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What is Odometer in a Car and How does it Work?

• Updated: January 7, 2023

Your car’s dashboard contains many gauges and measurements, but the odometer reading might be the most important. This random set of numbers means more than you might be aware of.

In this guide, I show you how to read the odometer. I also explain what it means to roll back the odometer, and how you can avoid becoming a victim of this practice. 

How Does the Odometer Work?

The odometer is a measurement device that shows the total distance traveled by the car. It’s found on the car’s dashboard. Two Greek words come together to form the word “odometer,” leaving us with the meaning of path and measure.

There is also a trip odometer on most cars. Unlike the standard odometer, the trip odometer is easy to reset to show how many miles were traveled during a specific time. It’s a helpful tool if you want to figure out the approximate gas mileage of your vehicle. 

How to Check the Odometer Reading

Whether you have a mechanical or electronic odometer, you can read the numbers that are shown on your car’s dashboard. These numbers show how many total miles the vehicle has been driven. However, there are some ways these numbers can be messed with, giving you a false impression. 

Here is more detailed information on how to check your car’s odometer, depending on whether you have a mechanical or electronic odometer:

1. Mechanical Odometer

Mechanical odometers are constructed with a few cogs. Each one represents a numerical digit. The functionality of this kind of odometer begins at the car’s transmission. There is a small gear used to change the odometer which is found attached to the transmission. 

The drive cable for the speedometer is connected to this gear, with the other end reaching the instrument cluster. As the car moves, the transmission gear also turns in conjunction. The drive cable connected to it changes the digits on the odometer. 

As can be seen by the illustration above, the counting begins on the right. This particular odometer shows 160,648 km. All of these numbers will reach a peak value before resetting to zero and starting again. However, the mechanical odometer numbers can often be slightly off-center, making them more difficult to read. 

2. Electronic Odometer

The electronic odometer design is newer than the mechanical type. It’s a digital odometer that is run by the electrical system. While there is still a special gear measuring the mileage, there isn’t a drive cable. Instead, a magnetic sensor is used to count how often the gear turns with the transmission. The mileage is then shown by the numbers reflected on the dashboard electronically.

Electronic odometers are more accurate than mechanical ones, and they aren’t as easy to alter. If you look at the illustration above, it shows the mileage of the vehicle at 100000 km, revealed electronically.

RELATED: 7 Types of Gauges on a Car Dashboard

Why is the Odometer Reading Important?

The numbers you read on the odometer show you how many miles the vehicle has traveled. When you look at the odometer, you know how many miles are on that vehicle’s engine, transmission and other vital parts.

This measurement is important to know before you purchase a vehicle, since the mileage determines a large part of the car’s value. Vehicles are often priced according to the model year, condition and mileage. The lower the mileage, the higher the resale value typically is.

How to Calculate Fuel Economy with the Odometer

You can use the odometer to figure out the approximate fuel economy of your vehicle. Knowing what the car should be getting, you can determine if the engine is working as it should.

• When you fill-up the gas tank, reset the trip odometer.
• Drive normally until the next time you fill-up.
• At that filling session, write down the number of gallons you added and take note of the trip mileage since the last fill-up. This shows how many miles you drove for that many gallons of gas.
• You can divide the number of miles driven by the number of gallons you put in the tank. For example, if you drove 200 miles on 10 gallons of fuel, the average fuel economy was 20 mpg. 

To get the most accurate reading, try to record the mileage for an entire tank of fuel. You can also perform the test several times to see a better average. 

RELATED: 90 Car Dashboard Symbols & Indicators – Meanings

Can the Odometer Be Wrong?

It’s possible for the odometer to show the wrong measurement. If you have a mechanical odometer, you want to watch it periodically to ensure it is recording the mileage correctly. If you measure the distance you’ve driven, the odometer should accurately report it. 

If the odometer isn’t working correctly – even a little – the mismeasurement can quickly add up. Let’s assume that the odometer changes too soon – again, even by a little. It won’t take long before the car is showing far more miles than what has actually been driven, leading it to lose resale value unnecessarily. 

It’s possible to have the fault repaired and get back on track. If you plan to sell your car in the future, this is something you want to take care of right away.

What Does it Mean to Roll Back an Odometer?

Dishonest people aren’t afraid to roll back the odometer to make a car look like it has fewer miles than it actually has. It is much easier to roll back a mechanical odometer. While there are some hoops to jump through to get around the security system, criminals know how to make it happen with minimal effort.

It’s not impossible to roll back a digital odometer, and those who have sought out how to do it have succeeded. It is a lot harder, because the security features are more advanced, but it’s not impossible. With either type of odometer, you must be on guard against tampering and fraud.

Otherwise, you could pay more for a vehicle, assuming it’s worth a higher value than it actually is. Odometer tampering is illegal. If you realize that the odometer of a vehicle has been rolled back, you want to take legal action against the car dealer. 

How to Tell if Odometer Has Been Rolled Back

Before you purchase a vehicle, you want to be sure that the odometer is accurate. The best way to do this is to run a CARFAX report on the vehicle . With this vehicle history report, you can see how many owners the car had and see the service records. With all of the reported mileage and dates, you will know very quickly if the odometer has been turned back at some point.

For example, if the CARFAX shows that in 2019 the car had 156,000 miles on it, you would know something is wrong if you are looking at it in 2022 with only 125,000 miles on the odometer. This simple step indicates that the odometer has been messed with, and you should avoid the car at all costs. 

You can also physically look at the mechanical odometer to see if anything appears shady. If you see scratches around the numbers or other imperfections, this should serve as a red flag to you. 

Finally, listen to your gut. If the car dealer gives you a bad feeling or doesn’t seem to care about regulations, it’s best to choose somewhere else to do business. If the deal seems too good to be true, it probably is.

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How do I use the trip computer in my Ford?

The trip computer in your vehicle keeps track of the time and distance you have traveled. The trip computer has several menu options that you can access by using the five-way controls on your steering wheel. Press down, up, left, or OK to scroll through the options, which include: 

• Distance to Empty: Indicates the approximate distance your vehicle can travel before running out of fuel. 
• Trip Odometer: Registers the distance you have traveled on an individual trip.
• Trip Timer: Keeps track of how long each trip takes. The timer stops when you turn your vehicle off and restarts when you restart your vehicle.
• Average Fuel: Shows the average fuel economy for a given trip.
• Outside Temperature: Shows the outside air temperature.
• Digital Odometer: Tracks the overall distance you have traveled.
• All Values: Shows the Distance to Empty, Trip Odometer, Trip Timer, and Average Fuel. 

Using Your Trip Computer

Setting your trip odometer to track an individual trip.

• Scroll to either the Trip Odometer, Trip Timer, or Average Fuel screen using the five-way steering wheel controls.
• Press and hold the OK button until you see the status bar loading. When the status bar fills in all the way, your computer will be reset.

Resetting All Trip Computers

• Scroll to the All Values screen using the five-way steering wheel controls.
• Press and hold OK until you see that the computer is reset to zero.

Changing the Display Information

• Go to Settings from the main menu.
• Measure Unit or Distance depending on your vehicle
• Temperature

Note: Some vehicles may come with an additional trip computer, Trip 2. It has the same features as Trip 1 and makes keeping track of multiple trips easier.

Additional Information

What is the Distance to Empty feature?

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How an Odometer Works

The odometer is equipped with a trip meter call a trip odometer that allows the user to check the mileage of any particular distance separate from the main odometer. The odometer can also be reset.

Odometer Fraud

One of the most common automotive scams involves the odometer.

 By rolling back the mileage a buyer can be tricked into thinking there are fewer miles on the vehicle than actually are, the following are some tips when dealing with a car that might have the odometer rolled back:

• Look for fingerprints on the inside of the clear plastic lens cluster cover.
• Numbers on the odometer should line up straight (mechanical).
• When driving, check for odometer clicking (mechanical).
• Check the maintenance records of the vehicle.
• Check wear patterns on the steering wheel, arm rests, gas and brake pedals which should match the odometer reading.
• Consult an independent car information website like Carfax.com
• A trained technician can give an informative evaluation of the car.

The odometer has invented around 27 BC. by Vitruvius, a Roman writer and architect. This first odometer was a chariot wheel four feet in diameter, turning 400 times for one Roman mile using a 400 tooth cogwheel that turned once each mile. This cogwheel engaged another wheel that dropped pebbles one by one into a box. The distance traveled would be measured by counting the pebbles at the end of the trip. Odometers have also been used by the ancient Chinese, Alexander the Great and even Benjamin Franklin. Modern inventors like William Clayton created modern-day odometers that used separate gears which control each digit.

Let's Jump In!

Step 1 - A vehicle's odometer is a measuring device used to inform the driver on the number of miles a particular vehicle has been driving, this meter is directly related to the speedometer.

Step 2 - Collectively the speedometer and odometer gather data from the vehicle BCM which produces a signal that is then recorded by the odometer. A vehicle speed sensor or VSS is located inside or bolted to the transmission and senses the speed of rotation of the final drive gear.

Our certified technicians are ready to answer odometer questions for free. We hope you saved money and learned from this guide. We are creating a full set of car repair guides . Please subscribe to our 2CarPros YouTube channel and check back often for new videos which are uploaded regularly.

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The Ultimate Guide to Mastering Your Car’s Trip Meter

Have you ever glanced down at your car’s instrument panel and noticed a small device labeled “trip”? This handy tool, called a trip meter, can provide a wealth of information about your car’s performance and help you keep track of essential maintenance tasks.

In older vehicles, this used to be an analog device, but in newer vehicles, it has transitioned into digital. Let’s explore everything you need to know about effectively utilizing the trip meter in your car.

Understanding the Basics of Your Trip Meter

At its most basic level, the trip meter is simply a tool for measuring distance. Most cars have two types of trip meters: one that measures the total distance (called the odometer) and one that measures individual trips (called the trip meter). To switch between the two, consult your vehicle owner’s manual. It’s also important to remember to reset the trip meter before each trip in order to get accurate readings.

Using Your Trip Meter for Maintenance

The trip meter can also be an invaluable tool for staying on top of vehicle maintenance. By using the trip meter to keep track of mileage, you can schedule oil changes and tire rotations at the appropriate intervals. This will help extend the life of your car and prevent serious mechanical issues down the line. It’s also a good idea to take note of any strange noises or changes in your car’s performance, as these could be warning signs of more serious problems.

Maximizing Your Trip Meter’s Potential

Some additional ways to get the most out of your trip meter are worth noting. For example, you can use the trip meter to plan road trips by calculating the distance between destinations and the amount of fuel needed. You can also use it to determine if you have enough fuel to make it to your destination or if you need to fill up along the way. By using these tips to utilize your trip meter fully, you’ll be able to maximize your car’s performance as well as avoid costly repairs.

Using Your Trip Meter for Fuel Economy

Perhaps the most useful application of the trip meter is for monitoring your car’s fuel economy. By calculating the distance traveled since your last fill-up and dividing it by the amount of fuel you added, you can determine your car’s fuel efficiency. Thankfully newer cars have multiple trip meter reading options which means you can track home-to-office distance using Trip A and use Trip B to measure traveling on weekends.

Additionally, the trip meter can help you monitor your driving habits and identify areas where you can improve your fuel economy. If you notice that your fuel economy is lower than usual, try driving at a more moderate speed or reducing the amount of time you spend idling.

