trek 6061 t6 aluminum

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• >6061 T6 Aluminum Tube for Bicycle Frame

6061 T6 Aluminum Tube for Bicycle Frame

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Chalco adheres to high-quality aluminum production, contact us to obtain a quotation.

Why choose Chalco 6061 T6 aluminum tube for bicycle frame?

Advanced extrusion line.

Chalco's multiple advanced aluminum tube extrusion production lines can produce seamless aluminum tubes for light weight and high strength bicycle frames. Quick Quote

Product quality assurance

The 6061 aluminum tubes for bicycle frames produced by Chalco can meet the test standards of ASTM F2711-08.

Specifications of 6061 aluminum tube for bicycle frame

Chemical composition of 6061 aluminum tubes for bicycle frame, mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum tubes for bicycle frame, advantages of 6061 aluminum tubes for bicycle frame.

Strength and lightweight: Chalco 6061 aluminum tubes maintain sufficient strength while having a low density, resulting in a high strength-to-weight ratio for bicycle frames. This helps reduce the overall weight of the bicycle, making cycling more effortless and efficient.

Corrosion resistance: Chalco 6061 aluminum tubes exhibit excellent corrosion resistance, ensuring that bicycle frames can maintain their optimal condition even under various weather and environmental conditions. This is particularly crucial for riders who frequently cycle in humid or rainy regions.

Machinability and ductility: Chalco 6061 aluminum alloy tubes are easy to machine and shape, allowing manufacturers to design bicycle frames in various shapes and structures to meet different needs and riding styles.

Affordability: compared to some high-end materials such as carbon fiber, Chalco 6061 aluminum alloy tubes are more cost-effective, providing good performance at a competitive price point.

Different butted for bicycle frames using 6061 aluminum tubes

Single butted: in a single butted tube, the thickness changes only at one end of the tube, usually at one of the ends. The butting process involves reducing the thickness at both ends of the tube while maintaining a constant thickness in the middle section of the tube. This helps save weight while retaining reasonable strength. Single butting tubes are typically used in lower-end bicycles.

Double butted: double butted tubes have thickness variations at both ends, creating a tube with different thicknesses at each end. The ends of the tube are thicker, while the middle section is thinner. Double butting tubes offer better weight reduction and higher toughness compared to single butting tubes. They are commonly used in mid-range and higher-end bicycles.

Triple butted: triple butted tubes have three different thicknesses along their length. The ends of the tube are thicker, the middle section is thinner, and there is a third intermediate thickness section between the ends. Triple butting tubes are designed to provide the best combination of weight reduction, strength, and riding quality. They are typically used in high-end and performance-oriented bicycles.

Production process of 6061 aluminum bicycle frame

Extrusion of aluminum tubes: the thickness of the aluminum tube, and therefore its weight, is determined according to the geometry of the bicycle frame, the maximum mechanical expected load, and the minimum mechanical properties achievable by the alloy.

Annealing: the extruded tube is annealed to increase its ability to deform without breaking, thereby increasing the material elongation A to a higher level than extruded tube without annealing. Extruded profiles usually have an elongation of around 10-15%, but after annealing, the elongation can reach around 25%.

Butting and/or hydroforming: annealed tubing is tapered or hydroformed to achieve the final frame geometry. These tubes can deform up to 60% before reaching their final geometry and, therefore, may require multiple annealing/reducing production cycles. Newer bicycles have increasingly complex geometries that require materials with high deformation without failure. For higher strength alloys, an intermediate annealing process prior to the butt joint process may not be necessary.

Welding: the individual components of the frame are joined together by welding to form a complete frame.

Post-weld heat treatment and aging: as a result of the welding process, the mechanical properties of the heat-affected zone decrease. In order to restore these properties, the frame must be heat treated. This heat treatment must include solution annealing, quenching and aging.

Surface treatment: after heat treatment, anodizing, liquid coating, powder coating, decals, laser engraving, etc. are performed on the frame to meet the appearance required by customers. Quick Quote

Q: Are you a manufacturer? Do you have your own factory?

A: We are a manufacturer with our own factory with many years of production experience and established a good reputation.

Q: Can you produce extruded aluminum tubing?

A: We have several advanced extruded aluminum pipe production lines, which can produce high-quality extruded aluminum pipes.

Q: What colors can powder coatings be made of?

A: We have several advanced powder coating production lines, and can customize any color you need according to your requirements.

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A: We can send samples, and the specific cost needs to be negotiated according to the actual situation.

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Aluminum 6061, Al 6061-T6 Alloy Properties, Density, Tensile & Yield Strength, Thermal Conductivity, Modulus of Elasticity, Welding

6061 Aluminum Alloy (Al 6061-T6, 6061-T651, 6061-T4)

Al-6061 aluminum alloy is a general purpose structural alloy developed by Alcoa in 1935. The temper designations mainly have 6061-T4, T451, Al 6061-T6, 6061-T651, etc. It is one of the most widely used alloys. The main alloying elements are magnesium (Mg) and silicon (Si). The content of silicon and magnesium in this alloy is close to form magnesium silicide (Mg2Si), so it is a heat-treated wrought alloy.

Aluminum 6061-T6 has a minimum yield strength of 35 ksi (240 MPa), which is almost equal to that of A36 steel . This strength, combined with its light weight (about 1/3 that of steel), makes it particularly suitable for structural applications where static loads are a concern. Compared to 7000 (e.g. alloy 7075 ) and 2000 series (e.g. alloy 2024 ) aluminum, AA6061, although lower in strength, is less sensitive to solution heat treatment and quench variation.

Because 6061 aluminium alloy is easy to extrude, it can provide a variety of product forms such as sheet, strip, plate, rod, forgings, tubes, pipes, wires, extruded parts and structural shapes.

Aluminum 6061 has good corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, formability, weldability, and machinability. Generally suitable for medium to high strength requirements, and has good toughness. Applications range from food and beverage packaging, electronic products and home appliances, architectural decoration, transportation to aerospace components. Alloy 6082 , popular in Europe, is slightly stronger than AA6061 and has similar uses.

The abbreviations Al-6061 and AA6061 in this article are the same material. Al-Aluminum; AA-the Aluminum Association or Aluminum Alloy.

Aluminum Alloy 6061 Properties, Data Sheet & Specs.

The following tables and lists summarize 6061 aluminum properties, datasheet and specs including chemical composition, physical properties and mechanical properties, welding, hardness, machinability, heat treating, etc.

