travel of rizal essay

15 Nov The Travels of Rizal

Disillusioned with how Filipinos in the Philippines were regarded as second-class citizens in institutions of learning and elsewhere, the National Hero Jose Rizal left the country in May 1882 to pursue further studies abroad. He enrolled in a course in medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid in Spain. In June 1883, he traveled to France to observe how medicine was being practiced there.

After his three-month sojourn in France, Rizal returned to Madrid and thought about publishing a book that exposed the colonial relationship of Spain and the Philippines. This idea was realized in March 1887, with the publication of the novel Noli Me Tangere in Germany.

Rizal was actively involved in the Propaganda movement, composed of Filipinos in Spain who sought to direct the attention of Spaniards to the concerns of the Spanish colony in the Philippines. He wrote articles for publications in Manila and abroad; convened with overseas Filipinos to discuss their duty to the country; and called on Spanish authorities to institute reforms in the Philippines, such as granting freedom of the press and Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes.

Rizal returned to Manila in August 1887, after five years in Europe. However, his homecoming was met by the friars’ furor over Noli Me Tangere . The Archbishop of Manila issued an order banning the possession and reading of the novel, an order that was later reinforced by the governor-general. Six months later, pressured by the Spanish authorities as well as by his family and friends to leave the country and avoid further persecution, Rizal left Manila for Hong Kong.

From Hong Kong, Rizal traveled to Macau and Japan before going to America. Entering San Francisco, California, in April 1888, he visited the states of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, Illinois, and New York. He jotted down his observations of the landscape in his diary.

Rizal arrived in England in May 1888. In August, he was admitted to the British Museum, where he copied Antonio de Morga’s massive study of the Philippines, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas , which Rizal later annotated for publication “as a gift to the Filipinos.” In the museum he devoted his time reading all the sources on Philippine history that he could find. He kept up his correspondence with various people, including his family, who were being oppressed by the Spanish religious landowners; the Filipino patriots in Spain; and his Austrian friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt, with whom he planned to form an association of Philippine scholars. From 1888 to 1890 he shuttled between London and Paris, where he wrote ethnographic and history-related studies, as well as political articles. He also frequently visited Spain, where he met with fellow Filipino intellectuals like Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, and Graciano Lopez-Jaena.

In March 1891, Rizal finished writing his second novel, El Filibusterism o, in France. He planned to publish the book in Belgium, but was financially hard up. His brother’s support from back home was delayed in coming, and he was scrimping on meals and expenses. Finally, in September 1890, El Filibusterismo was published in Ghent using donations from Rizal’s friends.

Meanwhile, a rivalry had ensued between Rizal and del Pilar over the leadership of the Asociación Hispano Filipino in Spain. Rizal decided to leave Europe to avoid the worsening rift between the Rizalistas and Pilaristas, and to help maintain unity among Filipino expatriates. After staying for some time in Hong Kong, where he practiced medicine and planned to build a “New Calamba” by relocating landless Filipinos to Borneo, Rizal came home to the Philippines in June 1892.

10 Comments

Jessa pepito

Hi ,good eve .can I use this information for my brother’s research?thank you ..

Filipinas Heritage Library

Sure. Please just cite accordingly. Thank you!

I think it was September 1891 when Jose Rizal published his second novel, El Filibusterismo. And also, thank you for the information! :)))

Edalyn Jude Egan

Hi, I was confused with the dates when he finished El Filibusterismo. It was stated that he finished it in March 1891, but it was published in September 1890? Is it also 1891? Thank you!

Greggo Dela Cruz

Good day can I use this info for my module?

Roel Camaso

hello! can I use this information for my subject research?

Raquel tacay

Can i get some of the information here for my assignment.?

Beverly Anos

Can i view Rizal’s sojourn abroad?

Can I have a research on rizal’s sojourn abroad?

Jessica ongog

Hi good afternoon ca i ask you a question about the comment of Jose Rizal in europe

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Rizal’s life: higher education and life abroad.

Ateneo was known to be the most prestigious college for boys because of its great teachings. From 1872-1877, under the supervision of the Jesuit priests Rizal studied in Ateneo de Manila. Rizal went to Ateneo Municipal, formerly known as Escuela Pia . In search for Rizal’s formal knowledge as a high school student, his father wanted to send Rizal to Letran but decided to have him enrolled at the latter instead.

Ateneo De Manila

Rizal took first the entrance examination at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran on June 10, 1872. His brother, Paciano, accompanied him when he took the exam. The exams for incoming freshmen in the different colleges for boys were administered or held at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran since the Dominicans exer-cised the power of inspection and regula-tion over Ateneo that time. After passing the exam, Rizal was admitted at the Ateneo Municipal. Although Rizal qualified in the entrance examination, Father Magin Ferrand, who was then the College Registrar, refused Rizal’s admission in the institution for two reasons: first, Rizal was a late registrant and second, he was very pale, thin and undersized for an 11-year old. But, with the help of Manuel Burgos he was accepted in the institution. Jose was not able to use Mercado as his surname when he enrolled at Ateneo. He was registered as Jose Rizal because his real surname had rung a bell to the ears of the authorities — this was because of Paciano’s relation with one of the leaders of the secularization movement, Father Burgos. At that time, Ateneo was offering a six-year program that gives students the academic title of Bachiller en Artes. This program exposed students to five subjects: Christian doctrine; Languages of Spanish, Latin, Greek and French; History and Geography (World History and Geography and History of Spain and the Philippines; Mathematics and Sciences (geometry, trigonometry, mineralogy, chemistry, physics, botany and zoology); and the Classic disciplines (poetry, rhetoric, and philosophy). Ateneo, as a prestigious school, offered the best secondary education for boys that enhances the character of their students through strict religious instruction and discipline. Before the classes start, the students must first hear masses and end with prayers. To encourage the spirit of competition among students in academics, with the help of Atenean teachers, the school proposed a program of dividing the class into two competing groups (empires): the Roman Empire composed of boarding students at Ateneo and the Carthaginian Empire composed of non-boarding students. Both groups have ranks and classifications and they competed through question and answers. When banners are raised, it means victory for the group; there is defeat if banners are lowered.

Rizal’s first professor was Father Jose Bech. At first, Rizal was left behind among his classmates but he knew the severity of his studies, so he organized and seriously observed himself a timetable to manage his studies. He excelled as the emperor in his class, a title given to the most intelligent in the class. The method of instruction used at Ateneo was the ration studiorum, a system of indoctrination under tight and constant discipline but with reward. It applies memorization and understanding of the concepts taught in class. At that time, the Atenean education had one goal: Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam (or For the Greater Glory of God). A student’s life was centered on the chapel, considered as the highest level of extra-curricular activity. Rizal was able to pass his oral examination on March 14,1877. He finished with the degree, Bachiller en Artes, with the highest academic honors. Looking at Rizal’s scholastic records, it is evident that he excelled in his academic studies during the entire time that he was studying at Ateneo. Racial pride, monastic discipline and seclusion of boarding school life were the factors that gave Rizal the motivation to outshine his classmates. Note that in doing so, he wanted to prove to his Spanish classmates that a Filipino student can compete and beat them academically. The competition inside the classroom was an opportunity to outdo his classmates in the daily activities designed to test the student’s memory and understanding of their lessons in the different curriculum. For Rizal, being in a boarding school was effective as it gave him more time to focus on his studies. Aside from academics, Rizal was also active in extra-curricular activities. He became a member of Marian Congregation and an officer in the religious confraternities at Ateneo. This position is only offered to students who consistently possessed the highest degree of scholarship and leadership. There, he was mentored by Father Pablo Pastells, S.J. He was also a member of two academic societies: Academy of Spanish Literature and the Academy of Natural Sciences, both were considered elite organizations for students who excelled in literature and the sciences.

Sta. Isabel College

Rizal took private lessons in Santa Isabel College to be proficient in Spanish and develop his skills in poetry writing more. But before he took up lessons, he was guided by Father Francisco Paula de Sanchez in developing his skills in poetry. Through his poetry he was able to finish poems about religion, education, and childhood experiences. It also gave him the opportunity to develop more mature emotions, patriotic sentiments and exquisite sensitivity. Rizal did not waste any time to learn new things during his time. On his vacant time, Rizal took painting lessons from Agustin Saez and sculpture lessons from Teodoro Romualdo de Jesus to enhance his interest in arts. As a result, he was able to sculpt the image of the Virgin Mary and the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Father Jose Villaclara, S.J. encouraged him to pay attention also to the sciences and philosophy.

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

After completion of Bachiller en Artes at Ateneo, Rizal was admitted to higher studies at a university. Doña Teodora was against Rizal’s decision to pursue a higher education because of her fear of what might happen to her son due to the martyrdom of Gomburza. However, Don Francisco sent Rizal to UST, the Dominican University of the Philippines. At the beginning, Rizal was not sure of what course to take after graduation. His former mentors in Ateneo suggested priesthood or farming, but Rizal considered taking up literature, law or medicine. Paciano, his brother discouraged him to take law, saying that Rizal will not be able to practice it later on because of the political conditions in the country that time. Rizal was 16 years old when he began his freshman year at UST. He enrolled under the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Major in Philosophy. This was the course that his father wanted him to pursue, but then it turned out that he took up courses in Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy and History of Philosophy. He also took up surveying course at Ateneo. Once again, he excelled in the said course while underage. But because of this, he could not practice the surveyor’s profession yet. Instead, Rizal was presented the title on November 25, 1881 for his excellency. After his first year, Rizal changed his course from Philosophy and Letters to Medicine. Rizal believed that he should finish medicine so that he could cure his sick mother who had an eyesight failure.