In conclusion, a trip meter is a powerful tool that can provide important information about your car’s performance and help you keep track of key maintenance tasks. By using the trip meter to monitor your driving habits, fuel efficiency, and mileage, you’ll be able to extend the life of your vehicle and avoid costly repairs. So take a moment to familiarize yourself with your car’s trip meter and start utilizing its full potential today.

I don’t eat, sleep or dream of cars, I am just someone who loves to see, think & write about cars. I love Ferrari in Pink but they won’t make one for me. I use X to write my full name, but that doesn’t mean I’m inspired by Altis X, in fact, my dad hates it 😀 Btw I’m an occasional writer so don’t expect too much from me 🙂

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What is a car trip computer?

April 18, 2023 by carwow staff

Almost all modern cars have trip computers, but what are these systems, and how do they work?

Trip computers are fitted as standard to almost every car currently offered for sale. These electronic components display important information in the driver’s instrument binnacle about the journeys you take. The information a trip computer typically displays, include average and instant fuel consumption, the distance travelled since the computer was last reset, and the estimated range the amount of fuel in the tank of a petrol and diesel car, or power in the battery of an EV , provides.

The first electronic trip computer came along in 1978 and was fitted to the Cadillac Seville. Mechanical systems had existed prior to that, but the Seville’s ability to calculate its own fuel economy and allow the driver to input the number of miles to their destination was a novel idea.

Car trip computers have evolved and become more sophisticated since then (especially where electric cars are concerned), but the principle behind them has remained unchanged. Here, we detail what a trip computer is, how it works, and what sort of information you can reasonably expect to be fed by one.

What do trip computers do?

As the old adage goes, a trip computer does what it says on the tin: it computes data linked to a trip.

There are a five key areas that a trip computer provides information on:

• Time : trip computers will tell you how long you have been travelling since you started your journey. If linked to the sat-nav, they can also tell you how long you have to go until you reach your destination.
• Distance:  as you can imagine, this will tell you how far the car has travelled since the trip computer was last reset.
• Speed:  this will tell you the average speed the car has travelled since you last reset the computer.
• Fuel consumption: this will generally display the car’s average fuel consumption, and instant fuel consumption – IE how much fuel the car is using in the moment.
• Range:  this will estimate you how far you can go before your fuel tank is empty, or an EV’s battery is depleted.

An electric car’s trip computer will typically show you all the information covered above, as well as the electric equivalent of fuel economy: instead miles per gallon, you will be show miles per kiloWatt hour (EG if you have a 100kWh battery and the car does 3 miles per kWh, you will get 300 miles from a charge. Some EVs show how many kWh a car is using to cover 100 miles, instead of miles mer kWh – see here for more information .

In addition to this, many EVs will synchronise their battery ranges with the sat-nav, calculating how far you can go on a charge, and where you will need to stop to recharge if you are undertaking a long journey.

Can car trip computers measure different journeys?

Many trip computers provide information for three ‘trips’: Trip A, Trip B, and since reset.

This allows all the information detailed above to be measured in separately and in parallel across three time periods. You can reset each trip individually, or reset all at once.

As an example, you may want to use Trip A to determine how far, how fast and how efficiently the car goes on each tank of fuel, resetting Trip A each time you fill up the tank.

You may also, however, want to see if a new route to work takes less time, provides better fuel economy or is faster than your usual route. You could therefore reset Trip B to determine this, while leaving trip A to keep ticking along in the background until you next need to fill up with fuel.

As for the ‘since reset’ information, many people never touch this, meaning it may show how far, fast and efficiently the car has travelled since it left the factory (or possibly since its battery was last removed).

Do also note that if you make a series of short journeys (EG pick the kids up from school, pop into the supermarket, head over to football practice) those journeys will often be treated as a single trip by the car, which will typically reset itself to a new ‘trip’ after the car has been switched off for four hours or so.

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Why Your Trip Computer Isn’t Giving Accurate MPG Readings

And how to fix it

It wasn’t just my car. During a 1289-mile round trip from Ann Arbor to New York, C/D ’s long-term Acura ILX averaged 29.5 mpg. But its trip computer claimed 31.4—optimistic by more than 6 percent. We also took the long-term Kia Sportage to Washington, D.C., and back. Over 1064 miles, the Sportage achieved 24.6 mpg according to pump and odometer readings. However, its trip computer padded that figure by 1.1 mpg to 25.7—a 4.5-percent inflation. Every fill-up was slightly optimistic.

Mark Allen, GM’s director of global energy, mass, and aerodynamics, says some inaccuracy is unavoidable. “The density of fuel varies. We have no way to measure it. Mobil might be different than Shell. Summer gas to winter gas could be a big difference.” And then there are vapor-recovery systems. With modern cars’ sealed fuel tanks, gasoline vapor accumulated in the tank is absorbed by a charcoal-filled canister. Periodically, this canister is purged by the engine. “If the weather is hot, you generate lots of purge,” says Allen. “This unmetered fuel isn’t counted by the trip computer.”

Honda uses additional inputs to calculate trip mpg. “We look at the fuel-consumed data that comes from the engine-control computer, but we also track the float sensor measuring the fuel level in the tank,” says Raj Manakkal, chief engineer for electrical and infotainment devices. He also points out that, due to temperature changes, plastic fuel tanks can expand and contract by as much as a liter. On the Acura ILX, that yields a total variation of 4 percent.

These sources of potential imprecision are real, but if you want to accurately track fuel consumption with your trip computer, you need to calibrate it [see below]. On the 335i, a service menu is accessible via an arcane procedure I found on the internet. Within that menu, I was able to change the trip-computer calibration. Changing the default value from 1000 to 1035 aligned the trip computer with reality. Sadly, no such adjustment exists to fix the BMW’s appallingly optimistic speedometer.

Calibration Station

On your next long trip, stop next to a mile marker and reset your trip odometer. One hundred or more miles later, stop once again and note how your odometer compares to the road mileage. Then, at your next fill-up, reset your trip computer and fill your tank according to this procedure:

1) Fill at the maximum flow rate until the pump clicks off.

2) Wait 10 seconds, then continue filling at the minimum flow rate until the nozzle clicks off again.

3) Repeat this procedure two more times. Ideally, you should do this using the same pump at the same station. Even with a calibrated odometer, a single fill-up has too many variables for an accurate calculation. But if you log at least three fills like this, you should have sufficient data to divide your corrected-odometer miles by the indicated pump gallons to obtain an accurate mpg. Compare that mpg figure to what the trip computer reports and you’ll have your correction factor.

Csaba Csere joined  Car and Driver  in 1980 and never really left. After serving as Technical Editor and Director, he was Editor-in-Chief from 1993 until his retirement from active duty in 2008. He continues to dabble in automotive journalism and WRL racing, as well as ministering to his 1965 Jaguar E-type, 2017 Porsche 911, 2009 Mercedes SL550, 2013 Porsche Cayenne S, and four motorcycles—when not skiing or hiking near his home in Colorado. 

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Best Car Speedometers of 2024

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Car speedometers are a crucial component in any vehicle as they provide drivers with accurate information about their speed while driving. They work by measuring the rotation of the car's wheels and converting that into a speed reading that is displayed on the dashboard. Today's modern speedometers are typically electronic and use sensors to detect wheel rotation, providing a more accurate reading than older mechanical versions. Many car speedometers also come equipped with additional features such as trip meters, odometers, and fuel gauges, making them a vital tool for any driver to have.

At a Glance: Our Top Picks

Top 10 Car Speedometers

Vjoycar g20 gps speedometer.

The VJOYCAR G20 Speedometer is a versatile GPS speed gauge cluster that can be used in a variety of vehicles, including cars, trucks, motorcycles, ATVs, scooters, golf carts, and more. Unlike traditional speedometers, it collects speed data from GPS satellites, eliminating the need for any connection to the car's engine or OBD port. This makes installation easy and doesn't pose any risk to the car's circuit board. The G20 Speedometer features a heads-up display (HUD) that shows the digital driving speed on its own HD display, without the need for any project film on the car's glass. It also has a built-in vibration sensor that automatically turns on and displays the driving speed in large fonts when it detects car motion. When the vehicle is stationary for more than 3 minutes, it automatically turns off to save power and prevent draining the car battery. With a 24-month warranty, the VJOYCAR G20 Speedometer offers reliable performance and convenience for all your driving needs.

AWOLIMEI Digital Speedometer for Car G15

The AWOLIMEI Car GPS Display is a practical and versatile product that can display multiple functions to help you understand your journey. Equipped with the latest Beidou acceleration chip, this GPS system product can accurately search for satellite signals and display data in MPH and KMH. It also features overspeed and fatigue alarm functions, reminding you to slow down or take a break after 4 hours of continuous driving. With advanced photosensitive elements, the product can automatically adjust the display brightness according to the external light, making it clearly visible both in day and night. The operation is simple, and the product comes with a one-year warranty. Plus, it is a great gift choice with five colors of atmosphere lights.

AWOLIMEI G16 Heads Up Display

The AWOLIMEI G16 HUD is a car mounted head up display with a sleek blue and white color scheme. It is equipped with the latest Beidou acceleration chip, ensuring fast satellite signal search and accurate display of car data no matter where you are in the world. This HUD offers multiple functions including vehicle speed, altitude, system time, driving time, driving angle, acceleration time, driving distance, compass, and decorative atmosphere light. It also features overspeed and fatigue alarms to remind the driver to take breaks and drive safely. With its automated brightness adjustment, the screen remains visible day and night. The AWOLIMEI G16 HUD is easy to operate and comes with a one-year warranty, making it a reliable choice for enhancing your driving experience.

ELING Universal GPS Speedometer

The ELING Universal GPS Speedometer is a 3 3/8" gauge that can be installed in boats, cars, trucks, or motorcycles. It has a working voltage of 9-32V, and offers options for red and yellow backlights, as well as indication lights for left turn, high beam, and right turn. The device also features an overspeed buzzer alarm, total mileage adjustable, and a mileage range of 0-999999 miles. The installation process requires cutting an 85mm hole in the panel and securing the GPS antenna, which should have a clear view of the sky to pick up satellite signal.

ARLRORO GPS Speedometer

Introducing the ARLRORO GPS Speedometer, a compact and convenient head-up display for your car. With its HD display and large green eye-care font, you can easily read your driving speed without any double images, even in the bright noon sun. This speedometer collects speed data from GPS satellites, eliminating the need for any complicated installation or manual reading. Simply plug in the USB cable and it's ready to go. The built-in vibration sensor automatically turns on the display when motion is detected in the car, ensuring you never miss your speed. Equipped with a USB cable, anti-slip pad, and instructions, this speedometer is a must-have accessory for any vehicle. Plus, with its warranty and excellent customer service, you can trust that ARLRORO has got you covered.

VJOYCAR C80 GPS Speedometer

The VJOYCAR C80 Speedometer is a 4.5" large screen HUD head-up display that uses GPS technology to collect speed data. It is compatible with all types of vehicles, including cars, trucks, motorcycles, and boats. The display shows driving speed, single driving time, single driving mileage, and total mileage. It also features an over-speed alert function that warns you when you exceed a set speed limit. The speed unit can be switched between KM/H and MPH. With its easy calibration feature, you can adjust the displayed speed to be slightly higher than the actual speed to avoid speed tickets. The VJOYCAR C80 Speedometer is a reliable and affordable tool for monitoring your speed and ensuring safe driving.