Chemical Composition

Aluminium 6061 chemical composition is listed in the following table.

Notes (various standards of 6061 aluminum):

• ASTM B209: Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and Plate.
• ASTM B211: Rolled or Cold Finished Bar, Rod, and Wire.
• ASTM B221: Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles and Tubes.
• ASTM B210: Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Drawn Seamless Tubes.
• ASTM B308/B308M: AL 6061-T6 Aluminum Structural Profiles.
• ASTM B241/B241M: Seamless Pipe and Seamless Extruded Tube.
• SAE AMS 4025: Sheet and Plate; Temper O; Annealed.
• SAE AMS 4026: Sheet and Plate; Temper T4, T42, T451 (-T4 Sheet, -T451), Solution Heat Treated and Naturally Aged.
• SAE AMS 4027: Sheet and Plate; Temper T6 Aluminum, T62, T651 (AL 6061-T6 Sheet, 6061T651 Plate) Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated.
• SAE AMS 4117: Rolled or Cold Finished Bars, Rods, and Wire and Flash Welded Rings; (AL 6061-T6 Aluminum, 6061-T651).

6061 Aluminum Physical Properties

6061 aluminum physical properties are given in the following lists, including density, melting point, coefficient of thermal expansion, elastic modulus, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity electrical conductivity, and electrical resistance.

• 10 -6 ·K -1 = 10 -6 /K = 1 μm/m·°C
• 1 Ω·mm²/m = 1 μΩ·m
• 1 g/cm3 = 1 kg/dm3 = 1000 kg/m3
• 1 GPa = 1 kN/mm2
• 1 MPa = 1 N/mm2

The melting range shown applies to wrought products with a thickness of 6.35 mm (1/4 in.) or greater.

Specific gravity: 2.7

Mechanical Properties

Aluminium 6061-T6 mechanical properties are listed in the following tables including yield strength (yield stress), ultimate tensile strength, shear strength, modulus of elasticity, young’s modulus, etc.

The following mechanical properties is the average value of various sizes, product forms and manufacturing methods, so the properties cannot be guaranteed. They are only used as a basis for comparing alloys and tempering, and should not be specified as engineering requirements or used for design purposes.

Notes for modulus of elasticity: The average of the tensile (Young’s modulus) and compressive modulus. The compression modulus is about 2% higher than the tensile modulus (Young’s modulus).

Mechanical Properties of Aluminum 6061-T6 in SAE AMS and ASTM Standard

Welding of 6061 aluminum alloy.

Al-6061 alloy is easy to weld and connect by various methods. Usually welded with ER4043; For getting the best color matching, ER5356 is recommended.

The following table summarizes common similar metal welded joints made using inertial drive FRW.

• Metal Loss: The total shortening of the workpiece during the welding process.
• Total Time: The sum of heating time plus welding time.

The following table gives parameters used for inertia welding several common dissimilar material combinations.

Note for Axial Force: A force of 22 KN (5000 lbf) is applied during the heating stage of the welding; the force near the end of the weld is subsequently increased to 67 KN (15000 LBF).

• ① Postweld artificially aged only.
• ② For thicknesses greater than 19 mm (3/4 inch), 4643 filler is required.

Heat Treating of Aluminum 6061

Aa-6061 annealing.

Typical full annealing treatment (O condition): The annealing process is an average process. Heat to 415 °C (775 °F) for 2 to 3 hours, then slowly cool (28 °C/hr) to 260 °C (500 °F). The intermediate annealing for removing cold work should be performed at 343 °C (650 °F). Time and cooling rate are not critical.

6061 Aluminium Aging

6061 aluminium alloy sheets, plates, rolled or cold-rolled wire, rods, bars, and drawn tubing are aged to a metal temperature of 160 °C (320 °F) and maintaining it for 18h. Extruded rods, rods, shapes and tubes; dies and hand forgings, rolled rings are aged to a metal temperature of 175 °C (345 °F) and held for 8 hours.

Al 6061 Alloy Corrosion Resistance

Al 6061 alloy has excellent corrosion resistance to atmospheric conditions and good corrosion resistance to seawater. This alloy also has a good finish and a good reaction to anodic oxidation. However, where appearance is crucial, consider using 6060 or 6063 alloy .

Typical Applications of 6061 Aluminum Alloy

Representative applications of 6061 aluminium alloy include aerospace and electrical fixtures, as well as communications. They are also widely used in automated machinery parts, precision machining, mold manufacturing, electronics and precision instruments, SMT, PC board solder carriers, etc.

• Aerospace: 6061 aluminium alloy can be used to make aircraft skins, fuselage frames, beams, rotors, propellers, fuel tanks, siding and landing gear pillars, as well as rocket forging rings, spacecraft siding, etc.
• Transportation: 6061 aluminium alloy also used for car, subway car, railway passenger car, high-speed passenger car body structural materials, doors and windows, shelves, automotive engine parts, air conditioners, radiators, body panels, wheels and ship materials.
• Packaging: Aluminum alloy 6061 is also used as metal packaging materials in the form of thin plates and foils, made into cans, lids, bottles, barrels, packaging foils, which are widely used in packaging of beverages, food, cosmetics, medicines, cigarettes, industrial products, etc.
• Printing: Mainly used to make PS plates. Aluminum-based PS plates are a new type of material for the printing industry. They are used for automatic plate making and printing.
• Architectural decoration: alloy 6061 is mainly used in building frames, doors and windows, suspended ceilings, metal curtains, perforated metal sheet, decorative surfaces, etc. Such as various architectural doors and windows, aluminum profiles for curtain walls, aluminum curtain wall panels, profiled panels, checkered panels, color coated aluminum panels, etc.
• Electronic home appliances: 6061 also used in various busbars, wiring, conductors, electrical components, refrigerators, air conditioners, cables and other fields.

6061 Aluminium Alloy Equivalent

Aluminum 6061 equivalent to European EN (German DIN EN, British BSI EN, France NF EN), ISO, Japanese JIS and Chinese GB standard (for reference).

Notes: DIN 1725-1 has been replaced by DIN EN 573-3.

