17th century travellers

18th Century Grand Tour of Europe

The Travels of European Twenty-Somethings

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• M.A., Geography, California State University - Northridge
• B.A., Geography, University of California - Davis

The French Revolution marked the end of a spectacular period of travel and enlightenment for European youth, particularly from England. Young English elites of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries often spent two to four years touring around Europe in an effort to broaden their horizons and learn about language , architecture , geography, and culture in an experience known as the Grand Tour.

The Grand Tour, which didn't come to an end until the close of the eighteenth century, began in the sixteenth century and gained popularity during the seventeenth century. Read to find out what started this event and what the typical Tour entailed.

Origins of the Grand Tour

Privileged young graduates of sixteenth-century Europe pioneered a trend wherein they traveled across the continent in search of art and cultural experiences upon their graduation. This practice, which grew to be wildly popular, became known as the Grand Tour, a term introduced by Richard Lassels in his 1670 book Voyage to Italy . Specialty guidebooks, tour guides, and other aspects of the tourist industry were developed during this time to meet the needs of wealthy 20-something male and female travelers and their tutors as they explored the European continent.

These young, classically-educated Tourists were affluent enough to fund multiple years abroad for themselves and they took full advantage of this. They carried letters of reference and introduction with them as they departed from southern England in order to communicate with and learn from people they met in other countries. Some Tourists sought to continue their education and broaden their horizons while abroad, some were just after fun and leisurely travels, but most desired a combination of both.

Navigating Europe

A typical journey through Europe was long and winding with many stops along the way. London was commonly used as a starting point and the Tour was usually kicked off with a difficult trip across the English Channel.

Crossing the English Channel

The most common route across the English Channel, La Manche, was made from Dover to Calais, France—this is now the path of the Channel Tunnel. A trip from Dover across the Channel to Calais and finally into Paris customarily took three days. After all, crossing the wide channel was and is not easy. Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Tourists risked seasickness, illness, and even shipwreck on this first leg of travel.

Compulsory Stops

Grand Tourists were primarily interested in visiting cities that were considered major centers of culture at the time, so Paris, Rome, and Venice were not to be missed. Florence and Naples were also popular destinations but were regarded as more optional than the aforementioned cities.

The average Grand Tourist traveled from city to city, usually spending weeks in smaller cities and up to several months in the three major ones. Paris, France was the most popular stop of the Grand Tour for its cultural, architectural, and political influence. It was also popular because most young British elite already spoke French, a prominent language in classical literature and other studies, and travel through and to this city was relatively easy. For many English citizens, Paris was the most impressive place visited.

Getting to Italy

From Paris, many Tourists proceeded across the Alps or took a boat on the Mediterranean Sea to get to Italy, another essential stopping point. For those who made their way across the Alps, Turin was the first Italian city they'd come to and some remained here while others simply passed through on their way to Rome or Venice.

Rome was initially the southernmost point of travel. However, when excavations of Herculaneum (1738) and Pompeii (1748) began, these two sites were added as major destinations on the Grand Tour.

Features of the Grand Tour

The vast majority of Tourists took part in similar activities during their exploration with art at the center of it all. Once a Tourist arrived at a destination, they would seek housing and settle in for anywhere from weeks to months, even years. Though certainly not an overly trying experience for most, the Grand Tour presented a unique set of challenges for travelers to overcome.

While the original purpose of the Grand Tour was educational, a great deal of time was spent on much more frivolous pursuits. Among these were drinking, gambling, and intimate encounters—some Tourists regarded their travels as an opportunity to indulge in promiscuity with little consequence. Journals and sketches that were supposed to be completed during the Tour were left blank more often than not.

Visiting French and Italian royalty as well as British diplomats was a common recreation during the Tour. The young men and women that participated wanted to return home with stories to tell and meeting famous or otherwise influential people made for great stories.

The study and collection of art became almost a nonoptional engagement for Grand Tourists. Many returned home with bounties of paintings, antiques, and handmade items from various countries. Those that could afford to purchase lavish souvenirs did so in the extreme.

Arriving in Paris, one of the first destinations for most, a Tourist would usually rent an apartment for several weeks or months. Day trips from Paris to the French countryside or to Versailles (the home of the French monarchy) were common for less wealthy travelers that couldn't pay for longer outings.

The homes of envoys were often utilized as hotels and food pantries. This annoyed envoys but there wasn't much they could do about such inconveniences caused by their citizens. Nice apartments tended to be accessible only in major cities, with harsh and dirty inns the only options in smaller ones.

Trials and Challenges

A Tourist would not carry much money on their person during their expeditions due to the risk of highway robberies. Instead, letters of credit from reputable London banks were presented at major cities of the Grand Tour in order to make purchases. In this way, tourists spent a great deal of money abroad.

Because these expenditures were made outside of England and therefore did not bolster England's economy, some English politicians were very much against the institution of the Grand Tour and did not approve of this rite of passage. This played minimally into the average person's decision to travel.

Returning to England

Upon returning to England, tourists were meant to be ready to assume the responsibilities of an aristocrat. The Grand Tour was ultimately worthwhile as it has been credited with spurring dramatic developments in British architecture and culture, but many viewed it as a waste of time during this period because many Tourists did not come home more mature than when they had left.

The French Revolution in 1789 halted the Grand Tour—in the early nineteenth century, railroads forever changed the face of tourism and foreign travel.

• Burk, Kathleen. "The Grand Tour of Europe". Gresham College, 6 Apr. 2005.
• Knowles, Rachel. “The Grand Tour.”   Regency History , 30 Apr. 2013.
• Sorabella, Jean. “The Grand Tour.”   Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History , The Met Museum, Oct. 2003.
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What was the Grand Tour?

Find out about the travel phenomenon that became popular amongst the young nobility of England

Art, antiquity and architecture: the Grand Tour provided an opportunity to discover the cultural wonders of Europe and beyond.  

Popular throughout the 18th century, this extended journey was seen as a rite of passage for mainly young, aristocratic English men. 

As well as marvelling at artistic masterpieces, Grand Tourists brought back souvenirs to commemorate and display their journeys at home. 

One exceptional example forms the subject of a new exhibition at the National Maritime Museum. Canaletto’s Venice Revisited brings together 24 of Canaletto’s Venetian views, commissioned in 1731 by Lord John Russell following his visit to Venice. 

Find out more about this travel phenomenon – and uncover its rich cultural legacy. 

Canaletto's Venice Revisited

The origins of the Grand Tour

The development of the Grand Tour dates back to the 16th century. 

One of the earliest Grand Tourists was the architect Inigo Jones , who embarked on a tour of Italy in 1613-14 with his patron Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel. 

Jones visited cities such as Parma, Venice and Rome. However, it was Naples that proved the high point of his travels.  

Jones was particularly fascinated by the San Paolo Maggiore, describing the church as “one of the best things that I have ever seen.” 

Jones’s time in Italy shaped his architectural style. In 1616, Jones was commissioned to design the Queen’s House in Greenwich for Queen Anne of Denmark , the wife of King James I. Completed in around 1636, the house was the first classical building in England. 

The expression ‘Grand Tour’ itself comes from 17th century travel writer and Roman Catholic priest Richard Lassels, who used it in his guidebook The Voyage of Italy, published in 1670. 