To The Filipino Youth Theme: “Grow, O Timid Flower” Lift up your radiant brow, This day, Youth of my native strand! Your abounding talents show Resplendently and grand, Fair hope of my motherland! Soar high, oh genius great, And with noble thoughts fill their mind; The honor’s glorious seat, May their virgin mind fly and find More rapidly than the wind. Descend with the pleasing light Of the arts and sciences to the plain, Oh Youth, and break forthright The links of the heavy chain That your poetic genius enchain. See that in the ardent zone, The Spaniard, where shadow stand, Doth offer a shining crown, With wise and merciful hand To the son of this Indian land. You who heavenward rise On wings of your rich fantasy Seek in the Olympian skies The tenderest poesy, More sweet than divine honey; You of heavenly harmony, On a calm unperturbed night, Philomel’s match in melody, That in varied symphony Dissipate man’s sorrow’s blight; You, at the impulse of your mind The hard rock animate And your mind with the great pow’r consigned Transforms into immortal state The pure mem’ry of genius great; And you, who with magic brush On canvas plain capture The varied charm of Phoebus, Loved by the divine Apelles And the mantle of Nature; Run! For genius’ sacred flame Awaits the artist’s crowning Spreading far and wide the fame Throughout the sphere proclaiming With trumpet the mortal’s name. Oh, joyful, joyful day, For you fair Philippines! The Almighty blessed be Who, with loving eagerness Sends you luck and happiness.

A Filipinas

In February 1880, Rizal wrote a sonnet dedicated to the Philippines that aimed at encouraging Filipino artists to thank the country through their art works. This is the most passionate poem about the Philippines written by Rizal.

To the Philippines Warm and beautiful like a houri from heaven, Gracious and pure like the rising dawn When it colors the sapphire clouds, There sleeps a goddess of the Indian soil. The light foam of the sonorous sea Kisses her feet with a lover’s desire; The civilized West adores her smile, And the white Pole her flowered veil. My muse, stuttering with tenderness, Sings to her among the naiads and undines; I offer her my happiness and fortune. With green myrtle and purple roses And Madonna lilies crown her pure brow, O artists, and sing the praises of the Philippines!

Rizal Life's Abroad

Rizal did not continue his studies in the Philippines, instead, he went to Europe to widen his learning and to acquire knowledge about a cure for his mother’s worsening eye condition. He left Calamba on May 1, 1882 and was able to reach Manila in ten hours. He left Manila on May 3, 1882, with his brother Paciano and Uncle Antonio Rivera’s blessing. He decided to go abroad after completing his fourth year in the medical course. But he did not seek his parents’ permission because clearly, they will not approve of Rizal’s plan. Bringing with him his disappointments during his days as a student, he left the Philippines for Europe. Initially, he was going to finish his medical course in Barcelona, Spain. Then again, he wanted to make a name for himself in the field of journalism, to observe and study the European society and to prepare himself from being freed from the tyrants of Spain

At the age of 21, the first piece he made was the essay entitled, El Amor Patrio or Love of Country. While writing this, he used the screen name Laong Laan. It was published in the Diariong Tagalog in Manila on August 20, 1882.

On September 1882, Rizal moved to the capital city of Spain to continue his studies. Rizal enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid on November 3, 1882 he took up Philosophy and Letters in Medicine. While studying in the university, he also enrolled at the Academy of San Carlos taking up painting and sculpture, and languages in French, German and English. He also took up shooting and fencing at the Hall of Sanz and Carbonell. He also showed great interest in taking the examination in Roman law. Rizal passed the medical examination which he took from June 5 to 26. He was given the degree of Licentiate in Medicine for this and continued his doctorate degree in medicine. However, he was not able to accomplish the diploma because he failed to present the thesis required for graduation. He was allowed to practice medicine but cannot teach medicine. Rizal was saddened by this decision and thought that the education system in Madrid had no difference with that in Manila. He then finished his course in Philosophy and Letters and gained the degree Licenciado en Filosofia y Letras. During this time, Rizal was halfway done with his novel, the Noli Me Tangere.

CIRCULO HISPANO FILIPINO

Circulo Hispano Filipino was a social organization meant to create reforms for the Philippines. The members were mostly Filipino elderlies, who were exiles of 1872. It was led by Juan Atayde, a retired army officer and a Philippine-born Spaniard. They conducted informal programs, which included poetry reading and debates. Even with a busy schedule, Rizal took the time to join his fellow Filipinos in Madrid. The group knew that Rizal is a good writer — he was actually requested to comment or write a few verses to the review published by the group. Rizal was able to do the poem entitled Mi Piden Versos (They Ask Me for Verses). Rizal, while in Madrid, sent a letter to Don Francisco about joining the Circulo Hispano. But later on, he told him that the society was disbanded because of: 1) the differences among its members who were young student expatriates and retired colonials, and 2)due to their age difference. It was difficult for Rizal during his stay in Madrid. There were delays in his monthly allowance coming from the Philippines, considering the financial status of Rizal’s family caused by crop failures brought by drought and locusts, and the increase in rentals of the Dominican hacienda lands in his hometown. Truth be told, there were times when Rizal attended his classes on an empty stomach. Influenced by Miguel Morayta, a history professor at the Universidad de Madrid, Rizal became a member of freemasonry with “Dimasalang” as its masonic name. It is an organization outlawed by the Catholic Church because its beliefs are contrary to the doctrines of the church. It is said that the mason’s view of life is that, knowledge should be achieved by the light of reason and universal brotherhood of men. He became a Master Mason in Lodge Solidaridad on November 15,1890. Hence, Rizal was immediately removed from the Catholic church. Rizal’s love interest in Madrid was Consuelo, Don Pabolo’s daughter. Because of her good traits and beautiful smile he got attracted and fell for her but he held back his feelings for Consuelo knowing that he was engaged with Leonor Rivera in the Philippines. Aside from this, Rizal did not want to ruin his friendship with Eduardo de Lete, who is the latter’s love interest. Before leaving Madrid in 1883, Rizal composed a poem that expressed his admiration to Consuelo, entitled A La Senorita C.O. y R. On June 25, 1884, in honor of Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo Rizal made a speech, the Brindis which gave him praises from the public audience because for the first time, they heard a Filipino delivering a speech fluently in the Castillan language. He stated that Luna and Hidalgo were the pride of Filipino people. Luna was awarded the top prize for his painting Spolarium while Hidalgo got the second place for his painting Virgines Christianas Expuestas al Populacho (Christian Virgins Exposed to the Population). Both Filipino painters joined the National Exposition of Fine Arts. In his speech, Rizal said that intelligence knows no race and the prizes they got were results of both Philippines and Spain. He also hoped that someday, Spain will accept the changes that the Filipinos have to offer. The speech was published in the newspaper, El Liberal.

RIZAL’S LIFE IN OTHER COUNTRIES

Rizal arrived in Paris on November 1885. At that time, he was 24 years old and a full-pledged surgeon. He decided to migrate to Paris to specialize in Ophthalmology, but prior to doing so, he went to visit Maximo Viola, a friend from San Miguel, Bulacan. Rizal also worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert’s eye clinic for four months. During his stay, Rizal knew how to conduct the operation of the eye, its ailments, and the different techniques of eye operation. He spent his past time with his fellow Filipinos in the city, something that contributed much to learning how to speak French fluently. His friends were Felix Hidalgo, Juan Luna and Pardo de Tavera. For the duration of his stay with Juan Luna, Rizal became a model and posed for two historical paintings of Luna: The Blood Compact (as Sikatuna) and Death of Cleopatra (as a Priest). It was also in Paris that he finished some part of his Noli.

Due to high cost of living, Rizal left Paris for Germany on February 1886. He arrived at an old university town in Heidelberg. He worked as an assistant of Dr. Otto Becker at the University Eye Hospital. It is where Rizal mastered the techniques of diagnosing eye ailments, which he learned from Dr. Louis de Wecker. But before transferring to the university, Rizal resided in a German boarding house where he became friends with a number of German law students. He became a member of the Chess Players’ Club of Heidelberg. He was known among the students not because he was good at chess but because he also joined them in their drinking sessions. While in Heidelberg, he used to write letters to his sis-ters Maria and Trinidad in the Philippines, telling them good things about Germany, the good traits of the German students including the women. The letter was to show her sisters that they can imitate the virtues of German women. There, he wrote a poem entitled, A Las Flores de Heidelberg (To the Flowers of Heidelberg) to express his homesickness for his loved ones.

Rizal lived five years of his life abroad and away from his loved ones. He left Rome and rode the train going to Marseilles, France on July 3,1887. He then boarded the Djemnah, the vessel that ferried him to Saigon, and from Saigon, he transferred to the steamer Haiphong in Vietnam and reached Manila on August 5,1887. He stayed in Manila for three days and tried to visit and call Isabelo de los Reyes twice but unfortunately, he was unable to reach him. Later on, he visited Ateneo wherein the Jesuits attempted to get Rizal back to his old faith. Rizal was able to talked to Padre Faura, the priest who showed him the Sacred Heart of Jesus that he carved during his student days. Then, Padre Faura told Rizal all the wrong points that he said in his novel, Noili Me Tangere. But for Rizal, everything he wrote was the truth. Upon Rizal’s arrival in Calamba on August 8, 1887, there were rumors spreading that Rizal was a German spy, a mason and many more. Because of these, Rizal received death threats each day and his family was worried about the possible consequences of such. So Paciano accompanied him whenever he goes out— even his father, Don Francisco, had hesitations on allowing Rizal to go out of their house. Nevertheless, Rizal kept himself busy while in Calamba. He established a medical clinic and his first patient was his mother. He cured the sick and soon he was known to be an eye specialist and surgeon. Rizal successfully removed the cataracts on his mother’s eyes. In the town, Rizal was called Doctor Uliman, because he was mistaken for a German. On August 30, 1887, Rizal left Calamba and went to Manila for he was invited to see Governor-General Emilio Terrero as regards his Noli.

TRIP TO HONG KONG

Rizal arrived in Hong Kong on February 8,1888. His fellow Filipinos namely Jose Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio and Manuel Yriarte, who were all exiled in 1872, met Rizal. In Hong Kong, he was able to study the Chinese language, Chinese drama and theater, Chinese cultures and Chinese values. Rizal even became friends with some Spaniards that were based in Hong Kong. He met Barranda, Terrero’s secretary, together with other Spaniards and went to visit Macao, a Portuguese colony near Hong Kong. Rizal and his friends visited the botanical garden, theatre, casino, cathedral and churches, pagodas and bazaars. They lived in the house of Juan Lecaroz and on February 20, 1888, he went back to Hong Kong. Two days after, he left for Japan on Board the SS Oceania on February 22, 1888.