Related materials: SAE 5160 Steel , Type 302 Stainless Steel , AISI 904L Stainless Steel , AISI 304 Stainless Steel , SAE 1080 Steel , X5CrNi18-10 (1.4301)

SS321 AISI 321 Stainless Steel Properties, TP321 321H Composition

EN 10130 DC01 Steel 1.0330+ZE Material Data Sheet Equivalent, Properties

5083 Aluminum Properties, Alloy 5083 H116 H111 H321

Aluminum 6063-T6 T5; AA 6063 Aluminum Alloy Properties

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W1 Tool Steel Properties, Composition, Heat Treatment

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6061-T6 Aluminium – The Ultimate Guide

Aluminium 6061-T6 is a subcategory of the 6061  aluminium alloy , one of the most widely used aluminium alloy categories in the world. The alloy is appreciated because of its versatile performance and all-around mechanical properties. The “T6” part of the 6061-T6 name indicates the type of tempering treatment process that this aluminium alloy type undergoes.

Tempering treatment process

This treatment is a two-step process, the first being the heating of the solution, and the second the action of ageing.

During the first step, the alloy piece is submerged in a solution that has a steady temperature of 980 °F (527 °C). The piece stays in the solution for an hour before it is submerged in cold water. The first hour results in the dissolving of the alloying elements in the aluminium, while the quenching in the water achieves the mitigation of the precipitation of the individual alloying elements that would normally occur if the piece was left to cool gradually.

The next step is to age the piece, and this can be done via various methods all of which involve raising the temperature to about 350 °F (177 °C) for another 1-18 hours (exact duration depends on the shape, size, and type of application).

If more designation digits and letters follow after T6, it means that the piece has been strain hardened (H1), strain hardened and annealed (H2), strain hardened and stabilized (H3), and finally strain hardened and painted or coated (H4).

Typically, and because the 6061-T6 alloy features the highest tensile strength of all 6061 types, it is used in applications where high strength-to-weight ratios are critical. Examples include aircraft and aerospace applications, bicycle frames, fishing reel components, rifle components, vacuum chambers, and modelling products.

Aluminium 6061-T6 properties and data tables

When compared to other 6061 alloy types that have been introduced to a different tempering procedure, the T6 boasts slightly better machinability characteristics as well as slightly improved anodizing response, but it is also characterised by a lower level of formability.

Its corrosion resistance properties, weldability, and brazeability remain pretty much the same as those of T1, T4, and O.

6061-T6 mechanical properties (rods, bars, tubes, pipes, and standard shapes)

6061-t6 typical alloy composition, 6061-t6 physical properties and other useful data, did you know.

• Aluminium 6061-T6 is a sub-category of the 6061 alloy, one of the most widely used aluminium alloys.
• The 6061-T6 alloy is used in applications where high strength to low weight ratios are critical such as the aircraft and aerospace industries .
• It is the way the base Aluminium 6061 is treated that give Aluminium 6061-T6 it particular characteristics.
• Compared to other Aluminium 6061 variations, 6061-T6 has better machinability characteristics, improved anodizing response and comparable corrosion resistance properties.

JIS H4140 Grade 6061 T6

AA Standards Grade 6061 T6

AA 6061 T6510

Applications

Road Vehicle Systems

General Automotive Parts

Ship Building & Marine Structures

Marine Fittings

Agriculture

Aquaculture

Fishing Equipment

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2006 Trek Gold Series 6061 T6 Aluminum

• Serial: WTU249C3623D
• Other serial/registration/sticker: EN 14766
• Manufacturer: Trek
• Name: GARY FISHER
• Model: Gold Series 6061 T6 Aluminum
• Primary colors: Silver, gray or bare metal
• Frame size: 21IN
• Frame Material: Aluminum

Distinguishing features

Black and Sliver aluminum frame, Rock Shox Dart2 front wheel fork, Marlin on the top middle frame tubing, Gary Fisher on the middle tubing and along the rear of the frame. Bontrager handle bars, seat (silver) and tires. Shimano Deore shifter, front and rear derailers, pedal cranks and Genesis 2.0along the rear frame.

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6061-T6 Aluminum Properties and its Uses

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ZINC DIE CASTING AND ALUMINUM DIE CASTING?

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By Ritesh Kumar

When it comes to manufacturing processes and the supply chain, the choice of materials plays a crucial role. One such material that has gained popularity in various industries is the 6061-T6 aluminum alloy . This alloy exhibits excellent strength, corrosion resistance, and machinability, making it a top choice for various applications. In this article, we will delve into the properties and uses of 6061 aluminum alloy, shedding light on its unique characteristics and the benefits it offers.

Know About 6061-T6 Aluminum alloy

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What Makes 6061-T6 Aluminum Special?

E xceptional strength and durability.

• The 6061-T6 extruded aluminum alloy boasts impressive strength, comparable to many steels.
• It has a tensile strength of 45,000 psi (pounds per square inch) and a yield strength of 40,000 psi, making it suitable for structural applications.
• The T6 aluminum tempering process enhances its strength further by increasing its yield strength and hardness.

Corrosion Resistance

• 6061-T6 aluminum exhibits excellent resistance to corrosion, even in harsh environments.
• It forms a protective oxide layer on its surface, preventing corrosion and ensuring longevity.
• This property makes it suitable for outdoor applications and marine environments.

Machinability

• 6061-T6 aluminum alloy offers excellent machinability, making it easy to cut, drill, and form into various shapes.
• Its manageable chip formation results in smooth machining operations and improved productivity.
• This property is especially valuable for automotive, aerospace, and consumer electronics manufacturers.

Weldability

• Welding 6061 aluminum can be achieved through various methods, including TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding and MIG (Metal Inert Gas) welding.
• Proper preparation and selection of appropriate filler materials are essential for successful welds.
• Post-weld heat treatment can restore the material’s strength and eliminate residual stresses.

Heat Treatment

• Heat-treating aluminum 6061 can improve its mechanical properties and enhance its performance in specific applications.
• The T6 tempering process involves solution heat treatment, quenching, and aging.
• This process significantly increases the alloy’s strength, hardness, and resistance to deformation.

The Uses of 6061-T6 Aluminum

Aerospace applications.

• 6061-T6 aluminum extrusion finds extensive use in the aerospace industry, particularly in aircraft structures and components.
• Its high strength-to-weight ratio makes it an ideal material for manufacturing wings, fuselage sections, and landing gear components.
• Additionally, its corrosion resistance and ease of machining contribute to its widespread use in this demanding sector.