By the 18th century, the Grand Tour had reached its zenith. Despite Anglo-French wars in 1689-97 and 1702-13, this was a time of relative stability in Europe, which made travelling across the continent easier. 

The Grand Tour route

For young English aristocrats, embarking on the Grand Tour was seen as an important rite of passage. 

Accompanied by a tutor, a Grand Tourist’s route typically involved taking a ship across the English Channel before travelling in a carriage through France, stopping at Paris and other major cities. 

Italy was also a popular destination thanks to the art and architecture of places such as Venice, Florence, Rome, Milan and Naples. More adventurous travellers ventured to Sicily or even sailed across to Greece. The average Grand Tour lasted for at least a year. 

As Katherine Gazzard, Curator of Art at Royal Museums Greenwich explains, this extended journey marked the culmination of a Grand Tourist’s education.  

“The Grand Tourists would have received an education that was grounded in the Classics,” she says. “During their travels to the continent, they would have seen classical ruins and read Latin and Greek texts. The Grand Tour was also an opportunity to take in more recent culture, such as Renaissance paintings, and see contemporary artists at work.” 

As well as educational opportunities, the Grand Tour was linked with independence. Places such as Venice were popular with pleasure seekers, boasting gambling houses and occasions for drinking and partying.  

“On the Grand Tour, there’s a sense that travellers are gaining some of their independence and having a lesson in the ways of the world,” Gazzard explains. “For visitors to Venice, there were opportunities to behave beyond the social norms, with the masquerade and the carnival.” 

Art and the Grand Tour 

Bound up with the idea of independence was the need to collect souvenirs, which the Grand Tourists could display in their homes.  

“The ownership of property was tied to status, so creating a material legacy was really important for the Grand Tourists in order to solidify their social standing amongst their peers,” says Gazzard. “They were looking to spend money and buy mementos to prove they went on the trip.” 

The works of artists such as those of the 18th century view painter Giovanni Antonio Canal (known as Canaletto ) were especially popular with Grand Tourists. Prized for their detail, Canaletto’s artworks captured the landmarks and scenes of everyday Venetian life, from festive scenes to bustling traffic on the Grand Canal . 

In 1731, Lord John Russell, the future 4th Duke of Bedford, commissioned Canaletto to create 24 Venetian views following his visit to the city. 

Lord John Russell is known to have paid at least £188 for the set – over five times the annual earnings of a skilled tradesperson at the time.  

“Canaletto’s work was portable and collectible,” says Gazzard. “He adopted a smaller size for his canvases so they could be rolled up and shipped easily.” 

These detailed works, now part of the world famous collection at Woburn Abbey, form the centrepiece of Canaletto’s Venice Revisited at the National Maritime Museum . 

Who was Canaletto?

The legacy of the Grand Tour 

The start of the French Revolution in 1789 marked the end of the Grand Tour. However, its legacy is still keenly felt. 

The desire to explore and learn about different places and cultures through travel continues to endure. The legacy of the Grand Tour can also be seen in the artworks and objects that adorn the walls of stately homes and museums, and the many cultural influences that travellers brought back to Britain. 

Canaletto's Venice Revisited

Main image:  The Piazza San Marco looking towards the Basilica San Marco and the Campanile by Canaletto . From the Woburn Abbey Collection . Canaletto painting in body copy:  Regatta on Grand Canal  by Canaletto  From the Woburn Abbey Collection

• What Was The Grand Tour...

What Was the Grand Tour and Where Did People Go?

Freelance Travel and Music Writer

Nowadays, it’s so easy to pack a bag and hop on a flight or interrail across Europe’s railway at your own leisure. But what if it was known as a right of passage, made no easier by the fact that there was no such modern luxury? Welcome to the Grand Tour – and we’re not talking about Jeremy Clarkson’s TV series …

What was the grand tour all about.

The Grand Tour was a trip of Europe, typically undertaken by young men, which begun in the 17th century and went through to the mid-19th. Women over the age of 21 would occasionally partake, providing they were accompanied by a chaperone from their family. The Grand Tour was seen as an educational trip across Europe, usually starting in Dover, and would see young, wealthy travellers search for arts and culture. Though travelling was not as easy back then, mostly thanks to no rail routes like today, those on The Grand Tour would often have a healthy supply of funds in order to enjoy themselves freely.

What did travellers get up to?

Of course, in the 17th century, there was no such thing as the internet, making discovering things while sat on the other side of the world near impossible. Cultural integration was not yet fully-fledged and nothing like we experience today, so the only way to understand different ways of life was to experience them yourself. Hence why so many people set off for the Grand Tour – the ultimate trip across Europe!

Typical routes taken on the Grand Tour

Travellers (occompanied by a tutor) would often start around the South East region and head in to France, where a coach would often be rented should the party be wealthy enough. Occasionally, the coaches would need to be disassembled in order to cross difficult terrain such as the Alps.

Once passing through Calais and Paris, a typical journey would include a stop-off in Switzerland before crossing the Alps in to Northern Italy. Here’s where the wealth really comes in to play – as luggage and methods of transport would need to be dismantled and carried manually – as really rich travellers would often employ servants to carry everything for them.

Of course, Italy is a highly cultural country and famous for its art and historic buildings, so travellers would spend longer here. Turin, Florence, Rome, Pompeii and Venice would be amongst the cities visited, generally enticing those in to extended stays.

On the return leg, travellers would visit Germany and occasionally Austria, including study time at universities such as Munich, before heading to Holland and Flanders, ahead of crossing the Channel back to Dover.

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See 17th-Century England Through the Eyes of One of the First Modern Travel Writers

Celia Fiennes traveled and wrote about her adventures—including a bit of life advice

Kat Eschner

During the late 17th century, Celia Fiennes traveled England by horse sitting sidesaddle. Accompanied by one or two servants, she traveled on and off for nearly two decades, chronicling her adventures as she went.

On this day in 1662, Fiennes was born into a wealthy family. This wealth meant she never had to marry and so she traveled instead, writes  Richard Cavendish for  History Today . She kept detailed notes about her adventures and eventually compiled them into a book that was published in 1702.

But her travelogue, with its rich details of daily life, remained largely unknown for decades. That was until 1888, when one of her descendants, Emily W. Griffiths, discovered the book, republishing it later that year. That publication,  Through England on a Side Saddle in the Time of William and Mary , has since provided historians an unprecedented peek into life during the 1600s.

Part travelogue part journal, the book also provides the reader insight into Fiennes herself, who by her own account was plain-spoken and decisive. She wrote that she begun traveling “to regain [her] health by variety and change of air and exercise.” She wandered without a plan, going wherever struck her fancy.

Throughout her manuscript, she stayed true to her character, she wrote, and people who know her wouldn't expect “exactness or politeness in this book, tho’ such Embellishments might have adorned the descriptions and suited the nicer taste.” [sic]

The descriptions of her travels paint a picture of an inquisitive, determined and occasionally preachy woman. She covered a remarkable amount of ground; some suggest she  may have been the first woman to travel through every English county. Here are just a few highlights (and lowlights) from Fiennes’s journey:

Visiting Stonehenge (or “Stoneage,” as she writes it)

When she arrived, Fiennes counted standing stones and their attendant rocks after hearing a myth that nobody could count the same number twice. “[T] hey stand confused and some single stones at a distance but I have told them often ,” she wrote, “and bring their number to 91.”

