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According to UN Tourism, Urban Tourism is "a type of tourism activity which takes place in an urban space with its inherent attributes characterized by non-agricultural based economy such as administration, manufacturing, trade and services and by being nodal points of transport. Urban/city destinations offer a broad and heterogeneous range of cultural, architectural, technological, social and natural experiences and products for leisure and business".

According to the United Nations, in 2015, 54% of the world’s population lived in urban areas and, by 2030, this share is expected to reach 60%. Along with other key pillars, tourism constitutes a central component in the economy, social life and the geography of many cities in the world and is thus a key element in urban development policies.

Urban tourism can represent a driving force in the development of many cities and countries contributing to the progress of the New Urban Agenda and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, in particular, Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable . Tourism is intrinsically linked to how a city develops itself and provides more and better living conditions to its residents and visitors.

Fulfilling tourism’s potential as a tool of sustainable and inclusive growth for cities requires a multi-stakeholder and multilevel approach based on close cooperation among tourism and non-tourism administrations at different levels, private sector, local communities and tourists themselves. Likewise, the sustainable development and management of tourism in cities needs to be integrated into the wider urban agenda.

  8th UN Tourism Global Summit on Urban Tourism "Smart Cities, Smart Destinations"   7th UN Tourism Global Summit on Urban Tourism   6th Global Summit on Urban Tourism   5th Global Summit on City Tourism   4th Global Summit on City Tourism   3rd Global Summit on City Tourism   2nd UN TourismGlobal Summit on City Tourism   Global Summit on City Tourism

  UN Tourism Conference on City Breaks: Creating Innovative Tourism Experiences

Mayors Forum for Sustainable Urban Tourism

  3rd edition Mayors Forum for Sustainable Urban Tourism (Madrid)

  2nd edition Mayors Forum for Sustainable Urban Tourism (Porto)   1st edition Mayors Forum for Sustainable Urban Tourism (Lisbon)

Quantifying tourism in city destinations

This joint report of UN Tourism and WTCF assesses the current situation and challenges of tourism data collection and reporting at the city level through the review and analysis of 22 case studies of city destinations covering Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific, Europe, and the Middle East. The analysis will help advance the harmonization of existing data practices in city destinations with the ambition of creating a global database of urban tourism, enabling better understanding and benchmarking of its size, value and impacts, both globally and by region.

UN Tourism Recommendations on Urban Tourism

These recommendations stem from the series of UN Tourism Urban Tourism Summits held since 2012, and the Lisbon Declaration on Sustainable Urban tourism, adopted at the First UN Tourism Mayors Forum for Sustainable Urban Tourism, held in Portugal on 5 April 2019. They also drawn on the research conducted by the UN Tourism Secretariat in the field of urban tourism.

UN Tourism-WTCF City Tourism Performance Research

The UN Tourism/WTCF City Tourism Performance Research brings forward an analysis and evaluation of success stories in urban destinations. The results were collected by experts who applied the methodology created for the initiative through the realization of field visits and interviews of local tourism authorities and the main stakeholders. The publication based on case studies from 15 cities, provides in-depth understanding of each individual city and has the objective to enable other cities to learn from the progress they have achieved in order to enhance their performance, competitiveness and sustainability.

‘Overtourism’? – Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions

The management of tourism flows in cities to the benefit of visitors and residents alike is a fundamental issue for the tourism sector. It is critical to understand residents’ attitude towards tourism to ensure the development of successful sustainable tourism strategies. This report analyzes the perception of residents towards tourism in eight European cities – Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Copenhagen, Lisbon, Munich, Salzburg and Tallinn – and proposes 11 strategies and 68 measures to help understand and manage visitor’s growth in urban destinations. The implementation of the policy recommendations proposed in this report can advance inclusive and sustainable urban tourism that can contribute to the New Urban Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals.