Automotive Components

• Due to its lightweight nature and exceptional strength, 6061-T6 extrusion aluminum alloy is utilized in the automotive industry.
• It is commonly used in manufacturing suspension parts, engine components, and chassis structures.
• The alloy’s excellent machinability also allows for precisely manufacturing intricate parts.

Marine Equipment

• The corrosion resistance of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy makes it highly suitable for marine applications.
• It is used in the construction of boats, ship fittings, and offshore structures where exposure to saltwater and harsh environments is prevalent.
• Its durability and lightweight properties contribute to fuel efficiency and increased vessel performance.

Structural Applications

• 6061-T6 aluminum alloy is widely employed in structural applications such as building frameworks, bridges, and trusses.
• Its strength and durability ensure the structural integrity of these projects while maintaining a lightweight design.
• The extrusion process allows for the creation of complex shapes and profiles, making it a versatile choice for architects and engineers.

Consumer Electronics

• The versatility and aesthetic appeal of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy make it a preferred material for consumer electronics.
• It is used to manufacture smartphone frames, laptop casings, and other electronic enclosures.
• The alloy’s excellent heat dissipation properties also contribute to the efficient operation of electronic devices.

Exploring the Versatility of 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy

6061-T6 aluminum alloy offers a unique combination of strength, corrosion resistance, and machinability, making it a go-to material for various industries. Its exceptional properties enable its use in aerospace, automotive, marine, and structural applications. Whether constructing aircraft, designing consumer electronics, or building marine equipment, 6061-T6 aluminum alloy delivers the strength and versatility required for diverse applications.

Discover how Zetwerk can fulfill your manufacturing needs with our expertise in working with 6061-T6 aluminum alloy. We offer customized solutions to various industries, from aerospace to automotive, marine to structural applications. Visit Zetwerk’s knowledge base on aluminum extrusions to learn more about our capabilities and how we can assist you in achieving your manufacturing goals. 

While both alloys exhibit excellent strength and machinability, 6061-T6 aluminum is generally stronger and more durable than 6063-T6 aluminum. It is often preferred for applications requiring higher strength and structural integrity.

The extrusion process for 6061-T6 aluminum involves heating the material and forcing it through a shaped die to create complex profiles with consistent cross-sectional shapes.

Yes, 6061-T6 aluminum is highly corrosion-resistant and can withstand outdoor environments, including exposure to sunlight, rain, and temperature variations.

Yes, 6061-T6 aluminum can be anodized to enhance its surface properties, improve corrosion resistance, and provide decorative finishes.

Yes, 6061-T6 aluminum is recyclable and has a high recycling rate. Recycling aluminum reduces energy consumption and environmental impact compared to producing virgin aluminum.

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Material Notes: Information provided by Alcoa, Starmet and the references. General 6061 characteristics and uses: Excellent joining characteristics, good acceptance of applied coatings. Combines relatively high strength, good workability, and high resistance to corrosion; widely available. The T8 and T9 tempers offer better chipping characteristics over the T6 temper.

Applications: Aircraft fittings, camera lens mounts, couplings, marines fittings and hardware, electrical fittings and connectors, decorative or misc. hardware, hinge pins, magneto parts, brake pistons, hydraulic pistons, appliance fittings, valves and valve parts; bike frames.

Data points with the AA note have been provided by the Aluminum Association, Inc. and are NOT FOR DESIGN.

References for this datasheet.

Is Trek 1000 A Good Bike Or Not Worth It?

Trek 1000 is a bicycle that was first introduced in the 1980s and gained a lot of popularity in the 1990s when it seemed like everyone in the middle class owned and rode them. However, is Trek 1000 a good bike?

Trek 1000 is a good bike because it embodies a comfortable seat, a lightweight Alcoa 6061 T6 Aluminum frame, and a Tange Seiki Sealed headset. In addition, it has a Trek EnerGel Lycra saddle and a host of other qualities, making it one of the best masterpieces that any road enthusiast would cherish.

Trek 1000 is neither a speed bike nor a mountain bike. The bike is designed for folks who enjoy long-distance riding on the road rather than mountain biking, even though it isn’t flawless.

The Trek 1000 is practically an ideal bike for those who enjoy riding on the road, and it delivers good performance. If you’re thinking about purchasing a Trek 1000, this walk-through can help you determine whether it’s a vintage worth spending your money on.

Trek 1000 Bike Specifications

  is trek 1000 a good bike.

Let’s Investigate The Features

The Trek 1000 is equipped with a variety of high-quality components that work together to create a dependable mountain bike. These are:

1. An Excellent Lightweight Frame And Fork

In the 1990s, the Alcoa 6061 T6 Aluminum frame was among the lightest. With a weight of only 20 pounds, the Trek 1000 was a portable marvel for those who sought flexibility and seamless performance above everything else.

Carbon fiber bicycle frames are now available and are said to be potentially more robust than aluminum. However, it isn’t easy to match the capabilities of the Alcoa 6061 T6 frame.

Despite having a lighter frame than other models, the Alcoa 6061 T6 remains one of the most durable and dependable products in the market.

The riders were thrilled by the bike’s performance thanks to high-quality craftsmanship as well as the incredible incorporation of the frame and Tange Cro-Moly fork.

Furthermore, enthusiasts appreciated Trek 1000 not only because it was extraordinarily light compared to other models in its price range but also because of its reliability in terms of suspension, shock absorption, and other features. The sturdy frame is designed for speed and rapid handling.

2. An Elegant Design

A good frame may boast strength and dependability, but it will come short in terms of aesthetic appeal in most cases. Trek 1000 isn’t blemished by that since its lightweight frame produced some of the best painting jobs back in the ’90s and still does.

Almost no one could find fault with the bike’s design or construction as a whole. Seeing a Trek 1000 on the street is an instant appraisal for those who are familiar with it.

Its electric blue color appears wet with a black splattering which adds to its allure. It is even more attractive when combined with white decals, which add a touch of excellence.

3. Low Maintenance Cost Coupled With Good Performance

Long-distance cycling needs a bike that requires minimal maintenance, and that’s precisely what the Trek 1000 gives you. The fact that the Trek 1000 could be used for hours without mechanical issues cropping up was probably one of the most appealing features for most people. It is ideal for any cyclist who fancies long road rides.

When it comes to continuous use on the road, very few bikes edge out Trek 1000 at the mid-range level.