She enjoyed the countryside near Stonehenge. “This Country is most Champion and open, pleasant for recreations,” [sic] she wrote.

Hanging Out at the Spas (or “Spaws” or even “Stinking Spaws”)

Fiennes visited several hot springs, which she aptly noted stunk. The smell is common for natural hot springs, which often dissolve sulfur from the underlying bedrock. Microbial breakdown of that sulfur imparts a smell of rotten eggs to many of the bodies of water.

At Bath, a famous Roman bathing house located in the English city of Bath, she noted the distinctive smell of the water, writing that it “tastes like ye water [that boils] Eggs.” She drank water from several of the hot springs, following the  common belief  that it would promote health. “Its a quick purger and very good for all Scurbutick humours,” [sic] she wrote. 

She was not a fan of the town of Bath, however, writing that it was “adapted to ye batheing and drinking of the waters and to nothing else.” [sic] In other words, it was boring.

Almost Getting Mugged

In all the time Fiennes was on the road, she only encountered a par of so-called highwaymen (itinerant robbers), writes David Hayns for Malpas Cheshire Online. Riding to the town of Whitchurch, she writes that she was harassed by two “fellows” who she thought had pistols. Fortunate for Fiennes, it was market day in Whitchurch. So as she approached the town, the crowds of people scared off the highwaymen.

Fiennes encouraged her readers–especially her female readers–to look for things that sharpened their minds and improved their lives. Those things make "Death less fformidable and [your] future State more happy,” [sic] she wrote.

Even with her travels, she lived out most of her life in London, writes Cavendish. She died in the London borough Hackney in 1741 at the age of 78.

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Kat Eschner is a freelance science and culture journalist based in Toronto.

The journeys of Celia Fiennes through 17th-century England

Ely Cathedral: Close to where Celia's horse's feet could scarcely stand' as she crossed the Sands of Dee. Tilman2007

Three hundred years ago, a remarkable woman travelled alone through every county in England. Today, her journal provides us with a glimpse of 17th-century England.

When social historians try to piece together a picture of life in England in the 1600s, they often turn to the writings of authors and diarists such as Daniel Defoe, John Evelyn, and Samuel Pepys. Their records, such as Defoe's A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain, offer a surprising glimpse of daily life and provide a human perspective on events that we might otherwise see only through scholarly treatises.

Unique among these journals is that of Celia Fiennes, an enterprising young, single woman who, 300 years ago, rode side-saddle through every county in England. She traveled alone except for two servants, and the journal she kept, later published as The Journeys of Celia Fiennes 1685-c.1712, is the only evidence we have of her travels.

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Celia was born on 7th June 1662, at Newton Toney, Salisbury. Her father, Colonel Nathaniel Fiennes, was the second son of the 8th Baron and first Viscount Saye and Sele, a staunch Puritan, and one of the first-generation leaders of the opposition. Both he and all Celia's uncles had fought against the King.

Celia's strong, Nonconformist heritage may have given her the courage for her travels, but the motivation, she insisted, was practical: 'My journeys were begun to regain my health by variety and change of air and exercise,' she recorded in the preface to her journal. But despite proclamations to the contrary, Celia seemed to be in excellent health.

Salisbury Cathedral.

England was not then a land of neat hedgerows and orderly rivers with sturdy bridges; it was largely a wilderness. Celia could journey half a day through narrow lanes, sometimes in deep clay, with no one to direct her way. Not surprisingly, she encountered numerous mishaps. She might easily have drowned on the flooded causeway of Ely and her 'horse's feet could scarcely stand' as she crossed the Sands of Dee. Twice she was thrown from her mount when it fell just outside Alresford, but suffered 'noe harm I bless God.' These accidents failed to upset or discourage her, indicating that her nerves were just as strong as her body.

Her journeys included visits to the numerous 'spaws' of 17th-century England: Bath, of course, as well as Epsom, Hampstead, Tunbridge, and Dulwich. Celia visited them all, many times, to sample their waters. Her descriptions of the people gathered there shed a telling light on the rampant hypochondria of the period, of which the author was most likely a victim. At a time when the national diet consisted primarily of various meats and grains, there may, however, have been real value in the spas' therapeutic waters.

In addition to her description of the state of the country's health, Celia Fiennes provides invaluable insight into the social and domestic attitudes of 17th-century England. Her interests lay in rich men's houses and in the towns where 'big money' could be made. This interest in great houses was natural for one in her social position and, with a woman's eye, she describes their gardens, ground, and the number and arrangement of the rooms as well as their pictures and furnishings.

But in addition to these 'feminine' details, Celia took a decidedly unladylike interest in new manufacturing processes and drainage projects. She devoted her most detailed descriptions to the mines and quarries she visited. 'Tho' the surface of the earth looks barren,' she wrote while traveling through Derbyshire, 'those hills are impregnated with rich marble, stone, metals, iron, and copper.' Her interest in mining was most likely a selfish one: a valuable piece of land Celia owned in Cheshire contained England's first known deposit of rock salt.

Most of all, Celia was drawn to the modern innovations of her age. At Hampton Court she was impressed with the new water closet Queen Mary had installed: 'it is a closet that leads to a little place with a seate of easement of marble with sluces of water to wash all down.' She spent little time remarking on the annual feasts or processions as these were 'old customs'; instead, she noted the price of food at market.

The late 17th and early 18th centuries heralded not only industrial and domestic innovations but also notable changes in England's social structure. Hers was a new age in which a wealthy businessman could expect to buy himself into 'good society' despite his lack of noble lineage. Celia, it seems, greatly approved of this new, more democratic society. Her own sister, in 1684, married Edmund Harrison, a 'Turkey merchant', and at Newbury, she writes, she 'called on an old acquaintance marryed to a tradesman'.

But Celia also found much to be displeased with, and never failed to point out society's shortcomings. She had a critical eye for the towns, checking the cleanliness of the streets and their pitch. Her criticism extended to the people she met along her way, particularly the Scots, whom she encountered on a brief foray over the border: 'I tooke them for people which were sick, seeing 2 or 3 great wenches as tall and bigg as any woman sat hovering between their bed and the chimney-corner, all idle doing nothing or at least was not settled to any work tho' it was nine of the clock when I came thither.' Celia, a staunch Puritan, subscribed to the theory that poverty was a vice rather than an affliction, and concluded that laziness lay behind Scots' indigent circumstances.

Although Celia's haphazard writing style makes it appear at first that she wrote as she rode, textual evidence suggests that she most likely composed the journal in 1702, following her return from her travels. In the foreword to the journal, she explains her recklessness: 'As most I converse with knows both the freedom and easiness I speak and write as well as my defect in all, so they will not expect exactness or politeness in this book, tho' such embellishments might have adorned the descriptions and suited the nicer taste.'

Following her travels, and the pleasant task of reflecting upon them in her journal, in 1738, at the age of 76, Celia Fiennes wrote her will, providing for her austere burial, 'without ostentation only put into a leaden coffin . . . all to be as privat as can be a hearse and one coach and to go out early in the morning and go the backside of the Town.' The will was detailed; at the end of a listing of silver Celia Fiennes remained modernist: 'let but the canisters be sold being old.'