‘Overtourism’? – Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions. Volume 2: Case Studies

This second volume includes 18 case studies across the Americas, Asia and the Pacific and Europe – Amsterdam, Antwerp, Barcelona, Berlin, Besalú, Cambridge, Dubrovnik, Edinburgh, Ghent, Hangzhou, London, Lucerne, Macao (China), New York, Lisbon, Seoul, Porto, Prague and Venice – on how cities are implementing the following eleven strategies: 1. Promote the dispersal of visitors within the city and beyond; 2. Promote time-based dispersal of visitors; 3. Stimulate new visitor itineraries and attractions; 4. Review and adapt regulation; 5. Enhance visitors’ segmentation; 6. Ensure local communities benefit from tourism; 7. Create city experiences that benefit both residents and visitors; 8. Improve city infrastructure and facilities; 9. Communicate with and engage local stakeholders; 10. Communicate with and engage visitors; and 11. Set monitoring and response measures.

Global survey on the perception of residents towards city tourism: impact and measures

This research is a result of a partnership between the World Tourism Organization (UN Tourism) and IPSOS. To better manage the issues arising from the growing tourism demand in urban destinations it is essential to understand resident's experiences and perceptions on city tourism. The research aims at understanding the perception of residents towards city tourism, its impacts, as well as the most adequate strategies to manage the growing tourism flows in cities.

New Business Models in the Accommodation Industry – Benchmarking of Rules and Regulations in the Short-term Rental Market

Several factors explain the growth of the so-called “sharing economy” in the tourism sector over recent years, including the 2010 global economic crisis, digitalization and new trends in travellers’ behaviour and preferences. This growth has been particularly notable in the accommodation industry. With the emergence of online platforms for short-term rentals, the market has been expanding at an unprecedented rate.

Building upon UN Tourism’s 2017 publication New Platform Tourism Services (or the so-called Sharing Economy) – Understand, Rethink and Adapt, this report provides an analysis and benchmarking of 21 case studies in terms of the rules and regulations applied to the short-term rental market, focusing on three key areas: 1) fair competition; 2) consumer protection; and 3) planning and sustainability.

• Tianjin Workshop, 2 September 2017
• Buenos Aires Workshop, 26 September 2017

Urban Tourism in the Global South pp 1–37 Cite as

The Other Half of Urban Tourism: Research Directions in the Global South

• Christian M. Rogerson 4 &
• Jayne M. Rogerson 4  
• First Online: 14 July 2021

581 Accesses

7 Citations

Part of the book series: GeoJournal Library ((URPGS))

In mainstream urban tourism scholarship debates there is only limited attention given to the urban global South. The ‘other half’ of urban tourism is the axis in this review and analysis. Arguably, in light of the changing global patterns of urbanization and of the shifting geography of leading destinations for urban tourism greater attention is justified towards urban settlements in the global South. The analysis discloses the appearance of an increasingly vibrant scholarship about urban tourism in the setting of the global South. In respect of sizes of urban settlement it is unsurprising that the greatest amount of attention has been paid to mega-cities and large urban centres with far less attention so far given to tourism occurring either in intermediate centres or small towns. In a comparative assessment between scholarship on urban tourism in the global North versus South there are identifiable common themes and trends in writings about urban tourism, most especially in relation to the phenomenon of inter-urban competition, questions of sustainability and planning. Nevertheless, certain important differences can be isolated. In the urban global South the environment of low incomes and informality coalesce to provide for the greater significance of certain different forms of tourism to those which are high on the urban global North agenda. Three key issues are highlighted by this ‘state of the art’ overview, namely the significance of an informal sector of tourism, the distinctive characteristics of the discretionary mobilities of the poor, and the controversies surrounding slum tourism.

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In 2020 the World Bank introduced a new classification of countries: low-income, low-middle income, upper-middle income and high income. Macao SAR, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Qatar are classed as high income. As the focus of this book is South Africa, which the World Bank classifies as falling in the category of upper-middle income bracket, the high income urban destinations are viewed as Norths within the South and thus not included in our research overview of the global South.

This section builds upon and extends certain of the discussion presented in Rogerson and Saarinen ( 2018 ).

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Thanks to comments received from two reviewers which influenced the final revision of this chapter. Arno Booyzen produced the accompanying maps. Dawn and Skye Norfolk assisted the writing process.

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Rogerson, C.M., Rogerson, J.M. (2021). The Other Half of Urban Tourism: Research Directions in the Global South. In: Rogerson, C.M., Rogerson, J.M. (eds) Urban Tourism in the Global South. GeoJournal Library(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71547-2_1

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The COVID-19 pandemic has created regional tourism hotspots as big cities suffer

Professor of Urban Studies and Sustainability, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)

Professor of Urban Studies and Economics, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)

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International travel restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic have prompted many travel enthusiasts to explore local and regional tourist destinations. However, communities have been affected very differently from increased numbers of homegrown tourists.