MOTOR METER RACING W Pro 85mm GPS Speedometer

The MOTOR METER RACING W Pro 85mm GPS Speedometer offers a 270 dial sweep in-dash design with a white LED illumination, convex clear lens, stainless steel bezel with ABS housing. It has an odometer that records and displays up to 99999.9 miles with adjustable & power off memory function. The speedometer is waterproof, rustproof, anti-fog & UV-resistant to ensure durability. It comes with a GPS sensor, one-foot wiring harness, and installation instructions. The product has a one-year warranty for non-human factor damage & free lifetime technical support.

KGOB 85MM Universal Car GPS Speedometer

The KGOB Car GPS Speedometer is a versatile and easy-to-install device that is perfect for cars, motorcycles, boats, and trucks. With its 85mm or 3-3/8" install diameter, it can fit seamlessly into any vehicle. The speedometer features a universal GPS system that provides accurate speed readings ranging from 0-180Km/h or 0-120MPH. It also boasts 7 different background light options, allowing you to customize the display to your preference. The KGOB Car GPS Speedometer is not only waterproof but also has a short start-up time, ensuring that you can quickly and easily confirm your location and get accurate speed readings. With its user-friendly design and reliable performance, this speedometer is a must-have for any vehicle owner.

GlowShift Speedometer Sensor Adapter

The GlowShift Sensor Adapter is a must-have accessory for your car's speedometer gauge. It converts the transmission mechanical speedometer signal to an electronic signal, allowing you to receive accurate MPH readings on your GlowShift speedometer gauge. With its 7/8-18 female thread and 9' wire harness, this sensor adapter is compatible with GM and MOPAR transmissions. Whether you have an existing GlowShift speedometer gauge or planning to get one, this adapter is compatible with any model. The package includes step-by-step installation instructions, making it easy for you to set up. Plus, it comes with GlowShift's one-year limited warranty and free lifetime technical support, ensuring your peace of mind. Upgrade your speedometer gauge with the GlowShift Sensor Adapter and enjoy precise and reliable speed readings.

SAMDO Universal GPS Speedometer Boat Gauge

The SAMDO GPS Speedometer is a versatile speedometer designed for cars, motorcycles, boats, and off-road vehicles. Its IP67 waterproof and dustproof characteristic makes it suitable for use in various weather conditions. With an indicating range of 0-250 Km/h or 0-160MPH, it provides accurate speed readings. The GPS technology ensures quick location confirmation and a short start-up time. Additionally, the SAMDO GPS Speedometer features a non-resettable odometer, similar to a car, which keeps adding miles for accurate mileage tracking. It also has a power-off memory function, allowing the odometer to continue recording even without power. This speedometer is a reliable and convenient tool for tracking your speed and mileage on various vehicles.

Some Factors You Should Know About Car Speedometers

What is a car speedometer.

A car speedometer is a device that measures and displays the speed of a vehicle. It is typically located on the dashboard of a car and is used to help drivers monitor their speed while on the road.

Why is Choosing the Right Speedometer Important?

The right speedometer can be an important tool for maintaining safe driving habits. By accurately measuring and displaying the speed of a vehicle, a speedometer can help drivers avoid speeding tickets and potential accidents. In addition, a well-chosen speedometer can provide additional information, such as the distance traveled and average speed, which can be useful for tracking fuel consumption and planning road trips.

What to Consider When Choosing a Car Speedometer

When choosing a car speedometer, there are several factors to consider. First and foremost, the speedometer should be accurate and reliable. This can be determined by checking the manufacturer's specifications and reading reviews from other customers. In addition, the speedometer should be easy to read, with a clear and legible display that is visible even in low light conditions.

Another important consideration is the type of speedometer. There are several types of speedometers available, including mechanical, digital, and GPS-based. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages, so it's important to choose the one that best suits your needs.

Mechanical speedometers, for example, are typically more durable and resistant to wear and tear, but may not be as accurate as digital or GPS-based models. Digital speedometers, on the other hand, are often more accurate and provide additional features such as trip meters and fuel gauges, but may be more prone to malfunctions. GPS-based speedometers, meanwhile, use satellite technology to provide highly accurate speed readings, but may be more expensive and require a subscription to a satellite service.

In addition to the type of speedometer, it's also important to consider the size and location of the display. A larger display may be easier to read, but may also take up more space on the dashboard. The location of the display is also important, as it should be positioned in a way that allows the driver to easily read it without taking their eyes off the road.

Choosing the right car speedometer is an important decision that can have a significant impact on your driving experience. By considering factors such as accuracy, ease of use, and additional features, you can select a speedometer that will help you stay safe on the road and make the most of your vehicle.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. do car speedometers show actual speed.

Car speedometers don't measure the actual speed you travel. They work by measuring the rotation of the car's driveshaft, axle, or wheel and use calculations to determine your speed.

2. Is 160 on the dash fast?

While most speedometers max out around 140 or 160 mph, it doesn't mean the cars are designed to go that fast. Automakers use standard gauges for different cars, and the high numbers can have psychological benefits for drivers.

3. How far off are speedometers?

Speedometers must never underreport a vehicle's speed and can't overreport by more than 110% of the actual speed + 6.25mph. For example, if you're going 40mph, your speedometer may read up to 50.25mph.

4. Why do speedometers go to 160 mph?

Some experts suggest that speedometers with high maximum speeds can normalize high-speed driving and contribute to people traveling at dangerous speeds well over 100 mph.

5. How accurate are most speedometers?

Speedometers can have an error of plus or minus 4 percent. This means that at lower speeds, you could be going faster than what the speedometer shows, and at higher speeds, you could be going up to 3 miles per hour slower.

6. How do I know the actual speed of my car?

To determine your actual speed, you can time your vehicle over a stretch of road at a steady speed and calculate it by dividing the number of minutes it takes to drive the distance into 60 (minutes in an hour) and multiplying it by the distance traveled.

7. Why are cars limited to 130 mph?

Cars are limited to certain speeds because tires can overheat and fail at higher speeds. Many tires, especially on older models, have speed limits as low as 112 mph. Limiting speeds also aligns with legal speed limits and safety considerations.

8. Do speedometers read higher?

Most speedometers are designed to overestimate the speed of travel. This is why you might notice a difference between your vehicle's speedometer reading and GPS or digital speed monitors on the side of roads.

9. Why can cars go over 100 if it's illegal?

Automakers design cars to go over the speed limit to improve reliability. By making a vehicle that can drive at higher speeds, there's less strain on the engine when driving at normal speeds for extended periods of time.

10. Why do cars go up to 160 mph if it's illegal?

Speedometers in cars can go up to 140 or 160 mph, even though the cars aren't designed to go that fast. This practice serves automakers' needs to mass-produce standard gauges for different cars and can appeal to drivers who may want to imagine themselves as amateur racecar drivers.

During our car speedometer research, we found 362 car speedometer products and shortlisted 10 quality products. We collected and analyzed 5,762 customer reviews through our big data system to write the car speedometers list. We found that most customers choose car speedometers with an average price of $64.20.

The car speedometers are available for purchase. We have researched hundreds of brands and picked the top brands of car speedometers, including VJOYCAR, AWOLIMEI, ELING, ARLRORO, MOTOR METER RACING. The seller of top 1 product has received honest feedback from 36 consumers with an average rating of 4.7.

Robert Reyes is a dedicated writer from San Francisco with a bachelor of degree in mechanics and a bachelor of degree in marketing. He focuses on making some complicated topics simple and enjoys explaining complex and technical things in an easy-to-understand way.

Car hire at Moscow Vnukovo Airport

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Cheap car hire at Moscow Vnukovo airport

Top tips for hiring a car at moscow vnukovo airport.

• Whether you’re visiting Moscow for a week or a month, getting a car rental at Moscow Vnukovo Airport (VKO) is the best way to explore the Russian capital. You’ll traverse various parts of the city that aren’t fully accessible by public transport. Self-driving lets you choose the shortest route to your destination and avoid traffic. Renting a car will save you money compared to using a taxi when you look at the overall costs to multiple destinations.
• Collecting your rental car at Moscow Vnukovo Airport isn’t that complicated. You’ll find several local and international car rental suppliers at the airport with an on-site counter. Car rental desks at VKO are on the ground level in the Arrivals section, Terminal A. Once you get to the airport, head straight to your preferred company’s rental desk. You can also visit the rental desks after booking online. Make sure you carry all the requested documents. After processing, a staff member from the rental company will guide you to the pick-up point outside the terminal. Take your time to inspect the car for any dents or damages. Check the fuel level and make sure your maps are working and in your preferred language since most road signs in Moscow are in Russian.
• The other benefit of getting a car rental at Moscow Vnukovo Airport is that you’ll have a smooth return process. Most rental companies will ask you to return the rental car to the exact location you collected it, or the drop-off point stated in your rental contract. What you should pay attention to is the return period. Make sure you return the car on time to avoid the late return penalty fee. You can inform the company early if you’re facing challenges and can’t return the rental car on time. After dropping off the vehicle, conduct a final inspection to check for damages before heading to your rental counter for clearance.
• Moscow Vnukovo Airport usually gets busy between March to July when most tourists visit for the summer holidays. During this period, car rental bookings are generally high. You can experience long waits at the car rental counter. The airport also gets busy during weekends, special events, holidays, and major conferences in Moscow. We advise you to book in advance for availability and to save money since rates are comparatively pricey during the peak travel season.
• Book your car hire at Moscow Vnukovo airport at least 4 weeks before your trip in order to get a below-average price

FAQs about hiring a car at Moscow Vnukovo airport

What documents do i need to rent a car at moscow vnukovo airport.

To rent a car at Moscow Vnukovo Airport, you will need a valid driver’s license from your home country that has been valid for at least one year. You should provide an International Driving Permit for translation purposes. Most companies will also require your passport for additional proof of identity. A valid credit card with enough cash for deposit and payment must also be presented. Some companies will ask you to bring a printout of the booking confirmation voucher sent to your mail.

What amenities are available at Moscow Vnukovo Airport?

You’ll have access to several amenities when you opt for a car rental at Moscow Vnukovo Airport, including showers in various lounges, ATMs, luggage carts, and free Wi-Fi. If you’re traveling with children, you can take advantage of the children’s playroom in Terminal A. There is a parenting room equipped with changing tables, baby cribs, and play areas for parents traveling with newborns. VKO is perfectly equipped for passengers with reduced mobility.

How can I pay for my Moscow Vnukovo Airport car rental?

The best way to pay for your Moscow Vnukovo Airport car rental is using a major credit card. It is a secure option for renters and the best security for rental companies during your rental period. Few car rental suppliers may let you pay using a debit card but with several limitations and requirements. They will restrict you to certain types of rental cars, and you may be asked to produce additional proof of identity or your return travel details.

Which car hire companies will pick you up at Moscow Vnukovo airport?

Car hire companies that offer shuttle or pick-up services from Moscow Vnukovo airport to off-airport locations include Avis, Rentmotors, Sixt, and TIS Car.

Moscow Vnukovo Airport car rental reviews and directory

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One location in Moscow Vnukovo Airport

Locations in Moscow Vnukovo Airport

Vnukovo Int Apt

Vnukovo Air Term A Meet N Greet

+7 495 640 82 82

Opening times not available

keddy by Europcar

3 locations in Moscow Vnukovo Airport

Poselok Vnukovo 2 Reysovaya Street

Vnukovo Airport Intl Arrival Zone- 2, 2Nd Reisovaya Str.