TRIP TO JAPAN AND SHORT ROMANCE WITH O-SEI-SAN

Rizal arrived in Yokohama, Japan and stayed at Tokyo Hotel on February 28, 1888f or a few days. He was then invited by Juan Perez Caballero to live at the Spanish Legation for a month. On March 7,1887, he left the hotel and lived at the Spanish legation. During his stay in Japan, he studied the Japanese language or Nippongo, Japanese culture, theatres, martial arts and visited Japanese provinces. Rizal appreciated the cleanliness, politeness, and industry of the Japanese. Rizal then met O-Sei-San and their romance began when he lived at the Spanish legation. They became friends and later on developed to become lovers. O-Sei-San or Seiko Usui and Rizal fell in love for each other. Because of this, Rizal thought of staying in Japan for good. Nonetheless, Rizal had duties to fulfill for his country. So he decided to leave Japan and said his goodbyes to O-Sei-San.

TRIP TO UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Aboard a steamer on April 28,1888, the entire boat was quarantined when it stopped in San Francisco because accordingly, the ship came from a country where cholera was epidemic. Rizal knew that this was not the fact — he found out that the ship was halted for the Chinese and Japanese laborers who accepted cheap labor, replacing the American laborers. On May 4, 1888, after a week of the quarantine, some passengers were allowed to disembark, except for the Japanese and Chinese passengers who were quarantined for a longer period. Rizal went to different cities in America like Reno, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, Chicago, Albany, and New York City. He was very much impressed with all the cities for its natural beauty, the hardworking Americans, the material progress and the high standard of living, and the opportunities offered for poor immigrants for a better life. The negative impressions include the lack of racial equality and the presence of racial prejudice against other nations. The Americans value valued money more than human life and fairness and justice were only offered to white people.

TRIP IN LONDON

After Rizal’s trip to the United States of America, he left New York City on May 16, 1888 and arrived in Liverpool, England on May 24 of the same year. He stayed for a day at Adelphi Hotel and left for London the following day. He was welcomed by Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor on May 25, 1888 and stayed as a guest in their home. Dr. Regidor was an exile of 1872 and a practicing lawyer in London. Rizal had reasons why he chose to live in London. First, he wanted to enhance his knowledge on the English language; he sought to have further study on Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas; to do research on the Philippine history; and to continue to write for La Solidaridad in defense of his people against the Spanish tyranny.

IN BRUSSELS, BELGIUM

On January 28,1890, Rizal left Paris for Brussels, Belgium. He was accompanied by Jose Alberto when he moved to Brussels. When Jose Alberto left the country, an engineering student, Jose Alejandro stayed with Rizal at the boarding house owned by Suzanne and Marie Jacoby. Aside from the cost of living in Paris, which was too much, Rizal cannot focus on writing his second novel El Filibusterismo because of the social life in Paris that interfered with his writings. While doing the chapters of the novel, he continued to write articles for La Solidaridad and they were: 1. “ A La Defensa” (To la Defensa) on April 30, 1889 as his answer to an Anti-Filipino writing of Patricio de la Escorura; 2. “La Verdad Para Todos” (The Truth For All) on May 31, 1889 as his reply against the Spanish accusations that the Filipino officials were ignorant and immoral; 3. “Vicente Barrantes’ Teatro Tagalo” on June 15, 1889; 4. Barrantes’ ignorance on the theatrical art of the Tagalog; 5. “Una Profanacion” (A Profanation) on July 31, 1889 as his attack against the friars for ignoring and not allowing Christian burial for his brother-in-law, Mariano Herbosa; 6. “Crueldad” (Cruelty) on July 31, 1889 defending Blumentritt from mocking and insulting attacks of his rivals; 7. “Verdades Nuevas” (New Truths) on August 15, 1889, that because of the letter written by Vicente Belloc Sanchez, saying that if reforms were granted, it will start in the destruction of the peaceful ruling of the friars in the Philippines; 8. “Diferencias” (Differences) on September 15, 1889 in response of the attacks of the article, saying mean and bad comments to the Filipinos who were then protesting for reforms from the Spanish government; 9. “Inconsequencias” (Inconsequences) on November 30, 1889 to defend Antonio Luna against the attacks of Pablo Mir Deas’s article in El Pueblo Soberano, a newspaper in Barcelona; 10.“LLanto y Risas” (Tears and Laughters) on November 30, 1889 as Rizal’s way of saving the Filipinos from the Spaniards racial prejudice; 11.“Ingratitudes” (Ingratitudes) on January 15, 1890 in response to Governor-General Weyler’s words, that people of Calamba should not be fooled by empty promises of their ungrateful sons.

On the other hand, Rizal received bad news coming from home that his family and relatives were forced to leave and go to different places because the Calamba land problem had worsened, that the Dominican management raised the rents for the land. This was the reason why the tenants, including Rizal’s father, refused to pay the rent, which resulted for the filing of a case by the Dominicans to strip the ownership of Calamba land from the Rizal family. The illegal eviction of his family angered him and made him depressed. Rizal planned to go home to the Philippines because he could not bear the pain about what happened to his family. Rizal then wrote a poem entitled “A Mi Musa” (To My Muse) to address his disappointments on the land problems of Calamba. This poem was published in La Solidaridad with Laong Laan as Rizal’s pen name on December 15,1890. Rizal failed to defend the case against the Dominicans and justice was not received for his family and the tenants of Calamba. While in Madrid, Rizal attended a gathering of Filipinos where he had a fight with Antonio Luna and dared Wenceslao Retana to a duel. Retana, was a Spanish scholar and Rizal’s rival in writing.

LIFE IN HONG KONG

Rizal left Madrid and went to Hong Kong after he published the El Fili in Europe. He did not like the political situation between him and del Pilar, and the other Filipinos in Spain. It was during this time that Rizal heard that his friend, Jose Ma. Panganiban (his pen name was Jomapa), bid his farewell to the world. As saddened as he was, he recognized Jomapa’s talent, intelligence, and industry through a eulogy, considering him as a lost for the country. Due to his unpleasant experiences in Madrid, Rizal planned on leaving the political life in Europe to focus on his mission instead. On November 20,1891, he arrived in Hong Kong. He then decided to practice medicine, through his association with Dr. Lorenzo P. Marquez, so he applied for a license and the license and was eventually granted. His family went to Hong Kong and he supported them in the city.

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The Lost Boy Lloyd

Life is one long vacation

Journeying through Jose Rizal’s Life, Exile, and Death

Posted on June 14, 2011

You see, the Rizals were not really landowners. They were tenants of the Dominicans who owned most of the land in Calamba. According to the Rizals (the Dominicans have their own version of the story), the tenants started to complain about rent increases that did not consider whether the harvest for that season was good or not…

Rizal was not a radical man, but in 1891, he became a spokesman for these tenants whom he advised to trust in the justice and goodness of Mother Spain. The tenants did just that, and the Spanish governor-general, Valeriano Weyler (who became notorious as the Butcher of Cuba), sent soldiers to bodily evict the hardheaded tenants from Calamba…It was a major upheaval for the people of Calamba and also Rizal, who became a marked man not only for his anti-clerical novel, Noli me tangere, but also for being in the center of a major agrarian dispute. –Rizal’s New Calamba in Sabah

Sometimes I cannot make sense of Rizal. Was he happy in Dapitan? In 1893, he wrote Blumentritt and described a typical day:

“I have three houses: a square house, a six-sided house, and an eight-sided house. My mother, my sister Trinidad, and a nephew and I live in the square house; my students—boys who I am teaching math, Spanish and English—and a patient [in the six-sided house]. My chickens live in the six-sided house. From my house, I can hear the murmur of a crystalline rivulet that drops from high rocks. I can see the shore, the sea where I have two small boats or barotos, as they are called here. I have many fruit trees: mangoes, lanzones, guyabanos, batuno, langka, etc. I have rabbits, dogs, cats, etc.

I get up early, at 5 in the morning inspect my fields, feed the chickens, wake up my farm-hands and get them to work. At half past 7, we have breakfast consisting of tea, pastries, cheese, sweets, etc. Then, I hold clinic examining patients and training the poor patients who come to see me. I dress and go to town in my baroto to visit my patients there. I return at noon and have lunch that has been prepared for me. Afterwards I teach the boys until 4 and spend the rest of the afternoon in the fields. At night, I read and study.”

Although Rizal did not live behind bars, Dapitan was not London, Paris, New York or Madrid. Dapitan was literally the boondocks. —Rizal’s poetry in Dapitan

The slow walk to Bagumbayan began at 6:30 a.m. It was a cool, clear morning and Rizal was dressed, appropriately, in black. Black coat, black pants and a black cravat emphasized by his white shirt and waistcoat. He was tied elbow to elbow, but he proudly held up his head, crowned with the signature chistera or bowler hat made famous by Charlie Chaplin…

He made one last request that the soldiers spare his precious head and shoot him in the back toward the heart. When the captain agreed, Rizal shook the hand of Taviel de Andrade and thanked him for the vain effort of defending him.

Meanwhile, a curious Spanish military doctor came and felt Rizal’s pulse and was surprised to find it regular and normal. The Jesuits were the last to leave the condemned man. They raised a crucifix to Rizal’s face and lips, but he turned his head away and silently prepared for death.

As the captain raised his saber in the air, he ordered his men to be ready and shouted, Preparen! The order to aim the rifles followed: Apunten!

Then, in split second before the captain’s saber was brought down with the order to fire Fuego!, Rizal shouted the two last words of Christ, Conssumatum est! (it is done). The shots rang out, the bullets hit their mark and Rizal made that carefully choreographed twist he practiced years before that would make him fall face-up on the ground. –“Oh, what a beautiful morning!”

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The Life and Times of José Rizal

A national hero of the Philippines and the pride of the Malayan race, José Rizal is a historical figure admired by many. He was born on the 19th June 1861, on the picturesque island of Luzon to an affluent family. His parents were well educated and his mother, who was his first teacher, greatly influenced his intellectual development. He grew up to be quite studious and received a bachelor of arts with the highest honors when graduating from university.

