effects of brazilian wandering spider bite

Can a Bite From a Brazilian Wandering Spider Cause a Four-Hour Erection?

In many cases, the erection is merely an early warning before the complete shutdown of multiple organ systems., alex kasprak, published aug. 16, 2023.

About this rating

On Aug. 14, 2023, the account First Doctor  posted what it asserted to be an "exclusive" finding on the social media platform X, formerly known as Twitter:

While far from an exclusive — or even a remotely new — finding, the two claims in the tweet were factual. A bite from Phoneutria nigriventer , commonly known as the Brazilian wandering spider, can indeed result in a long-lasting and painful erection, a condition known as priapism when it lasts more than four hours . 

While the toxicity and high risk of death posed by the chemical thought to be responsible for the erections makes its use as a potential erectile dysfunction (ED) therapy challenging, if not literally impossible , it has been used to develop similar chemicals that may have therapeutic potential. 

Phoneutria nigriventer 's erection-causing effects have been known to science since the 1970s. The 1971 book "Venemous Animals and Their Venom" described priapistic effects of this spider's bite on mice and dogs. The authors also included anecdotal reports from humans who had been bitten:

A pattern which resembles that of dog envenomation is also noticed in humans bitten by Phoneutria nigriventer: local unbearable pain, salivation, visual disturbances, sweating, prostration, priapism, and death. 

Research published in 2008 identified the chemical within the venom likely responsible for the erections — a peptide now named PnTx2-6. "[Pn]Tx2-6 enhanced erectile function in [...] rats, via the [Nitrous Oxide] NO pathway," the study reported. "Our studies suggest that [Pn]Tx2-6 could be important for development of new pharmacological agents for treatment of erectile dysfunction."

The interest in this toxin as a treatment for ED stems, in part, because it operates in a completely different way than common ED treatments like Viagra, as reported in 2011 by NBC News:

Viagra, Levitra and other ED drugs on the market work by inhibiting an enzyme called PDE5. To get an erection, a man's body must release nitric oxide, which relaxes the smooth muscle around the arteries of the penis, allowing for his blood vessels to dilate. The nitric oxide is a first step in a series of chemical reactions that allow this muscle relaxation to take place.  One step in the series is cGMP, a signaling molecule that acts to keep the muscles relaxed. PDE5 degrades cGMP. That's a good thing for ensuring that erections don't last forever, but too much PDE5 can mean an erection doesn't happen at all. By blocking the enzyme, PDE5 inhibitors solve the problem. The spider toxin works differently. Instead of affecting PDE5, the compound seems to trigger nitric oxide release, acting directly to relax the smooth muscles. Because about 30 percent of patients don't respond to PDE5 inhibitors, the toxin could provide an alternative to ED treatments currently on the market, [Study author Kenia] Nunes said." 

In 2022, the same research group responsible for identifying PnTx2-6 published a paper arguing, in part, that due to the extreme pain and high toxicity of the chemical, its "therapeutic use is impossible," but that it is "an excellent pharmacological tool for studying erectile function." That study synthesized a new peptide, PnPP-19, based on the toxic original.

Based on studies performed on laboratory mice, PnPP-19 appears to have the potential to cause erections without the pain or toxicity of the spider venom:

This synthetic peptide also potentiates erectile function via NO/cGMP, but it [...] displays nontoxic properties in animals even at high doses. PnPP-19 effectively potentiates erectile function not only after subcutaneous or intravenous administration but also following topical application.

The assertions in First Doctor's post were factual because the priapism caused by Phoneutria nigriventer's bites have been well-documented and well-studied for decades and because the active ingredients in that venom have been used to investigate new ED therapies. As such, we rate the claim as "True."

Bücherl, Wolfgang, and Eleanor E. Buckley. Venomous Animals and Their Venoms: Venomous Invertebrates. Elsevier, 2013.

Nunes, K. P., et al. "Tx2-6 Toxin of the Phoneutria Nigriventer Spider Potentiates Rat Erectile Function." Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology, vol. 51, no. 7, June 2008, pp. 1197–206. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.02.010.

Silberman, Michael, et al. "Priapism." StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, 2023. PubMed, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459178/.

Silva, Carolina Nunes da, et al. "From the PnTx2-6 Toxin to the PnPP-19 Engineered Peptide: Therapeutic Potential in Erectile Dysfunction, Nociception, and Glaucoma." Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, vol. 9, 2022. Frontiers, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2022.831823.

"Spider Venom Shows Promise for Treating Erectile Dysfunction." NBC News, 7 Sept. 2012, http://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/spider-venom-shows-promise-treating-erectile-dysfunction-flna1B5794477.  

By Alex Kasprak

Alex Kasprak is an investigative journalist and science writer reporting on scientific misinformation, online fraud, and financial crime.

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Brazilian wandering spiders: Bites & other facts

The spider's name means "murderess" in Greek, which is appropriate for the deadly arachnid.

Classification/taxonomy

Size & characteristics, bites and venom, additional resources.

The Brazilian wandering spider, also called armed spiders or banana spiders, belongs to the genus Phoneutria , which means "murderess" in Greek. And it's no wonder why — it's one of the most venomous spiders on Earth . Its bite, which delivers neurotoxic venom, can be deadly to humans, especially children, although antivenom makes death unlikely.

Guinness World Records has previously named the Brazilian wandering spider the world's most venomous spider multiple times (though the current record-holder is the Sydney funnel-web spider, Atrax robustus , according to Guinness ). But, as the late Jo-Anne Sewlal, who was an arachnologist at the University of the West Indies in Trinidad and Tobago, told Live Science, "classifying an animal as deadly is controversial," as the amount of damage depends on the amount of venom injected. 

Jo-Anne Sewlal was a noted arachnologist from Trinidad and Tobago. While completing her PhD, she received the National Institute of Higher Education, Research, Science and Technology (NIHERST) 2012 Award for Excellence in Science and Technology for Junior Scientist. In 2013, She received a doctorate in zoology from the University of the West Indies. She discovered several species of spiders in her home country, surveyed the arachnids across several countries the Caribbean and appeared as an expert on the topic on The Science Channel. She died of an allergic reaction in January 2020.

There are nine species of Brazilian wandering spider, all of which are nocturnal and can be found in Brazil. Some species also can be found throughout Central and South America, from Costa Rica to Argentina, according to a 2008 article in the journal American Entomologist . Study author Richard S. Vetter, a research associate in the department of entomology at the University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, wrote that specimens of these powerful arachnids have been mistakenly exported to North America and Europe in banana shipments. However, Vetter noted, in many cases of cargo infestation, the spider in question is a harmless banana spider (genus Cupiennius ) that is misidentified as a Phoneutria . The two types of spiders look similar.

The taxonomy of Brazilian wandering spiders, according to the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) , is:

Kingdom : Animalia Subkingdom : Bilateria Infrakingdom : Protostomia Superphylum : Ecdysozoa Phylum : Arthropoda Subphylum : Chelicerata Class : Arachnida Order : Araneae Family : Ctenidae Genus : Phoneutria  

• Phoneutria bahiensis
• Phoneutria boliviensis
• Phoneutria eickstedtae
• Phoneutria fera
• Phoneutria keyserlingi
• Phoneutria nigriventer
• Phoneutria pertyi
• Phoneutria reidyi
• Phoneutria depilata , according to a 2021 study published in the journal ZooKeys , which found that Phoneutria boliviensis actually included two separate species from different habitats. 

Brazilian wandering spiders are large, with bodies reaching up to 2 inches (5 centimeters) and a leg span of up to 7 inches (18 cm), according to the Natural History Museum in Karlsruhe, Germany. The species vary in color, though all are hairy and mostly brown and gray, although some species have lightly colored spots on their abdomen. Many species have bands of black and yellow or white on the underside of the two front legs, according to the University of Florida . 

These arachnids "are called wandering spiders because they do not build webs but wander on the forest floor at night, actively hunting prey," Sewlal told Live Science in an interview conducted in 2014, before her death. They kill by both ambush and direct attack.

They spend most of their day hiding under logs or in crevices, and come out to hunt at night. They eat insects, other spiders and sometimes, small amphibians, reptiles and mice. 

Research into one species of Brazilian wandering spider, Phoneutria boliviensis , revealed that these spiders eat a mix of arthropods and reptiles. DNA metabarcoding, a technique that examines the DNA and RNA in a sample, of the guts of 57 spiders identified 96 prey species, including flies, beetles, butterflies, moths, grasshoppers, locusts and crickets, according to research from the University of Tolima and the University of Ibagué in Colombia . Some of the female spiders also ate lizards and snakes.

While their bites are powerful and painful, "their bites are a means of self-defense and only done if they are provoked intentionally or by accident," Sewlal said.

In the Brazilian wandering spider, just as in most spider species, the female is larger than the male. Males approach females cautiously when attempting to mate, according to the biology department at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse . Males perform a dance to get females' attention, and males often fight each other over the female. The female can be picky, and she often turns down many males before choosing a mating partner. Once she does pick one, the male needs to watch out; females often attack the males once copulation is finished.

The female then can store the sperm in a separate chamber from the eggs until she is ready to fertilize them. She will lay up to 1,000 eggs at a time, which are kept safe in a spun-silk egg sac.

Brazilian wandering spiders typically live for one or two years.

Brazilian wandering spiders' venom is a complex cocktail of toxins, proteins and peptides, according to the Natural History Museum in Karlsruhe, Germany. The venom affects ion channels and chemical receptors in victims' neuromuscular systems.