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2 locations in Moscow Vnukovo Airport

Mosco - Vnukovo Airport

+7 916 724 04 55

Terminal A, Counter 34

+7 962 967 8633

IDrive Rent-A-Car

+7 499 685 4725

Vnukovo airport

+7 495 921 3838

12, 1-Ya Reysovaya Ulitsa

Terminal. A,2 Ul.2-ja

+7 495 260 10 38

+7 495 788 6888

ul. 2-ja Rejssowaja, 2

+7 495 589 11 11

2 2nd Reisovaya str.

+7 926 279 2989

Car rental locations at Moscow Vnukovo Airport

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• Car hire Moscow Domodedovo Airport, Vnukovo
• Car hire Moscow Sheremetyevo Airport, Vnukovo

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• Hotels near Moscow Zhukovsky airport
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How To Avoid Getting Stuck At The Airport Rental Car Counter

T he concept of renting a car while traveling is designed to be a service that ideally makes life more convenient. Whether you're heading out on a long-awaited vacation, a family road trip , or you're traveling for business, not having to put miles on your personal vehicle is a big perk. It can also be fun to have the option to rent a luxury car for your getaway when you're looking to elevate the experience without having to make a long-term investment.

The convenience of simply having a car waiting for you upon landing at the airport can't be overlooked either. That is until you head to the rental counter and find yourself standing in a line that might just be longer than the security check you passed through earlier. The popularity of rental cars is definitely on the rise with Statista projecting it to be an industry worth nearly $30 billion by the end of 2023 in the U.S.

While the increase in revenue likely means increased rental car accessibility at airports, longer lines tend to follow in that wake. The good news is that there are options to avoid getting stuck in those rental car counter lines if you plan ahead. With a little organization and strategy, you can be out of line and on the open road in no time.

Enjoy The Ease Of Early Check-In

Travelers sometimes tend to fall into old habits at the airport. It can be easy to assume you don't have options beyond that rental car counter line when you arrive at your destination because that's simply the way you've always done things. However, more car rental companies are providing passengers with the option of avoiding the check-in counter altogether and checking in online instead.

Alamo is a great example of a company that has made picking up your rental car more convenient than you might remember it being once upon a time. At select locations, those who have booked their rental car in advance can check in online once they arrive at the airport and sign rental agreements digitally. The program is referred to as Skip the Counter and once the details are in order, all that's left is to head to the lot and pick up your keys and vehicle in person.

They also provide options to skip the line and check in at some locations using handy rental kiosks. The screen walks you through the check-in process step-by-step. Simply make your payment, sign the rental agreement, and be on your way stress-free.

Loyalty Goes A Long Way

Sometimes, skipping the line at the airport rental car counter means aligning yourself with a preferred company before you rent. Loyalty can go a surprisingly long way within the rental car industry. Depending on the company you select, being part of a loyalty rewards program can earn you the privilege of opting out of the line entirely and enjoying getting to your rental car more quickly at the airport.

While there are many car rental companies out there that offer perks through their loyalty program, Hertz Gold Plus Rewards members are notorious for enjoying easy access to the rental lot at major airports. If you're part of this program, you'll enjoy more options when it comes to selecting your rental car as well as the convenience of never having to stand in line at the counter. Upon landing, you can head straight to the rental lot, pick up the keys, and hit the road. Just be sure to include your loyalty program member number when you book through the app and you'll be good to go.

Expand Your Credit Card Benefits

If standing in line at the rental car counter just isn't your style, you don't have to stress. In fact, your way out of the line might already be available through your credit card rewards program. If you happen to be the proud owner of an American Express Platinum Card, there's a good chance you're eligible to directly enroll as an elite status member in some of the major car rental company loyalty programs too.

While you'll want to be sure to check on the most up-to-date details for each loyalty program specifically, the American Express Platinum Card does have a partnership with National Car Rental's Emerald Club. This loyalty program utilizes Emerald Checkout. Through this program, members can access their rental car faster at the airport as a loyalty benefit.

If you have an American Express Platinum Card, you can also enroll in Avis Preferred. This membership program includes skip-the-line perks sending participants straight to the rental lot to pick up their vehicle with ease. Members of Avis' Preferred Plus and President's Club can earn vehicle upgrades as well.

Avoid The Line By Skipping The Airport

In some instances, travelers will find the best way to avoid the car rental counter line at the airport is to skip the airport option itself. While this doesn't necessarily seem like a time-saving choice on the surface, it's often surprisingly effective and efficient. If you're not part of a car rental loyalty program, and you don't have elite card member status, heading away from the airport to pick up a rental car could save you both time and money.

Car rentals at the airport are convenient in terms of location. However, they're often significantly higher priced due to airport fees and taxes that are included just for being able to rent on-site. You're also going to run into those long lines simply due to logistics. 

If the airport you're landing at has shuttle services to off-site rental car pick-up destinations, it's often a good way to go. Don't want to hassle with the shuttle? Go for a ride-share instead and confidently leave the stress behind.

Swap Rental Companies For Local Hosts

Perhaps a less common but equally available option for skipping the rental counter line at the airport is to choose a car-sharing service like Turo. This is a convenient alternative to going through a traditional car rental company. Turo is a peer-to-peer car rental solution that gives you the choice to select a vehicle online at your destination that an owner is looking to rent out.

Upon arrival, your car is dropped off to you directly at the airport. Through the website, service users can make arrangements for specific drop-off times and dates as well. Cars rented out through local hosts through Turo come with protection plans in place as well as comprehensive cancellation policies for peace of mind.

If you're not in a rush and willing to wait, standing in line at the rental car counter is always an option. That said, hitting the road in a rental car doesn't have to be a hassle when you want to avoid the line. From rewards program benefits and credit card perks to making early check-in a priority, there are simple routes available to get in your rental car and on your way as soon as possible.

Read this next: Safety Items You Should Pack For Your Next Road Trip

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• You’ll feel the lively spirit of bustling city life the minute you pull into Moscow. Some 35 mi from Elektrostal, it has loads of fantastic spots to visit, like Red Square.
• About 35 mi away, Ryazan is another location worth putting on your travel itinerary. Don’t forget to stop by Monument to Evpatiy Kolovrat during your visit.
• After all that time behind the wheel, treat yourself to a dose of nature at Nikola-Lenivets Art Park. It’s roughly 130 mi from Elektrostal.

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Roblox: A Dusty Trip Beginners Guide

Ensure the survival of you and your car with these beginner tips for Roblox's A Dusty Trip.

Roblox: A Dusty Trip offers players quite exciting and slightly scary gameplay as they need to survive in a post-apocalyptic desert. Additionally, some game features can be a little confusing for new players. Therefore, in this guide, we will tell you important tips for beginners in Roblox: A Dusty Trip .

A Dusty Trip is a game where players have to concern themselves with the survival of themselves and their car, with the latter being the difference between life and death. If you don't take care of it, you will most likely become a victim of some mutant.

AFK Journey: Tips for Beginners

How to start a dusty trip.

Before you can set off to roam the desert, you need to find transport. To be more precise, you have to make it from different parts. In addition, A Dusty Trip offers you the choice between a van and a sedan. The first one is designed for multiple players , but you should choose it even if you play solo. Due to its size, it has more space to add new parts and transport resources. For your vehicle to be on the move, you need the following parts:

We do not recommend that you neglect doors. Although they are an optional part, you won't want to ride through hordes of zombies without them. When your car is ready, you can go on a trip.

Every Resource Counts

Along the way, you will find different landmarks, such as bunkers or petrol pumps. In them, you can find all the resources necessary for survival, namely food or cans of water, oil, and fuel. Fuel is needed for your car, while Food is needed so that you don't starve to death in A Dusty Trip .

However, Oil and Water are also important. The first is necessary to keep your engine running properly, and the second is necessary to cool the radiator. Only with all these resources will you be able to move on.

Coral Island: Tips For Beginners

Beware the mutants.

A Dusty Trip does not encourage you to be a hero since every mutant poses a threat to you. And with your bare hands, you won’t be able to do anything to fight it off. Therefore, in addition to resources, you should look for weapons. It can be either melee weapons or guns.

Note that to hit with a melee weapon, you need to swing your arm. As for the guns, you will have to get used to the specific aiming. But even with a weapon in your hands, you should be wary of mutants .

Night and Weather Are Your Enemies

To drive at night, you need to have Headlights on your vehicle. However, even with them, you have a chance to miss some loot structures. Additionally, players may encounter a sandstorm. So you definitely shouldn't drive in this weather - after all, A Dusty Trip is a game about survival, not a race.

That's all you need to know about Roblox A Dusty Trip . Using our tips, you can start your adventure without any problems. But even knowing the dangers that may come your way, you should not let your guard down if you want to survive as long as possible .

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The Long Drive: Off Road Trip 4+

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Drive into adventure with Long Drive Offroad Jeep! Enjoy 25% off your first ride! Limited time offer. Welcome to our new long road trip games car drive simulator. Long road trip - car simulator is open world extreme car driving games, animal hunting simulator, offroad car drive and animals shooting game. This junkyard game is different from other car driving simulators and motorcycle road trip games. You have to drive on long route to attend birthday party of your friend. The long drive journey of car drive desert trip is start from junkyard, car garage. First you have to check the car as a car master, car mechanic games and clean the car for road trip games. Make sure you have done 3d tuning of muscle car before leaving on your trip in car driving simulator. You have to use different routes of city car driving and offroad jeep game in long road trip car drive simulator. Advance Car Driving Simulator – Extreme Car Games Gameplay of long road trip - car simulator is full of risk. So don’t forget to take your shotgun with you while on trip in an animal hunting game. You may have to face wild animals during your long drive journey. This open world car driving simulator is very dangerous because animals are ready to hunt anytime. So stay focused and keep your weapons ready to beat the animals in long road trip car drive games. Lions are disturbing people in car driving games. You have to beat the lions and get victory in long road trip games car drive simulator. Drive the car through the main city, forest and offroad deserts. Take care of your car as a car mechanic simulator. Explore new places on your road-trip and experience the extreme car driving in an in car drive simulator. Car Driving Long Road Trip Game for Family – Real Long Drive Game Make sure to keep the tank of your car full of gasoline on your long trip journey so that you don’t get stuck in any risky area and you will be hunted by animals on a long road trip - car simulator. Also maintain your car engine and take care of your car as a car mechanic simulator. Because it’s not easy to find any junkyard garage on a long road trip game car drive 3d. Experience the different mysteries during your long drive journey in road trip games. Advance car driving game is full of adventure with a car drive, car drifting, offroad jeep games, and animal hunting games on thrilling roads of long road trip car drive games. You will experience different stunning routes like main city, desert and offroad in long road trip games car driving. If you are tired of driving for a long route then you will find a safe place and do camping in your long road trip car drive games. Features of long road trip - car simulator: Beautiful and stunning long route 3d environments. Main city, Desert road, offroad driving 3d in long drive game Hunt the animals to get rewards in road trip games. Easy to play and smooth controls of a car drive simulator. Fill the fuel tank for the journey for gas station junkyard. Hunt food for yourself and stay night in camps Realistic and eye-catching graphics of long road trip car drive games. So what are you waiting for? Download the easy to play advance car drive simulator and enjoy your free time with this junkyard game. Also refer this car mechanic simulator to your friends. Also give feedback about gameplay of long road trip - car simulator.