Rizal’s life took a complete turn in 1882 when he boarded a ship to Spain without his parents’ consent. In Spain he enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid where he became leader of a small community of Filipino students and committed himself to reforming the Spanish rule in his home country. In addition, he began contributing ideas to the newspaper La Solidaridad, published in Barcelona. Rizal’s political program, as expressed in the newspaper, included integration of the Philippines as a province of Spain, representation in the Cortes (the Spanish parliament), freedom of assembly and expression, and equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law.

Spain, to Rizal, was a venue for realizing his dreams and it was here that he penned his first book, Noli Me Tangere, a passionate exposé of the evils of Spanish rule in the Philippines. He dedicated this novel to his fellow countrymen whose experiences and sufferings he wrote about. However, as word spread of the scandalous nature of the novel, Rizal became a target for the Filipino police and his trip back home was forcibly cut short in 1887.

Rizal’s insatiable thirst for knowledge later took him to Paris and Germany. In Germany, he completed his studies in ophthalmology. In 1891, he published a sequel,El Filibusterismo,which further established his reputation as the leading spokesman of the Filipino reform movement.On his return to the Philippines in 1892, Rizal founded the nonviolent reform society,Liga Filipina(Philippine League). It was a progressive organisation that sought to directly involve people in the movement. As a result, Rizal was exiled to Dapitan, an island south of the country where he remained for four years. However, during this period he continued his scientific research and even founded a school and hospital.

In 1895, Rizal asked for permission to travel to Cuba as an army doctor. His request was approved but at the same time, Katipunan, a nationalist secret society launched a revolt against Spain. Although he had no connections with that organization, and disapproved of its violent methods, Rizal was arrested shortly thereafter. After a show trial, Rizal was convicted of conspiracy by the military and sentenced to death by a firing squad. On the eve of his public execution, Rizal wrote Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell). And at 7am on the 30th of December, the 35-year-old patriot was shot in the back, with his rosary clutched tightly in his right hand.

José Rizal’s death had the unintended consequence of adding fuel to the fire of Filipino resistance to Spanish rule. Spurred on by his martyrdom, the revolution grew with fervour. In 1898, with assistance from the United States, the Philippine archipelago was able to declare its independence, thus becoming Asia’s first democratic republic.

In the freedom struggle of the Philippines, José Rizal played a vital role. He was a man of incredible intellectual power who travelled extensively throughout his life and mastered 22 languages in total. Undoubtedly, he was a versatile genius who in addition to being an ophthalmologist, was also an architect, cartoonist, businessman, economist, farmer, historian, inventor, journalist, musician, psychologist and theologian.

Today, José Rizal is hailed as a martyr for the nationalist cause. He is remembered for his brilliance, his courage in trying times, his peaceful resistance to tyranny, and his compassion. To this day, Filipino school children study his literary works and nearly every town in the country has a street named after their national hero.

As he wrote in his poem A Mi Musa (To My Muse), ‘He who would love much has also much to suffer.’ Throughout his life and until his dying breath, José Rizal suffered and endured for the Philippines- the country that he loved more than life itself.

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Rizal's First Published Essay: El Amor Patrio

Related Papers

Emman Ray Rodriguez

Rizal: Hero or Traitor?

Drea Nicole Marcelino

Angelo Mari Santos

Based on Rizal’s Data of My Defense, Additional Data of My Defense, and Manifesto to Some Filipino, this paper aims to answer: 1) Was Rizal a traitor to the country and the Katipunan? 2) Was he a non-nationalist but simply an assimilationist and reformer?

Arnel Perez

This teaching documents summarizes the historical life of Dr. Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal y Alonzo References Text Book/ Book: Anderson, Benedict (2008). Why Counting Counts: A Study of Forms of Consciousness and Problems of Language in Noli Me Tangere and ElFilibusterismo. Ateneo de Manila Press, Quezon City, Phillipines Bantug, Asuncion L. (2008) Lolo Jose. An intimate and illustrated portrait of Jose Rizal, 2nd ed. Vibal Publishing House, Inc. Balazo, I., Dominguez, L., Nakpil, L., & Animosa, I. (2009). Noli me tangere. 10th edition. Abiva Publishing House, Inc. Capino, D. G., Gonzales, M. A., & Pineda, F. E. (2003) Rizal’s life, works, and writings: Their impact on our national identity. JMC Press, Inc. Castaneda, S., Ornos, P., San Felipe, V., et al. (2007). Jose Rizal. The Martyr and National Hero. Mutya Publishing House, Inc. De Viana, Augusto V., Cabrera, Helena Ma. F., Samala, Emelita P., De Vera, Myrna M., & Atututbo, Janet C. (2018). Jose Rizal: Social reformer and patriot. A study of his life and times. Rex Book Store, Inc. P. Florentino St., Sta. Mesa Heights, Quezon City, Philippines Espinoza, T., De Guzman, J., & Odulio, F. (1999). El filibusterismo. Aklat Ani Publishing and Educational Trading Center Fadul, J. A. (2008). A workbook for a course in Rizal. 2nd ed. expanded. C & E Publishing, Inc. Rizal, J. (1962) Historical events of the Philippines Islands by Dr. Antonio de Morga, published in Mexico in 1609, recently brought to light and annotated by Jose Rizal, preceded by a prologue by Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt. Manila: Jose Rizal National Centennial Commission. Sta. Maria, F.P., (1996). Jose Rizal. In Excelsis. Studio 5 Design, Inc. Zaide, G. F. & Zaide, S. M. (2008). Jose Rizal: Life, works and writings of a genius, writer, scientist, and national hero. ALL-NATIONS Publishing Co., Inc.

Edward A . Despabiladeras

This reflection paper critically explores the dichotomy surrounding Jose Rizal's status as a hero in Philippine nationalism. Initiated during early university studies and influenced by Renato Constantino's essay, "Veneration Without Understanding," the paper navigates through the complexities of Rizal's heroism, challenging the idealized narrative ingrained in early education. The discourse on Rizal's heroism, fueled by fervent debates, reveals a societal divide between veneration and condemnation. Comprehensive explorations delve into Rizal's opposition to the revolution, American sponsorship influence, and the intricacies of his legacy, prompting a nuanced understanding. The paper reflects on hero-worship, American colonization strategies, and Rizal's multifaceted character. It also contemplates the broader concept of heroism, urging a shift from historical pedestals to contemporary struggles. The abstract concludes by emphasizing the democratic nature of heroism, encouraging collective efforts for a more just society and recognizing the potential within each individual to contribute to the ongoing narrative of Filipino nationhood.

Althea Hannah D . Deloso

This paper explores the multifaceted contributions of Dr. Jose Rizal, an esteemed Filipino national hero, to the ideals of equality and freedom. Delving into Rizal's speeches and writings, the study underscores his call to transcend racial divisions and recognize the intrinsic worth of every individual. Focusing on Rizal's discourse during a Madrid banquet, where he honored Filipino painters Luna and Hidalgo, the paper examines his strategic overture for equality that challenges conventional notions of freedom. Rizal's vision extends beyond racial divides, emphasizing the universal attributes of genius and the interconnectedness of colonies. The metaphorical portrayal of Spain as a nurturing mother reveals his nuanced understanding of colonial dynamics. While acknowledging the optimism in his assertion of unity, the paper acknowledges the disconnect from daily struggles and privileges inherent in his Ilustrado role. Rizal's plea for Spain's maternal responsibilities hints at a deeper motive, unraveling a tapestry of complexity in his discourse. The study concludes by reflecting on Rizal's enduring legacy, emphasizing the imperative to embrace diversity and pursue justice and equality collectively for a more equitable and inclusive future.

John Vincent Cruz

Amerasia Journal

Sharon Delmendo

Lorie Villanueva

Time Line of Jose Rizal's Travels

Jose Rizal: Timeline of his Travels and Adventures Rizal’s First Trip Abroad

3 May 1882 Rizal left Philippines for the first time Spain. He boarded the Salvadora using a passport of Jose Mercado, which was procured for him by his uncle Antonio Rivera, father of Leonor Rivera. He was accompanied to the quay where the Salvadora was moored by his uncle Antonio, Vicente Gella, and Mateo Evangelista.

9 May 1882 Rizal arrived at Singapore.

11 May 1882 In Singapore, at 2 p. m. , Rizal boarded the boat Djemnah to continue his trip to Spain.

17 May 1882 Rizal arrived at Punta de Gales.

18 May 1882 At 7:30 a. m. he left Punta de Gales for Colombo. In the afternoon, Rizal arrived at Colombo and in the evening the trip was resumed

27 May 1882 He landed at Aden at about 8:30 a. m. He made observation at the time.

2 June 1882 He arrived at the Suez Canal en route to Marseilles.

7 June 1882 Rizal arrived at Port Said. In a letter to his parents, He described his trip en route to Aden along the Suez Canal.

11 June 1882 Rizal disembarked and, accompanied by a guide, went around the City of Naples for one hour. This was the first European ground he set foot on.

12 June 1882 At ten o’clock in the evening, the boat anchored at Marseilles.

3 June 1882 Early on the morning he landed at Marseilles and boarded at the Noalles Hotel.

15 June 1882 He left Marseilles for Barcelona in an express train. Rizal in Barcelona, Spain

16 June 1882 At 12:00 noon, Rizal arrived at Barcelona and boarded in the Fonda De Espana.

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Rizal in Madrid, Spain 2 September 1882 Rizal matriculated at the Universidad Central de Madrid. He took the following subjects: medical clinic, surgical clinic, legal medicine and obstetrical clinic.

15 June 1883 Rizal left Madrid for Paris to spend his summer and to observe the big French City.

Rizal in Paris, France 17 June 1883 Rizal arrived at Paris. He spent the whole day walking around and observing the beautiful cities.

18 June 1883 With Felipe Zamora and Cunanan, He visited the Leannec Hospital to observe how Dr, Nicaise treated his patients. He was stunned to see the advanced facilities in the accommodation in the said hospital.

19 June 1883 H e again visited Dr. Nicaise who showed the technique of operation. Later he went to see dupytren Museum.

20 June 1883 Rizal visited the Lariboisiere Hospital where Felix Pardo de Tavera was an extern. Here he observe the examination f the different diseases of women.