In Canada, the impact on international travel due to COVID-19 was immediate, with a decrease of 614,000 international arrivals to Canada in March 2020 . That represented a 92-per-cent decrease over 2019 — a loss that has not yet been recovered.

At the same time, travel restrictions played a role in shifting up to 20 million holiday and leisure trips abroad by Canadian residents to domestic destinations. Boosting domestic travel has been at the heart of federal and provincial government strategies to limit losses in the tourism sector.

The loss of international tourists

Canadians opting to visit domestic destinations over the past year have contributed to an increase in the share of domestic tourism in total tourism expenditures from 78.4 per cent in 2019 to 92.7 per cent in 2020 . But trips made by Canadians in Canada only partially compensated for the losses associated with international tourists, as tourism spending in Canada fell by nearly 50 per cent in 2020 from 2019 levels .

Not all destinations have been equally affected, however. There has been a variation in employment levels in the accommodation and food services sector in large Canadian cities like Toronto, Montréal and Vancouver compared to other small and mid-sized cities in 2020. Some of these municipalities are located on the fringes of larger cities, while others are in more remote areas.

Big cities versus regional destinations

The largest Canadian cities, which are usually major tourist destinations and gateways for international visitors, have experienced drastic declines in tourists and tourism spending.

For instance, Toronto lost $8.35 billion in 2020 due to the cancellations of many tourism activities related to events, festivals, conventions and business conferences. The number of international visitors to Montréal in 2020 decreased by 94 per cent over 2019, and the city experienced its lowest hotel occupancy rate ever of around 15 per cent. In Ottawa, hotel occupancy rates fell by 70 per cent during the pandemic , and the tourism sector lost almost half of the revenue generated in 2019.

In contrast, several destinations outside of major urban centres have benefited from the rise in domestic tourism to offset the loss of international tourists. However, not all of them have the same capacity to welcome visitors during the pandemic.

Some destinations had sufficient capacity in terms of space, accommodation and services. This was the case for many places close to large cities that offer outdoor activities and have been able to ensure adequate management of tourist flows.

In Canada, destinations such as Bromont in Québec and Rouge National Urban Park in Ontario , which both offer summer and winter outdoor activities, have implemented specific measures to cope with a high increase in demand reported by tourism operators.

The situation is similar elsewhere in the world, including in France , Belgium and Switzerland , where regional tourist destinations are attracting more travellers than big cities.

Some regional destinations in Canada have been overwhelmed by too many visitors, and they’ve struggled to accommodate them without affecting the environment and the quality of life of local residents.

The problems have included: significant increases of motorists, causing congestion and parking problems; so many visitors that it was difficult to follow preventive COVID-19 health measures; and the saturation of public places. In Canada, this has happened in the Gaspé and Rawdon in Québec and at Glen Morris, Grey Sauble , Niagara-on-the-Lake and the Northern Bruce Peninsula in Ontario.

Destinations in the United States , the United Kingdom , Scotland and France have also struggled with too many tourists.

How to manage tourists

With the next travel season upon us, governments can use various strategies tailored to the geographical trends of COVID-19 tourism.

Some government interventions have already been implemented, and it’s important they continue even with the end of the pandemic in view as vaccination efforts go into overdrive. That includes government financial assistance programs for tourism operators to help mitigate their income losses and enable them to continue to operate.

These programs are vital for metropolitan destinations like Toronto, Montréal and Vancouver, where the recorded economic losses have been the highest . The assistance has included wage support, rent subsidies and help in accessing credit.

Governments should also continue to support the promotion of domestic tourism for a greater number of destinations so that popular hotspots don’t become overcrowded. Additional measures should also be put in place to address the risk of an overflow of tourists in certain destinations as the pandemic continues.

With government support, cities should also develop strategies to establish acceptable limits on accommodations for tourists and visitors. Such measures would help preserve the environment and respect the quality of life of residents. This could mean, for example, establishing a limit on expanding parking lots in certain commercial sectors or on additional camping spaces near tourist attractions.

To be effective, such measures require monitoring and control , and laws and regulations must be enforced, including fines.

