5jb20

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