4. Shimano 400 EX7-Speed SIS Indexing

Trek 1000 is easier to ride up hills than similar bikes in its class, thanks to its gearing Shimano 400 EX7 gearing configuration. Similar bikes will not be able to compete with it when riding downhill or sprinting.

The positioning of the shifters will, however, not go unnoticed. Shifters are typically found on the handlebars of classic bikes. The Trek 1000, on the other hand, has these shifters located below, making it a little more difficult for riders to shift appropriately hence resulting in instability.

However, after a few rides, the shifters would no longer be an issue.

5. Additional Features

Trek 1000 incorporates SR Anatomic Alloy handlebars, Bontrager Approved stem, Shimano 500 EX 7-speed Front Derailleur, Shimano 400 EX 7-speed Rear Derailleur, among other incredible features, which make it ideal for long-distance road biking.

Pros And Cons Of Trek 1000

• Elegant design
• Requires little maintenance
• Lightweight
• Excellent frame
• Comfortable seat
• Strong and durable frameset
• Easy to ride uphill
• Comfortable handbar position
• Unusual positioning of shifters and gearing speed
• Slightly more challenging to stabilize

Is Trek 1000 Still A Worthy Bicycle To Have?

Trek 1000 is a near-perfect bicycle if you enjoy road cycling. If you find a vintage Trek 1000, you can restore it to ideal condition.

Trek 1000 is a performance-oriented reliable bike that offers you an opportunity to ride an incredibly lightweight bicycle with a beautiful design.

However, alternatively, you could get a Schwinn Discover Hybrid Bike (View on Amazon) suitable for 5ft 7inches to 5ft 10 inches men and women. It has 28-inch wheels, 21-speed shifters, and a 17-inch frame.

Also, read:

• Is Trek 3700 A Good Bike? 
• Is Trek 820 A Good Bike? 

1. How Much Is A Trek 1000 Worth?

The price of the Trek 1000 is determined by the bike’s condition, private party value, and trade-in value.

A Trek 1000 in excellent condition will cost $87 in private party value and $62 in trade-in. On the other hand, one in very good condition will go for $76 in a private party and $53 in a trade-in.

A Trek 1000 in good condition would be bought at $66 and $45 in a private party and trade-in, respectively, while that in fair condition costs $55 in private-party value and $32 in trade-in.

2. How Many Speeds Is A Trek 1000?

A Trek 1000 is 8 speeds.

3. How Heavy Is A Trek 1000?

A Trek 1000 weighs 20 lbs. 11 oz (9.4 Kg).

In conclusion, Is Trek 1000 A Good Bike?

Trek 1000 is a brilliant work of genius that any enthusiast would love to own. It will allow you not only to see how dependable and performance-oriented it is but also to enjoy its fantastic design and impressive lightweight construction, which no other bike at its level can provide.

You will undoubtedly have a great bike in Trek 1000.

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Newbie: Is this Trek a good buy?

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It looks pretty clean. If everything is in good order mechanically and (most importantly) it fits you well, 275 sounds like a reasonable price.  

Assuming it fits, that looks to be a big frame, probably a 60. If everything, and I mean everything is in good working order, the price is okay, but not a steal. After the obvious checks: frame and components, also pay particular attention to the tires, cables, brake pads, chain and cassette, as those consumables can add considerably to the cost of getting it ready to ride. This bike has downtube shifters, which is what I grew up on, and is not a big deal, but it certainly isn't modern brifters (shifters located within the brake levers). Don't know how you feel about that, but for me, unless it was a bike that had vintage appeal, I wouldn't want downtube shifters, unless the price of the bike was compelling, and 275 wouldn't be it for me. However YMMV. HTH zac EDIT, I see you list the frame as a 60. So yeah, make sure it fits you, that is for a tall person. For example I am 6' and over the years (30, since I have been riding Treks) I have gone from a 58cm trek road frame (steel) to a 56cm trek road frame (their more modern geometries in carbon).  

If I'm not mistaken, the Trek 1000 wasn't made past ~1991, so that bike is ~20 years old. That's consistent with the Shimano 600 RD because in the early '90's it was renamed Ultegra 600. JMO, but I wouldn't pay $275 for a 20 year old alu frame. If it's in very good condition, ~$100. $150 tops. Judging from the timeline (below) the bike probably has a 6 spd drivetrain, assuming no upgrades. From Sheldon Brown's site: Shimano 600 - Became 600EX when indexing was introduced, 600 Ultegra (Gray finish) when 7-speed added. When it became an 8-speed group, the 600 designation still existed, but it was usually referred to as just "Ultegra". With the '98 model year, 9-speeds came in and the "600" designation was completely dropped from Ultegra. Source: http://www.sheldonbrown.com/shimano.html  

I really appreciate the posts guys, this is the insight I needed. Im definitely going to pass on this bike, doesnt seem like a decent deal at all.  

For anything but competition, the new integrated shifters are nice but not that important. $275 is too much. I think any bike that goes, stops, shifts and doesn't need major mechanical work is worth at least $100. Offer that. Either he'll sell it to a hipster for his asking price, or he'll get tired of looking at the thing and sell it to you.  

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6061-T62 Aluminum

6061-T62 aluminum is 6061 aluminum in the T62 temper. To achieve this temper, the metal is solution heat-treated and artificially aged until it meets standard mechanical property requirements. Unlike T6 temper, this is done by the receiver rather than the supplier.

The graph bars on the material properties cards below compare 6061-T62 aluminum to: 6000-series alloys (top), all aluminum alloys (middle), and the entire database (bottom). A full bar means this is the highest value in the relevant set. A half-full bar means it's 50% of the highest, and so on.

Mechanical Properties

Brinell Hardness

Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus

69 GPa 10 x 10 6 psi

Elongation at Break

Fatigue Strength

100 MPa 15 x 10 3 psi

Poisson's Ratio

Shear Modulus

26 GPa 3.8 x 10 6 psi

Shear Strength

190 MPa 27 x 10 3 psi

Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)

320 MPa 46 x 10 3 psi

Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof)

270 MPa 39 x 10 3 psi

Thermal Properties

Latent Heat of Fusion

Maximum Temperature: Mechanical

170 °C 330 °F

Melting Completion (Liquidus)

650 °C 1190 °F

Melting Onset (Solidus)

580 °C 1080 °F

Specific Heat Capacity

900 J/kg-K 0.21 BTU/lb-°F

Thermal Conductivity

170 W/m-K 97 BTU/h-ft-°F

Thermal Expansion

24 µm/m-K

Electrical Properties

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume

Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific)

Otherwise Unclassified Properties

Base Metal Price

9.5 % relative

Calomel Potential

2.7 g/cm 3 170 lb/ft 3

Embodied Carbon

8.3 kg CO 2 /kg material

Embodied Energy

150 MJ/kg 66 x 10 3 BTU/lb

Embodied Water

1180 L/kg 140 gal/lb

Common Calculations

Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work)

Resilience: Unit (Modulus of Resilience)

Stiffness to Weight: Axial

Stiffness to Weight: Bending

Strength to Weight: Axial

Strength to Weight: Bending

Thermal Diffusivity

Thermal Shock Resistance

Alloy Composition

All values are % weight. Ranges represent what is permitted under applicable standards.