After a human is bitten by one of these spiders, he or she may experience initial symptoms such as severe burning pain at the site of the bite, sweating and goosebumps, Sewlal said. Within 30 minutes, symptoms become systemic and include high or low blood pressure , fast or a slow heart rate , nausea, abdominal cramping, hypothermia, vertigo, blurred vision, convulsions and excessive sweating associated with shock. People who are bitten by a Brazilian wandering spider should seek medical attention immediately.

Their  venom is perhaps most famous for triggering painful and long-lasting erections . For that reason, in a 2023 study, scientists reported that they were testing the venom in humans as a potential treatment for erectile dysfunction in those for whom Viagra didn't work.

However, these bites are rare, and envenomations, or exposure to these toxins from a spider bite, are usually mild, Vetter said. For instance, a 2000 study in the journal Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo found that only 2.3% of people with bites who came to a Brazilian hospital over a 13-year period were treated with antivenom. (The other bites did not contain enough venom to require it.) Most of the bites were from the species P. nigriventer and P. keyserlingi in eastern coastal Brazil. About 4,000 bites reportedly happen each year in Brazil, but only 0.5% of those cases are severe, according to a 2018 study in the journal Clinical Toxinology in Australia, Europe, and Americas . Meanwhile, 15 deaths have been attributed to Phoneutria in Brazil since 1903, the 2018 study reported. 

"It is unlikely that the spider would inject all of its venom into you, as this venom is not only needed as a means of defense but to immobilize prey," Sewlal said. "So if it did inject all of its venom, it [would] have to wait until its body manufactured more before it could hunt." That would also leave the spider vulnerable to being attacked by predators.

Furthermore, Sewlal pointed out that venom production requires a lot of a spider's resources and time. "So if the spider were to attack frequently and use up all of its venom, it [would] be safe to assume that it has a ready food supply to replace the energy and resources used. This situation does not exist in the wild."

• Learn more about Brazilian wandering spiders from the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse .
• Read about several species of Brazilian wandering spiders, including several images of the arachnids at the University of Florida .
• Find a spider in your bananas? It may or may not be a deadly species, according to the University of California, Riverside .

This article was originally published on Nov. 20, 2014. 

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Jessie Szalay is a contributing writer to FSR Magazine. Prior to writing for Live Science, she was an editor at Living Social. She holds an MFA in nonfiction writing from George Mason University and a bachelor's degree in sociology from Kenyon College. 

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Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite: Is It Poisonous? What You Need to Know

The Brazilian wandering spider, known scientifically as Phoneutria, is a genus of spiders native to South and Central America.

They have garnered attention for their venomous bite, which can cause various symptoms and has the potential to be fatal.

This article will delve into the nature of the Brazilian wandering spider’s bite and its potential effects on humans.

Brazilian wandering spiders are notorious for having one of the most venomous bites among spiders in the world.

The severity of a bite’s effects is dependent on the amount of venom injected, and in some instances, the bite might not be as harmful as anticipated.

However, it is essential to be aware of the possible symptoms and seek immediate medical attention if bitten.

Some symptoms of a Brazilian wandering spider bite may include pain at the bite site, difficulty breathing, blurred vision, and sweating.

In severe cases, the bite can also cause high blood pressure, vomiting, and even death.

Prompt treatment can help mitigate the potential harm caused by these venomous bites and prevent long-lasting health consequences.

Brazilian Wandering Spider: Overview

The Brazilian wandering spider , also known as banana spiders , can be found primarily in South America. They prefer:

• Tropical forests
• Subtropical areas
• Human settlements

Physical Characteristics

Brazilian wandering spiders have the following features:

• Size: Up to 2 inches (5 cm) in body length
• Leg span: Can reach up to 6 inches (15 cm)
• Hairy: Present on their legs and abdomen
• Color: Varies from brown to black, with some species showcasing red or orange patterns

Phoneutria nigriventer is one species within this group.

Source: Pavel Kirillov from St.Petersburg, Russia ,  CC BY-SA 2.0 , via Wikimedia Commons

These spiders demonstrate unique behavior:

• Nocturnal : They’re more active at night.
• Aggressive : They have a defensive posture when threatened, which includes lifting their front legs.
• Venomous : They possess a potent venom that can be dangerous to humans.

Table: Brazilian Wandering Spider vs. Common House Spider

The Venomous Bite

Venom composition.

The Brazilian wandering spider, also known as Phoneutria, contains a complex cocktail of toxins in their venom. Some of the critical components include:

• Neurotoxins
• Insecticidal peptides
• Pain-inducing substances

Envenomation and Its Effects

When a Brazilian wandering spider bites, it injects venom that can lead to various symptoms such as:

• Pain that radiates from the bite
• Muscle cramps
• Increased sweating

Although bites are rarely fatal, serious complications can arise when left untreated, potentially leading to death.

Comparison with Other Venomous Spiders

The Brazilian wandering spider is considered one of the deadliest spiders due to its potent venom.

However, antivenom is available for its bite, significantly reducing the risk of severe complications.

In comparison, other venomous spiders like the black widow , brown recluse , and Sydney funnel-web spider are also known for their potent venom but have varying severity of symptoms.

Source: Bernard DUPONT from FRANCE ,  CC BY-SA 2.0 , via Wikimedia Commons

Symptoms and Treatment of Brazilian Wandering Spider Bites

Recognizing the bite.

Recognizing the bite of the Brazilian wandering spider is crucial for seeking proper medical attention.

The main signs of a Brazilian wandering spider bite are:

• Redness and swelling around the bite area
• Intense pain at the bite site

Immediate and Long-term Symptoms

After being bitten by a Brazilian wandering spider, you may experience immediate and long-term symptoms.

Some common immediate symptoms include:

• Excessive sweating
• High blood pressure
• Numbness, usually around the bite area

Brazilian wandering spider bite symptoms can escalate and result in more severe complications like envenomation.

Long-term symptoms can range from:

• Muscle pain or cramping
• Abdominal pain
• Respiratory distress

Prevention and Safety Tips

Avoiding bites.

Brazilian wandering spiders can easily be spotted due to their large body length and venomous bite.

To avoid bites from these spiders, follow these tips:

• Keep an eye out : Be cautious in areas where spiders are common.
• Protective clothing : Wear long-sleeved shirts, pants, gloves, and boots when in areas with spider activity.
• Stack materials properly : Minimize empty spaces between stacked materials to reduce hiding spots for spiders.

What to Do if Bitten

If you suspect a bite from a Brazilian wandering spider, take the following first aid steps:

• Clean the bite area with soap and water
• Apply a cold pack to the bite site to reduce swelling
• Antivenom is available for Brazilian wandering spider bites
• Proper treatment can minimize long-term effects and complications
• Delayed treatment may worsen symptoms and lead to severe complications

Unfortunately, antivenom may not be readily available in certain regions. It is important to contact the health authorities immediately, who can help coordinate procurement of the antivenom.

It’s important to note that immediate treatment is crucial as Brazilian wandering spiders are venomous and their bites can lead to life-threatening complications.

Source: Rodrigo Tetsuo Argenton ,  CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons

Frequency of Bites

While the Brazilian wandering spider is notorious for its venomous bite, actual incidents of bites on humans are relatively rare.

These spiders are nocturnal and tend to avoid populated areas during the day.

However, due to their wandering nature, they sometimes find themselves in human habitats, especially in rural or suburban areas close to their natural habitats.

Most bites occur when the spider feels threatened or cornered.

It’s worth noting that not every bite results in envenomation; sometimes, the spider delivers a “dry bite” without injecting venom.

Nevertheless, given the potential severity of a venomous bite, any encounter should be treated with caution.

Interesting Brazilian Wandering Spider Facts

Spider mating and reproduction.

The Brazilian wandering spider or armed spider , scientifically known as Phoneutria fera , is known for its unique mating and reproduction habits.

These arachnids, like other spiders, engage in an elaborate mating dance:

• Males approach females cautiously
• Present a gift (usually prey like crickets)
• Perform vibrations and touches

Once successful in their ambush , males deposit sperm in a female’s reproductive organ through their specialized pedipalps.

Female Brazilian wandering spiders create silk egg sacs to protect their offspring.

These egg sacs can contain up to 1,000 eggs, ensuring the survival of the species.

Unique Uses of Spider Venom

Brazilian wandering spider venom is one of the most potent in the world . The venom has an impact on the nervous system and can cause symptoms similar to a beesting.

However, researchers have found potential uses for this venom, specifically in treating erectile dysfunction.

A peptide in the spider’s venom called Tx2-6 can cause erections.

Studies have shown that this peptide could be a potential alternative to conventional erectile dysfunction treatments.

The Brazilian wandering spider, native to South and Central America, is renowned for its potent venom, making it one of the world’s most venomous spiders.

While their bite can lead to severe symptoms, including pain, blurred vision, and even death, timely medical intervention can mitigate these effects.

Despite their fearsome reputation, these spiders play a vital role in their ecosystem.

Their unique behaviors, from nocturnal habits to intricate mating dances, make them a fascinating subject of study.

As with any venomous creature, understanding and respecting their habitat is key to coexistence.

Reader Emails

Over the years, our website, whatsthatbug.com has received hundreds of letters and some interesting images asking us about Brazilian wandering spiders.

Scroll down to have a look at some of them.