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Also how strict are medication regulations.

I need to take panadol daily for my pmr and dont want to have to pack too many in my luggage. I will have a letter from my GP fir all my meds

4 replies to this topic

Thanks so much for this information :)

Drug stores were more casual about it but I would still pack it.

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New York pediatrician dies after falling from moving Airstream trailer during family trip

A New York children's physician is dead after falling out of an Airstream trailer on Saturday during a family road trip, officials said.

Dr. Monika Woroniecka, 58, fell out of the moving trailer on State Route 12E in the town of Brownville in upstate New York, state police said in a release.

Witnesses who were driving directly behind the trailer told state troopers they saw the passenger side door of the Airstream blown open by wind, then Woroniecka's arm hanging on the door, the release said.

She was then thrown from the Airstream and hit her head on the side of the road, witnesses told New York State Police. An ambulance transported Woroniecka to Samaritan Medical Center in nearby Watertown, where she succumbed to her injuries.

Other family members were in the trailer with Woroniecka at the time she fell out, although police did not specify which family members. They were traveling from Stony Brook on Long Island.

The trailer was being pulled by a vehicle driven by her husband, Robert P. Woroniecki. The family was on the last 20 minutes of their trip, police said.

Woroniecki was a pediatrician at Stony Brook Children’s Hospital, which told NBC News in a statement on Monday it was "deeply saddened to learn of the tragic loss of one of our esteemed colleagues over the weekend."

"Our thoughts are with her family, friends and colleagues affected by this heartbreaking event," the hospital said.

The Polish-born doctor treated children for a number of conditions, including food and environmental allergies, asthma, hives and eczema, according to her profile with Stony Brook Medicine .

Woroniecka specialized in allergy immunology since the early 2000s, and was known for cultivating long-term relationships with the families under her care.

Noah Osborne is a news associate with NBC News Digital.

How To Flip Car In A Dusty Trip

Not able to flip your Car back in A Dusty Trip? Here’s what you can do about it.

Imagine driving at 100 Km/hr and getting your vehicle flipped over because of a tiny rock in the middle of the road. This mishap is very much possible in the desert landscape of A Dusty Trip. That’s why learning how to bring your Car or Van back on the wheels is important. I technically won’t suggest using a Dynamite because it can damage your vehicle. However, there’s another way to Flip your Car in A Dusty Trip, and we will explain that in this guide.

How to Flip Your Car and Van in A Dusty Trip

You must push your car to flip it in A Dusty Trip. This is done by pressing the “F” key (Grab) on the body of your Car. Make sure not to grab any attached parts like the door or wheel because you may detach them. So grab the frame or body of the car.

More specifically, I want you to crouch and press the grab key while aiming at the back portion of your Car (refer to the above image). Try spamming this until the Car is launched in the air. After this, your car or van will be flipped in a Dusty Trip.

After flipping the vehicle, make sure to refuel it. Because during all this circus, the fuel inside the car will get emptied. I always suggest attaching a Fuel Can to the vehicle in emergencies.

In a rare case, your vehicle may flip neither up nor down but in the middle. If that happens, you must push it further until it goes in the air again and falls on its wheel. Finding the right angle is not that difficult.

That’s all you can do to flip your Car in A Dusty Trip. Aside from this, if you want some tips to make your Car go faster , then we have a guide for you to check out. Feel free to access it in our dedicated section for A Dusty Trip .

Hops between Sports and Action RPG games frequently. Can play the Arkham series tirelessly. Currently invested in exploring FPS and Open-World games.

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• / Vladimir Soloviev, prophet of Russia's conversion

VLADIMIR SOLOVIEV prophet of Russia’s conversion

T HE conversion of Russia will not be the work of man, no matter how gifted he may be, but that of the Immaculate Heart of the Virgin Mary, the Mediatrix of all graces, because this is God’s wish, which he revealed to the world in 1917. The life and works of Vladimir Soloviev are a perfect illustration of this truth of Fatima. He whom our Father regards as « the greatest Russian genius of the 19th century », was in his own way a prophet of the “ conversion ” of his beloved Country, announcing the necessity of her returning to the bosom of the Roman Church. «  Rome or chaos  », such was his catchphrase, Rome whose anagram is not a matter of chance, but a providential sign, a definition: ROMA , AMOR . Led by this incomparable guide, we would like « to anticipate in our thoughts, our hearts and our prayers this consecration, this long-awaited conversion, which must mark the beginning of a time of sacred peace throughout the world, the beginning of the universal reign of the Most Blessed and Immaculate Heart of Mary, and through Her, of God’s Kingdom » (English CRC, December 1982, p. 23).

A PERSONAL CONVERSION

Through the example of his life, Soloviev recalls the indispensable means of this immense work: self-renunciation, personal and collective sacrifice, in Russian the podwig , the only way in which the Church, nations, saints and heroes can become the instruments of God’s designs. If he managed to surpass his master Dostoyevsky by his « truly universal Catholicism and far superior mystical vision », this was not without without a conversion of mind and heart on his part.

Our Father summarises the principal stages of his life as follows: « Born of an honourable Muscovite family, of part Kievian ancestry, Vladimir Soloviev began, in a world where only Germany counted, by being a victim of all the poisons of the West. He himself relates how he was a zealous materialist at the age of thirteen, had read Renan’s Life of Jesus at fifteen, and had become an evolutionist and therefore (!) an atheist and a nihilist at eighteen, in « It was Spinoza and then Schopenhauer who pulled him out of this bottomless void. Whereupon in 1872 a mysterious encounter with “  Wisdom  ” suddenly shook him out of the scientific naturalism in which he had been vegetating and made him aware, as he says, of invisible Beauty, the “  Sophia tou théou  ”, the daughter of God. He thus became the fervent witness of Wisdom’s indwelling in the world and of Her desire for total incarnation and universal queenship. His quest for wisdom, scientific, aesthetic and mystical, had commenced. He was nineteen years old. The quest would never end for this new style Russian pilgrim ; it would be of an unparalleled fruitfulness despite its touching brevity. He died of exhaustion in 1900, at the age ! » (English CRC, December 1982, p. 35)

We will limit ourselves in this article to his prophetic insights on the Union of the Churches. In his Lessons on Theandry (1878) – he was then twenty-five ! – our philosopher applies himself to contemplating the Wisdom of God at work in history, perfectly incarnated in Jesus and His virginal Mother, as well as in the Church as she awaits her eschatological transfiguration. The most serious sin, throughout this history, has been that of schism. Who is responsible for this vast Vladimir Soloviev began by throwing all responsibility for it on the Catholic Church, so much so that he provided the inspiration for Dostoyevsky’s famous “ myth of the Grand Inquisitor ” in The Brothers Karamazov . But, at the beginning of the 1880’s, through studying the question more closely, he understood that the sin of schism was in fact that of the East. This was a stroke of genius on his part for which our Father commends him greatly:

« I must beg pardon of my master Msgr. Jean Rupp, of Solzhenitsyn, Volkoff and so many others, but it seems obvious to to me, as it did to Soloviev in the end, that the schism of Moscow in setting itself up as the third Rome was the beginning of all the ills suffered by these admirable Christian peoples of European Russia . And I must say so because this rupture still weighs heavily on the world of today and because it is precisely of this rupture that Our Lady of Fatima speaks when She foretells “  the conversion of Russia  ”. (English CRC, December 1982, p. 24)

Let us follow Soloviev in his commendable mystical conversion which has opened up a path of light for his people, allowing a spring of grace and mercy to gush forth.

AN EVANGELICAL DISCOURSE

In 1881, Soloviev published a long article, still very antipapist, entitled Spiritual power in Russia . There the pope was presented as Antichrist institutionalised ! Our theorist placed all his hope in the regenerative mission of Holy Russia and in the Tsar who was to be her « divine figure, religious guide and animating wisdom ». But were the Russian people still capable of accomplishing such One particular event was to shake Soloviev’s patriotic faith. On March 1, 1881, Alexander II was assassinated by revolutionaries. A few days later, Soloviev gave a Discourse in which he recommended that his successor, Alexander III, show mercy to the regicides. Certainly not as a matter of weakness or abdication before the Revolution, even less out of the spirit of non-violence that a certain Tolstoy was already preaching, but « as an example of Russian piety », that famous podwig « which lies at the heart of the Russian people’s evangelical soul, of which the tsar is the living icon ». Alas, Soloviev was not understood... This was a painful stage in his life, the first step he had taken beyond his master Dostoyevsky.

The following year, he published another article entitled “  Schism in the Russian people and society  ”. Delving deep into the past, he accused Metropolitan Nikon of having broken, at the time of Peter the Great, the communion, the Sobornost , so beloved of the Russian people, by excommunicating Raskol, the fierce guardian of traditional popular religion... Ever since then, the Orthodox hierarchy, enslaved to the imperial power, had proved powerless to govern and sanctify Orthodoxy. It was nothing now but a shrunken, secularized “ local Church ” which, if it were to be restored and revived, would need to open itself up to “ the universal Church ”.

In the spring of 1882, Soloviev was powerfully affected by an unusual dream. In his dream he met a high-ranking Catholic ecclesiastic and entreated him to give him his blessing. The priest refused, so Soloviev insisted, declaring, « The separation of the Churches is the most disastrous thing possible. » Finally, the ecclesiastic agreed to give him his blessing.

This premonitory dream was to awaken in Vladimir Soloviev a burning desire for reconciliation with Catholicism, and to stimulate him to write a series of articles to be published every month in his friend Aksakov’s slavophile newspaper Rouss and then to be collected together in a work with the resonant title: The Great Controversy and Christian Politics . One particular maxim constantly reappeared under the Russian writer’s pen:

«  FIRST AND FOREMOST WE MUST WORK TO RESTORE THE UNITY OF THE CHURCH, AND TO MAKE THE FIRE OF LOVE BURN IN THE HEART OF CHRIST’S SPOUSE . »

By an irony of fate, the term “ Controversy ”, which for Soloviev referred to the conflict between Rome and the East, was going to give place to a bitter controversy between himself and his Orthodox and slavophile friends.

A MARVELLOUS AND ADORABLE WISDOM

T HE world’s beauty appeared to Soloviev as a living figure, a real existence, changing and yet immortal. He saw her and held her as the queen of his spiritual universe under her venerable name of Sancta Sophia . At the end of his life, in 1898, he celebrated the Three Encounters he had had with this Beauty which for him was Wisdom.

“ Three times in his life he had been overwhelmed by the radiant visit of Wisdom who appeared to him in the form of an absolutely heavenly female being, dazzling him and enlightening him profoundly. Not without reason certain authors think that all his religious and even philosophical works derive from this illumination. ”

And let us immediately point out, in order to acclimatize the Western reader who is highly likely to be disconcerted by these accounts, that trustworthy interpreters of Soloviev have attributed a marian character to these visions. For them, the whole of the Philosopher’s work derives from the AVE MARIA GRATIA PLENA . “ It is a marvellous perspective ”, adds Msgr. Rupp. “ Wisdom is closely allied to the Immaculate who is its seat. ” ( Le message ecclésial de Soloviev , p. 340)...