21 June 1883 After watching the done by Dr. Duply, he went to the Jardin d’ Acclimatation situated outside the Paris in the Forest of Bologna. He found there plants of all species and the rarest and most beautiful birds. Rizal Back in Madrid

20 August 1883 Rizal was back in Madrid from his summer vacation in Paris.

31 December 1883 In the evening Rizal delivered a speech in a banquet held at the Cafe de Madrid. Many Filipinos were gathered in the restaurant to bid goodbye to the year 1884.

1 October 1885 Rizal planned to leave Madrid by the middle of the month. He intended to go to Germany to learn the German language and to study advance course of ophthalmology.

4 December 1885 He was practicing ophthalmology with Dr. Weeker at the Crugen Clinic.

Rizal in Strasburg, Germany 2 February 1886 Rizal arrived at Strasburg, Germany. He visited the celebrated cathedral and climbed a tower of 142 meters high, the fourth highest of the European towers.

Rizal in Heidelberg, Germany 3 February 1886 He arrived at Heidelberg. The town to him looked gay. On the streets he saw students with cups of different colors.

22 April 1886 While in Heidelberg experiencing the feeling of nostalgia for his parents and his country, Rizal wrote the poem “A Las Flores de Heidelberg. ”

Rizal in Wilhelmsfeld, Germany 26 April 1886 He left Heidelberg for Wilhemsfeld to honor invitation extended to him by Reverend Karl Ullmer whom Rizal meet one day in the woods with the Pastor’s wife, daughter Eta and son Freidrich. In Wilhelmsfeld where Pastor Ullmer was staying and working, Rizal was invited to visit the vicarage. Later, on Rizal’s choice, he boarded with the Ullmer family until he left Wilhelmsfeld by last week of June.

20-25 June 1886 Rizal left Wilhelmsfeld for Hiedelberg. In Wilhemsfeld he studied the German country life and ppractice speaking good German with the Ullmer’s family with whom he live.

26 June 1886 Rizal Returned to Heidelberg Rizal on His Way to Leipzig

9 August 1886 Rizal left Hiedelberg for Leipzig

10 August 1886 He left Bonn for Colonia, on his way to Leipzig.

12 August 1886 He arrived at Coblents, one of the cities along the Rhine River.

13 August 1886 Rizal was in Ehrenfels, Germany.

14 August 1886 At 10:10 in the morning, he left Frankfurt for Leipzig. Rizal in Leipzig, Germany

15 August 1886 Rizal arrive at Leipzig at 9:30 in the morning.

1 October 1886 Rizal left Leipzig for Halle to observe the country life of the people there. He returned in the afternoon.

Rizal in Dresden, Germany

29 October 1886 Rizal arrived at Dresden at 8:20 in the morning.

30 October 1886 He visited the Palacio Japonais and many other interesting places in Dresden.

1 November 1886 He left Dresden this morning for Berlin Rizal in Berlin, Germany

1 November 1886 At 1:25 P. M. Rizal arrived at Berlin and boarded at the Central Hotel.

Rizal in Leitmeritz, Bohemia 13 May 1887 Rizal and Viola arrived at Leitmeritz at 1:30 in the afternoon. They were met at the station by Prof. Blumentritt who conducted them to the Krebs Hotel.

Rizal in Brunn 19 May 1887 Rizal bade goodbye to Prof. Dr. Willkomn, State Adviser in Brunn. The lovable daughter of the professor reproached Rizal for not having told them of his artistic and poetic talents which they read in Bohemia, a newspaper published in Prague. They left Brunn this day.

Rizal in Vienna 20-24 May 1887 Rizal and Maximo Viola arrived in Vienna at 2:30 P. M. of May 20th and both boarded at the Hotel Metropole

25 May 1887 With Viola, Rizal left Vienna for Salzburg which the, too, left the following day, May 26, for Munich.

Rizal in Munich, Germany 6-30 May 1887 Rizal and Viola were boarders of Rheinischer Hof or Rhine Hotel in Munich for five days. On May 29, 1887, they drunk beer in the business establishment, LowerbranKeller Munich. 30 May 1887 they left for Stuttgart.

Rizal in Stuttgart, Germany 31 May, 1887 Rizal and Viola arrived at the Geneva and boarded at the Hotel Merquardt. They left for Basel the following day, June 1. Rizal in Basel, Switzerland

3 June 1887 Rizal and Viola drank beer in Baverieche, Bierhalle, Basel, Switzerland.

6 June 1887 Rizal and Viola arrived at Geneva and boarded at Rue due Rhone 3, Pension Bel-Air.

3 June 1887 Rizal and Maximo Viola parted at Geneva, after visiting European cities -Rizal going to Rome and Viola to Barcelona Rizal in Rome, Italy

27 June 1887 Rizal arrived at Rome and walked around the whole day. He visited the Capitolio, the Roca Tarperya, the Palatinum, the Forum Romanun, the Museum Capitolinum and the church of Santa Maria, the maggiore

29 June 1887 From Rome, he wrote a letter to his father and announced his return to the Philippines between the 15th and 30th of August. Rizal on His Way to Marseilles, France

1 July 1887 In the train on his way to Marseilles.

3 July 1887 Rizal was in the Bureau of Posts of Marseilles at 8 o’clock in the morning. He left Marseilles bound for his homeland on board the boat Djemnah on the same day. Rizal Bound for the Philippines

8 July 1887 He arrived at Port Said, Egypt. July 1887 He arrived at the Suez Canal.

21 July 1887 Rizal arrived at Colombo, Ceylon.

27 July 1887 Rizal arrived at Singapore. 28 July 1887 Rizal left Singapore for Saigon.

30 July 1887 He arrived at Saigon and transferred to the S. S. Hayfong, a passenger ship. 2 August 1887 He left Saigon for Manila on board the S. S. Hayfong.

Rizal in Manila 5 August 1887 At 9:00 o’clock in the evening, Rizal arrived at Manila after five years of study and patriotic labors in Europe. 8 August 1887 Taking the boat Binan, he left Manila Monday morning for Calamba via the Pasig River.

30 August 1887 He left Calamba for Manila to see Governor-General on the issue of the Noli Me Tangere which caused torment among the friars in the Philippines. Governor-General Terrero asked him for a copy and Rizal, after a few days looking for copy, handed him a worn out one.

3 February 1888 Rizal, after staying in the Philippines for almost six months, left Manila for Hongkong. Rizal in Hong Kong February 1888 After 5 days trip, Rizal arrived at Hong Kong. He boarded in the house of Jose Maria Basa.

22 February 1888 After staying in Hong Kong for almost two weeks, he left for Japan on board the Oceanic.

Rizal in Japan 28 February 1888 Rizal, after days of travel, arrived at Yokohama. He registered at the Grand Hotel. He was offered at once the Spanish Legation for his home.

1 March 1888 He cheked out of the Grand Hotel and entrained for Tokyo and there lodged at the Tokyo Hotel. 7 March 1888 Rizal cheked out of Tokyo Hotel and moved to the Spanish Legation where he was offered free boar and lodging. 3 April 1888 Rizal left Yokohama for San Francisco, on board the Belgic.

Rizal in America 28 April 1888 Rizal arrived at San Francisco, California.

8 May 1888 He started his trip of the American continent. He passes through Reno, Ogden, Denver, Farmington, Salt Lake City and Provo

9 May 1888 Rizal continued his trip, passing the territory of the State of Colorado.

10 May 1888 He passed thru the territory of the Nebraska, Illinois.

11 May 1888 He arrived at Chicago, after four days crossing the American Continents.

13 May 1888 He reached Albany and later traveled along the bank of the Hudson River. This day was the end of his transcontinental trip. Arriving at New York on the morning, he boarded at the Fifth Avenue Hotel. Rizal Bound for England

16 May 1888 Rizal departed from New York City on board the City of Rome, bound for Liverpool.

16-24 May 1888 It took him nine days to travel aboard the City of Rome from New York to Queenstown, where he arrived at 2:00 A. M. Late in the afternoon of May 24th , he arrived at Liverpool, England, and boarded at the Adelphi Hotel.

25 May 1888 He left Liverpool for London, England and stayed there for several months so some important activities. September 1888 Rizal went to Paris boarded at the Hotel del Restaurant de Rome.

Rizal in London 10 September 1888 He left Paris for London again to continue copying the book of Morga in the British Museum.

11 December 1888 He left London for Barcelona and Madrid.

Rizal Back in Spain 13 December 1888 In Barcelona, he saw the members of the Filipino colony: Mariano Ponce, Fernando Canon, Graciano Lopez-Jaena, and others.

Rizal Back in London 24 December 1888 Rizal arrived at London from his twelve days visit to Spain and enganged in several patriotic activities.

Rizal Back in Paris 19 March 1889 Rizal arrived at Paris and immediately founded the Kidlat Club along with several works for his articles in La Solidaridad and communicated with other compatriots in the Propaganda.

3 January 1890 Rizal who was still in Paris announced to Ponce his return to London. Rizal Back in London 6 January 1890 Rizal arrived at London from Paris.

Rizal Back in Paris 8 January 1890 Rizal arrived at Paris from London and planned to go Holland to look for books in the libraries their written during the 7th century about the Philippines.

8 January 1890 Rizal and Albert left Paris for Brussels.

Rizal in Brussels, Belgium 2 February 1890 Rizal arrived Brussels from Paris and stayed there for several months and worked again. In August 1890 Rizal went back to Madrid and finished several articles and writings.

27 January 1891 Rizal left Madrid for Paris via Biarritz

29 March 1891 In Biarritz, France, He finished writing his book El Filibusterismo. After few weeks, He left France for Brussels, Belgium. Rizal in Brussels, Belgium 8 April 1891 Rizal arrived at Brussels, from Paris. He immediately wrote a letter of congratulation to Antonio Luna in Madrid.

23 April 1891 He was revising some chapters of the Fili. He thought of sending it soon to the printing press.

30 May 1891 Rizal set ready for printing 20 chapters of the manuscript of the El Filibusterismo. He was waiting for an amount to defray the publication expense.