Although the will did not mention the diary, her zestful travels are a bequest to all--a wonderfully comprehensive picture of England at the close of the 17th century.

* Originally published in March 1998.

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Art & Culture Travel Blog

History of travelling: how people started to travel.

• Tea Gudek Šnajdar
• Cultural Tourism

Although we often have a feeling like people are travelling for the last few decades only, the truth is – people are travelling for centuries. Old Romans were travelling to relax in their Mediterranean villas. At the same time, people in Eastern Asia wandered for cultural experiences. I’ve got so fascinated with the history of travelling, that I did my own little research on how people started to travel. And here is what I’ve learned.

History of travelling

I was always curious about the reason people started to travel. Was it for pure leisure? To relax? Or to learn about new cultures, and find themselves along the way?

I wanted to chaise the reason all the way to its source – to the first travellers. And hopped to find out what was the initial motivation for people to travel.

According to linguists, the word ‘travel’ was first used in the 14th century. However, people started to travel much earlier.

While looking at the history of travelling and the reasons people started to travel, I wanted to distinguish the difference between travellers and explorers. Most of the time, when thinking about travel in history, people like Marco Polo or Christopher Columbus are coming to mind. However, they weren’t really travellers in a modern sense. They were explorers and researchers. So, to really learn about how people started to travel, I wanted to focus on ordinary people. Travellers like you and me, if you wish.

Romans and their roads

First people who started to travel for enjoyment only were, I’m sure you won’t be surprised, old Romans. Wealthy Romans would often go to their summer villas. And it was purely for leisure. They could, of course, start doing that because they invented something quite crucial for travelling – roads. Well developed network of roads was the reason they could travel safely and quickly.

However, there is another reason that motivated people in Antiquity to travel. And I was quite amazed when I learned about it.

It was a desire to learn. They believed travelling is an excellent way to learn about other cultures, by observing their art, architecture and listening to their languages.

Sounds familiar? It seems like Romans were the first culture tourists.

⤷ Read more : 20 Archaeological sites you have to visit in Europe

Travelling during the Middle Ages

It may come by surprise, but people started to wander more during the Middle Ages. And most of those journeys were pilgrimages.

Religion was the centre of life back in the Middle Ages. And the only things that connected this world with the saints people were worshipping, were the relics of saints. Pilgrims would often travel to another part of the country, or even Europe to visit some of the sacred places.

The most popular destinations for all those pilgrims was Santiago de Compostela, located in northwest Spain. People would travel for thousands of kilometres to reach it. To make a journey a bit easier for them, and to earn money from the newly developed tourism, many guest houses opened along the way. Pilgrims would often visit different towns and churches on their way, and while earning a ticket to heaven, do some sightseeing, as well.

Wealthy people were travelling in the caravans or by using the waterways. What’s changing in the Middle Ages was that travel wasn’t reserved only for the rich anymore. Lower classes are starting to travel, as well. They were travelling on foot, sleeping next to the roads or at some affordable accommodations. And were motivated by religious purposes.

⤷ TIP : You can still find many of those old pilgrim’s routes in Europe. When in old parts of the cities (especially in Belgium and the Netherlands ), look for the scallop shells on the roads. They will lead you to the local Saint-Jacob’s churches. Places dedicated to that saint were always linked to pilgrims and served as stops on their long journeys. In some cities, like in Antwerp , you can follow the scallop shell trails even today.

Below you can see one of the scallop shells on a street and Saint-Jacques Church in Tournai , Belgium.

Grand Tours of the 17th century

More impoverished people continued to travel for religious reasons during the following centuries. However, a new way of travelling appeared among wealthy people in Europe.

Grand tours are becoming quite fashionable among the young aristocrats at the beginning of the 17th century. As a part of their education (hmmm… culture tourists, again?) they would go on a long journey during which they were visiting famous European cities. Such as London , Paris , Rome or Venice, and were learning about their art, history and architecture.

Later on, those grand tours became more structured, and they were following precisely the same route. Often, young students would be accompanied by an educational tutor. And just to make the things easier for them, they were allowed to have their servants with them, too.

One of those young aristocrats was a young emperor, Peter the Great of Russia. He travelled around western Europe and has spent a significant amount of his time in the Netherlands. The architecture of Amsterdam and other Dutch cities definitely inspired a layout of the new city he has built – Saint Petersburg . So, travelling definitely remains an essential part of education since Roman times.

⤷ Read more : 15 Best museums in Europe you have to visit this year

The railway system and beginning of modern travel in the 19th century

Before the railway system was invented, people mostly travelled on foot (budget travel) or by water (the first-class travel at that time). However, when in the 1840s, an extensive network of railways was built, people started to travel for fun.

Mid-19th century definitely marks a real beginning of modern tourism. It’s the time when the middle class started to grow. And they have found a way to travel easily around Europe.

It’s coming by no surprise that the first travel agency, founded by Thomas Cook in England, was established at that time, too. He was using recently developed trains together with a network of hotels to organise his first group trips.

⤷ Read more : The most interesting European myths and legends

History of travelling in the 20th century

Since then, things started to move quickly. With the development of transportation, travelling became much more accessible. Dutch ships would need around a year to travel from Amsterdam to Indonesia. Today, for the same trip, we need less than a day on a plane.

After the Second World War, with the rise of air travel, people started to travel more and more. And with the internet and all the cool apps we have on our smartphones, it’s easier than ever to move and navigate your way in a new country. Mass tourism developed in the 1960s. But, with the new millennium, we started to face the over-tourism.

We can be anywhere in the world in less than two days. And although it’s a great privilege of our time, it also bears some responsibilities. However, maybe the key is to learn from history again and do what old Romans did so well. Travel to learn, explore local history and art, and be true culture tourists.

History of Travelling , How people started to travel , Travel

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Osmanlı Seyyahlarının Dünya Fuarları İzlenimleri Talk by Semra Horuz

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• The Rise of Oriental Travel: English Visitors to the Ottoman Empire, 1580-1720 Review
• AN ARAB TRAVELER IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE -1872

Archaeologists and Travelers in Ottoman Lands. University of Pennsylvania

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List of Foreign Travellers in Indian History

Foreign travelers such as Megasthenes and Hiuen Tsang in ancient times, and Ibn Battuta and Vasco da Gama in medieval and early modern periods, have left significant imprints on India's history.

Table of Contents

Foreign travelers such as Megasthenes and Hiuen Tsang in ancient times, and Ibn Battuta and Vasco da Gama in medieval and early modern periods, have left significant imprints on India’s history. These explorers, hailing from Greece to Morocco and beyond, documented their experiences, contributing crucial insights into India’s culture, trade, and society. Their accounts remain valuable sources for understanding the historical dynamics of the Indian subcontinent.

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Foreign Travellers in Ancient India

Foreign travelers in ancient India, such as Megasthenes and Faxian, played crucial roles in shaping historical narratives.

• Megasthenes , a Greek ambassador in the 4th century BCE, provided insights into the Mauryan Empire’s court under Chandragupta Maurya.
• Faxian , a Chinese pilgrim in the 5th century CE, documented Gupta dynasty details and contributed to Buddhist knowledge.
• These early observers, alongside others like Hiuen Tsang, established enduring connections between India and the global community, leaving invaluable records that illuminate ancient Indian society, culture, and political landscapes. Their writings remain pivotal in understanding the historical dynamics of the Indian subcontinent.