What I am going to say next will perhaps surprise my reader. Nothing is more biblical than this vision, and I am astonished at the astonishment of theologians and their impatient criticisms. This Sophia was already well known, hymned and even boldly adored by the scribes of the Old Testament under this very name of Wisdom. Far from being “ pantheist ”, this idea, this vision touches the essence of created beings, and is clearly poles apart from the Platonic idea and far more profound than Aristotle’s substance; it lies at the very heart of being, there where nothing exists except relationship to God, the term of a will and a wisdom that are infinite, there where exists a pure reflection, a fragment of the image of God’s beauty.

George de Nantes , A mysticism for our time , French CRC no. 133, p. 7.

THE GREAT CONTROVERSY

In January 1883, he fired the opening shots with an open letter to Aksakov: « As I reflected on the means of curing this interior disease (of Christianity), I became convinced that the origin of all these evils lies in the general weakening of the earthly organisation of the visible Church, following her division into two disunited parts. » He demonstrated that, in order to establish herself on earth and to endure throughout history, the Christian religion had need of a higher authority, and he explained that it was therefore essential to restore « the union of all Christian and ecclesiastical forces under the standard and under the power of one central ecclesiastical authority ».

On February 19, Soloviev gave a talk in homage to his master Dostoyevsky. It was almost a panegyric of the Roman Church ! He declared his ardent hope for the reconciliation of the two Churches, for the two parts of the universal Church which should never have been separated and whose centre lay in... Rome . As a result of this speech, he saw himself banned from speaking in public. The newspapers made no mention of his speech. For the first time, and it would not be the last, Soloviev was the victim of the censure of Constantin Petrowitch Pobiedonostev, Russia’s Grand Inquisitor and the Tsar’s adviser on religious matters. Pobiedonostev championed a sacral conception of political power, akin to that of the French legitimists of the time, but he was fiercely Orthodox, and any opening towards the Catholic religion was pitilessly censured.

Soloviev responded to this censure with a smile. So his speech had been described as « infantile chattering » ? « If we are not converted », he said to his friends, « and become like little children again, we will not enter the Kingdom of Heaven. » He went on: « When I was a pretentious little boy [teaching German philosophy: Kant, Hegel, Fichte, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche], people listened with great respect to my “ truly infantile ” prattling. And now it is fitting that the only way I can attain the perfection of humility is by everyone ! »

At the same time, he wrote to Aksakov: « It is necessary to defend Catholicism against the false accusations being brought against it... Consequently, in advocating a reconciliation with Catholicism, I assume that Catholicism is not in principle erroneous, for one cannot be reconciled with error . » Now there we have a true ecumenism ! The life of Soloviev, writes our Father, « was ».

To the charge of “ papism ” levelled against him, Soloviev responded in March 1883 with an admirable profession of faith, already Catholic:

« It seems to to me that you concentrate only on “ papism ” whereas I focus first and foremost on the great, holy and eternal Rome, a fundamental and integral part of the universal Church. I believe in this Rome, I bow before it, I love it with all my heart, and with all the strength of my soul I desire its rehabilitation for the unity and integrality of the universal Church. And may I be accursed as a parricide should I ever utter one word of condemnation against the Holy Church of Rome . »

THE REALISATION OF THE DREAM

In May 1883, on the occasion of the coronation of the Emperor Alexander III, the Moscow press complained that too many concessions were being made to restore diplomatic relations with the Vatican broken in 1866, but Soloviev protested: such an agreement was necessary, were it only to improve relations with the Catholics of Poland. The Pope was represented at the ceremony by his special envoy Msgr. Vincenzo Vanutelli. Had not Alexander III written to Leo XIII shortly beforehand: « Never has unity between all Churches and all States been so necessary, in order to realise the wish expressed by Your Holiness of seeing the peoples abandoning the disastrous errors responsible for the social malaise and returning to the holy laws of the Gospel... »

A few days after the ceremony, Soloviev was crossing Moscow in a hired car. Suddenly, he recognized the route he had followed in his dream the previous year. Soon he came to a stop in front of a house from which a Catholic prelate was just leaving: it was Msgr. Vanutelli in person... There was the same hesitation of this latter to give his blessing to a schismatic, and the same entreaties of Soloviev, who finally !

In the summer of 1883, our author wrote two articles on The Catholic Question . According to Soloviev, it was for Russia to take the first step towards the Catholic Church. Imagine !

His articles were not of the sort to leave his readers indifferent. On the Orthodox side, there was an increasing irritation, while on the Catholic side, surprise soon gave way to enthusiasm. The news crossed the borders, spreading to Poland and even to Croatia, where Msgr. Strossmayer was finally seeing his desires realised. The jurisdiction of his diocese of Djakovo extended into Bosnia and Serbia, that is into Orthodox territory. Endowed with a superior intelligence and animated by great apostolic zeal, this Croatian bishop keenly felt the need for a true, intelligent and benevolent ecumenism. He wrote in 1883 to one of his friends, Father Martynov:

« In my opinion, the principal task of the Catholic Church and of the Holy See this century is to draw as closely as possible to the Slav nation, principally the Russian nation . By winning it over to the divine unity of the Catholic Church, we would at the same time win over everyone in the world who still possess a positive faith. »

IN THE RADIANCE OF THE IMMACULATE

In the summer of 1883, Soloviev wrote five long letters to a Russian Uniate priest on the subject of The Immaculate Conception of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary . At the same time he translated Petrarch’s “ Praise and prayer to the Most Blessed Virgin ”, wherein he contemplated Her “ clothed in the Sun, crowned with stars... Her glance radiating infinity ! ” It is highly significant that Soloviev was simultaneously attracted by the mystery of the Catholic Church and the mystery of the Immaculate Virgin. The dogma of the Immaculate Conception was the first Catholic dogma which he embraced, and his favourite painting was the Immaculate Conception by Murillo.

In The Foundations of the Spiritual Life (1884), he exalted the « All Holy and Immaculate » Virgin Mary. In Russia and the Church Universal (1889), he would praise Pope Pius IX for having quoted, in support of his dogmatic definition, the Old Testament texts referring to Wisdom, the “  Sophia  ” of his personal intuitions:

« If, by the substantial Wisdom of God, we were exclusively meant to understand the Person of Jesus Christ, how could we apply to the Blessed Virgin all those texts in the Wisdom books which speak of this Wisdom ? However, this application, which has existed from the very earliest times in the offices of both the Latin and Greek Churches, has today received doctrinal confirmation in the bull of Pius IX on the Immaculate Conception of the Most Blessed Virgin. » (quoted by Msgr. Rupp, Le message ecclésial de Soloviev, p. 338)

In September 1883, when the sixth chapter of The Great Controversy was published, a rumour spread through Moscow that Soloviev had “ passed over ” to Catholicism, but there was no truth in it. Moreover, curious though this may seem to us, he was not looking “ to pass over to Catholicism ”, but only to open Orthodoxy up to the universality of the Roman Church.

His seventh and final chapter aroused a lively debate, one that is ever topical. The question turned on the attitude of the Byzantine Greeks in conflict with the Crusaders of the West. Soloviev wrote: « On the day that Constantinople fell, seeing the Turkish armies poised to attack, the final spontaneously expressed cry of the Greeks was, “ Better Islamic slavery than any agreement with the Latins. ” I do not mention this as a reproach to the unfortunate Greeks. If, in this cry of implacable hatred, there was nothing Christian, then neither has there been anything especially Christian in all the formal and artificial attempts to reunite the Churches… »

Aksakov, his Orthodox pride deeply irritated by this remark, retorted: « What does he mean, nothing Christian ? May the Greeks be blessed a hundred times over for having preferred a foreign yoke and bodily torture to the abandonment of the purity of their faith in Christ and for having thus preserved us from the distortions of papism at the precise moment [ the beginning of the 13th century ! ] when it had reached the height of its deformity. May they win eternal glory for this ! »

Nonetheless, Soloviev continued his search for truth, surmounting every obstacle. His article “  Nine Questions to Father Ivantsov-Platonov  ” published in December 1883, created a deep stir even in the West. Here he put nine questions to his former master in Orthodoxy on those points of controversy which set the Church of the East against the Church of Rome. Here is the setting:

« How is it that the countries of the East are separated from the Roman Church ? Did the latter proclaim an heretical proposition ? One would be hard pushed to maintain this, for the addition of the Filioque to the Creed, which is put forward to justify the separation, does not have the character of a heresy. Furthermore, it is absurd to say that the Roman Church is in a state of schism with regard to the Eastern Churches. Thus, the latter’s separation from the former has no basis. Let us acknowledge this and, putting aside all human viewpoints, let us work towards Unity or rather let us work so that Unity, which already has a virtual existence, may become a reality. »

THE THREAD OF AN ANCIENT TRADITION

During 1884, the Russian philosopher studied Catholic dogmatics. He read the works of Perrone, the theologian of Gregory XVI and Pius IX, as well as the texts of the Councils. He was particularly interested in Popes Gregory VII and Innocent III, whom he read in the original text.

At the same time he had a great enthusiasm for the Croatian priest George Krijanich who « had come from Zagreb to Moscow in the 17th century to spread the ideal of the Holy Kingdom of God, Roman Catholic and panslavic, gathering together under the sceptre of the tsars and the crook of the Pope all the Slav peoples who would thereby be freed and protected from the twofold burden pressing them on both sides like a vice, the Germanic powers and the Turks. Thus the Croats would work to free themselves from Austrian control and at the same time they would assist the Serbs, their Orthodox brothers, to shake off Moslem domination.

« To realise this grand design, capable at one blow of powerfully advancing the Kingdom of God on earth, Krijanich came to Moscow and preached on the subject of Russia’s reconciliation with Rome . This should not be difficult, he said, because the Russians had only fallen into schism through ignorance and not through heresy or malice. He himself was already preaching that everyone should recognise their own individual faults, be they unconscious or involuntary, and the need for expiation. God’s blessings would follow as a result, immense and eternal blessings. Sergius Mikhailovich Soloviev, our great man’s father, a historian and the author of a monumental history of Russia, admired Krijanich as “ the first of the Slavophiles ” and also, in his eyes, “ the most paradoxical ”, so alien did Catholicism then appear to the Russian consciousness. » (English CRC, December 1982, p. 32)

Soloviev intended to prove the contrary. And it was just at this time that he entered into friendly relations with the Croatian Bishop Strossmayer, thereby resuming the thread of an ancient tradition, one which was apparently marginal but which in reality was pregnant with a splendid future. Early in December 1885, Soloviev for the first time received a letter from the Croatian bishop. He replied to him on December 8, “  the blessed Day of the Immaculate Conception of the Most Blessed Virgin  ”:

« On the reunion of the Churches », he wrote, « depends the fate of Russia, the Slavs and the whole world. We Russian Orthodox, and indeed the whole of the East, are incapable of achieving anything before we have expiated the ecclesiastical sin of schism and rendered papal authority its due . » And he ended with these words: « My heart burns with joy at the thought that I have a guide like you. May God long preserve your precious leadership for the good of the Church and the Slav people. » In his pastoral letter of January 1886, the bishop of Djakovo quoted large extracts from this letter.

Encouraged by such support, in 1886 Soloviev undertook a study on Dogmatic development and the question of the reunion of the Churches , which provoked the fury of Orthodoxy. However, at a conference given at the ecclesiastical Academy of Saint Petersburg, Soloviev attempted to justify himself: « I can assure you that I will never pass over to Latinism. » He thereby sought to register his attachment to the Eastern rite. No question for him of adopting the Latin rite ! After that, he set out on a journey to Europe.