Letter 1 – Wandering Spider from Costa Rica

We believe this is one of the potentially dangerous Wandering Spiders in the family Ctenidae based on this Photographers Direct image.

Letter 2 – Wandering Spider from Costa Rica

Hi Reisa, Back in February 2006, we received two letters with images of spiders from Costa Rica and Ecuador. At that time, we identified them as Wandering Spiders. Eric Eaton wrote: “either in the family Ctenidae or Sparassidae.

They tend to be more common, and even larger than, wolf spiders in the tropics. At least one species, Phoneutria fera, is extremely aggressive, with potentially deadly venom.

Do not mess with large spiders in Central and South America! The venomous types are very difficult to distinguish from harmless species, and in any event, a bite is going to be really painful.

These spiders sometimes stow away in bananas, houseplants, and other exported goods, so they can show up in odd places. Be careful where you put your hands.”

We found a site with an image of Phoneutria fera, and the coloration is different, but the body shape is very similar.

Bugman aka Daniel Marlos has been identifying bugs since 1999. whatsthatbug.com is his passion project and it has helped millions of readers identify the bug that has been bugging them for over two decades. You can reach out to him through our Contact Page .

View all posts

Piyushi is a nature lover, blogger and traveler at heart. She lives in beautiful Canada with her family. Piyushi is an animal lover and loves to write about all creatures.

1 thought on “Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite: Is It Poisonous? What You Need to Know”

This is Phoneutria boliviensis – the only Phoneutria that occurs in Central America. It seems that this species is considered to be the least dangerous of its genus. All the same, I would not care to be bitten by one.

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Could Spider Venom Be the Next Viagra?

Researchers are studying the surprising side effects of the banana spider’s bite

Rachel Nuwer

A bite from the banana spider (also known as the Brazilian wandering spider) of Central and South American rain forests causes shortness of breath, excessive salivation, tremors and—for men—a persistent, intensely painful erection, known as priapism in the medical community.

So potent is this spider’s ability to command an erection that researchers wondered if it couldn’t be somehow transformed and used for good. According to WebMD , erectile dysfunction affects around 18 million men in the U.S. alone, and common treatments like Viagra, Levitra and Cialis fall short of providing results for one in three men with ED.

Scientists write in the Journal of Sexual Medicine that one of the banana spider’s toxins, PnTx2-6, helped elderly rodents with their ER, reports National Geographic News . The toxin triggered the release of nitric oxide, which increased circulation in the rats’ genitals and relaxed the relevant blood vessel walls. If rats and human men are anything alike, the researchers suspect treatments eventually derived from the toxin might help patients who fail to respond to drugs like Viagra, which relies on a different mechanism.

Banana spiders are not the only organisms found in nature with a particular penchant for bringing on unwanted erections. Rabies, too, sometimes has this effect. In 1988, doctors described the case of one such affliction in the Postgraduate Journal of Medicine :

A 47 year old male was admitted with the chief complaints of recurrent ejaculation and hydrophobia. The patient, who was fully conscious and lucid at the time of admission and gave us his own history, confirmed that that morning he had hypersensitivity of the penis manifesting as recurrent erection and ejaculation occurring at the slightest touch. The hypersensitivity was so exquisite that the mere touch of his underwear against his penis was enough to trigger off spontaneous erection and ejaculation.

The patient died, however, and fortunately there’s no talk in the scientific community of treating no-show erections with rabies.

More from Smithsonian.com:

Stick Bugs Have Sex For Two Months Straight Biology’s Ten Worst Love Stories

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Rachel Nuwer is a freelance science writer based in Brooklyn.

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The brazilian wandering spider: threats and treatments.

Imagine being bitten by a spider that not only causes excruciating pain, but also induces a painful and prolonged erection. This peculiar arachnid is no other than the Brazilian Wandering Spider, a creature that strikes fear into the hearts of many. This article explores the threats posed by this venomous spider and examines the treatments available for its bite. Prepare to discover the terrifying world of the Brazilian Wandering Spider and the measures taken to combat its deadly effects.

Table of Contents

Overview of the Brazilian Wandering Spider

Introduction to the Brazilian Wandering Spider

The Brazilian Wandering Spider, scientifically known as Phoneutria, is a species of venomous spider found primarily in South and Central America, with Brazil being its native habitat. These spiders are known for their distinct hunting techniques, potent venom, and the ability to wander, hence their name. With its aggressive nature and potentially lethal bite, the Brazilian Wandering Spider poses a significant threat to humans and animals alike.

Preferred Habitat and Distribution

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are adaptable creatures that can thrive in various habitats, ranging from tropical rainforests to urban areas. They prefer dark and secluded areas like tree stumps, piles of leaves, and crevices, typically found in the wilderness. However, due to deforestation and human encroachment, these spiders have also adapted to urban environments, often found hiding in woodpiles, sheds, and even inside homes.

Physical Characteristics

The Brazilian Wandering Spider is a large arachnid, with a leg span that can reach up to 6 inches. They have a brownish appearance with darker markings, aiding in their camouflage amidst bark and leaves. These spiders possess strong legs, enabling them to move quickly and gracefully. The most distinguishing feature of the Brazilian Wandering Spider is their characteristic defensive posture, where they raise their front legs to display their fangs.

Behavior and Hunting Techniques

Unlike most spiders that build webs for hunting, Brazilian Wandering Spiders are active hunters. They spend their nights on the move, searching for prey and avoiding potential predators. These spiders have excellent eyesight and rely on their acute senses to detect movements and vibrations. When hunting, they employ a unique technique known as “lurking,” where they stay hidden, waiting for their prey to approach before quickly pouncing on it.

Diet of Brazilian Wandering Spiders

Brazilian Wandering Spiders have a varied diet, which includes insects, small rodents, and even lizards. Their venomous bite immobilizes their prey, making it easier for the spider to handle and consume. While they primarily feed on live prey, these versatile spiders can also scavenge for food when necessary, increasing their chances of survival in harsh environments.

Venomous Threats Posed by Brazilian Wandering Spiders

Potency of brazilian wandering spider venom.

The venom of the Brazilian Wandering Spider is considered one of the most potent among spider species. It contains a neurotoxin called PhTx3, which affects the nervous system, causing severe pain, muscle spasms, and potentially life-threatening reactions. Due to its toxicity, the venom of this spider is not only harmful to humans but can also be lethal to animals, including pets.

Signs and Symptoms of Spider Bites

When bitten by a Brazilian Wandering Spider, the symptoms can vary depending on the individual’s sensitivity and the amount of venom injected. Common signs of spider bites include intense pain, redness, swelling, and local tissue damage. In severe cases, individuals may experience systemic effects like muscle cramps, increased heart rate, sweating, and even difficulty breathing. It is crucial to seek medical attention immediately if bitten by this spider.

Health Risks and Potential Complications

Being bitten by a Brazilian Wandering Spider can lead to various health risks and potential complications. The neurotoxic effects of the venom can cause paralysis, respiratory failure, and in extreme cases, death. Additionally, some individuals may develop allergic reactions to the venom, further exacerbating the severity of the bite. Prompt medical treatment is essential to minimize the risks and complications associated with these spider bites.

Comparison to other Venomous Spiders

Compared to other venomous spiders, such as the Black Widow or Brown Recluse, the Brazilian Wandering Spider’s bite is known to be more lethal due to its potent venom. While the Black Widow and Brown Recluse spiders are found in different regions, their venom can cause severe local tissue damage and systemic symptoms as well. Each spider species presents unique risks, and understanding their differences is crucial in providing appropriate medical treatment.

Fatalities and Incidents Reported

Fatalities related to Brazilian Wandering Spider bites are rare, thanks to the availability of antivenom and timely medical interventions. However, incidents of spider bites resulting in immediate hospitalization and severe complications have been documented. Particularly vulnerable to these bites are children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions. Prompt reporting and proper management of spider bites are crucial to prevent tragic outcomes.

Medical Treatments for Brazilian Wandering Spider Bites

Emergency response and first aid measures.

In the event of a Brazilian Wandering Spider bite, immediate action is necessary. First and foremost, it is essential to stay calm and seek medical help without delay. While waiting for medical professionals to arrive, follow basic first aid measures, including cleaning the wound with mild soap and water, applying a cold compress to reduce swelling, and keeping the affected limb immobilized to minimize venom spread.

Antivenom Administration for Spider Bites

Antivenom is the primary treatment for Brazilian Wandering Spider bites. It contains antibodies that neutralize the venom’s effects, reducing pain and preventing further complications. Medical professionals will carefully administer the antivenom, closely monitoring the patient’s vital signs and ensuring appropriate dosage. Antivenom therapy is vital in counteracting the potent neurotoxin and providing the best chance for a successful recovery.

Management of Pain and Swelling

To alleviate pain and reduce swelling associated with spider bites, various medications can be prescribed. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to decrease inflammation and relieve discomfort. In some cases, opioids may be necessary to manage severe pain. Applying ice packs to the bite site and elevating the affected limb can also help reduce swelling.

Treatment Approaches for Systemic Effects

When systemic effects occur due to a Brazilian Wandering Spider bite, additional treatment approaches are required. Muscle relaxants and anticonvulsant medications may be administered to control muscle spasms and reduce the risk of convulsions. Supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and oxygen therapy, may also be provided to maintain hydration and ensure respiratory stability.