Foreign Travellers in Medieval India

Medieval India attracted an array of foreign travelers who left significant accounts of their experiences.

• Ibn Battuta , a Moroccan explorer in the 14th century, documented the Delhi Sultanate’s political and cultural milieu during Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s reign.
• Marco Polo , the Italian merchant, offered insights into the economic history of Southern India during the Kakatiya and Pandyan rule.
• Jean-Baptiste Tavernier , a French gem merchant, traversed India during the 17th century, providing details on the Mughal Empire’s flourishing trade.
• These travelers contributed diverse perspectives, enriching our understanding of medieval Indian society, commerce, and governance through their valuable writings, which continue to be historical references.

List of Foreign Travellers in India

Brief about foreign travellers in india.

Megasthenes (302-298 B.C.): A Greek ethnographer and ambassador, Megasthenes visited the court of Chandragupta Maurya as an envoy of Seleucus Nicator. His work, “Indika,” offers a comprehensive description of ancient India, including insights into the geography with mentions of major rivers like the Sindhu and Ganga. Megasthenes is often hailed as the “Father of Indian History.”

Deimachos (320-273 B.C.): Sent by Antiochus I, Deimachos, a Greek ambassador, visited Bindusāra or Amitraghāta, Chandragupta Maurya’s successor. His accounts provide valuable information about the contemporary society and political landscape of the Mauryan Empire.

Ptolemy (130 A.D.): The Greek geographer, Ptolemy, authored “The Geography of India,” offering insights into ancient Indian geography. His work remains a significant reference for understanding the geographical knowledge of the time.

Faxian (AD 405-411): A Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, Faxian walked to India during the days of Chandragupta Vikramaditya. His travelogue, “Record of Buddhist Kingdom,” details the Gupta dynasty and provides valuable information about the social and economic aspects of the era.

Xuanzang (630 AD): A Chinese traveler, Xuanzang spent 15 years in India during the reign of Harsha Vardhana. His extensive work, ‘Si-Yu-Ki’ or ‘The Records of the Western World,’ delves into the caste system and other aspects of Indian society.

I-TSING (671-695 AD): A Chinese traveler, I-Tsing visited India in connection with Buddhism. His works include biographies of many important monks, contributing significantly to the understanding of Buddhism in India.

Al Samudi (AD 957): An Arab traveler, Al Samudi provided an account of India’s political, economic, and religious history in his book ‘Muruj-ul-Zehab.’

Al-Beruni (1024-1030 A.D.): A Persian scholar who accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni to India, Al-Beruni is considered the Father of Indology. His seminal work, ‘Tahqiq-i-Hind,’ represents one of the earliest studies of India by a Muslim scholar.

Marco Polo (1292-94): The Italian explorer Marco Polo visited Southern India during the reigns of Rudramma Devi of the Kakatiyas and Pandyan ruler Madverman, Kulshekhara (1272-1311). His book, “The Book of Sir Marco Polo,” offers invaluable insights into the economic history of India.

Ibn Battuta (1333 to 1342): A Moroccan traveler, Ibn Battuta visited India during the reign of Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq. Appointed as a judge by Tughlaq, his book ‘The Travels’ details the administrative reforms of Delhi Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq in his travelogue “Rehla.”

Shihabuddin al-Umari (1348 A.D.): Hailing from Damascus, al-Umari vividly documented India in his book “Masalik albsar fi-mamalik al-amsar.”

Nicolo Conti (1420-1421 A.D.): The Venetian traveler Nicolo Conti’s graphic account during the rule of Devraya I of the Sangam Dynasty of Vijayanagar Empire includes details about Vijayanagara’s capital.

Abdur Razzaq (1443-1444 A.D.): A Persian traveler and ambassador of Shahrukh from the Timurid dynasty, Abdur Razzaq stayed in India during the rule of Devraya II of Vijayanagar. His book, ‘Matla-us-Sadain wa Majma-ul-Bahrain,’ describes life in Calicut under the Zamorin and the ancient city of Vijayanagara at Hampi.

Athanasius Nikitin (1470-1474 A.D.): A Russian merchant who visited South India, Nikitin’s narrative, “The Journey Beyond Three Seas,” details the condition of the Bahmani kingdom under Muhammad III (1463-82).

Duarte Barbosa (AD 1500): A Portuguese voyager who stayed in India for 16 years, mostly in Kerala and the Vijayanagara dynasty, Barbosa studied Malayalam and wrote about caste culture and social life in his book ‘Book of Duarte Barbosa.’

Domingo Paes (1520-1522 A.D.): A Portuguese traveler who visited the court of Krishnadeva Raya of the Tuluv dynasty of the Vijayanagar Empire.

Fernao Nuniz (1535-1537 A.D.): A Portuguese merchant who wrote a history of the Vijayanagar Empire, detailing events from its earliest times.

John Hughen Von Linschotten (1583 A.D.): A Dutch traveler who provided a valuable account of the social and economic life of South India.

William Hawkins (AD1608 to 1611): An English ambassador sent by Britain’s King James I to the Mughal palace of Emperor Jahangir, Hawkins led the first English East India Company expedition to India in 1609.

Thomas Coryat (1612-1617 AD): An English traveler during the reign of Jahangir.

Pal Canning (1615-1625): An English traveler who visited during the reign of Jahangir.

Sir Thomas Roe (1615-1619 A.D.): The ambassador of James I, king of England, who visited during the reign of Jahangir. His “Journal of the Mission to the Mughal Empire” is a treasured contribution to the history of India.

Edward Terry (1616 A.D.): An ambassador of Thomas Roe, Terry described Indian social behavior, particularly in Gujarat.

Pietra Della Velle (1622-1660 AD): An Italian traveler during the reign of Jahangir.

Francisco Palsaer (1620-1627 A.D.): A Dutch traveler who stayed at Agra, providing a vivid account of trade in various cities.

John Fryer (1627-1681 AD): An English traveler during the reign of Shah Jahan, offering a vivid account of Surat and Bombay.

Peter Mundy (1630-34 A.D.): An Italian traveler during the reign of Shah Jahan, providing valuable information about the living standards of common people in the Mughal Empire.

John Albert de Mandesto (1638 A.D.): A German traveler during the reign of Shah Jahan.

Jean Baptiste Tavernier (1638-1663 A.D.): A French traveler who visited India six times during the reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.

Nicolao Manucci (1653-1708 A.D.): An Italian traveler who served at the court of Dara Shikoh.

Francois Bernier (1656-1717 A.D.): A French physician and philosopher who visited India during the reign of Shah Jahan and wrote ”

Foreign Travellers in Indian History UPSC

Throughout Indian history, foreign travelers have left indelible imprints on its narrative. From Megasthenes, the Greek envoy in 4th-century BCE Mauryan court, to Ibn Battuta’s Moroccan accounts during the Delhi Sultanate, these observers contributed diverse perspectives. Marco Polo’s Italian lens captured Southern India’s richness, while Jean-Baptiste Tavernier’s French expeditions documented Mughal opulence.