The popularity of some tourist destinations during the COVID-19 pandemic has brought economic opportunities to many communities. These tourist hotspots can seize upon those opportunities while respecting the need to control the number of visitors. Efficient management of tourist flows is critical, especially when several regions are aiming to attract permanent new residents and new businesses.

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Unsustainable tourism and carrying capacity

By Matt Burdett, 23 January 2018

On this page, we look at the consequences of unsustainable touristic growth in rural and urban tourism hotspots, as well as the concept of carrying capacity in relation to tourism.

• Note: ‘touristic’ is a contested word in English. In most situations, ‘touristic’ can be altered to ‘tourist’ or ‘tourism’.

• The Taj Mahal, Agra, India: Some visitors find the beauty of the Taj Mahal is marred by the overwhelming number of tourists, despite a limited-entry ticket system. Is this number of visitors sustainable?

What is ‘unsustainable’ about tourism?

Sustainable tourism can be defined as:

“Tourism that conserves primary tourist resources and supports the livelihoods and culture of local people.” (IBO, 2009)

Therefore unsustainable tourism refers to tourism that fails to conserve tourist resources, and/or does not support the lives and culture of local people. In addition, unsustainable tourism can also refer to environmental sustainability, because there are so many opportunities for an increase in resource consumption coupled with an increase in waste. For example:

• More flights means more consumption of fuel, and more gas emissions that cause air pollution
• More flights means more airports, which means more consumption of land
• More flights means more consumption of disposable products (such as plastic meal trays and cups) which means more plastic waste

This links closely to the concept of the ecological footprint, which is measured in ‘biohectares’ which links to the amount of land required to create the resources and sequester the waste.

There are two further key issues with tourism:

• The resources consumed in tourism are frequently produced very far away from the point of consumption. Therefore, it’s hard to measure the real environmental impact of tourism.
• Tourism is a huge and complex industry. The number of variations within it make it hard to identify the true levels of consumption and waste and therefore the level of unsustainability.

Carrying capacity

Carrying capacity is a key geographical concept. The idea originally comes from farming: the carrying capacity is the maximum number of people that can be fed on the food produced in an area. Over time, the concept of carrying capacity has been expanded into other areas, such as tourism. There are three main types of carrying capacity that apply to tourism: physical, perceptual and environmental. These can be explored through the example of hiking a trail in a mountain area.

Physical carrying capacity

The physical carrying capacity refers to the maximum number of people who can use a space for the purposes of tourism.

An example is the number of people that can fit onto a hiking trail. Mowforth and Munt (2015) suggest that a person needs one meter of trail length in order to walk freely (assuming the trail is 1m wide), which means the physical carrying capacity would be 1000 people per 1000 metres of trail. However, they also recognise that to truly work out the physical carrying capacity, there would be need to be some spare space, and that to work out the maximum number of people who could use the trail we would need to know the time it took for each person to walk. Their calculations are shown below:

“For one of the trails, Sendero Los Cantarillos, other relevant assumptions made are:

• visitors follow the trails in groups of no more than 25 (each group with a guide);

• a distance of at least 100 metres is maintained between groups;

• the trail has a length of 1,100 metres;

• an average time of 1 hour is required for a visitor to complete this trail;

• the monument and trail are open to the public for 7 hours per day and 360 days per year.

Physical Carrying Capacity = length × visitors/metre × daily duration (hrs/day)

=1,100×1×7=7,700 visits per day

=7,700×360=2,772,000 visits per year” (Mowforth and Munt, 2015)

Perceptual carrying capacity

Perceptual carrying capacity is to do with the perception of people. It can be defined as:

“The level reached when local residents of an area no longer want tourists because they are destroying the environment, damaging the local culture or crowding them out of local activities.” (Mowforth and Munt, 2015.)

It can also apply to tourists themselves. For example, one group of people hiking the trail may be happy with a large number of people alongside them. But others might avoid the trail because it is too busy. Their perception is that a busy trail has too many people, i.e. their perception of the carrying capacity has been reached.