Long-Term Effects and Follow-Up Care

Even after the initial treatment of a Brazilian Wandering Spider bite, long-term effects may persist. Some individuals may experience residual pain, muscle weakness, or psychological trauma. Follow-up care is vital to monitor and manage any lingering symptoms. Physical therapy and counseling may be recommended to aid in rehabilitation and promote psychological well-being.

Prevention and Control Measures

Understanding spider behavior and habitats.

Understanding the behavior and habitats of Brazilian Wandering Spiders is crucial for effective prevention and control. Being aware of their preference for dark, secluded areas allows individuals to take proactive measures to minimize encounters. Regularly inspecting and cleaning potential hiding spots and sealing any gaps or cracks in homes and buildings can significantly reduce the chances of a spider infestation.

Spider Bite Prevention Tips

To prevent spider bites, adopting certain preventive measures is advisable. Avoid reaching into dark spaces without proper visibility, especially when gardening or working with woodpiles. Shake out clothing and shoes before wearing them, as spiders may seek refuge in these items. Using gloves when handling items in potential spider habitats can also provide a line of defense against accidental bites.

Safety Measures for Homes and Buildings

Creating a spider-free environment within homes and buildings can be achieved through implementing safety measures. Regularly clean and declutter living spaces, as spiders are attracted to dark and undisturbed areas. Installing screens on windows and doorways can prevent spiders from entering, and using weatherstripping to seal gaps will minimize entry points. Additionally, keeping outdoor lights off or changing the color to be less attractive to insects can also deter spiders.

Protective Clothing and Gear

When venturing into areas known for spider activity, wearing protective clothing and gear is essential to minimize the risk of bites. Long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and closed-toe shoes can provide a physical barrier between the spider and the skin. Additionally, using gloves, hats, and face shields can further protect vulnerable areas, reducing the chances of accidental bites.

Insecticides and Pest Control Methods

In cases where spider infestations become significant and pose a threat, the use of insecticides and professional pest control methods may be necessary. It is important to follow local regulations and recommendations when applying insecticides, as some may be harmful to humans and pets. Seeking the assistance of licensed pest control experts ensures effective treatment while prioritizing safety.

Research and Studies on Brazilian Wandering Spiders

Scientific studies and species classification.

Scientific studies play a crucial role in expanding our knowledge of Brazilian Wandering Spiders. Researchers conduct studies to better understand their taxonomy, behavior, and venom composition. Species classification helps identify specific variations within the Phoneutria genus, allowing for more targeted research and providing a foundation for conservation efforts.

Venom Extraction and Composition

Extracting and analyzing the venom of Brazilian Wandering Spiders is essential for developing effective antivenom and understanding the biochemical properties of the venom. Researchers aim to identify the specific toxins present, their mechanisms of action, and potential therapeutic applications. Studying venom composition can uncover valuable insights into the spider’s hunting strategies and aid in the development of novel pharmaceuticals.

Antivenom Development and Efficacy

Research on antivenom development focuses on improving the efficacy and safety of existing treatments. Scientists work to refine antivenom formulations, ensuring they neutralize the spider’s venom effectively. Testing the antivenom’s efficacy against various species of Brazilian Wandering Spiders is crucial to provide broad coverage and maximize the chances of successful treatment.

Environmental Impact and Conservation

Understanding the environmental impact of Brazilian Wandering Spiders is essential for effective conservation strategies. Research delves into the spider’s role in the ecosystem, its interactions with other species, and the potential consequences of population decline. By assessing their conservation status and identifying threats, scientists and policymakers can develop measures to protect this species and preserve its natural habitats.

Future Research Directions

As scientific advancements continue, future research on Brazilian Wandering Spiders will focus on areas such as genetic studies, venom evolution, and behavior analysis. Deepening our understanding of their genetics can provide insights into their adaptability and evolutionary history, aiding in conservation efforts. Additionally, studying behavioral patterns can enhance our ability to predict their movements and prevent human encounters.

Emerging Concerns and Cases of Brazilian Wandering Spider

Global spread and entry into new regions.

The global spread of the Brazilian Wandering Spider is a growing concern. Due to international trade and transportation, these spiders have been inadvertently introduced to regions outside their native habitat. Their ability to adapt to new environments increases the risk of establishing invasive populations, impacting local ecosystems and potentially posing a threat to human health.

Importance of Surveillance and Reporting

Surveillance and reporting systems are vital in monitoring and preventing the spread of Brazilian Wandering Spiders. Prompt and accurate reporting of potential sightings ensures swift action can be taken to mitigate the risks associated with these spiders. Encouraging public involvement and providing education on spider identification can help improve surveillance efforts and enable effective measures to be implemented.

Documented Cases Outside Brazil

While the Brazilian Wandering Spider is primarily found in Brazil, documented cases of encounters and bites have been reported in other countries. This highlights the potential for these spiders to establish populations beyond their native range and emphasizes the need for international cooperation in addressing this emerging concern. Sharing knowledge and experiences across borders is crucial in managing and preventing spider-related incidents.

Impact on Tourism and International Trade

The presence of Brazilian Wandering Spiders in areas heavily reliant on tourism and international trade can have significant economic implications. Fear of spider encounters and bites may deter tourists and affect the tourism industry. Moreover, the risk of transporting spiders through international trade, particularly in goods such as fruits or plants, poses a biosecurity concern that requires strict monitoring and prevention measures.

Legal and Regulatory Measures

To address the emerging concerns associated with the Brazilian Wandering Spider, legal and regulatory measures are necessary. Countries need to establish and enforce regulations on the import and export of potentially infested goods, ensuring adequate inspection protocols are in place. Collaboration between governments, organizations, and industries is crucial in establishing effective policies to minimize the risks posed by these spiders.

Interactions and Reactions from Local Communities

Fear and anxiety-related reactions.

The presence of Brazilian Wandering Spiders often elicits fear and anxiety among local communities. The aggressive behavior and potential dangers associated with these spiders contribute to a negative perception. Understanding the psychological impact of these fears is essential to develop educational programs and support services that address community concerns and promote emotional well-being.

Education and Awareness Programs

Educational initiatives and awareness programs play a vital role in mitigating the fears surrounding Brazilian Wandering Spiders. Providing accurate information about the spiders, their behavior, and the appropriate actions to take in case of encounters or bites can help alleviate anxiety and empower individuals to respond effectively. School programs, community workshops, and online resources are valuable tools to disseminate information and promote awareness.

Myths, Folklore, and Cultural Beliefs

Brazilian Wandering Spiders often find themselves entwined in myths, folklore, and cultural beliefs. Some local communities associate these spiders with superstitions and consider them to be omens or symbols of danger. Understanding these cultural beliefs and engaging in respectful dialogue is crucial to dispel myths, foster a better understanding of the spiders, and promote a harmonious coexistence.

Spider as a Symbol in Art and Media

The intriguing nature of the Brazilian Wandering Spider makes it a subject of fascination in art, literature, and media. Artists incorporate the spider’s image into various forms of expression, creating artwork that captures its mystique and intricate details. It serves as a reminder of the spider’s significance in both natural and cultural contexts, sparking conversations and encouraging further exploration.

Local Efforts for Spider Conservation

Communities residing in areas populated by Brazilian Wandering Spiders often play a crucial role in their conservation. Local conservation efforts may involve initiatives such as promoting sustainable land use, raising awareness about the importance of biodiversity, and establishing protected areas or nature reserves. Engaging local communities in spider conservation fosters a sense of ownership and shared responsibility for safeguarding these fascinating creatures.

Comparison with Other Dangerous Spider Species

Brown Recluse Spider

The Brazilian Wandering Spider and the Brown Recluse Spider both pose threats to humans, but they have distinct characteristics. While the Brazilian Wandering Spider is known for its wandering nature and highly potent neurotoxic venom, the Brown Recluse Spider is recognized for its reclusive behavior and venom that can cause necrotic skin lesions. Understanding the differences between these species is crucial in providing appropriate medical treatment for bites.

Black Widow Spider

Both the Brazilian Wandering Spider and the Black Widow Spider are venomous, but their venom composition and effects differ. While the Brazilian Wandering Spider’s venom primarily affects the nervous system, the Black Widow Spider’s venom contains neurotoxins that target the neuromuscular junctions. Recognizing the symptoms and seeking appropriate medical treatment are essential in managing bites from these spiders.

Sydney Funnel-Web Spider

The Brazilian Wandering Spider and the Sydney Funnel-Web Spider are both known for their potent venom and aggressive behavior. However, the Sydney Funnel-Web Spider is native to Australia, while the Brazilian Wandering Spider is found in South and Central America. Despite their geographical differences, both spiders require urgent medical attention in the case of bites due to the potential severity of their venom.

Redback Spider

The Redback Spider, native to Australia, is similar to the Brazilian Wandering Spider in terms of venom potency and potentially lethal bites. They both belong to the family of spiders known for their neurotoxic venom. While the Brazilian Wandering Spider is more active and known for its wandering behavior, the Redback Spider tends to build webs and wait for their prey. Understanding their distinct characteristics is essential in providing targeted medical treatment.

Taipan Spider

The Taipan Spider, also known as the Coastal Taipan or Australian Tarantula, is another venomous spider species found in Australia. Its unique venom composition makes it distinct from the Brazilian Wandering Spider. The Taipan Spider is known for its highly potent neurotoxic venom, but its behavior and physical characteristics differ significantly from those of the Brazilian Wandering Spider. Recognizing the differences helps in accurately identifying and managing spider encounters.

Misidentification and Popular Misconceptions

Confusion with harmless spider species.