Followup Questions

Further reading.

ASTM B308: Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy 6061-T6 Standard Structural Profiles

ASTM B483: Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Drawn Tube and Pipe for General Purpose Applications

ASTM B210: Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Drawn Seamless Tubes

ASTM B211: Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Bar, Rod, and Wire

ASTM B547: Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Formed and Arc-Welded Round Tube

ASTM B221: Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and Tubes

Advanced Materials in Automotive Engineering, Jason Rowe (editor), 2012

ASTM B209: Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and Plate

Pressure Vessels: External Pressure Technology, 2nd ed., Carl T. F. Ross, 2011

EN 755-2: Aluminium and aluminium alloys. Extruded rod/bar, tube and profiles. Mechanical properties

Find Other Materials

Table of contents, how to cite.

Below is a simple format for citing this page as a source. If you belong to an institution that sets its own citation guidelines, use those instead.

"6061-T62 Aluminum", www.makeitfrom.com/material-properties/6061-T62-Aluminum, retrieved 2024-04-24.

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Traxxas 6061-T6 Aluminum Stub Axle Carriers (Red-Anodized)

This is the Traxxas 6061-T6 Aluminum Stub Axle Carriers (Red-Anodized)

Left and right aluminum stub axle carriers improve the appearance, ruggedness, and control of your X-Truck. The billet 6061-T6 aluminum construction adds strength and precision where you want it most. The brilliantly-anodized finish adds vibrant color to your vehicle and features a high-contrast laser etched TRX logo. Genuine Traxxas accessories are made by Traxxas, for Traxxas, to guarantee a perfect factory fit every time. Aluminum Stub Axle Carriers ­Improves the appearance, ruggedness, and control of your X-Truck Milled from a solid block of high-grade 6061-T6 aluminum Brilliant anodized finish with laser etched TRX logol Premium quality construction with factory fit and finish Fits XRT and X-Maxx

*Some X-Maxx models may require bearing upgrade

Accessory Part For X-Maxx XRT

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Traxxas Axle carriers, rear, 6061-T6 aluminum, left & right (blue-anodized)

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Shooter Files by f.d. walker

Street Photography Tips, Interaction, Travel, Guides

Apr 24 2017

City Street Guides by f.d. walker: A Street Photography Guide to Moscow, Russia

*A series of guides on shooting Street Photography in cities around the world. Find the best spots to shoot, things to capture, street walks, street tips, safety concerns, and more for cities around the world. I have personally researched, explored and shot Street Photography in every city that I create a guide for. So you can be ready to capture the streets as soon as you step outside with your camera!

At over 12 million people, Moscow is the largest city in Russia and second largest in Europe by population ( Istanbul is #1). An urban, cosmopolitan metropolis with more than enough glitz and glam to cater to the elite, but without losing its fair share of Soviet era roughness around the edges. It can be fast paced, brash, busy, and trendy like other big cities, but it has its blend of West meets Russia atmosphere and beauty that provides plenty of unique interest. The Red Square is as famous as it gets, but there’s so much more to this city, including the most beautiful subway system you’ve ever seen. It would take years to capture all of Moscow, but that means you have an endless amount of areas to discover.

So here’s a Street Photography guide so you can be ready to capture all that Moscow has to offer before you even arrive!

• Patriarch’s Pond
• Old Arbat Street
• Maroseyka Street
• Tverskoy Boulevard

Top 5 Street Spots:

1. red square.

The Red Square is the most famous square in not just Russia, but all of Eastern Europe. The name actually doesn’t come from the color of the bricks or communism, but from the name in Russian, Krásnaya, once meaning “beautiful” before its meaning changed to “red.” This large plaza is what you see on the cover of guide books and magazines for Moscow, with St. Basil’s Cathedral being the center piece next to Lenin’s Mausoleum surrounded by the Kremlin Wall. Of course, the Red Square attracts hordes of tourist due to the main attractions, but all that activity around an interesting atmosphere does provide street photo opportunities. It’s also the central square connecting to the city’s major streets, providing a good starting point to explore outward.

You’ll also find the popular pedestrian only Nikolskaya Street connecting the Red Square to Lubyanka Square. This line of expensive shops includes plenty of activity, while also leading you to another popular square. Filled with history rivaling any city, the Red Square and surrounding areas are the heart and soul of Russia.

2. Patriarch’s Ponds

Patriarch’s Ponds is one of the most exclusive neighborhoods in Moscow. Despite the name being plural, there’s only one large pond, but it’s worth a visit with your camera. It’s a popular spot for locals and expats to come relax or take a stroll around the pond. You get an interesting mix of young and old too, from young love to “babushkas” feeding pigeons. It’s a very peaceful park atmosphere in one of the nicer areas within the city center, while bringing enough activity for street photography. 

The pond is shallow and in the winter becomes a popular spot for ice-skating too. The area is also well-known for the location in the famous Russian novel, The Master and Margarita. 

3. Old Arbat (Stary Arbat)

Old Arbat is the most famous pedestrian street in Moscow, and dating back to the 15th century, also one of its oldest. Originally, it was an area of trade, but soon became the most prestigious residential area in Moscow. During the 18th century, Arbat started attracting the city’s scholars and artists, including Alexander Pushkin. Cafes lined the streets and impressive homes filled the neighborhood. Since then, New Arbat street was created as a highway in the area, while Old Arbat was paved for a 1km pedestrian only walkway.

Due to the historic buildings, famous artists that lived here, and the bohemian atmosphere, Old Arbat has become a big attraction for tourists today. Now, there’s a mix of cafes, restaurants, souvenir shops, street performers, street merchants and other attractions for visitors, and some locals, to come enjoy. It can get really busy here and there’s usually something interesting going on so it’s a good street to come walk with your camera for guaranteed life.