13 June 1891 Rizal finished reviewing and correcting the manuscript of the Fili, except for the last three chapters.

21 June 1891 He left Brussels for Ghent.

Rizal in Ghent, Belgium 9 July 1891 He was financially hard up. He did not receive for three months up to this date any pension from home. He was living in the most difficult situation, renting a small room and eating the modest food in order to economize and able to publish the Fili. He had already pawned all his jewels.

22 September 1891 He sent one copy of his El Filibusterismo to Marcelo H. del Pilar. He informed the latter at the same time that he was completely retiring from politics since he said he was going home. Then He went back to Paris.

Rizal in Paris 3 October 1891 From Paris, Rizal sent a letter with 600 copies of the El Filibusterismo, to Jose Ma. Basa in Hongkong saying that he was definitely taking the next trip of the Melbourne for Hongkong from Marseilles.

17 October 1891 He arrived at Marseilles with boxes of Morga and Fili. Rizal Bound for Hong Kong 18 October 1891 Rizal left Marseilles for Hong Kong aboard the Melbourne

15 November 1891 He was still in Saigon on this day 16 to 19 November 1891 Rizal was again on board the S. S. Melbourne traveling from Saigon to Hong Kong.

Rizal in Hong Kong 19 November 1891 In the evening Rizal arrived at Hong Kong. In April 1892 Rizal went to Borneo for his plan called “Borneo Colonization Project”

Rizal on the Way to Hong Kong from Borneo 7 March 1892 Rizal left North Borneo on Board the boat Memon for Hong Kong.

Rizal Back in Hong Kong 11 March 1892 Rizal received the duplicate copy of his Licentiate in Medicine, which allowed him to practice his medical profession in the Crown Colony.

21 June 1892 He wrote to Governor-General Despujol advising the latter of his arrival to the Philippines to take the few things of the family. Rizal was in Hongkong at this time, about to depart for the Philippines. He informed the Governor-General of his arrival in the Philippines ready to face whatever charges presented against him.

Rizal in the Philippines 26 June 1892 Rizal arrived in the Philippines from Hongkong on board the boat Don Juan.

27 June 1892 He took a train for his pleasure trip to Bulacan and Pampanga. He visited Malolos, San Fernando and Tarlac and his return, Bacolor.

3 July 1892 In the evening, he attended a meeting at a house on Calle Ylaya to discuss the proposed Liga Filipina.

6 July 1892 Rizal held the last interview with the Governor-General. The governor-general confronted him for anti-friar bills supposedly found in the baggages of his sister Lucia. He was ordered imprisoned in Fort Santiago.

7 July 1892 Governor-General Eulogio Despujol issued a decree deporting Rizal to Dapitan. All the newspapers of the city published the decree on that day.

14 July 1892 In his prison cell, he was informed by D. Ramon Despujol , aide and the nephew of the Governor- General, that at 10:00 in the evening they would leave for Dapitan.

15 July 1892 At 1:00 on the morning, Rizal was shipped on board the boat S. S. Cebu to Dapitan.

28 June 1892 At 5:00 p. m. he arrived at Manila from his trip to Central Luzon.

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Fast Facts about Jose Rizal
Rizal’s Childhood
Rizal In Ateneo
Rizal in UST
Rizal’s First Trip
Rizal’s First Return to the Philippines
Rizal’s Second Trip
La Liga Filipina & Exile to Dapitan
Hero’s Death
The Rizal Law

In his 2 nd time of going to other places in the world, he went to Europe again for a while then went to Hongkong to practice his being a doctor of the eyes and to study Chinese. He also went to Japan and had a Japanese romance with a girl named Seiko Usui. He also studied Japanese when he was staying there. He started his novel called El Filibusterismo in Paris and continued it in Brussels. He wanted to go back to the Philippines but his family and friends did not approve of it. The police at that time saw a copy of the El Filibusterismo, Noli Me Tangere and other writings of La Salle which were against the Spanish. In his novels, he made the 2 top characters of the story himself. In El Filibusterismo he made Simoun which was a revolutionist and the students which were reformist. After I read his travels to other countries, I realized that he was really a person who has a principle, loving his country and his family and always studying.

Written by: Danina Palafox

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Articles in Diariong Tagalog

“El Amor Patrio” (The Love of Country)

This was the first article Rizal wrote in the Spanish soil. Written in the summer of 1882, it was published in Diariong Tagalog in August. He used the pen name “Laong Laan” (ever prepared) as a byline for this article and he sent it to Marcelo H. Del Pilar for Tagalog translation.

Written during the Spanish colonization and reign over the Philippine islands, the article aimed to establish nationalism and patriotism among the natives. Rizal extended his call for the love of country to his fellow compatriots in Spain, for he believed that nationalism should be exercised anywhere a person is.

“Revista De Madrid” (Review of Madrid)

This article written by Rizal on November 29, 1882 wasunfortunatelyreturned to him because Diariong Tagalog had ceased publications for lack of funds.

Articles in La Solidaridad

“Los Agricultores Filipinos” (The Filipino Farmers)

This essay dated March 25, 1889 was the first article of Rizal published in La Solidaridad. In this writing, he depicted the deplorable conditions of the Filipino farmers in the Philippines, hence the backwardness of the country.

“A La Defensa” (To La Defensa)

This was in response to the anti-Filipino writing by Patricio de la Escosura published by La Defensa on March 30, 1889 issue. Written on April 30, 1889, Rizal’s article refuted the views of Escosura, calling the readers’ attention to the insidious influences of the friars to the country.

“Los Viajes” (Travels)

Published in the La Solidaridad on May 15, 1889, this article tackled the rewards gained by the people who are well-traveled to many places in the world.

“La Verdad Para Todos” (The Truth for All)

This was Rizal’s counter to the Spanish charges that the natives were ignorant and depraved. On May 31, 1889, it was published in the La Solidaridad.

"Vicente Barrantes’ Teatro Tagalo”

The first installment of Rizal’s “Vicente Barrantes” was published in the La Solidaridad on June 15, 1889. In this article, Rizal exposed Barrantes’ lack of knowledge on the Tagalog theatrical art.

“Defensa Del Noli”

The manuscripts of the “Defensa del Noli” was written on June 18, 1889. Rizal sent the article to Marcelo H. Del Pilar, wanting it to be published by the end of that month in the La Solidaridad.

“Verdades Nuevas”(New Facts/New Truths)

In this article dated July 31, 1889, Rizal replied to the letter of Vicente Belloc Sanchez which was published on July 4, 1889 in ‘La Patria’, a newspaper in Madrid. Rizal addressed Sanchez’s allegation that provision of reforms to the Philippines would devastate the diplomatic rule of the Catholic friars.

“Una Profanacion” (A Desecration/A Profanation)

Published on July 31, 1889, this article mockingly attacked the friars for refusing to give Christian burial to Mariano Herbosa, Rizal’s brother in law, who died of cholera in May 23, 1889. Being the husband of Lucia Rizal (Jose’s sister), Herbosa was denied of burial in the Catholic cemetery by the priests.

“Crueldad” (Cruelty),

Dated August 15, 1889, this was Rizal’s witty defense of Blumentritt from the libelous attacks of his enemies.

“Diferencias” (Differences)

Published on September 15, 1889, this article countered the biased article entitled “Old Truths” which was printed in La Patria on August 14, 1889. “Old Truths” ridiculed those Filipinos who asked for reforms.

“Inconsequencias” (Inconsequences)

The Spanish Pablo Mir Deas attacked Antonio Luna in the Barcelona newspaper “El Pueblo Soberano”. As Rizal’s defense of Luna, he wrote this article which was published on November 30, 1889.

“Llanto Y Risas” (Tears and Laughter)

Dated November 30, 1889, this article was a condemnation of the racial prejudice of the Spanish against the brown race. Rizal remembered that he earned first prize in a literary contest in 1880. He narrated nonetheless how the Spaniard and mestizo spectators stopped their applause upon noticing that the winner had a brown skin complexion.

“Filipinas Dentro De Cien Anos” (The Philippines within One Hundred Years)

This was serialized in La Solidaridad on September 30, October 31, December 15, 1889 and February 15, 1890. In the articles, Rizal estimated the future of the Philippines in the span of a hundred years and foretold the catastrophic end of Spanish rule in Asia. He ‘prophesied’ Filipinos’ revolution against Spain, winning their independence, but later the Americans would come as the new colonizer

The essay also talked about the glorious past of the Philippines, recounted the deterioration of the economy, and exposed the causes of natives’ sufferings under the cruel Spanish rule. In the essay, he cautioned the Spain as regards the imminent downfall of its domination. He awakened the minds and the hearts of the Filipinos concerning the oppression of the Spaniards and encouraged them to fight for their right.

Part of the essays reads, “History does not record in its annals any lasting domination by one people over another, of different races, of diverse usages and customs, of opposite and divergent ideas. One of the two had to yield and succumb.” The Philippines had regained its long-awaited democracy and liberty some years after Rizal’s death. This was the realization of what the hero envisioned in this essay.

Dated January 15, 1890, this article was the hero’s reply to Governor General Weyler who told the people in Calamba that they “should not allow themselves to be deceived by the vain promises of their ungrateful sons.” The statement was made as a reaction to Rizal’s project of relocating the oppressed and landless Calamba tenants to North Borneo.

“Sobre La Nueva Ortografia De La Lengua Tagala” (On The New Orthography of The Tagalog Language)

Rizal expressed here his advocacy of a new spelling in Tagalog. In this article dated April 15, 1890, he laid down the rules of the new Tagalog orthography and, with modesty and sincerity, gave the credit for the adoption of this new orthography to Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, author of the celebrated work “El Sanscrito en la Lengua Tagala” (Sanskrit in the Tagalog Language) published in Paris, 1884.

“I put this on record,” wrote Rizal, “so that when the history of this orthography is traced, which is already being adopted by the enlightened Tagalists, that what is Caesar’s be given to Caesar. This innovation is due solely to Dr. Pardo de Tavera’s studies on Tagalismo. I was one of its most zealous propagandists.”

“Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinas” (The Indolence of the Filipinos)

This logical essay is a proof of the national hero’s historical scholarship. The essay rationally countered the accusations by Spaniards that Filipinos were indolent (lazy) during the Spanish reign. It was published in La Solidaridad in five consecutive issues on July (15 and 31), August (1 and 31) and September 1, 1890.

Rizal argued that Filipinos are innately hardworking prior to the rule of the Spaniards. What brought the decrease in the productive activities of the natives was actually the Spanish colonization. Rizal explained the alleged Filipino indolence by pointing to these factors: 1) the Galleon Trade destroyed the previous links of the Philippines with other countries in Asia and the Middle East, thereby eradicating small local businesses and handicraft industries; 2) the Spanish forced labor compelled the Filipinos to work in shipyards, roads, and other public works, thus abandoning their agricultural farms and industries; 3) many Filipinos became landless and wanderers because Spain did not defend them against pirates and foreign invaders; 4) the system of education offered by the colonizers was impractical as it was mainly about repetitive prayers and had nothing to do with agricultural and industrial technology; 5) the Spaniards were a bad example as negligent officials would come in late and leave early in their offices and Spanish women were always followed by servants; 6) gambling like cockfights was established, promoted, and explicitly practiced by Spanish government officials and friars themselves especially during feast days; 7) the crooked system of religion discouraged the natives to work hard by teaching that it is easier for a poor man to enter heaven; and 8) the very high taxes were discouraging as big part of natives’ earnings would only go to the officials and friars.

Moreover, Rizal explained that Filipinos were just wise in their level of work under topical climate. He explained, “violent work is not a good thing in tropical countries as it is would be parallel to death, destruction, annihilation. Rizal concluded that natives’ supposed indolence was an end-product of the Spanish colonization.

Other Rizal’s articles which were also printed in La Solidaridad were “A La Patria” (November 15, 1889), “Sin Nobre” (Without Name) (February 28, 1890), and “Cosas de Filipinas” (Things about the Philippines) (April 30, 1890).

Historical Commentaries Written in London

This historical commentary was written by Rizal in London on December 6, 1888.

“Acerca de Tawalisi de Ibn Batuta”

This historical commentaryis believed to form part of ‘Notes’ (written incollaboration with A.B. Meyer and F. Blumentritt) on a Chinese code in the Middle Ages, translated from the German by Dr. Hirth. Written on January 7, 1889, the article was about the “Tawalisi” which refers to the northern part of Luzon or to any of the adjoining islands.

It was also in London where Rizal penned the following historical commentaries: “La Political Colonial On Filipinas” (Colonial Policy In The Philippines), “Manila En El Mes De Diciembre” (December , 1872), “Historia De La Familia Rizal De Calamba” (History Of The Rizal Family Of Calamba), and “Los Pueblos Del Archipelago Indico (The People’s Of The Indian Archipelago )

Other Writings in London

“La Vision Del Fray Rodriguez” (The Vision of Fray Rodriguez)

Jose Rizal, upon receipt of the news concerning Fray Rodriguez’ bitter attack on his novel Noli Me Tangere, wrote this defense under his pseudonym “Dimas Alang.” Published in Barcelona, it is a satire depicting a spirited dialogue between the Catholic saint Augustine and Rodriguez. Augustine, in the fiction, told Rodriguez that he (Augustine) was commissioned by God to tell him (Rodriguez) of his stupidity and his penance on earth that he (Rodriguez) shall continue to write more stupidity so that all men may laugh at him. In this pamphlet, Rizal demonstrated his profound knowledge in religion and his biting satire.

“To The Young Women of Malolos”

Originally written in Tagalog, this famous essay directly addressed to the women of Malolos, Bulacan was written by Rizal as a response to Marcelo H. Del Pilar’s request.

Rizal was greatly impressed by the bravery of the 20 young women of Malolos who planned to establish a school where they could learn Spanish despite the opposition of Felipe Garcia, Spanish parish priest of Malolos. The letter expressed Rizal’s yearning that women be granted the same chances given to men in terms of education. In the olden days, young women were not educated because of the principle that they will soon be wives and their primary career would be to take care of the home and children. Rizal however advocated women’s right to education.

Below are some of the points mentioned by Rizal in his letter to the young women of Malolos: 1) The priests in the country that time did not embody the true spirit of Christianity; 2) Private judgment should be used; 3) Mothers should be an epitome of an ideal woman who teaches her children to love God, country, and fellowmen; 4) Mothers should rear children in the service of the state and set standards of behavior for men around her;5) Filipino women must be noble, decent, and dignified and they should be submissive, tender, and loving to their respective husband; and 6) Young women must edify themselves, live the real Christian way with good morals and manners, and should be intelligent in their choice of a lifetime partner.

Writings in Hong Kong

“Ang Mga Karapatan Ng Tao” (The Rights Of Man)

This was Rizal’s Tagalog translation of “The Rights of Man” which was proclaimed by the French Revolution in 1789.

“A La Nacion Espanola”(To The Spanish Nation)

Written in 1891, this was Rizal’s appeal to Spain to rectify the wrongs which the Spanish government and clergy had done to the Calamba tenants.

“Sa Mga Kababayan” (To My Countrymen)

This writing written in December 1891 explained the Calamba agrarian situation .

“Una Visita A La Victoria Gaol” (A Visit To Victoria Gaol), March 2, 1892

On March 2, 1892,Rizal wrote this account of his visit to the colonial prison of Hong Kong. He contrasted in the article the harsh Spanish prison system with the modern and more humane British prison system.

“Colonisation Du British North Borneo, Par De Familles De Iles Philippines” (Colonization Of British North Borneo By Families From The Philippine Islands)

This was Rizal’s elucidation of his pet North Borneo colonization project.

“Proyecto De Colonization Del British North Borneo Por Los Filipinos” (Project Of The Colonization Of British North Borneo By The Filipinos)

In this writing, Rizal further discussed the ideas he presented in “Colonization of British North Borneo by Families from the Philippine Islands.”

“La Mano Roja” (The Red Hand)

This was a writing printed in sheet form. Written in Hong Kong, the article denounced the frequent outbreaks of fires in Manila.

“Constitution of The La Liga Filipina”

This was deemed the most important writing Rizal had made during his Hong Kong stay. Though it was Jose Ma. Basa who conceived the establishment of Liga Filipina (Philippine League), his friend and namesake Jose Rizal was the one who wrote its constitution and founded it.

Articles for Trubner’s Record

Due to the request of Rizal’s friend Dr. Reinhold Rost, the editor of Trubner’s Record (a journal devoted to Asian Studies), Rizal submitted two articles:

Specimens of Tagal Folklore

Published in May 1889, the article contained Filipino proverbs and puzzles.

Two Eastern Fables (June 1889)

It was a comparative study of the Japanese and Philippine folklore. In this essay, Jose Rizal compared the Filipino fable, “The Tortoise and the Monkey” to the Japanese fable “Saru Kani Kassen” (Battle of the Monkey and the Crab).

Citing many similarities in form and content, Rizal surmised that these two fables may have had the same roots in Malay folklore. This scholarly work received serious attention from other ethnologists, and became a topic at an ethnological conference.

Among other things, Rizal noticed that both versions of the fable tackled about morality as both involve the eternal battle between the weak and the powerful. The Filipino version however had more philosophy and plainness of form whereas the Japanese counterpart had more civilization and diplomacy.

Other Writings

“Pensamientos De Un Filipino” (Reflections of A Filipino)

Jose Rizal wrote this in Madrid, Spain from 1883-1885. It spoke of a liberal minded and anti-friar Filipino who bears penalties such as an exile.

“Por Telefono”

This was a witty satire authored by “Dimas Alang” (one of the hero’s pen names) ridiculing the Catholic monk Font, one of the priests who masterminded the banning of the “Noli”. Published in booklet form in Barcelona, Spain, it narrated in a funny way the telephone conversation between Font and the provincial friar of the San Agustin Convent in Manila.

This pamphlet showed not only Rizal’s cleverness but also his futuristic vision. Amazingly, Rizal had envisaged that overseas telephonic conversations could be carried on—something which was not yet done during that time (Fall of 1889). It was only in 1901, twelve years after Rizal wrote the “Por Telefono,” when the first radio-telegraph signals were received by Marconi across the Atlantic.

“La Instruccion” (The Town Schools In The Philippines)

Using his penname “Laong Laan”, Rizal assessed in this essay the elementary educational system in the Philippines during his time. Having observed the educational systems in Europe, Rizal found the Spanish-administered education in his country poor and futile. The hero thus proposed reforms and suggeted a more significant and engaging system.

Rizal for instance pointed out that there was a problem in the mandated medium of instruction—the colonizers’ language (Spanish) which was not perfectly understood by the natives. Rizal thus favored Philippine languages for workbooks and instructions.

The visionary (if not prophetic) thinking of Rizal might have been working (again) when he wrote the essay. Interestingly, his call for educational reforms, especially his stand on the use of the local languages for instruction, is part of the battle cry and features of today’s K to 12 program in the Philippines ... continue reading (© 2013 by Jensen DG. Mañebog )

Jensen DG. Mañebog , the contributor, is a book author and professorial lecturer in the graduate school of a state university in Metro Manila. His unique textbooks and e-books on Rizal (available online) comprehensively tackle, among others, the respective life of Rizal’s parents, siblings, co-heroes, and girlfriends. (e-mail: [email protected] )

Tag: Jose Rizal’s Essays and Articles

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New York Takes Crucial Step Toward Making Congestion Pricing a Reality

The board of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority voted to approve a new $15 toll to drive into Manhattan. The plan still faces challenges from six lawsuits before it can begin in June.

Multiple cars are stopped at a traffic light at a Manhattan intersection. A person responsible for controlling traffic stands nearby wearing a yellow reflective vest.

By Winnie Hu and Ana Ley

New York City completed a crucial final step on Wednesday in a decades-long effort to become the first American city to roll out a comprehensive congestion pricing program, one that aims to push motorists out of their cars and onto mass transit by charging new tolls to drive into Midtown and Lower Manhattan.