Spider misidentification is a common occurrence, leading to unnecessary panic and fear. The Brazilian Wandering Spider may be mistaken for non-venomous species, such as harmless Huntsman or Wolf spiders, due to a superficial resemblance. Educating the public about distinguishing features and encouraging accurate identification can prevent unnecessary concern and promote a better understanding of these spiders.

Spider Hoax and Urban Legends

Urban legends and hoaxes involving spiders, including the Brazilian Wandering Spider, have contributed to public misconceptions. Sensationalized stories on social media or unreliable sources often exaggerate the dangers associated with these spiders, perpetuating unnecessary fears. Encouraging critical thinking and relying on reputable sources for information can help dispel myths and prevent the spread of false information.

Exaggerated Claims and Sensationalism

Exaggerated claims and sensationalism in media portrayals of the Brazilian Wandering Spider can contribute to public hysteria. Highlighting the spiders’ aggressive behavior and potential lethality without providing accurate context can create unnecessary panic. Promoting responsible journalism that presents factual information and provides balanced perspectives is essential to ensure accurate public understanding of these spiders.

Social Media Impact on Public Perception

Social media platforms have a significant influence on public perception and understanding of the Brazilian Wandering Spider. Misinformation can spread rapidly, contributing to fear and misunderstanding. It is crucial to encourage responsible sharing of information, verify facts before sharing, and promote scientific literacy to combat the spread of inaccuracies and ensure accurate portrayals of these spiders.

Expert Clarifications and Reliable Sources

Experts and reliable sources play a vital role in clarifying misconceptions surrounding the Brazilian Wandering Spider. Educating the public about the spiders’ behavior, venom potency, and risks through reputable sources is crucial. Scientists, researchers, and medical professionals can provide accurate and evidence-based information, addressing concerns and dispelling myths surrounding these spiders.

Conservation Efforts and Habitat Protection

Need for conservation initiatives.

Conservation initiatives are crucial to protect the Brazilian Wandering Spider and its natural habitats. The preservation of biodiversity, including these unique arachnids, is essential for maintaining healthy ecosystems. By recognizing the ecological importance of spiders and their role in pest control, conservation efforts can be integrated into broader strategies aimed at preserving the planet’s biodiversity.

Preserving Natural Habitats

Preserving the natural habitats of Brazilian Wandering Spiders is paramount to their long-term survival. Protecting forests, wetlands, and other ecosystems ensures the spiders have suitable areas to thrive. Implementing sustainable land use practices and conservation policies that consider the needs of these spiders and their habitats can help safeguard their populations for future generations.

Captivity Breeding Programs

In certain cases, captivity breeding programs may be established to support the conservation of Brazilian Wandering Spiders. These programs provide controlled environments for breeding and rearing these spiders, ensuring genetic diversity and maintaining healthy populations. Collaboration between reputable institutions and regulatory bodies is crucial in developing and implementing successful breeding programs.

Community Involvement in Spider Protection

Engaging local communities in spider protection efforts fosters a sense of responsibility and promotes the overarching goal of conservation. Encouraging the participation of local residents in monitoring spider populations, reporting sightings, and supporting sustainable land use practices can enhance the effectiveness of conservation initiatives. Community involvement ensures that the conservation efforts reflect the needs and values of the people living in close proximity to these spiders.

Role of Zoos, Sanctuaries, and Research Institutions

Zoos, sanctuaries, and research institutions play a vital role in the conservation of Brazilian Wandering Spiders. These establishments provide controlled environments for the spiders, conduct research, and educate the public. By supporting scientific studies, raising awareness, and participating in breeding programs, these institutions contribute to the long-term conservation of these fascinating arachnids.

In conclusion, the Brazilian Wandering Spider, with its potent venom and unique hunting techniques, poses both a venomous threat and an ecological fascination. Understanding its behavior, venom, and appropriate medical treatments is crucial in mitigating risks associated with potential encounters. Conservation efforts, public education, and responsible reporting play essential roles in preserving the natural habitats of these spiders and dispelling myths surrounding them. By promoting a better understanding of the Brazilian Wandering Spider, we can foster a sense of coexistence and ensure the well-being of both humans and these remarkable arachnids.

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Mike Benkert

I'm a bug enthusiast and creator of BugsWorldWide, a blog sharing his 15 years of my experience caring for bugs. I've traveled the world bird watching and I'm committed to helping others with bug care. Contact me at [email protected] for assistance.

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Fact Animal

Facts About Animals

Brazilian Wandering Spider Facts

Brazilian wandering spider profile.

There are more than 50,000 species of spider, and the vast majority are less dangerous than a honeybee. Almost none are aggressive, and of those with medically significant venom, only a small percentage are capable of causing death. So, on the whole, arachnophobes are just being a bit silly.

But there’s one spider that vindicates all of these fears, and few animals are as globally renowned to be a serious threat to human lives as the Brazilian Wandering Spider .

Brazilian Wandering Spiders are actually 9 species of spider in the same genus ‘Phoneutria’, one of which is found in Central America, with the rest in South America.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Facts Overview

These spiders are called wandering spiders because of instead of spinning a web to wait for food, or occupying a lair, they spend their night wandering in the leaf litter of the jungle floor for prey.

The sensitive hairs on its body help detect vibrations of passing prey, and it will feed on insects, lizards, frogs and any animals as large as itself.

During the day they will hide under logs, rocks, or inside termite mounds and banana plants. They will also sometimes wander into urban areas and homes, where they can come into contact with humans.

Brazilian wandering spiders are aggressive , dangerous and frightening. For once, this is an animal you should be wary of.

The females are larger, around 50% heavier than males, and produce more venom, and this might be a clue as to why their Greek name translates to “ Mudress” . These spiders will often stand and fight and have an intimidating threat display.

The potency of their venom is one of the reasons they’re so dangerous, and their ability to hide away in fruit and shoes explains why most bites are on extremities.

Interesting Brazilian Wandering Spider Facts

1. armed spiders.

In Brazilian, these are sometimes known as armed spiders, on account of their elongated front legs.

They can convey quite a bit of information with these legs, and as wandering spiders, use them to get about the forest, looking for food.

2. Banana Spiders

They’re also sometimes called ‘banana spiders’ on account of their status as a stowaway on popular fruit imported from the tropics.

This is becoming less common as stricter regulations ensure there’s less contamination of fruits, but there’s always a chance your next bunch of bananas will have a family of these spiders living inside it.

3. They have the largest venom glands of any spider

Females produce more venom than males, but both sexes have enormous venom glands. These glands are even more impressive when you consider the size of the spider is significantly less than the largest around.

The venom glands of the Brazilian Wandering Spider are over a centimetre long, and this is all housed inside the bright red chelicerae (mouth parts) which they are quick to display whenever they get upset. 1

4. They’re aggressive

These spiders can grow quite large and have long, brightly-coloured legs. Unlike most spiders, they’re known to stand their ground when threatened and are far quicker to bite than many other species.

They’ll still try to scurry away where possible, and they’re not out to get anybody.

But where most other species will flee, the wandering spiders’ aggression does make it more likely to be involved in incidents.

Most bites are on fingers and toes, a sign that they’re being stepped on or grabbed inadvertently. When the spider feels cornered, it’ll rear up on its back legs and waves its colourful arms around as a warning.

Then it’ll sway side to side, beckoning you to have a go. Anything foolhardy enough to call this bluff gets a wealth of envenomation effects. 2 3

5. They give some men erections

There are ways to accomplish this with fewer side effects, but a bit from a Brazilian wandering spider does come with a certain Viagral quality.

This isn’t as fun as it might sound. Prolonged erections in this manner are likely to harm and destroy muscles and blood vessels in the penis and could cause irreparable damage.

Besides this, the assault on the central nervous system that comes with envenomation by this spider doesn’t sound worth it. 4

6. And some people die

This assault brings with it a whole host of unpleasant symptoms. Seizures, foaming at the mouth, inability to speak, collapse, and a host of other miserable experiences.

Paralysis is possible, as is cardiac shock. Blood vessels can burst in the brain, or anywhere else, and in many cases, this can be enough to kill a person.

This spider has one of the most potent venoms of all, and there are multiple legitimate records of death as a result of bites.

7. But they’re rarely fatal

While the Brazilian wandering spider is potentially one of the most dangerous spiders in the world, there is some evidence to suggest it gives a dry bite, defensively.

This means that despite exceptionally toxic venom, the amount actually injected is less than some of the other contenders, and this is what makes it typically less lethal than the Australian funnel webs.

These spiders are classified as Dangerous Wild Animals and would therefore require a special permit to keep. Bites from wandering spiders are common in South America, but antivenom is often readily available, and they rarely result in death.

In most cases, lethal bites are cases of a very young or very old victim, and few people of healthy age are killed. 5

8. They do invade the UK sometimes

These unquestionably scary spiders show up in supermarkets in the UK on occasion, having hitched a ride on banana shipments.

On more than one occasion they’ve made their way into shoppers’ homes, but it doesn’t appear that there are any cases of them biting people as a result.

These spiders aren’t suited for temperate climates and don’t survive Winter, so there’s no risk of them multiplying.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Fact-File Summary

Scientific classification, fact sources & references.