The detailed records of the Chinese pilgrims Faxian and Xuanzang shed light on ancient Buddhist sites. European explorers like the Portuguese Duarte Barbosa and English ambassador Sir Thomas Roe enriched historical archives. These foreign voices collectively weave a global tapestry, unraveling India’s societal, cultural, and political intricacies over the ages.

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Foreign Travellers in Indian History FAQs

Who was the foreign traveller during the mughal period.

Francisco Pelsaert, a Dutch traveler, explored India during Jahangir's rule from 1620-1627. Father Anthony Monserate visited in Akbar's reign from 1578-1582. Niccolo Manucci, an Italian traveler, documented his experiences during Aurangzeb's era.

Who were the travelers in medieval India?

Prominent medieval Indian travelers include Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo, Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, and Niccolò Manucci. They traversed the subcontinent, leaving valuable accounts of its diverse cultures, societies, and economies.

Who was the foreign Traveller during Chandragupta reign?

Fa - Hien is the famous Chinese pilgrim who visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II.

Who was the prince of Travellers in ancient India?

Hiuen Tsang (630-645 A.D.) was a Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler who visited India during the reign of King Harshavardhana. He was known as the "prince of pilgrims".

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17th Century Travelers' Accounts of Indian Mediicne

2024, Doctors' Dialogue

In this paper, I have limited myself only to the travel writings in the 17th century. Travel writers of the 17th century, I think, were carrying this view of “planetary consciousness” knowingly or unknowingly. It was one of the driving forces of their accounts and taking details of Indian medical system. The major problem with these travel accounts is that almost without exception all the travellers were attached and employed to Indian royal courts. As a result, they have spoken voluminously on various aspects of Indian regality, their social interactions, internal feuds, series of wars, Indian custom, socio-politico-cultural life and so on. They have told very sparsely, excepting a few, particularly on Indian medical practices. Hence it becomes difficult to locate their medical perception and place it against Indian medical practices amidst so many pages. Against this perspective, I try to systematically narrate those accounts described by the travelers of 17th century. 17th century may be regarded as a watershed in the travellers’ accounts for the reasons detailed later on. Starting from Boullaye-le-Gouz’s Les Voyages et Observations there are a good number of travel documents even by learned and trained European physicians. For our study of the seventeenth-century, we limited us to thorough readings of the accounts of five most noted travelers of this period. These are (1) Francois Bernier’s Travels in the Mughal Empire (1670); (2) Jean Baptiste Tavernier’s Travels in India (1676); (3) Niccolao Manucci’s Storia Da Mogor or Mogul India 1653-1708, Vol. I-IV (trans. William Irvine); (4) John Fryer’s A New Account of East-India and Persia, in Eight Letters. Being Nine Years Travels, Begun 1672. And Finished 1681 (1698); and (5) John Ovington’s A Voyage to Suratt, In the Year 1689 (1696).

Related Papers

Muhammad N A J A M U D D I N Farani , awais mir

This article throws light on the biographical sketch of the travellers' who not only witnessed and experienced the Indian culture, religious ceremonies and the society in the Mughal state but also penned down their observations on the basis of their perceptions and experiences. When we piece together their treatises, they give us interesting insight about the religious and cultural landscape of the Mughal Empire. A detailed account of their contacts with the state and the society will help us understand the original contributions to the accounts which they have written during or after their visits to India.

Jayanta Bhattacharya

It deals with travellers from different countries and having different backgrounds adjudged Indian medical and surgical practices through European gaze. It also brings forth the issue of underlying epistemological interactions and encounters arising there of.

Eugenia Vanina

Faraz Anjum

Journal of British Studies

Pramod K. Nayar

Doctors' Dialogue

The systematizing of nature, foreign natural world and disease patterns is a European project of a new kind – “planetary consciousness among Europeans.” This process of systematization was to assert even more powerfully the authority of print, as will be evident from Bartolomeo’s accounts. Travel writings of the previous centuries departed from its trajectory. Collections of curious observations on the manners, customs, usages, different languages, government, mythology, chronology, ancient and geography, ceremonies, religions, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, physics, natural history, commerce, arts and sciences crystallized into new domination, gradually ascending into the formation of a novel kind of secular social hierarchy. It was altogether unknown in India before colonial subjugation. To put it in other words, quantification of natural events replaced almost all qualitative aspects of human world. In the world of medicine, it can be seen in the use of new diagnostic technologies. Attempting to distil disease into medicine-by-numbers, Dr. Brown envisaged a thermometer calibrated upon a single Scale arising from zero to 80 degrees. “The device of a single axis objectified illness into something quantifiable, and pointed to a therapeutics dependent upon dosage size.” Through the making of new kind of institutions, laws, commerce, economy, education, curricula, and social milieu European powers finally became successful to unfailingly reconstitute Indian botanical and medical knowledge forever. The British medical department was established in Bengal as far back as 1764, for rendering medical services to the troops and servants of the Company. At that time, it consisted of 4 head surgeons, 8 assistant surgeons, and 28 surgeon’s mates. In 1785, medical departments were set up in Bengal, Madras, and Bombay presidencies with 234 surgeons. The medical departments involved both military and civil medical services. On 29 May 1786, a Hospital Board was formed to administer European hospitals comprising of the Surgeon General and Physician General, who were in the staff of the Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Indian Army. In 1796, hospital boards were renamed as medical boards to look after the affairs of the civil part of the medical departments. On 24 June 1796, the Hospital Board was converted into the Medical Board with two members. The history of medicine in India was all set for an entirely different journey.

Early Scientific Expeditions and Local Encounters – New Perspectives on Carsten Niebuhr and ‘The Arabian Journey’, ed. Ib Friis, Michael Harbsmeier, and Jørgen Bæk Simonsen (Copenhagen: Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, 2013), 27-50.

Daniel Carey

The practice of eighteenth-century scientific travel emerged out of a series of traditions that developed over the course of the previous two hundred years. During this period an extensive literature of instruction and advice also appeared, beginning in the sixteenth century with the Humanist intervention to reform travel in the 1570s, together with the instructions issued by trading companies for a variety of voyages. Efforts to control travel and give it observational coherence took on a new impetus under the auspices of the Royal Society in the 1660s as it formulated inquiries for different countries and supplied more general advice on what to observe for travellers and mariners. Viewed from this perspective, the extensive guidelines and questions devised by Johann David Michaelis and his colleagues for the Arabiske Rejse represent the culmination and synthesis of long standing attempts to make travel productive of new knowledge. This essay describes the traditions that informed these contributions and some of the difficulties associated with trying to control travel – including the utopianism of questionnaires, the practical limits of obtaining answers, and the creation of networks to distribute and respond to them.

Rui Manuel Loureiro

Indian Journal of History of Science

In its own explanatory model, Āyurveda deals with bodily organs, physiological activities, disease causation, and consequent treatment. It is not equivalent to a medical discipline (as we understand it today). Rather, it is an expression of Indian subjectivity. Without the benefit of knowledge of anatomy and physiology, ecology was an integral part of diagnosis of disease without organ localization – a bio-geography absorbed into therapeutics, a discourse on the world (natural history) contained within a discourse on man (medicine). Therefore, it was an encounter at the epistemological level between indigenous way of perceiving and preserving one’s body and health on the one hand, and medicalization of body and life on the other; surgical craft on the one hand and anatomico-surgical excellence on the other. To note, though predominant, Āyurveda is not the only system of medicine in India. Among others, Indian medicine comprises two other major systems – Unānī and Siddha. In the accounts of travellers and pilgrims from foreign countries may be found notices of medical science, as they saw it practiced during their sojourn in a country, and such impressions, if properly collated, may bear impartial testimony to the progress of the science at the time. Travellers’ accounts are a good source: (1) to trace the history of Indian medical knowledge or Āyurveda across the ages, and (2) to have some idea behind the decline of surgical practice and its relegation to the hands of the low caste people.