The program could start as early as mid-June after the board of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the state agency that will install and manage the program, voted 11-to-1 to approve the final tolling rates, which will charge most passenger cars $15 a day to enter at 60th Street and below in Manhattan. The program is expected to reduce traffic and raise $1 billion annually for public transit improvements.

It was a historic moment for New York’s leaders and transportation advocates after decades of failed attempts to advance congestion pricing even as other gridlocked cities around the world, including London, Stockholm and Singapore, proved that similar programs could reduce traffic and pollution.

While other American cities have introduced related concepts by establishing toll roads or closing streets to traffic, the plan in New York is unmatched in ambition and scale.

Congestion pricing is expected to reduce the number of vehicles that enter Lower Manhattan by about 17 percent, according to a November study by an advisory committee reporting to the M.T.A. The report also said that the total number of miles driven in 28 counties across the region would be reduced.

“This was the right thing to do,” Janno Lieber, the authority’s chairman and chief executive, said after the vote. “New York has more traffic than any place in the United States, and now we’re doing something about it.”

Congestion pricing has long been a hard sell in New York, where many people commute by car from the boroughs outside of Manhattan and the suburbs, in part because some of them do not have access to public transit.

New York State legislators finally approved congestion pricing in 2019 after Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo helped push it through. A series of recent breakdowns in the city’s subway system had underscored the need for billions of dollars to update its aging infrastructure.

It has taken another five years to reach the starting line. Before the tolling program can begin, it must be reviewed by the Federal Highway Administration, which is expected to approve it.

Congestion pricing also faces legal challenges from six lawsuits that have been brought by elected officials and residents from across the New York region. Opponents have increasingly mobilized against the program in recent months, citing the cost of the tolls and the potential environmental effects from shifting traffic and pollution to other areas as drivers avoid the tolls.

A court hearing is scheduled for April 3 and 4 on a lawsuit brought by the State of New Jersey, which is seen as the most serious legal challenge. The mayor of Fort Lee, N.J., Mark J. Sokolich, has filed a related lawsuit.

Four more lawsuits have been brought in New York: by Ed Day, the Rockland County executive; by Vito Fossella, the Staten Island borough president, and the United Federation of Teachers; and by two separate groups of city residents.

Amid the litigation, M.T.A. officials have suspended some capital construction projects that were to be paid for by the program, and they said at a committee meeting on Monday that crucial work to modernize subway signals on the A and C lines had been delayed.

Nearly all the toll readers have been installed, and will automatically charge drivers for entering the designated congestion zone at 60th Street or below. There is no toll for leaving the zone or driving around in it. Through traffic on Franklin D. Roosevelt Drive and the West Side Highway will not be tolled.

Under the final tolling structure, which was based on recommendations by the advisory panel, most passenger vehicles will be charged $15 a day from 5 a.m. to 9 p.m. on weekdays, and from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. on weekends. The toll will be $24 for small trucks and charter buses, and will rise to $36 for large trucks and tour buses. It will be $7.50 for motorcycles.

Those tolls will be discounted by 75 percent at night, dropping the cost for a passenger vehicle to $3.75.

Fares will go up by $1.25 for taxis and black car services, and by $2.50 for Uber and Lyft. Passengers will be responsible for paying the new fees, and they will be added to every ride that begins, ends or occurs within the congestion zone. There will be no nighttime discounts. (The new fees come on top of an existing congestion surcharge that was imposed on for-hire vehicles in 2019.)

The tolls will mostly be collected using the E-ZPass system. Electronic detection points have been placed at entrances and exits to the tolling zone. Drivers who do not use an E-ZPass will pay significantly higher fees — for instance, $22.50 instead of $15 during peak hours for passenger vehicles.

Emergency vehicles like fire trucks, ambulances and police cars, as well as vehicles carrying people with disabilities, were exempted from the new tolls under the state’s congestion pricing legislation .

As for discounts, low-income drivers who make less than $50,000 annually can apply to receive half off the daytime toll after their first 10 trips in a calendar month. In addition, low-income residents of the congestion zone who make less than $60,000 a year can apply for a state tax credit.

All drivers entering the zone directly from four tolled tunnels — the Lincoln, Holland, Hugh L. Carey and Queens-Midtown — will receive a “crossing credit” that will be applied against the daytime toll. The credit will be $5 round-trip for passenger vehicles, $12 for small trucks and intercity and charter buses, $20 for large trucks and tour buses, and $2.50 for motorcycles. No credits will be offered at night.

Grace Ashford contributed reporting.

Winnie Hu is a Times reporter covering the people and neighborhoods of New York City. More about Winnie Hu

Ana Ley is a Times reporter covering New York City’s mass transit system and the millions of passengers who use it. More about Ana Ley

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Filipinas Heritage Library
The Travels of Rizal. Disillusioned with how Filipinos in the Philippines were regarded as second-class citizens in institutions of learning and elsewhere, the National Hero Jose Rizal left the country in May 1882 to pursue further studies abroad. He enrolled in a course in medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid in Spain.
The Travels of Dr. Jose Rizal
Rizal's Last Travel July 31, 1896 - Rizal travelled in Manila together with Narcisa, Josephine and some nephews accordance to the order of Governor- general Blanco. August 6, 1896 - Jose Rizal was bound to Spain but the ship left. August 19, 1896 - Katipunan was discovered. August 23, 1896 - Rizal left Manila bound for Singapore ...
Life and Travels of Jose Rizal
In Barcelona, Rizal wrote a nationalistic essay entitled "Amor Patrio" which was his first written article on Spain's soil. He then sent his article to Basilio Teodoro Moran, publisher of Diariong Tagalog. ... As they both travel with boat, Rizal observed the different sights like the barges loaded with products, the flowers and plants ...
Chapter 4: Rizal's Life: Higher Education and Life Abroad
At the age of 21, the first piece he made was the essay entitled, El Amor Patrio or Love of Country. While writing this, he used the screen name Laong Laan. It was published in the Diariong Tagalog in Manila on August 20, 1882. Madrid. On September 1882, Rizal moved to the capital city of Spain to continue his studies. Rizal enrolled at the ...
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Rizal Shrine in Calamba, Laguna is a 1950 replica of the original house where our national hero was born on June 19, 1861. The original house, built after Dr. Rizal's parents married in 1848, adapted Spanish architectural design and was one of the first stone and hardwood houses in Calamba. The house was symbolic of the Rizal family's well ...
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Jose Rizal is the most traveled Filipino hero in history. The travel and adventure of Jose Rizal are an important facet of his education and sophistication through which he learned the culture and politics of other countries. Rizal's first trip abroad was on 1882 bound for Spain. The travel story of Jose Rizal constitutes part of his struggle ...
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View PDF. TIME TRAVEL OF JOSE RIZAL (1882 - 1892) DATE PLACE EVENT (S) 1882 May 3, 1882 Philippines - Spain Rizal left Philippines for the first time. He boarded the Salvadora using a passport of Jose Mercado. June 15, 1882 Barcelona, Spain He left Marseilles for Barcelona in an express train August 20, 1882 His article "Amor Patrio ...
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2015. The Life and Times of José Rizal. A national hero of the Philippines and the pride of the Malayan race, José Rizal is a historical figure admired by many. He was born on the 19th June 1861, on the picturesque island of Luzon to an affluent family. His parents were well educated and his mother, who was his first teacher, greatly ...
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This reflection paper critically explores the dichotomy surrounding Jose Rizal's status as a hero in Philippine nationalism. Initiated during early university studies and influenced by Renato Constantino's essay, "Veneration Without Understanding," the paper navigates through the complexities of Rizal's heroism, challenging the idealized narrative ingrained in early education.
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Rizal in Hong Kong February 1888 After 5 days trip, Rizal arrived at Hong Kong. He boarded in the house of Jose Maria Basa. 22 February 1888 After staying in Hong Kong for almost two weeks, he left for Japan on board the Oceanic. Rizal in Japan 28 February 1888 Rizal, after days of travel, arrived at Yokohama. He registered at the Grand Hotel.
Reading Rizal: Wilhelm Tell and texts of revolution in the colonial
4 Nery speaks of two different 'turning points' in the case of Rizal: the Malay Turn and the Turn to Tagalog; see John Nery, Revolutionary Spirit: Jose Rizal in Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian, 2011, chapter 1.Quibuyen speaks of a biographical 'turning point' in Rizal's life when his family was evicted from their house by the colonial government; see Floro C ...
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Articles in La Solidaridad. "Los Agricultores Filipinos" (The Filipino Farmers) This essay dated March 25, 1889 was the first article of Rizal published in La Solidaridad. In this writing, he depicted the deplorable conditions of the Filipino farmers in the Philippines, hence the backwardness of the country.
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1. Travels of Rizal o 15 June 1882 He left Marseilles for Barcelona in an express train. 3 May 1882 Rizal left Philippines for the first time Spain. He boarded the Salvadora using a passport of Jose Mercado, which was procured for him by his uncle Antonio Rivera, father of Leonor Rivera.
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The Writings of Rizal during his 1st Travel. In progressive Barcelona Rizal wrote a nationalistic essay entitled "Amor Patrio" (Love of Country), his first article written on Spanish soil.He sent this article to his friend in Manila Basilio Teodoro Moran, publisher of Diariong Tagalog the first Manila bilingual news paper (Spanish and Tagalog), and his pen name was Laong Laan, and the ...
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Feb 18 Rizal and Basa went to Macau, rode on a Rizal also visited neighboring vessel called Kiu-Kiang. Macau where he stayed from February 18- 20. 2 ND TRAVEL OF DR. JOSE RIZAL (1888-WELCOME TO JAPAN. Rizal arrived at Yokuhama on Feb. 28, 1888. He stayed at the Grand Hotel. The next day he went to Tokyo and stayed there from march 2-
Lesson 5: Rizal's First Travel Abroad Flashcards
an organization for Spanish and Filipinos in 1882 where Rizal Joined. Lesson 5: Rizal's First Travel Abroad. True or False: Jose Rizal's decision to study abroad was unknown to Paciano, Saturnina, Lucia, Uncle Antonio Rivera, the Valenzuela family, and some friends. Click the card to flip 👆. False.
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