• PeerJ. (2017), “ Dimensions of venom gland of largest venom glands in all spiders ”, Bio Numbers.
• Dave Clarke (2010), “ Venomous spider found in Waitrose shopping ‘beautiful but aggressive’” , The Guardian.
• “ Phoneutria Perty (Arachnida: Araneae: Ctenidae) ”, UF-IFAS University of Florida
• Kátia R.M. Leite (2012), “ Phoneutria nigriventer spider toxin Tx2-6 causes priapism and death: A histopathological investigation in mice ”, Science Direct.
• “ Brazilian wandering spiders: Bites & other facts ”, Live Science.

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FACT CHECKER

Misleading: bite from brazilian spider causes four-hour erection, high or low blood pressure, fast or a slow heartbeat, nausea, abdominal cramping among signs..

• But Urologist Dr. Peter Mungai said penile erection involves neuron stimulation and production of hormones which has nothing to do with a spider bite.

• In addition to intense pain and possible medical complications, the bite of a Brazilian wandering spider can deliver a long, painful erection to human males because the venom boosts nitric oxide, a chemical that increases blood flow.

A viral photo claiming that a bite from a Brazilian spider causes an erection lasting up to four hours is misleading.

The photo, widely shared in WhatsApp groups, encouraged those with an erection disorder to try the spider to up their performance.

This came up following an online publication claiming that the species contains a possible breakthrough for erectile dysfunction.

“Most people who find a spider in their bedroom quickly try to get rid of it. But new research shows that one arachnid might actually be best kept by your bedside. A single bite from the Brazilian wandering spider has been shown to have side effects including a four-hour-long erection,” read part of the article.

But Urologist Dr. Peter Mungai said an erection occurs when a man becomes sexually aroused allowing hormones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels to work together.

Mungai said penile erection involves neuron stimulation and production of hormones which has nothing to do with a spider bite.

“This is just a good joke because a spider cannot produce the hormones or neurons needed to stimulate a penile erection,” he said.

“If it is true that such information is doing rounds then it could be by some sadists who do not understand the mechanism of erection,” he added.

The neurons in these hypothalamic nuclei contain peptidergic neurotransmitters, including oxytocin and vasopressin, which may be involved in penile erection.

Several brain stem and medullary centres are also involved in sexual function.

For an erection to occur, nerve signals sent from the brain to the penis stimulate muscles to relax in turn, allowing blood to flow to the tissue in the penis.

Once the blood fills the penis and an erection is achieved, the blood vessels to the penis close off so that the erection is maintained.

Following sexual arousal, the blood vessels to the penis open up again, allowing the blood to leave.

However several studies here indicate that the Brazilian wandering spiders' venom is a complex cocktail of toxins, proteins and peptides which affects ion channels and chemical receptors in victims' neuromuscular systems.

The wandering spiders, also called armed spiders or banana spiders, belong to the genus Phoneutria, which means "murderess" in Greek. And it's no wonder why — it's one of the most venomous spiders on Earth.

After a human is bitten by one of these spiders, he or she may experience initial symptoms such as severe burning pain at the site of the bite, sweating and goosebumps.

Within 30 minutes, symptoms become systemic and include high or low blood pressure, fast or a slow heartbeat, nausea, abdominal cramping, hypothermia, vertigo, blurred vision, convulsions and excessive sweating associated with shock.

In addition to intense pain and possible medical complications, the bite of a Brazilian wandering spider can deliver a long, painful erection to human males because the venom boosts nitric oxide, a chemical that increases blood flow.

People who are bitten by a Brazilian wandering spider should seek medical attention immediately.

Several studies are looking at incorporating the venom into drugs for erectile dysfunction.

However, these bites are rare, and envenomations are usually mild.

The Star’s fact check concludes that while it is true a bite from this spider may cause an erection, it is a painful erection which is a disorder due to the venom.

The information is thus misleading. 

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Medical Information

First Aid for Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite

What is a brazilian wandering spider bite.

Brazilian wandering spiders, also known as banana spiders, are one of the most venomous spiders in the world. They are found primarily in South and Central America and are known for their aggressive behavior and wandering tendencies.

Identification:

• Brazilian wandering spiders have a brown body with distinctive yellow markings on their legs
• They have long and slender legs that are covered in spines
• They have a small body, but their legs can span up to 6 inches (15 centimeters)
• They have two large fangs that are often visible when they open their mouth

What are the Causes of Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite?

Brazilian wandering spiders are venomous and are capable of causing serious envenomation when they bite.

• The venom of the spider contains a neurotoxin that attacks the nervous system, causing muscle spasms, breathing difficulties, and other severe symptoms
• The venom can also cause an excessive release of serotonin, leading to increased heart rate, sweating, and elevated blood pressure

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite?

The following signs and symptoms of Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite may be noted:

• Severe pain at the site of the bite that may radiate to other parts of the body
• Sweating and tingling sensations in the mouth and tongue
• Muscular twitching, spasms, and cramps
• Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
• Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
• Increased heart rate and high blood pressure
• Unconsciousness and convulsions

How is First Aid administered for Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite ?

Immediate actions:

• Clean the bite site with soap and water
• Put a wet, cold cloth, or an ice pack on the bite site
• Seek urgent medical attention, and bring the spider with you to help with identification, when possible

First aid administration:

• The First Aid for Brazilian Wandering Spider Bites includes cleaning the bite area and seeking medical attention

Who Should Administer First Aid for Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite?

• First aid for Brazilian Wandering Spider Bites should be administered by someone who is trained in providing first aid, such as a medical professional, a paramedic, or a trained first-aider
• If there is no one available with appropriate training, attempt to apply the pressure immobilization bandage and seek urgent medical attention

What is the Prognosis of Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite?

The prognosis for Brazilian Wandering Spider Bites depends on the severity of the symptoms and the timing of the treatment.

• If prompt medical attention is given, most patients can recover fully without any long-term effects
• However, delayed or inadequate treatment can lead to serious complications and even death

Long-term effects:

• There are generally no long-term effects of Brazilian Wandering Spider Bites if prompt medical attention is given
• However, in rare cases, patients may develop allergic reactions or experience chronic pain, muscle weakness, or other symptoms that persist long after the bite

How can Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite be Prevented?

A few helpful tips to prevent Brazilian Wandering Spider Bites include:

• Wear shoes and gloves when working in the garden or bush
• Check bedding and clothing before use, especially when stored in dark and cool areas
• Keep the house and garden free from clutter, including piles of rocks, leaves, and wood
• Install screens on doors and windows to prevent spiders from entering the house
• Use insecticides and spider repellents

What are certain Crucial Steps to be followed?

• If you live in areas where Brazilian wandering spiders are prevalent, it is essential to take necessary precautions to prevent being bitten.
• Learn how to identify Brazilian wandering spiders and their habitats to avoid them.
• If you suspect that you have been bitten by a Brazilian wandering spider, follow the immediate actions and first aid administration guidelines outlined above.
• Seek urgent medical attention, and bring the spider with you to help with identification.
• Do not attempt to catch or handle the spider, as this can increase the risk of being bitten.

In conclusion, Brazilian wandering spiders are a potentially deadly species of spider found in South and Central America. If you suspect that you have been bitten by a Brazilian wandering spider, it is crucial to seek urgent medical attention as soon as possible. Prevention is key to avoid being bitten, so take necessary precautions to keep yourself and your family safe from these dangerous spiders.

Hashtags: #BananaSpider #FirstAid #SouthAmericanWildlife #SpiderBites #SafetyTips

On the Article

Krish Tangella MD, MBA

Robert Ben Johnston, MD

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Brazilian Wandering Spider

The Brazilian Wandering Spider (Phoneutria fera) is an aggressive and highly venomous spider . It was first discovered in Brazil hence its name. However, this genus is known to exist elsewhere in South and Central America .

The Brazilian Wandering spider is a member of the Ctenidae family of wandering spiders.

The Brazilian Wandering spider appeared in the Guinness Book of World Records 2007 for being the most venomous animal .

In this particular genus, there are five known similar species whose members are also highly venomous. They include some of the relatively few species of spiders that present a threat to human beings.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Characteristics

The Brazilian wandering spider can grow to have a leg span of up to 4 – 5 inches. They are large hairy spindly-looking spiders who have eight eyes, two of which are large. Brazilian wandering spiders are fast-moving spiders, their legs are strong and spiny and they have distinctive red jaws which they display when angered.

The Brazilian wandering spider is not a Tarantula . Brazilian wandering spiders are not even in the same family group. Tarantulas are harmless to humans and are mostly ambush killers who wait for prey to come to them. Brazilian wandering spiders are active hunters. Brazilian wandering spiders and Tarantulas do have one thing in common, however, they do not eat bananas.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Habitat and Spider Webs

The Brazilian Wandering spider is so-called because it wanders the jungle floor, rather than residing in a lair or maintaining a web. This is another reason it is considered so dangerous. In densely populated areas, the Brazilian Wandering spider will usually search for cover and dark places to hide during daytime, leading it to hide within houses, clothes, cars, boots, boxes and log piles. This usually causes accidents when people disturb them.

The Brazilian Wandering spider is also called the ‘banana spider’ as it is occasionally found within shipments of bananas. As a result, any large spider appearing in a bunch of bananas should be treated with due care.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Diet

Adult Brazilian Wandering spiders eat crickets, other large insects, small lizards and mice. Spiderlings of this species eat flightless fruit flies and pinhead crickets.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Reproduction

All spiders produce silk, a thin, strong protein strand extruded by the spider from spinnerets most commonly found on the end of the abdomen. Many species use it to trap insects in webs, although there are many species that hunt freely such as the Brazilian Wandering spider. Silk can be used to aid in climbing, form smooth walls for burrows, build egg sacs, wrap prey and temporarily hold sperm, among other applications.