Md. Monirul Islam, PhD

The history of English travel narratives reveals that its origin and development is closely linked to the British encounter with the colonial 'other.' In the 'golden age' of European navigation and discovery travel narratives emerged in England in an effort to familiarise the unknown and the strange. Once the initial mapping was done by the navigators, travellers, artists and explorers went to the newly discovered territories and narrated the natural as well as the ethnographic conditions they observed there. Such travel narratives undoubtedly had a role in advancing the colonial and the imperial agenda, though simultaneously, they influenced the growth of modern form of tourism during the late eighteenth and the nineteenth century. William Hodges was the first European landscape painter to visit India. During his stay in India (1780-85) he travelled extensively and made several sketches for his paintings, forty eight of which were completed and published between 1785 and 1788 as Select Views of India. A few years later he wrote Travels in India, During the Years 1780, 1781, 1782, & 1783 (1793). The present article aims to explore how Hodges exceeds his artistic self and becomes an apologist for the emerging British Empire in India.

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Is Moscow Tap Water Safe To Drink?

Yes! Generally Safe to Drink*

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Can you drink tap water in moscow.

Yes, tap water is drinkable.

Tap Safe includes data from many publicly available sources, including the WHO (World Health Organization), CDC (Center for Disease Control), and user submitted databases, but unfortunately there's not enough data about Moscow.

To see user submitted ratings of the water quality for Russia, see the "User Submitted Ratings" box on this page.

Moscow Russia, tap water is safe for drinking . Treatment plants use sodium hypochlorite , which is more reliable than chlorine. A regular inspection ensures people who drink it won’t be ill. The water leaves the treatment plant is safe to drink . However, locals tend to boil water before drinking. Nowadays, many Russian drinks filtered water . Their concerns will be the residential pipeline in the place they live or stay.

The Mosvodokanal (Water services company), the state group that monitors the drinking water in Moscow, confirms that water is clean . The company produces high-quality drinking water and a safe sewage system to 14.2 million inhabitants of the Moscow capital. Also, according to specialists, tap water in Moscow meets all the requirements that have been recommended by Russia’s chief state sanitary inspector. They deny many stories created by the various aqua filters. But if you have a sensitive stomach as tourists, we advise that you only consume bottled water.

Source of Water in Moscow, Russia

Tap water from Moscow, Russia , comes from surface water and groundwater. The three primary sources originate from the Moskva river , Volga river , and Vazuzskoye Hydrotechnical System.

The Moskva river supplies up to 60% of the capital needs of water. While the Volga river provides 40% of the water supply in Moscow, the Vazuzskoye serve as a reserve source incase of water crisis or contamination on the two prime surface water source.

Treatment and sanitation start with coagulation . This method includes the addition of compounds that improve the clumping of fines into larger floc so that they can easily separate from the water. Then they exposed water to UV light that known to kill bacteria and now will pass through water filtration of sand a natural way to filter water without chemical compounds.

Moscow Tap Water

The famous Moscow tap water supplied by the authorities contained high levels of pesticides, etc. These levels have been regularly overcharged and sometimes unknowingly overcharged in some areas. You can imagine that when this happens, you could be suffering from long-term health problems. The average life expectancy in Moscow is around eighty or ninety years. These figures do not include the death rate from illnesses, which, unfortunately, almost one-third of the population suffers from Moscow.

Recently some companies have started selling packaged Moscow tap water at various price ranges so that people can easily buy a bottle and take it with them to their home. It seems that the people of Moscow have become much more interested in these bottles, and many believe they are safer than the local bottled water from the supermarket or the vast range of similar brands sold in stores across the globe. Yet they are pretty useless and even more expensive than the ordinary local supermarket brands. Many believe that these brand-name companies are only making money from their consumers by deceiving them. However, it is also worth remembering that the destination Moscow tap water does not come from any such reliable suppliers and is certainly not free of harmful chemicals.

It is essential to realize that not all bottled water from Europe or anywhere else in the world is safe to drink. If you are traveling to Moscow, you should ensure that you have a fully qualified professional inspect the water before you drink. The same applies if you stay at a hotel in the city, as many hotels often have a plumbing problem. If your drinking water is contaminated, you may have absolutely no choice but to leave the hotel and find somewhere else to stay. In the past, I have personally seen people who have lived for months in a small town without any water supply and were forced to use a simple tap water filter to bring some life back into their lives. Moscow’s people indeed face difficult times, but the fact remains that they need our help more than ever to keep their city clean and healthy.

Water in Moscow

Water in Moscow is something that people take for granted, but the fact is that there are no hotel amenities in the city that can be called genuinely luxurious. While there are plenty of posh cafes scattered throughout the city and a plethora of excellent eating and drinking options, you will have to get your drinking water from a faucet at the end of the day, a tap or bottled one. This can be a pain because even if you go on a perfect vacation, you might still not be able to take along your water bottle, so here are some other things that you should make sure to pack before you travel to Russia. Your water supply!

Water is essential when you are visiting any country, let alone one as unique as Russia. As such, you will want to get a hold of bottled water while you are there, and at many of the hotels, you will also find a water filter attached to the tap. This way, you can have clean and safe water without having to worry about getting sick from water that may not necessarily be from a tap that you drink. It is also an excellent idea to have an ice cooler with you, to keep refreshments for yourself and any friends or family you may meet. If you stay in a guest house, try to get a refrigerator, too – cold drinks are a must!

There are also plenty of hotels in Moscow that offer Wi-Fi internet access, so make sure to bring this along with you, too. A hotel water purifier may seem like a small thing to have on hand, but you never know when you might need it, especially in the heat and humidity that the region has to deal with. In addition to taking these precautions, there are other hotel amenities that you can find in many of the more excellent hotels in Moscow and more budget hotels. For example, many cheaper hotels will offer you hot tubs, which are incredibly relaxing and enjoyable after a hard day at work. You can even get a “couple” package so that you can enjoy a romantic evening together after returning home from a long day of work.

Moscow Bottled Water

The Moscow Bottled Water is now one of the leading brands of Russian bottled water. It has its unique name and brand identity due to the strict control of production. Only the best quality minerals, herbs, and plants are used to produce every bottle of this Moscow bottled water. This brand is known all over the world for its quality of water.

The Moscow Italian Wine has also become a famous brand among people across the world. Its unique name was based on two words -” Moscow” and “Italian wine.” It was created by the legendary Russian writer Alexey Pshchinin. Since one day, he put the words “Moscow Italian Wine” in the bottle of his famous Russian brand and started selling it to customers across the world. It is considered one of the finest Russian wines that are available.