4. Gorky Park

One of the most famous places in Moscow is Gorky Park. The official name is Maxim Gorky’s Central Park of Culture & Leisure, which gives you an idea of what goes on here. When built, it was the first of its kind in the Soviet Union. Divided into two parts, it stretches along Moscow River. One end contains fair rides, foods stands, tennis courts, a sports club, a lake for boat rides, and more. This end brings more active life due to its number of attractions, while the other end is more relaxed, where you’ll find gardens, trees, older buildings, and an outdoor amphitheater.

Gorky Park attracts mostly locals so it’s a good spot to capture the non-tourist side of Moscow life. Muscovites come here to escape the city and unwind in a picturesque setting. The park remains alive outside of the warmer months too, especially when the lake turns into the city’s largest outdoor skating rink. I’d recommend taking the metro out here to spend at least half a day exploring the massive park’s life with your camera.

5. Maroseyka Street

Maroseyka Street is a popular area not too far from the Red Square. The long, winding street turns into Pokrovka and is lined with restaurants, cafes, bars and places to stay. It’s actually where I like to stay when I’m in Moscow due to its location and solid street photography opportunities itself. You have Kitay-gorod station near and if you keep walking southwest, you’ll get to the Red Square. But if you walk northwest, as it changes to Pokrovka, you can find a long street of activity for photography with its own interesting atmosphere.

6. Tverskoy Boulevard

Tverskoy Boulevard is the oldest and longest boulevard in Moscow, beginning at the end of Nikitsky Boulevard, and finishing at Pushkin Square, a spot to come for activity itself. The boulevard is made up of two avenues, with pedestrian walkways in-between. You’ll find grass, shrubbery, trees, benches and more walking it’s almost kilometer length. Many people come here to enjoy some relaxation, walk their dog, or just to use it to walk wherever they’re going. Its center location also provides a nice place to walk with your camera near plenty of other spots you’ll want to check out anyway.

Sample Street Walk:

For a full day of Street Photography, covering some of the best spots, you can follow this sample street walk for Moscow:

• Start your morning walking around the Red Square (1), while exploring the surrounding area, including Nikolskaya Street
• Then walk northwest to Patriarch’s Ponds (2) and slowly walk the pond and surrounding area with your camera
• Next, walk east to the Pushkin Monument and stroll down Tverskoy Boulevard (6)
• Once Tverskoy Boulevard (6) ends, it will turn into Nikitsky Boulevard. Follow this down until you get to the start of Old Arbat Street (3), across from Arbatskaya station
• After you’re done walking down Old Arbat Street (3) for more street photography, spend some time checking out Moscow’s beautiful metro stations
• To finish off the day with more street photography, get off the metro near Red Square (1) again, Maroseyka Street (5) or wherever you’re staying for the night.

3 Things I’ll Remember about Shooting in Moscow:

1. museum metro.

The Moscow metro system was the first underground railway system in the Soviet Union and today includes 203 stations across 340km of routes. The elaborate system has some of the deepest stations in the world too, with escalators that seem to go on forever. None of this is what makes it so special, though. Many of its stations feel like stepping inside a museum, making it without a doubt the most interesting and beautiful metro system I’ve been in.

When built, Stalin wanted to make the metro stations “palaces for the people” with marble, chandeliers, and grand architecture. The best part is the variety of architecture and styles used, making many of the stations a completely different experience visually. You could easily spend a whole day traveling the stations and there are even tours available for people who wish to do just that. My advice, though, would be just to buy a ticket and hop on and off at different stations, while exploring different lines. The museum-like surrounding mixed with the crowds of characters can make for a great photography experience.

Since there are so many stations, here are some of my favorites to check out:

• Novoslobodskaya
• Mayakovskaya
• Elektrozavodskaya
• Komsomolskaya
• Ploschad Revolyutsii
• Dostoyevskaya
• Prospekt Mira

2. Moscow is Big

It’s no secret that Moscow is a big city, but it can feel even bigger with how spread out much of it is. This is especially true if you compare it to cities outside of Asia. If I compared it to cities in Europe, I’d probably say only Istanbul would warrant more time to really discover the depths of this city. Most only explore around the Red Square and surrounding area, but that is such a small part of the city. Although, that central area does give you plenty to see on its own.

Fortunately, I had a good friend living in the city to show me around, but it opened up my eyes even more to how much there is to discover in Moscow. It’s a big city with a variety of atmosphere that can take you from “east” to “west” and trendy to rugged depending on where you go. I’d imagine you’d have to live here a while to really know the city.

3. Cosmopolitan Mix of East meets West

Modern skyscrapers mixed with amazing architecture, a world-class metro system with museum-like beauty, trendy fashion and chic clubs, Moscow is a rich mix of Russian culture and history in a more western cosmopolitan package. There is a push to keep the Russian culture, while also pushing forward with a modern metropolis the whole world will envy. This comes with an impressive skyline, that continues to grow, and endless modernities, but with soviet nostalgia and atmosphere mixed in for good measure.

Mixed in with this grand western cosmopolitan atmosphere, is a strong national pride in Russia. This includes their famous leader, Vladimir Putin. Maybe no other place will you see a country’s leader more often. All over, from the pricey tourist shops to the underground walkway stalls, you’ll find goods with Putin’s likeness covering them. From t-shirts to magnets to Matryoshka dolls. There’s a strong national pride that can be seen around the city, which also extends to their leader. Moscow is many things. It’s East meets West, modernizations meets Soviet era, and a whole lot more.

What To Do For a Street Photography Break?:

Eat at a stolovaya.

Stolovayas are Russian cafeterias that became popular in the Soviet days. You grab a tray and walk down the line of freshly prepared local dishes, and select whatever you want from the chefs. They’re usually inexpensive and a much better value than restaurants, while giving you the opportunity to try from a wide selection of everyday Russian food. They’re also very tasty. I always include some borsch on my tray and go from there. The places themselves are all over Moscow and usually come with Soviet-era aesthetics to complete the experience.

Street Safety Score: 7

*As always, no place is completely safe! So when I talk about safety, I’m speaking in general comparison to other places. Always take precaution, be smart, observe your surroundings and trust your instincts anywhere you go!