Brazilian Wandering spiders reproduce by means of eggs, which are packed into silk bundles called egg sacs. The male spider must (in most cases) make a timely departure after mating to escape before the females normal predatory instincts return.

Mature male spiders have swollen bulbs on the end of their palps for this purpose and this is a useful way to identify whether the spider is male or female. Once the sperm is inside the female spider, she stores it in a chamber and only uses it during the egg-laying process, when the eggs come into contact with the male sperm for the first time and are fertilized. The Brazilian Wandering spiders life cycle is 1 – 2 years.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Venom

Bites from the Brazilian Wandering spider may result in only a couple of painful pinpricks to full-blown envenomed. In either case, people bitten by this spider or any Ctenid should seek immediate emergency treatment as the venom is possibly life threatening.

The Phoneutria fera and Phoneutria nigriventer (two species of wandering spider) are the two most commonly implicated as the most vicious and deadly of the Phoneutria spiders.

The Phoneutria not only has a potent neurotoxin, but is reported to have one of the most excruciatingly painful envenoms of all spiders due to its high concentration of serotonin. They have the most active venom of any living spiders.

One of their members, the Brazilian Huntsman, is thought to be the most venomous spider in the world. Brazilian wandering spiders are certainly dangerous and bite more people than any other spiders.

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Brazilian Wandering Spider (Phoneutria): Bite, Attacks And Other Information

Brazilian wandering spiders are the most poisonous spiders on Earth. They are part of the Phoneutria genus, which includes several spider species. Some of these species, such as Phoneutria nigriventer, P. keyserlingi, and P. fera, are known as Brazilian wandering spiders.

Brazilian wandering spiders are the most venomous spiders on Earth. They are part of the Phoneutria genus, which includes several spider species. Some of these species, such as Phoneutria nigriventer, P. keyserlingi, and P. fera, are known as Brazilian wandering spiders.

Facts about Brazilian Wandering Spiders

Brazilian wandering spider species, anatomy of brazilian spiders, bite and venom of brazilian wandering spiders, effects of brazilian wandering spider bites on humans.

The term ‘Brazilian wandering spider’ actually refers to not just one spider, but several highly venomous spider species found primarily in South (especially Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Suriname, Peru, and Guyana) and Central America. They belong to the Phoneutria genus, which is a family of venomous spiders in the Ctenidae family.

The Brazilian wandering spider is an extremely venomous and aggressive spider. It is also known as the ‘banana’ spider because it is often found in banana shipments. Instead of living in a lair or building a web, the Brazilian wandering spider roams the jungle floor.

According to the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), there are several species of Brazilian wandering spiders, which include Phoneutria fera, Phoneutria nigriventer, Phoneutria bahiensis, Phoneutria boliviensis, Phoneutria eickstedtae, Phoneutria keyserlingi, Phoneutria pertyi, and Phoneutria reidyi.

All types of Brazilian wandering spiders are mainly brown, hairy, and have a black mark on their underside. These spiders are also large, with leg spans that can reach up to 15 cm (6 inches) and bodies that can reach up to 5 cm (2 inches).

These spiders are nocturnal predators, so they spend most of their day living and hiding in cracks or under logs, and come out at night to hunt. They feed on specific insects, small reptiles, amphibians, mice, and even smaller spiders.

The bite of a Brazilian wandering spider can range from a few painful pricks to a full-blown bite. The two most well-known and feared species of wandering spiders are Phoneutria fera and Phoneutria nigriventer .

Brazilian wandering spiders are known for their aggression, which is actually a defense mechanism due to the high toxicity of their bite. When threatened or attacked, they raise their first two pairs of legs to signal to predators that they are ready to fight. Therefore, their bites are actually a form of self-defense and they only do it when provoked, either accidentally or intentionally.

If you happen to be bitten by one of these spiders, you may experience various symptoms, such as sweating, goosebumps, and severe burning pain at the bite site.

Within approximately 30 minutes, these symptoms become systemic and include irregular heartbeat, high or low blood pressure, abdominal cramps, hypothermia, nausea, dizziness, blurred vision, and convulsions.

If you are bitten by any species of wandering spider, it is important to seek emergency treatment, regardless of the initial appearance of the bite. The venom can be life-threatening.

The venom is a complex mixture of toxins, peptides, and proteins that affect ion channels and chemical receptors in the neuromuscular systems of victims. It has been found that the venom injected by the Brazilian spider Phoneutria nigriventer contains several toxic polypeptide fractions, some of which have been purified and proven to be neurotoxic (Source). One of these toxic fractions, called PhTx-3, consists of six neurotoxic peptides (Tx3-1 to Tx3-6).

Experiments have shown that PhTx3 and one of the peptides named Tx3-3 act as calcium channel blockers by reducing the entry of calcium that contributes to the release of glutamate and acetylcholine in rat brain cortical slices and synaptosomes. In simpler terms, the venom of Brazilian wandering spiders interferes with brain function and causes havoc in the victim.

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Holistic profiling of the venom from the Brazilian wandering spider Phoneutria nigriventer by combining high-throughput ion channel screens with venomics

F. c. cardoso.

1 Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

2 Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

A. A. Walker

M. v. gomez.

3 Department of Neurotransmitters, Institute of Education and Research, Santa Casa, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Rodrigo Ligabue-Braun , Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Brazil

Luiza Gremski , Federal University of Paraná, Brazil

Associated Data

The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The name of the repository and accession number are ProteomeXchange PRIDE repository; PXD037904.

Introduction: Spider venoms are a unique source of bioactive peptides, many of which display remarkable biological stability and neuroactivity. Phoneutria nigriventer , often referred to as the Brazilian wandering spider, banana spider or “armed” spider, is endemic to South America and amongst the most dangerous venomous spiders in the world. There are 4,000 envenomation accidents with P. nigriventer each year in Brazil, which can lead to symptoms including priapism, hypertension, blurred vision, sweating, and vomiting. In addition to its clinical relevance, P. nigriventer venom contains peptides that provide therapeutic effects in a range of disease models.

Methods: In this study, we explored the neuroactivity and molecular diversity of P. nigriventer venom using fractionation-guided high-throughput cellular assays coupled to proteomics and multi-pharmacology activity to broaden the knowledge about this venom and its therapeutic potential and provide a proof-of-concept for an investigative pipeline to study spider-venom derived neuroactive peptides. We coupled proteomics with ion channel assays using a neuroblastoma cell line to identify venom compounds that modulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels, as well as the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

Results: Our data revealed that P. nigriventer venom is highly complex compared to other neurotoxin-rich venoms and contains potent modulators of voltage-gated ion channels which were classified into four families of neuroactive peptides based on their activity and structures. In addition to the reported P. nigriventer neuroactive peptides, we identified at least 27 novel cysteine-rich venom peptides for which their activity and molecular target remains to be determined.

Discussion: Our findings provide a platform for studying the bioactivity of known and novel neuroactive components in the venom of P. nigriventer and other spiders and suggest that our discovery pipeline can be used to identify ion channel-targeting venom peptides with potential as pharmacological tools and to drug leads.

Introduction

Venomous animals are a highly adapted group of organisms whose evolutionary success excelled with the emergence of venom. Spider venoms, in particular, are rich in peptide knottins specialized in modulating, often with high potency and selectivity, voltage-gated ion channels that regulate the physiology of neuronal, muscular and cardiac systems ( Cardoso and Lewis, 2018 ; Cardoso, 2020 ). Although such effects can be deleterious to envenomated animals, venom components can be tailored to selectively modulate ion channels in pathways of complex diseases such as chronic pain, motor neuron disease, and epilepsy. This has been demonstrated for numerous spider venoms ( Smith et al., 2015 ; Cardoso and Lewis, 2018 , 2019 ), including the venom of the infamous South American ctenid spider Phoneutria nigriventer , often referred as Brazilian wandering spider, banana spider or “armed” spider ( Peigneur et al., 2018 ). Besides its clinical relevance due to frequent envenomation cases in Brazil, with approximately 4,000 cases per year ( Isbister and Fan, 2011 ; Gewehr et al., 2013 ), P. nigriventer venom contains peptides that have therapeutic effects in a range of disease models including chronic pain ( Pedron et al., 2021 ; Cavalli et al., 2022 ), Huntington’s disease ( Joviano-Santos et al., 2022 ), glaucoma ( da Silva et al., 2020 ) and erectile dysfunction ( Nunes da Silva et al., 2019 ).

Initial studies of P. nigriventer venom employed fractionation via gel filtration and reversed-phase chromatography to separate the venom into five distinct groups of peptides based on their molecular weight and hydrophobicity properties; these groups were named PhTx1 to PhTx5 ( Peigneur et al., 2018 ). PhTx1–4 comprise cysteine-rich peptides that are active on voltage-gated calcium (Ca V ), sodium (Na V ) and potassium (K V ) channels, while PhTx5 is comprised of short linear peptides, with a total of 34 peptides identified ( Peigneur et al., 2018 ). Proteotranscriptomic studies of P. nigriventer venom revealed additional peptides with high similarity to those previously described, but very few have been characterised pharmacologically ( Cardoso et al., 2003 ; Richardson et al., 2006 ). This represents an obstacle to the exploration of the therapeutic potential of P. nigriventer venom.