Environmental carrying capacity

Environmental carrying capacity is also known as the ecological carrying capacity. It is reached when the environment can’t cope with the number of people using it. It can be defined as:

“The level of tourist development or recreational activity beyond which the environment as previously experienced is degraded or compromised.” (Mowforth and Munt, 2015)

The Butler Model: Consequences of unsustainable tourism growth

In 1980, Richard Butler published an influential paper called “The Concept Of A Tourist Area Cycle Of Evolution: Implications For Management Of Resources”. He argued that the development of tourism in an area would eventually exceed carrying capacity and cause problems, and that the tourist destination would need to rethink its approach to tourism or it would become unsustainable. His model is shown below. If the tourism area successfully adapts, it can enter a period of sustainable tourism called ‘rejuvenation’. If not, unsustainable tourism will lead to a period of ‘decline’.

• Butler, 1980. A Tourism Area Cycle of Evolution.

The model suggests:

• Six stages reflect the changes in a tourist destination.
• Closely linked to carrying capacity and sustainability.
• Suggests that destinations carry the seeds of their own destruction i.e. they are too popular for their own good.
• In the original model there were five variations for Stage 6 “Decline”, with the most negative being a catastrophe such as war or disease.
• Originally focused on ‘sea and sand’ tourism e.g. in Spanish seaside resorts, but was accepted for many alternative destinations.

And one more thing…“leakage”

“[Leakage] is the most frequently cited issue: although tourism can be a great form of wealth distribution, often as little as 5-10% of the money tourists spend remains in the destinations they visit.” (Mullis, 2017)

Leakage is the way that money spent by a tourist on their trip does not go to the destination. The money ‘leaks’ away from the destination through complex processes as shown in the diagram below:

Brazier, 2008. Problems in paradise. Graphic originally sourced from: Tourism Concern/Leeds DEC, cited in Pamela Novicka, No-Nonsense Guide to Tourism, NI 2007. https://newint.org/features/2008/03/01/mainstream-tourism Accessed 23 January 2018.

Butler, R.W. (1980). The Concept Of A Tourist Area Cycle Of Evolution: Implications For Management Of Resources. Canadian Geographer, 24, pp. 5-12. Available at http://www.numptynerd.net/uploads/1/2/0/6/12061984/butler_model_1980.pdf Accessed 20 January 2018.

IBO [International Baccalaureate Organisation], 2009. Geography guide First examinations 2011. IBO, Cardiff.

Mullis, 2017. The growth paradox: can tourism ever be sustainable? https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/08/the-growth-paradox-can-tourism-ever-be-sustainable/ Accessed 23 January 2018.

Mowforth, M. and Munt, I., 2015. Tourism and sustainability; Development and new tourism in the third world, Routledge, London Available at https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/3277849/tourism_and_sustainability.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1516533584&Signature=0jVZC4p4O%2Fzgr0SqnFO9oEi5nG4%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DTourism_and_sustainability_Development_g.pdf Accessed 20 January 2018.

Unsustainable tourism and carrying capacity: Learning activities

• Define ‘unsustainable’. [2]
• Explain why tourism can often risk being a highly unsustainable activity. [3]
• What does ‘carrying capacity’ mean? [2]
• Distinguish between environmental, perceptual and physical carrying capacity. [6]
• The Butler Model outlines six stages that tourist areas go through as they develop. Name all six and briefly describe the features of each stage in terms of the number of tourists visiting. [6]
• Suggest why some locations enter a decline while others rejuvenate. [4]

Other tasks

Look carefully at the Butler model below. Using research and your own knowledge, suggest at least one tourist destination that applies to each of the six stages. For the sixth stage, explain how the tourism area responded to the challenges of stagnation and how that led to either rejuvenation or decline.

Find one picture from each location and annotate it to show the evidence for its position at that stage of tourism.

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Improving the resident-tourist relationship in urban hotspots

2020, Journal of Sustainable Tourism

High volumes of tourists often pose a threat to tourism and decrease the quality of life for local residents, particularly in attractive urban tourism places. Yet, to date only a few solution-oriented studies have attempted to alleviate the overtourism problems and to improve the resident-tourist relationship. This study aims to present potential solutions, based on data analytics. Combining venue-referenced social media data with topic modelling from a case study in Paris, this research reveals both similarities and differences in the temporal and spatial activity patterns of tourists and residents. Results offer strategic support to tourism planners on how to manage overcrowded urban tourism hotspots, which consequently facilitate the improvement of the resident-tourist relationship and improve destination attractiveness in the long run. Results further indicate that the exchange of social media-based information for residents and tourists are part of the practice-based solution for better sustainable tourism planning.