FIRST STAY IN ZAGREB (1886)

At the beginning of July, he was the guest of the honourable Canon Racki, President of the Yugoslav Academy of Zagreb, founded by Msgr. Strossmayer, and a personal friend of the latter. Every morning the Orthodox Soloviev assisted at the Catholic Mass with great enthusiasm. He made the sign of the cross in the Catholic manner, but prayed in the Greek manner, crossing his arms on his chest. He willingly admitted to his host – and this was not due to any desire to please on his part – that Croatian Catholics, like the Ukrainians, were more religious than his Orthodox compatriots !

Following an article published in the Croatian journal Katolicki List , Soloviev for the first time encountered opposition from a Catholic priest.

During his stay in Zagreb, he also published a letter in the Russian newspaper Novoie Vremia , wherein he refuted the widespread opinion in Russia that the Croats were the instruments of the Austro-Hungarian government’s attempt to Latinize the Eastern Slavs.

In August, he joined Msgr. Strossmayer in the Styrian Alps, and spent ten marvellous days with him. These two minds were truly made to get along. The mutual admiration they felt for one another reinforced their spiritual friendship. But Soloviev continued to receive Holy Communion at the hands of the Orthodox priest of the Serb parish of Zagreb... Rising above the inevitable criticisms, he then wrote a letter to Msgr. Strossmayer, summarising their initial conversations:

«  The reunion of the Churches would be advantageous to both sides . Rome would gain a devout people enthusiastic for the religious idea, she would gain a faithful and powerful defender. Russia for her part, she who through the will of God holds in her hands the destinies of the East, would not only rid herself of the involuntary sin of schism but, what is more, she would thereby become free to fulfil her great universal mission of uniting around herself all the Slav nations and of founding a new and truly Christian civilisation, a civilisation uniting the characteristics of the one truth and of religious liberty in the supreme principle of charity, encompassing everything in its unity and distributing to everyone the plenitude of the one unique good. »

Such was his transcription of the well known Catholic principle: «  In necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas : unity in essentials, liberty in matters of doubt, and in all things charity . Such must be the Charter of Catholic ecumenism under the crook of the one Shepherd. From the start of this crisis, such has been the invitation we have made to our bishops and to our brothers. Today, it is also the will of the Holy Father », wrote our Father in his editorial for September 1978, dedicated to John Paul I, another Saint Pius X without knowing it (English CRC no. 102, p. 6).

When he informed his friends of Soloviev’s letter, Msgr. Strossmayer presented its author as « a candid and truly holy soul ».

Msgr. Strossmayer and Soloviev had agreed to meet again in Rome for the jubilee pilgrimage of 1888. The Croatian bishop decided to pave the way in Rome by writing to Leo XIII’s Secretary of State, Cardinal Rampolla. He presented his Russian friend as «  toto corde et animo catholicus  ». The Pope at first took a personal interest in the affair: « Here is a sheep », he said, « who will soon be clearing the gate of the sheepfold. » But curiously, there was to be no follow-up. It seems that Leo XIII failed to appreciate Soloviev’s genius... However, things were different in France, where an unassuming and ardent rural parish priest latched on to everything that his apostolic zeal could extract from the lightning advances made by the Russian thinker ( see inset , p. 19).

Soloviev returned to Russia at the beginning of October 1886, rather discouraged by the criticisms directed against him on all sides: there were the Orthodox, some of whom had accused him of bringing Orthodoxy into disrepute abroad... and certain Catholics, like Fr. Guettée in France, a modernist priest with little to commend him, whom he had met in Paris in 1876 and who had recently published an article of rare violence against him !

THE “ RETURN OF THE DISSIDENTS ”

June 18, 1887: a young Capuchin, Leopold Mandic, from Herzeg Novi in Bosnia, under the jurisdiction of Msgr. Strossmayer, and studying at the friary in Padua, heard the voice of God inviting him to pray for and promote the return of the Orthodox to the bosom of the one Church of Christ. «  The goal of my life , he would later say, must be the return of the Eastern dissidents to Catholic unity; I must therefore employ all my energies, as far as my littleness allows, to co-operate in such a task through the sacrifice of my life . » Fifty years later, he would still remember this grace: «  June 18, for the record: 1887-1937. Today, I offered the Holy Sacrifice for the Eastern dissidents, for their return to Catholic unity . » Thus the Heart of Jesus and the Immaculate united, in this one same “ ecumenical ” work, the ardent heart of a young Capuchin destined for the altars, the apostolic wisdom of a bishop and the brilliant intuitions of a great thinker.

In January 1887, from the Monastery of Saint Sergius where he had celebrated Christmas, Soloviev wrote an article in which he provided philosophic justification for the three Catholic dogmas which the Orthodox reject, namely the Filioque, the Immaculate Conception and papal infallibility . Here is a « basis for working towards the reunion of the Churches », he explained. A few months later, he published in Zagreb (on account of the censure directed against him in Russia) his book The History and Future of Theocracy .

There he retraced the vast movement of history towards the establishment of the Kingdom of God. Universal Theocracy, the successor of Jewish Theocracy, cannot be conceived, he explained, without an integrally Christian politics, and he concluded with a splendid anthem to Christ Pantocrator receiving from His Father all power on earth and in Heaven and acting through His emissaries, the Apostles and their successors. Soloviev always believed in the privileged vocation of Russia within the Catholic community of Christian nations, even if he stigmatized what he called “ the sin of Russia ”, which was to oppress and hate all those it dominated, in particular Polish Catholics, Greek Uniates, Ruthenians and Jews !

Like a true prophet, he was vigorous in preaching repentance to his people . In order that they might be faithful to their vocation within the great Slav family, Soloviev asked them to give up their inordinate ambitions, to return to a truer and more Christian conception of their destiny, and to accomplish this within the only international organization which could direct its course, Catholicism, that is to say Roman universalism.

«  One of my theses is that the cause of the Reunion of the Churches in Russia demands a podwig (sacrifice) even heavier to bear than that which, already demanding great self-denial, was needed to ensure Russia’s receptivity to Western culture, an event truly disagreeable to the national sentiment of our ancestors .

«  Well ! this sacrifice consists in drawing closer to Rome and it must be attained at all costs. In this lies the remedy for the Russian sin . »

It goes without saying that Soloviev earned himself new enemies with his book. It cost him great personal suffering, but he could not fail the Truth, which he contemplated with ever greater clarity... What greatness of soul this universal genius possessed !

SAINT VLADIMIR AND THE CHRISTIAN STATE

1888 marked the ninth centenary of the baptism of Saint Vladimir, the first prince of Kiev, whose kingdom after his conversion became « the model of Christian States, with evangelical morals », writes our Father (English CRC, December 1982, p. 23). Soloviev used the occasion to give a conference in Moscow, where he reaffirmed that Russia’s destiny was to turn towards Rome, as King Vladimir had ! However, having hardened itself in its schism, the Muscovite hierarchy was no longer animated by the spirit of St. Vladimir. Hence the fury of the Orthodox hierarchs !

At the same time, Msgr. Strossmayer had gone to Rome for the Jubilee. In vain did he wait for Soloviev there. The latter, fearing perhaps that he had made a definitive break with the Orthodox world which he dreamed on the contrary of winning for the Union, had given up the idea of making this journey. It must also be said that Vatican diplomacy hardly inspired more confidence in him. Leo XIII was revealing himself less and less slavophile, reserving his favours for the Germany of old Bismarck and the young William II ! Msgr. Strossmayer lamented this in a letter to Fr. Martynov: «  The Pope is acting against the Slavs. The Roman prelates are like people insane and think only of temporal power !  »

What a difference between Leo XIII and his successor, St. Pius X, who was, in the words of Msgr. Rupp and our Father, the greatest slavophile pope of our times !

Early in May 1888, Soloviev was on a visit to Paris. To explain his thinking to the French public, he gave a conference on the Russian Idea , « the true national idea eternally fixed in the design of God », who longs to spread His light over the whole world. However, Soloviev remained lucid about his own Church: « If the unity of the universal Church founded by Christ only exists among us in a latent state, it is because the official institution represented by our ecclesiastical government and our theological school is not a living part of the universal Church. »

In passing, he described the destruction of the Greek-Uniate Church by the Orthodox as a «  veritable national sin weighing on Russia and paralysing her moral strength  ». That is still the case today...

In July, Kiev celebrated the feast of the baptism of St. Vladimir. From Zagreb Msgr. Strossmayer sent a telegram in which he exalted Russia’s future role in the manner of his friend Soloviev. Scandal ! His remarks were universally reported by the press. Cardinal Rampolla informed the Croatian bishop that Leo XIII was seriously displeased ! The bishop of Djakovo also earned himself the bitter reproaches of Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria, which is more understandable given the rivalry existing between the two Empires.

In the summer of 1887, Soloviev published in the Universe , the newspaper of Louis Veuillot, three articles on St. Vladimir and the Christian State which caused a great stir. Then he journeyed to Croatia where he remained for one whole month with Msgr. Strossmayer. This meeting was rather sad, for the two friends were increasingly aware that their attempt to reunite the Churches would not succeed, at least in their lifetime.

It was in Djakovo that Soloviev finished the immense prologue to his magisterial book, Russia and the Church Universal , in which one can already glimpse signs of the discouragement that would overwhelm the thinker in the latter part of his life. We know from Fatima that the work of the conversion of Russia, something humanly impossible, has been entrusted to the Immaculate Heart of Mary who has a particular love for this Nation such as to inspire jealousy in others. But this only makes it all the more extraordinary that our prophet should have traced out the course of this conversion, like a true Precursor !

« RUSSIA AND THE CHURCH UNIVERSAL »

Soloviev does not hesitate to delve deep, extremely deep, into the past. To realise its designs in the world, divine Wisdom wished to become incarnate, and the Verb to take flesh like our own. As that was not enough, He also wished to unite to Himself a social and historical body, one that could reach the universality of mankind and communicate to all men His own divine Life. In this magnificent perspective, Soloviev compares the formation of that Body through which God wishes to be united with humanity to that effected in the womb of the Virgin Mary at the time of the Incarnation, and to that which operates every day in the Eucharistic mystery... What was needed for this work was a solid foundation, a Rock:

« This bedrock has been found », he writes, « it is Rome. It is only on the Rock [of Peter and his successors] that the Church is founded. This is not an opinion, it is an imposing historical reality . »

It is also an evangelical truth: «  You are Peter, and on this Rock I will build my Church . » Here Soloviev addresses the Protestants who seek to outbid each other in their attacks against the Primacy of Peter by quoting Jesus’ own words to His Apostle when he was obstructing the Master’s path: «  Get behind me, Satan !  » Soloviev’s response once again shows the clarity of his intelligence and his perfect knowledge of Catholic dogma:

«  There is only one way of harmonising these texts which the inspired Evangelist did not juxtapose without reason. Simon Peter, as supreme pastor and doctor of the universal Church , assisted by God and speaking for all, is, in this capacity, the unshakeable foundation of the House of God and the holder of the keys of the heavenly Kingdom. The same Simon Peter, as a private person, speaking and acting through his own natural forces and an understanding that is purely human , can say and do things that are unworthy, scandalous and even satanic. But personal defects and sins are passing, whereas the social function of the ecclesiastical monarch is permanent. “ Satan ” and the scandal have disappeared, but Peter has remained.  »

Soloviev’s doctrine agrees with that of Vatican Council I and with that of our Father who, at the same time as he makes us venerate Peter’s magisterium, magnificently illustrated by Blessed Pius IX, St. Pius X and John Paul I, accuses John XXIII, Paul VI and John Paul II of being instruments of “ Satan ” for the ruin of the Church.