Murano Italian Wine is one of the top-selling brands that has a vast number of fans. It has been a part of the Russian retail market since 1960 when it began as a small business. It has expanded its brand name to sell various products such as wine, mineral water, fruits, and confectionery. Due to its huge success, the company now produces different types of Russian wines, chocolates, juices, and Cologne from its vast inventories. Now it is available in almost all parts of the world, even in some parts of the United States.

Moscow Drinking Water

Do you want to know about the quality of Moscow drinking water? Are you worried that you are not getting enough of it? Then you need to know what the quality of Moscow’s drinking water is. It would be best if you also found out what you can do to stop it from happening to you and ensure that your family’s health is not in danger. Here are some tips to help you with this:

The first thing that you should know is that there are different kinds of purification methods used for the purest drinking water. There are many different ones. Even if you live in one of the most developed cities globally, you still have to be aware that you have to deal with the pollution in your city. The water that comes from the tap may be clean, but you have to contend with many impurities when you mix it with municipal water. Therefore, you need to make sure that you purchase a good filtration system that will allow you to drink safe water without worrying about the quality.

Moreover, you need to know that some water purification plants have been known to produce horrible drinking water. There have even been cases when people end up getting ill because they drink contaminated water. In addition to this, you also need to make sure that the government has approved the water filter you buy. Without this, you might end up with a machine that will give you nothing but a few contaminants.

Moscow Water Supply

Moscow is one of the largest cities in Russia and the capital of the Russian Federation. The city was developed as a steam mining center during the Golden Ages of the 17th century. Today, the city is one of the fastest-growing cities in Russia, with over 6 million. The Moscow water supply has long been a problem because of water pipes’ issues in the city. However, it has become much better today as a result of technological advances.

Water is essential to life in the city, and it is also crucial for the health of its inhabitants. Moscow has always had an inadequate water supply record, which has been the case since the Revolution. However, the situation has changed today, and Moscow has one of the world’s best water supply systems. Water is also distributed to all of the apartment complexes and townhouses before being distributed to individual homes. It is also brought in on trucks and trains from the city’s main water supplies.

Water is a valuable commodity, and the city does not want to see any cut in its water supply. Therefore, when a new water line is installed, it is done with great care and attention. When the water supply is affected due to natural calamities like floods and earthquakes, Moscow gets involved more than other cities. However, it does not affect the city’s general population, as the people of Moscow can drink from any tap no matter where they are located. Also, as long as there is sunlight in the city, water in bottles will be available for the general public.

Moscow Water Quality

Moscow has a lot of industrial, commercial, and residential growth going on. Since these areas are populated with people, a lot of waste is being created that needs to be handled. Moscow water quality is improving slowly but surely, and it is expected that it will be better in the future. Water is an essential commodity, and everyone needs it to survive. Moscow is just a small city. The population is still growing, so the need for good water quality will not be quickly replaced as it did in the past. Nevertheless, there are some methods you can use to ensure that you are drinking at least what is considered to be good quality water.

If you have friends or relatives living in a city known for poor water quality, you may want to think about helping them out by donating your share to a charity that gives clean water to residents. Many charities give away free water to people who cannot afford to buy bottled water, although this does little good if the water source is unreliable. You could also try contacting your city to see if they have any programs that allow you to help out. They often need people to run surveys and provide information about their water supply quality, although the government does not usually support these kinds of programs.

You can help improve the quality of the water in your home by installing a kitchen countertop filter that takes out the contaminants. There are many types of filters available, and you may find that the simplest ones will work best in your house. Some of these filters remove just a few particles, leaving the tap water’s essential minerals and vitamins. This may help overcome the mineral deficiencies.

Moscow Water Treatment

Moscow water treatment equipment has become a prevalent method of filtration and purification among the Moscow residents. Many people are starting to use these systems to filter their water and be confident that their water is clean enough for consumption by their families. The systems are becoming more popular as more people realize what they have been doing by allowing city water to pollute their drinking water. This has caused many health problems for many Russian citizens. City water cannot be deemed healthy when it contains such contaminants as pesticides, lead, benzene, bacteria, radioactive isotopes, synthetic drugs, and other harmful chemicals. Even the water from wells used for personal consumption must be filtered or cleaned at the source to be deemed safe for drinking.

The main reason these systems are getting more popular is that they are cost-effective and produce far healthier water than what you can get from your tap. There is a wide range of water treatment equipment available on the market today, ranging from portable units that can be kept in apartments and houses and huge water softening machines that can be installed in water pipes throughout a city. These systems’ prices depend on many factors, such as the size of the system, the kind of filter used, and the number of filter stages that need to be installed in the water purification equipment.

The water quality that comes out of your tap can sometimes depend on whether you have installed the correct type of water treatment equipment. If you suspect that your water supply contains any impurities such as lead, it would be wise to contact a water purifier that can help to remove the traces of this toxic metal. Once you have made your purchase, it would be a good idea to read about the brand and model you are using to make the most of your investment. Water purifiers have become an essential part of our lives, and it is crucial to know precisely what you are purchasing to make sure that you are getting a quality product.

Other links:

• Moscow, Russia Travel Guide by N.G.
• 17 Top Tourist Attractions in Moscow
• https://www.lonelyplanet.com/russia/moscow/health

What do people in Moscow think about the tap water?

While brushing your teeth with it is OK, assume that tap water isn’t safe to drink. Stick to bottled water, boil water for 10 minutes or use water purification tablets or a filter.

The estimated price of bottled water

$0.56 in USD (1.5-liter)

USER SUBMITTED RATINGS

• Drinking Water Pollution and Inaccessibility 40% Moderate
• Water Pollution 49% Moderate
• Drinking Water Quality and Accessibility 61% High
• Water Quality 50% Moderate

The above data is comprised of subjective, user submitted opinions about the water quality and pollution in Moscow, measured on a scale from 0% (lowest) to 100% (highest).

Related FAQS

• Best Water to Drink
• Lead in Drinking Water
• PFAS in Drinking Water
• Nitrates in Drinking Water
• Bacteria in Drinking Water
• Best Water Dispensers

Always take extra precautions, the water may be safe to drink when it leaves the sewage treatment plant but it may pick up pollutants during its way to your tap. We advise that you ask locals or hotel staff about the water quality. Also, note that different cities have different water mineral contents.

Sources and Resources

Sources cited, additional resources, traveller's notes.

While brushing your teeth with it is OK, assume that tap water isn't safe to drink. Stick to bottled water, boil water for 10 minutes or use water purification tablets or a filter.

Current Weather in Moscow

Some of the convenience stores in moscow.

• Eliseyevskiy
• Pyaterochka
• Mini Market
• EUROSPAR Express
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• АВ Daily
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• Гастроном â„– 1
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Estimated Price of Bottled Water

Check tap water safety for nearby destinations.

• Dolgoprudnyy
• Krasnogorsk
• Dzerzhinskiy
• Ivanteyevka
• Shchelkovo (Shchyolkovo)
• Staraya Kupavna
• Elektrougli
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• Elektrostal'
• Krasnoarmeysk
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• Pavlovskiy Posad
• Sergiyev Posad
• Elektrogorsk
• Voskresensk

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• Al'met'yevsk
• Aleksandrov
• Aleksandrovsk
• Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy
• Alekseyevka

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• Bosnia and Herzegovina
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