Being the 2nd largest city in Europe with over 12 million people, you’re going to have your dangerous areas, but for the most part, it feels safe walking around. Russia is statistically higher in crime compared to most of Europe, but this generally doesn’t apply to tourists and visitors. Around the Red Square and surrounding city center, you should feel completely safe walking around. Pick pocketing can happen, but no more than other touristic places. I always explore Moscow freely without coming across too much to worry about. It’s a spread out city, though, so of course it matters where you are. Just use basic street smarts, know where you are and Moscow shouldn’t give you a problem. 

People’s Reaction Score: 7

Moscow is fast paced, big city life, which usually means people aren’t too concerned with you, or your camera. I don’t find people notice or pay much attention to me when I’m out taking photos in Moscow. For the most part, people just go about their day. You shouldn’t get too many looks or concern. But it can depend on the area you are in. The more you stick out, the more you might get noticed with suspicions. I’ve never had any problems in Moscow, or Russia, but just be careful who you’re taking a photo of if you get out of the city center. Other than that, it’s about average for reactions. 

Street Tips:

Learn the alphabet .

Much of Moscow, including the metro system, doesn’t use english. The Russian alphabet uses letters from the Cyrillic script, which if you aren’t familiar with it and don’t know the sounds, can be hard to decipher the words. This is most important for street names and metro stops when trying to get around. It can save confusion and make it easier getting around if you learn the basic alphabet. At the very least then, you can sound out the words to see which are similar in the english conversion, which can help matching them to maps. When out shooting street photography, getting around is as important as anything. So save yourself some time and frustration by learning the Russian Alphabet.

Use the metro

While Saint-Petersburg feels very walkable for a city its size, Moscow can feel very spread out, even for its bigger size. Outside of the Red Square area, you can have plenty of walking before getting anywhere very interesting, so you’ll need to take the metro a lot if you really want to explore the city. Maps are deceiving here too, it will always be further than it looks.

Another reason it’s less walkable than Saint-Petersburg is its completely different set-up. Moscow’s streets are mostly contstructed in rings with narrow, winding streets in-between. This is common with medieval city cities that used to be confined by walls, but you usually don’t have it in a city this massive. Saint-Petersburg has a more grid-like pattern that also uses the canals to help you know your way around. When it comes to navigating on foot in Moscow, it can be more difficult, so bring a map and take the metro when needed. It’s why Moscow’s metro carries more passengers per day than the London and Paris subways combined.

Explore other areas if you have time

Moscow is really big. While most people stay around the Red Square within the Boulevard Ring, there’s so much more to the city. I covered some other spots outside of this circle, but if you really want to see the city, you’ll need time. If you do have time, some other areas I’d check out first are Zamoskvarechye, along some of the south and western Moscow.

Inspiration:

For some more inspiration, you can look through the Street Photography of Moscow photographer Artem Zhitenev  and check out 33 of my photos taken in Moscow .

Conclusion:

Moscow’s name brings a certain mystique, but once you’re there it might bring a different atmosphere than you expect. It’s big and sprawling, but beautiful in many ways. It can feel like a European capital on a grand scale, but you can definitely find its Russian side in there.

The urban sprawl of Moscow can be intimidating, but give it enough time and you’ll be rewarded with plenty to discover. All with the world’s best metro system to take you around.

I hope this guide can help you start to experience some of what Moscow contains. So grab your camera and capture all that Moscow has to offer for Street Photography!

If you still have any questions about shooting in Moscow, feel free to comment below or email me!

(I want to make these guides as valuable as possible for all of you so add any ideas on improvements, including addition requests, in the comment section!)

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Moscow hopes to become first 5G city by 2020

One of the 5G network will be a speed of 100 megabits per second for residents of large cities.

The Moscow mayor's office is in talks with a consortium of mobile operators over the possibility of developing 5G networks, the Kommersant daily reported on April 7. The government is determined to make the project an attractive investment for the operators and hopes the Russian capital will have 5G networks in 2020. 

Moscow’s telecom market is divided between four major players: Russian companies Megfon, VimpelCom, and MTS, plus European Tele2 – which entered the fray in 2015. A query from RBTH about a 5G consortium received an optimistic response from Megafon and Tele2, but VimpelCom and MTS decided not to answer. 

"The consortium may lay the foundation for the joint development of this technology by all the operators," said Konstantin Prokshin, head of strategic communications at Tele2.

The support of the authorities is important for telecom operators because such issues as equipment deployment and power supply can often be solved only with the government’s help, explained Yulia Dorokhina, head of the press service at Megafon.

2018 World Cup and rivalry with London

City of London Corp., which runs London's financial center at the municipal level, has announced its plans to switch to the 5G standard as soon as it becomes available, writes The Financial Times. The company has signed a multimillion dollar wireless Internet upgrade contract with Cornerstone, which is owned by the Vodafone and O2 telecom operators.

Global capitals will be competing with each other over which of them will become the first to switch to 5G, said Konstantin Prokshin. The pace at which new technologies are introduced suggests that Moscow can indeed become one of the leaders in the development of 5G, he added. "Moscow's mobile market is one of the most developed in the world, with a low average cost of services and high quality," Prokshin pointed out.

During the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Moscow and St. Petersburg, Megafon plans to set up 5G test zones, Yulia Dorokhina said. "One of the main advantages offered by the new network is its huge capacity. The client receives high-quality signal in places of mass gathering of people – stadiums, railway stations, traffic jams," she added.

What is known about 5G today

Exact 5G specifications are still being developed, but one of them – as identified by the Next Generation Mobile Networks alliance – will be a speed of 100 megabits per second for residents of large cities.

"So far, some disparate research experiments have been conducted. What exactly the 'fifth generation' will provide is not quite clear," said Vladimir Korovkin, head of Innovations and Digital Technologies at the Moscow School of Management Skolkovo.

He added that the focus of 5G developers is not to increase the bandwidth of the channel, but to provide a guaranteed high-speed signal and density of coverage. "Both these features are important for mass use of M2M (machine to machine) networks," Korovkin explained.

One of the crucial questions is who will be producing the technical equipment and how the link to international networks will work. For the first time, Chinese companies, in particular Huawei, are taking an active part in creating a new standard, Korovkin pointed out. For example, Megafon has successfully tested mobile data transmission at 1 Gbit/s using Huawei equipment and at 5 Gbit/s during network equipment tests with the Finnish company Nokia, Dorokhina said.

Read more: Russians believe their life would not change without Internet>>>

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