However, Christ wished that it should be around Peter that the unity of faith and charity should be formed: «  Since the unity of the faith does not presently exist in the totality of believers, seeing that not all of them are unanimous in matters of religion, it must lie in the legal authority of a single head, an authority assured by divine assistance and the trust of all the faithful . This is the ROCK on which Christ founded His Church and against which the gates of hell will never prevail.  »

Why did this ROCK settle in Rome, and not in Jerusalem, Constantinople or Moscow ? Here we have a further brilliant response from Soloviev: historically Rome represented the order, civilization and terrestrial Empire that would best allow the Church to become the universal spiritual Empire desired by Christ. In a mystical view of the history of Salvation – we would say divine “ orthodromy ” – Soloviev shows how God, wishing to extend salvation to the whole world,  decided one day that His Kingdom should leave Israel for Rome, so that the capital of the pagan Empire should become “ the conjoint instrument ” of His designs:

« The universal monarchy was to stay put; the centre of unity was not to move. But central power itself, its character, its source and its sanction were to be renewed... Instead of an Empire of Might, there was to be a Church of Love. » One thinks of Constantine’s conversion and his imposition throughout the Roman Empire of laws favouring Christianity, and of Theodosius declaring the Christian religion the religion of State. What decisive support for the Gospel ! The remarkable Roman civilization, already the heir of Greece, was put at the service of the Cross of Christ !

Soloviev had some wonderful expressions to describe this, as for example the following: «  Jesus unthroned Caesar... By unthroning the false and impious absolutism of the pagan Caesars, Jesus confirmed and immortalised the universal monarchy of Rome and gave it its true theocratic foundation . »

« Let us not think », comments our Father, « that our theosophist loses his way in a contemplation of evangelical love and freedom. Fully aware of the frailty and shortcomings of humanity, he declares that it is essential, for its effective salvation, that supreme divine power be joined to the firmest social structure, to the virile principle , and not as formerly to the female principle of a virginal flesh for the Incarnation. This firm principle is the imperial monarchical institution which is Rome and Caesar. Converted, elevated and unabolished, the Power of Rome continues in the Pope for the service of the universal community.

« It is only this divino-human pontifical paternity that is capable of forming the basis of the universal fraternity of the peoples, not only through its spiritual influence but also through its authority and its supranational organization. In this monarchy, sacred but popular, the Pope, the Universal Emperor, clearly remains the servant of the servants of God and is, for that very reason, the sovereign Head of the Nations. Opposed to any kind of papolatry, antagonistic to all the encroachments of papism, and quite capable of denouncing such a Pope as Satan, Soloviev raised an imperishable monument to the glory of Rome and pointed out – him, a member of the Orthodox Church – the path of the world’s salvation, which lay in one place only, in the universal Christian order of a restored Roman Catholic Church ... » (French CRC no. 131, July 1978, p. 6)

In his lifetime, Soloviev ran up against a wall of hostility and incomprehension: « I am not so naive », he said, « to seek to convince minds whose private interests are greater than their desire for religious truth. In presenting the general evidence for the permanent primacy of Peter as the basis of the universal Church, I have simply wanted to assist those who are opposed to this truth, not because of their interests and passions, but merely because of their unwitting errors and hereditary prejudices. »

The final period of his life might seem to some like a decline and a renunciation of his prophetic insights, but our Father writes: « Soloviev was too great a mind to be discouraged or to modify his ideas in accordance with the fluctuations of his worldly success. What is certainly true is that his bitter experiences gave him a better knowledge of the Evil that was at work in the world, throwing up formidable obstacles to God’s designs and going so far as to erect a kind of caricature of them. This he denounced as the power of the Antichrist, the Prince of this world, announced in the Scriptures. » (French CRC no. 132, August 1978, p. 12)

At the beginning of the 1890’s, relations between Soloviev and the Orthodox Church deteriorated. «  Given the papaphobia reigning among us , he wrote to a friend, sometimes revealing its underhand character and at other times its stupidity, and always in any event unchristian, I considered and I continue to consider that it is necessary to draw people’s attention to the Rock of the Church laid by Christ Himself and to its positive significance . »

As he persisted in his criticisms, even going so far as to compare the Greco-Russian Church with « the Synagogue », the Orthodox hierarchy, in the person of Pobiedonostev, the Holy Synod’s prosecutor, employed the ultimate weapon at its disposal: it deprived him of the sacraments. One day in 1894, being seriously ill, Soloviev asked to receive the sacraments. His Orthodox confessor refused to give him absolution unless he renounced his Catholic views. Soloviev refused to yield, preferring to forego confession and Holy Communion.

AN AUTHENTIC CONVERSION

The moment had come. On February 18, 1896, he went to see Fr. Nicholas Alexeyevich Tolstoy, a Catholic priest of the Eastern rite exercising his ministry in Moscow. This priest, a former officer, owed him his vocation, his formation (Soloviev having been his teacher) and his conversion to Catholicism. That February 18 was the feast day of Pope St. Leo so dear to Soloviev. Before Mass, he read on his knees the Tridentine symbol of the faith containing the Filioque and a formula declaring that the Church of Rome must be regarded as the head of all the particular Churches. Then he received the Body of Christ at the hands of the Catholic priest.

On the following day, Fr. Tolstoy was denounced and arrested. He managed to escape and to reach Rome first, then France. It was only in 1910 that he would give an account in the Universe of the authentic conversion of Soloviev, and in 1917 that the two witnesses present at the scene would confirm the celebrated Russian’s profession of the Catholic faith. Nevertheless, this conversion was disputed not only by the Orthodox but also by Catholics imbued with a false ecumenism like Msgr. d’Herbigny of sinister memory. But in this matter the facts are indubitable. His entry into the Catholic Church did not, however, in Soloviev’s mind, exclude him from what he called « the true and authentic Eastern or Greco-Russian Church ». Never did he embrace the Latin rite. After the exile of Fr. Tolstoy, as there were no longer any Catholic priests in Moscow apart from those belonging to the Latin rite, Soloviev decided to refrain from receiving the sacraments...

In 1897, a census of the whole of Russia was carried out in which a question was asked about religion. «  I am both Catholic and Orthodox; let the police work that out !  » Soloviev answered.

« Self-important people from Rome and Moscow declared themselves scandalized », writes our Father. « The hour had not yet come for the podwig , for self-renunciation and reconciliation in truth and justice ( pravda ), and for the restoration of the wholly divine unity of communion in love ( sobornost ). Msgr. Rupp thinks that we achieved it with Vatican II. Alas, no ! I hope for and expect it to come with Vatican III... but only after the trial, after conversion and expiation... and after Our Lady’s humble requests have been met. » (English CRC, December 1982, p. 36)

UNDER THE SIGN OF MARY

«  This glow from Heaven emanates from Mary, And vain remains the attraction of the serpent’s venom.  »

On July 17, 1900, sensing death approaching, Soloviev sent for a priest. He was most insistent about this: « Will it be morning soon ? When will the priest come ? » The next day, he made his confession and received Holy Communion at the hands of an Orthodox priest. He died peacefully a few days later, on July 31, «  in the communion of Russian Orthodoxy to which he had ever been faithful, without however disowning the Catholicism of his heart, assured by the example of the Fathers of Russian Christianity, Saints Cyril and Methodius, Saint Vladimir, and so many strastoterptsi , innocents who had suffered the passion , and startsi , slavophiles and romanophiles at the same time, without schism or constraint, in the love of Holy Church and Holy Russia, the Kingdom of God to come !  »

But all this is too beautiful for us not to revisit it, so our Father has decided that we will study in more depth the work of this great Russian thinker, in three parts to appear in subsequent editions of Resurrection , Deo volente:

The vocation of Russia in the designs of God and the concert of the Christian nations: up to and including Putin ?

The Immaculate Virgin Mary , throne of Wisdom, essential beauty of the created world, our ultimate recourse !

The Antichrist unmasked by Soloviev . This was the last service the “ inspired prophet ” rendered to his beloved Russia: that of putting her on her guard against the seductions of the Antichrist. In Rome, at the same time, St. Pius X was also announcing his advent in his encyclical E supremi Apostolatus of October 4, 1903: « The Antichrist is present among us. The Evil shaking the world should not affright us, it will only last a short while. What must fall will fall, and the Church will be reborn from the trial, assisted by her Saviour and ready for extraordinary developments. »

Brother Thomas of Our Lady of Perpetual Help He is risen ! n° 8, August 2001, pp. 13-22

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Over-the-counter birth control option hits stores in Omaha

OMAHA, Neb. (WOWT) - The newest option for birth control is now on store shelves.

Opill is the first oral contraceptive pill that doesn’t require a prescription from a doctor. It’s available to buy at major pharmacies, Hy-Vee, and even Amazon.

“Many women can safely take this medication, and there’s many medications over the counter that have been over the counter a long time, like Tylenol and ibuprofen, that I would honestly say are even riskier than this medication.” said Dr. Tana Perry, OBGYN with Methodist Health System.

Opill is like any prescription oral birth control, coming in one-month and three-month supply packages. But this pill only contains one hormone: norgestrel, a form of progestin.

“Many people have experience with using a combined birth control pill before. That has two hormones: estrogen and progesterone. The estrogen component of that does have some more risks associated with it.” said Dr. Perry.

When used as directed, Opill is shown to be 98% effective at preventing pregnancy. It can also be used to manage a woman’s menstrual cycle.

“Several years ago there were changes rolled out to insurance plans and most birth controls are now considered preventative care and are covered, however that involves needing to go to a doctor’s office and that can be really really challenging for some people. It gives access to patients who do not have insurance or who might live in an area where a reduced cost clinic may not be available to them.” said Dr. Perry.

While it’s a new option for women who may be struggling, Open Door Mission is still encouraging the women they serve to utilize the healthcare services they offer.

“A vast majority of women, if you’re homeless for any period of time, you are going to be a victim of sexual abuse. All those factors push us to really encourage people to get connected to a doctor, so that you can access those services so that this is a piece of the rest of your health, and you’re not taking this thinking that there isn’t any consequences for the decision and the like.” said Steve Frazee, Chief Impact Officer for Open Door Mission.

Anyone, of any age can buy it. For parents who have concerns about that, Dr. Perry recommends talking to your teenager.

“Having an open conversation with your child about this being available to them. Situations where they might need this, when to use this. Because I promise you they are already getting this information from social media or from friends at school.” says Dr. Perry.

Opill retails for $19.99 for one month and $49.99 for three months. Dr. Perry explains the side effects for Opill are similar to that of a prescription oral birth control pill. Common side effects could include nausea, headache or irregular bleeding. These side effects could resolve quickly.

“If people are having unpleasant side effects then making sure you talk with an OBGYN about what you’re experiencing to see what we could do better for you, would be kinda the next step there.”

Dr. Perry says Opill is safe for most women to take, unless you are pregnant, have breast cancer of if you have liver tumors.

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