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Sustainability

Zoltán Kovács

Despite the growing importance of mobile tracking technology in urban planning and traffic forecasting, its utilization in the understanding of the basic laws governing tourist flows remains limited. Knowledge regarding the motivations and spatial behavior of tourists has great potential in sustainable tourism studies. In this paper, we combine social media (Twitter) and mobile positioning data (MPD) in the analysis of international tourism flows in Szeged, a secondary urban center in Hungary. First, the content of geotagged and non-geotagged Twitter messages referring to Szeged in a six-month period of 2018 was analyzed. In this way specific events attracting foreign tourists were identified. Then, using MPD data of foreign SIM cards, visitor peaks in the investigated period were defined. With the joint application of the social media and mobile positioning analytical tools, we were able to identify those attractions (festivals, sport and cultural events, etc.) that generated signi...

Konstantinos Vassakis

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Secret Murders Alleged at Tourist Hotspot for Luxury Safaris

A wildlife tourism project has lost its funding after being tied to several extrajudicial killings, disappearances, and sexual assaults.

Shannon Vavra

National Security Reporter

Christopher Loh

The World Bank has decided to pull funding for a controversial tourism project following accusations it has led to extrajudicial killings, disappearances, and the sexual abuse of local villagers in Tanzania.

Launched in 2017, the program aimed to improve the management of natural resources and tourism in Southern Tanzania, including Ruaha National Park (RUNAPA), which has been tied to a cascade of human rights abuses , according to the Oakland Institute, a California-based advocacy group.

The World Bank has already disbursed $100 million of the $150 million project, known as REGROW, according to The Oakland Institute.

The Tanzanian government plans included work aimed at nearly doubling the size of the park, the largest protected wildlife area in the country, from one million to over two million hectares. But the expansion plans have left the local villagers high and dry: The plan has included Tanzanian government efforts to forcibly evict over 21,000 people to expand the park, without providing villagers compensation or other land, according to The Oakland Institute.

“Communities report that park rangers, receiving funding through REGROW, have been implicated in murders of several villagers and numerous instances of violence since the project began,” according to a recent report published by the institute. “The World Bank, however, has turned a blind eye to the horrific abuses unleashed on the communities by choosing to not enforce its own safeguards.”

Even as local villagers have pushed back on the human rights abuses, luxury tourist options for visiting the park abound. From sunrise hot air balloon tours over the park with champagne celebrations, to camps with private lodges and spa attractions like pools, and massages—visitors from around the globe have continued to tour the park despite the allegations.

Wildlife reserves have continued to be a boon for Tanzania, pulling in billions of dollars of tourism revenue annually. But the ongoing issues with the REGROW project have raised questions about the rights of local villagers living near tourist attractions.

“This should be a wakeup call for the Bank’s leadership in Washington, D.C.—you cannot continue to ignore the voices of the people on the ground who are struggling to survive as a result of your so-called ‘development’ projects,” Anuradha Mittal, Executive Director of the Oakland Institute said.

The World Bank told The Daily Beast it had suspended further funding for the project after receiving information that “suggests breaches of our policies in the implementation of the REGROW project.”

“The World Bank is deeply concerned about the allegations of abuse and injustice related to the Resilient Natural Resources Management for Tourism and Growth (REGROW) project in Tanzania,” a World Bank spokesperson told The Daily Beast, adding that the World Bank will work with the authorities moving forward to try to ensure the project can “improve the lives of Tanzanians.”

The backpedaling from the World Bank comes after years of the Oakland Institute pushing against the project. Villagers have also taken steps to protest the project, and have on multiple occasions turned to the legal system for recourse, without any success. Last year villagers filed a case in the East African Court of Justice against the expansion of the park as well.

The Oakland Institute called the decision “long overdue.”

“It sends a resounding message to the Tanzanian government that there are consequences for its rampant rights abuses taking place across the country to boost tourism,” Mittal said. “The days of impunity are finally coming to an end.”

Reparations should be provided to the villagers who have been victims of the human rights abuses, The Oakland Institute said.

“Moreover, villagers who have been victims of gross human rights violations and crippling livelihood restrictions must receive adequate, effective, and prompt reparations to ensure justice and help redress the harm they have endured,” the Oakland Institute said in a statement.

The World Bank did not answer questions about whether it will participate in providing reparations to the affected villagers.

Got a tip? Send it to The Daily Beast  here .

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Oleg Saitov

Biographical information

Russian welterweight Oleg Saitov is among the most successful Olympic boxers, and came close to equalling the feats of Lászlo Papp , Teófilo Stevenson and Félix Savón - who all won three gold medals. Saitov won the welterweight division in Atlanta and successfully defended the title in Sydney. He was additionally honored with the Val Barker Trophy, awarded at each Olympics for the best technical boxer. At the Athens Games, Saitov again reached the semi-finals, but was eliminated in a close bout by eventual champion Bakhtiyar Artayev of Kazakhstan, and thus had to settle for bronze. In addition to his Olympic exploits, Saitov won a full set of medals at the World Championships, including the title in 1997. Saitov also medalled three times at the European Championships, gaining the title in 1998 and 2004. Saitov, a mechanic by trade, never turned professional. After his retirement in 2004, he went into regional politics. In 2009, he became deputy minister of sports, tourism and youth in the Russian Oblast (province) of Samara.

Special Notes

• Listed in Winners of the Val Barker Trophy (Winner 2000)

NSW government warned about Rozelle Interchange traffic problems, Transurban tells parliamentary inquiry

Tolling giant Transurban warned the previous New South Wales government of potential traffic "hotspots" on Victoria Road and the Anzac Bridge more than a year before the Rozelle Interchange opened, a parliamentary inquiry has heard.

The inquiry is currently scrutinising the traffic modelling and design decisions behind the trouble-plagued interchange, which has sparked traffic chaos since opening last November.

Transurban, which owns and operates the Westconnex motorway that funnels cars through the interchange, told the inquiry it had flagged potential hotspots with the government in analysis it undertook in July 2022.

Transurban's general manager for WestConnex, Denise Kelly said those hotspots included Anzac Bridge and Victoria Road, two areas which have been among the most affected since the interchange opened.

"Those discussions did not centre on .. structural changes at that time," she said.

"However they did look at what are likely the hotspots and what we could do to alleviate that."

Transurban's head of public affairs Alisa Hitchcock was asked whether the government had ever asked the company for its opinion on whether potential traffic problems could be fixed in the design or construction of the project.

"Transurban wasn't involved in the design or the construction phase, so I think to the best of our knowledge we didn't flag design or construction challenges with Transport for NSW," Ms Hitchcock replied.

Transurban was also grilled by committee chair Cate Faehrmann about why documents related to Transburban's agreements with the government had been partially redacted in response to freedom of information requests.

Ms Faehrmann demanded to know whether there were any arrangements to prioritise Westconnex motorists using the interchange or deals to provide compensation to Transurban if the government made changes that reduced the amount of drivers using the motorway.

"There is nothing in those pages that relate to the surface road network or any kind of arrangements relating to the prioritisation or otherwise of traffic on the Rozelle Interchange and on the WestConnex network," Ms Kelly told the inquiry.

Contractors say they're not responsible for interchange design

Meanwhile the joint venture that won a contract for the interchange's design and construction told the inquiry it was not responsible for issues in the design of the motorway.

John Holland's Executive General Manager for Major Projects Jim Salmon told the inquiry that Transport for NSW has created the reference design for the project and the joint venture simply delivered a detailed design that complied with that.

He said it had made "no functional changes" other than increasing the amount of parklands above the interchange.

"In terms of where the project linked in to the local road network, we comply with what is prescribed," Mr Salmon said.

When asked whether John Holland or CPB Contractors had given any advice to the former government about traffic congestion or the interchange's impact on surrounding roads, Mr Salmon said "surface traffic is the responsibility of Transport NSW."

John Holland and its joint venture partner CPB Contractors were also grilled about contaminated recycled mulch that was spread across hectares of parkland above the interchange, and revealed that it is no longer using recycled mulch after the scandal.

"We have taken a decision as a business to only use natural mulch because of the issues that have been highlighted in Rozelle," Graeme Silvester from CPB Contractors said.

Only about 40 per cent of the Rozelle parkland has been reopened, which Mr Silvester said was largely due to delays in tracking down large supplies of natural mulch.

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