Advances in venom-peptide research have yielded high-throughput cellular screens for the discovery and pharmacological characterisation of naturally occurring molecules with activity at ion channels and receptors in physiological pathways ( Cardoso et al., 2015 ; Cardoso et al., 2021 ). These methods require only a small amount of venom compared to more traditional methods and allow the identification of therapeutically relevant peptides in the early stages of the screening. Besides drug development applications, these same bioassays can assist in unravelling the bioactivity of crude and fractionated venoms from biomedically relevant venomous animals to support studies of evolution and antivenom development, but much work remains to be done in this field.

This study aimed to provide a proof-of-concept in applying high-throughput cellular screens for multiple neuronal ion channels along with proteomic studies of fractionated venom to rapidly characterise spider venoms in terms of bioactive components. It was anticipated that such a pipeline would support envenomation and evolutionary studies and the development of therapeutics from animal venoms. The venom of P. nigriventer was selected as a model system due to its medical relevance, the considerable number of therapeutically relevant peptides already uncovered in the venom, and the wide knowledge base available. Our approach enabled identification of potent modulators of voltage-gated ion channels which were classified into four families of neuroactive peptides based on their activity and structures. In addition to the previously characterised neuroactive peptides in the P. nigriventer venom, we identified 27 additional cysteine-rich venom peptides in which neuroactivities are underexplored. This work contributes to the on-going discovery and structure-function characterisation of spider-venom peptides. Moreover, our bioassay pipeline can be used to guide future research into the discovery of venom peptides that modulate the activity of ion channels, and their development as pharmacological tools and drug leads.

Materials and methods

We applied a holistic approach combining methods in high throughput screens for ion channels, venom proteome, venom gland transcriptome and modelling of peptides as described in Figure 1 .

Flowchart of the venom peptide discovery pipeline applied in this study. Expanding from the traditional assay-guided fractionation, we applied HTS bioassays to characterize the pharmacology of venom peptides on multiple ion channels, followed by the identification of peptide masses and primary sequences using proteome and transcriptome. Ultimately, the three-dimensional structure of venom peptides was determined using in silico molecular modelling.

Cell culture

The human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y was maintained at 37 ° C in a humidified 5% CO 2 incubator in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium supplemented with 15% foetal bovine serum (FBS) and 2 mM L-glutamine. Replicating cells were sub-cultured every 3–4 days in a 1:5 ratio using 0.25% trypsin/EDTA.

Venom fractionation

Crude venom milked from male and female specimens of P. nigriventer was kindly provided by Prof. Marcus Vinicius Gomez from the Institute of Teaching and Research of Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Venom (lyophilised, 1 mg) was dissolved in 100 μL Milli-Q water containing 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (Auspep, VIC, AU) and 5% acetonitrile (ACN) and centrifuged at 5,000 × g for 10 min to remove particulates. Venom was fractionated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using a C18 column (Vydac 4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm, Grace Discovery Sciences, United States) with a gradient of solvent B (90% ACN in 0.045% TFA) in solvent A (0.05% TFA). The gradient was 5% B for 5 min, followed by 20%–40% solvent B over 60 min at a flow rate 0.7 mL min −1 . Peaks were collected every minute, with fraction 1 eluted between 1 and 2 min and so on for the other fractions. Venom fractions were lyophilised before storage at –20°C.

Calcium influx assays

Venom fractions were screened for neuroactivity at human (h) Na V , Ca V 1, Ca V 2 and the α7 subtype of the human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR-α7) as previously described ( Cardoso et al., 2015 ). Briefly, SH-SY5Y cells were plated at 40,000 cells per well in 384-well flat clear-bottom black plates (Corning, NY, United States) and cultured at 37 ° C in a humidified 5% CO 2 incubator for 48 h. Cells were loaded with 20 μL per well Calcium 4 dye (Molecular Devices) reconstituted in assay buffer containing (in mM) 140 NaCl, 11.5 glucose, 5.9 KCl, 1.4 MgCl 2 , 1.2 NaH 2 PO 4 , 5 NaHCO 3 , 1.8 CaCl 2 and 10 HEPES pH 7.4 and incubated for 30 min at 37 ° C in a humidified 5% CO 2 incubator. For the hCa V 1 assay, the dye was supplemented with 1 μM ω-conotoxin-CVIF (CVIF) to inhibit Ca V 2, and in the hCav2 assay the dye was supplemented with 10 μM nifedipine to inhibit Ca V 1. For the nAChR-α7 assay, the dye was supplemented with PNU-120596 (Sigma-Aldrich), a positive allosteric modulator of nAChR-α7. Venom fractions were assayed in singleton for each ion channel tested. Fluorescence responses were recorded using excitation at 470–495 nm and emission at 515–575 nm for 10 s to set the baseline, then 300 s after addition of 10% venom fraction serial diluted at 1, 1:10, and 1:100, and for a further 300 s after addition of 50 μM veratridine for hNa V , 90 mM KCl and 5 mM CaCl 2 for hCa V, and 30 μM choline for nAChR-α7.

Venom fractions eluting between 10 and 45 min on RP-HPLC were analysed by mass spectrometry to investigate the masses and primary structures of their peptide components. Native mass determinations were carried out with 20% of each fraction dried by vacuum centrifuge and resuspended in 20 μL 1% formic acid (FA), followed by analysis using by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For identification of primary structures, 20% of each peptide fraction was reduced and alkylated by adding 40 μL of reagent composed of 4.875 mL ACN, 4.5 mL ultrapure water, 0.5 mL 1M ammonium carbonate pH 11.0, 100 μL 2-iodoethanol and 25 μL triethylphosphine, and incubating for 1 h at 37°C. Samples were speed dried in a vacuum centrifuge, and digested with 40 ng/μL trypsin in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate pH 8.0 and 10% ACN overnight at room temperature. Trypsin was inactivated by adding 50 μL solution containing 50% acetonitrile and 5% formic acid (FA), dried in speed vacuum centrifuge, and resuspended in 1% formic acid.

LC-MS/MS samples were loaded onto a 150 mm × 0.1 mm Zorbax 300SB-C18 column (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, United States) on a Shimadzu Nano LC system with the outflow coupled to a SCIEX 5600 Triple TOF (Framingham, MA, United States) mass spectrometer equipped with a Turbo V ion source. Peptides were eluted using a 30 min gradient of 1%–40% solvent B (90% ACN/0.1% FA) in solvent A (0.1% FA) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. For MS1 scans, m/z was set between 350 and 2,200. Precursor ions with m/z 350–1,500, charge of +2 to +5, and signals with >100 counts/s (excluding isotopes within 2 Da) were selected for fragmentation, and MS2 scans were collected over a range of 80–1,500 m /z . Scans were obtained with an accumulation time of 250 ms and a cycle of 4 s.

A database of possible peptide sequences produced in P. nigriventer venom glands was compiled using a published venom-gland transcriptome ( Diniz et al., 2018 ), from which open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 30 amino acids were identified and translated by TransDecoder. A list of 200 common MS contaminants was added to the translated ORFs, which was used as a sequence database to compare to mass spectral data using the Paragon algorithm in Protein Pilot 2.2 software (AB SCIEX). We report only peptides for which more than two tryptic fragments were detected with >95% confidence, or where one tryptic fragment was detected, and a secretion signal peptide was predicted by SignalP5.0.

Molecular modelling

Venom peptides identified in this study were selected based on their cysteine-rich scaffold and bioactivity, and their three-dimensional (3D) structure were predicted using the AlphaFold 2 algorithm ( Jumper et al., 2021 ). All 3D structures displayed were from unrelaxed models ranked 1 for each peptide prediction. 3D structures were visualised and analysed using PyMol ( Pymol, 2023 ).

Data analysis

Fluorescence traces from singletons were evaluated using the Maximum-Minimum or Area Under the Curve values generated after addition of ion channel activator. Data were normalised against the negative control (PSS buffer control) and positive control (ion channel activator) for each assay and corrected using the response over baseline from 1 to 5 s. No statistical analyses were required in this study.

Screening of P. nigriventer venom fractions

Fractionation of 1 mg of P. nigriventer ( Figure 2A ) crude venom using RP-HPLC produced numerous peaks eluting between 20% and 40% solvent B, and fractions eluting between 11 and 45 min were selected for pharmacological analysis ( Figure 2B ). Screening using the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line revealed strong modulation of voltage-gated ion channels including both inhibition or enhancement of ion channel activity ( Figure 2C ). Venom fractions eluting between 18 and 34 min showed strong inhibition of Ca V and Na V activity, while fractions eluting between 41 and 45 min strongly activated Ca V 2 channels ( Figure 2C , top panel). At a dilution of 1:10, these inhibitory effects persisted for both Na V and Ca V 2 channels for fractions eluting at 19–20 min and 26–34 min and was absent for Ca V 1 channels ( Figure 2C , middle panel). Fractions eluting from 21 to 25 min showed a clear preference for inhibiting only Ca V 2 channels ( Figure 2C ). Interestingly, at 1:10 dilution, channel activity enhancement was stronger on Na V channels compared to Ca V 2 channels, suggesting potential concentration-dependent synergistic effects of venom peptides modulating both Na V and Ca V 2 channels. At the highest venom dilution of 1:100, persistent inhibition of Na V channel was observed for fraction 20 (F20), while the remaining inhibitory fractions preferentially inhibited only Ca V 2 channels ( Figure 2C , bottom panel). Channel enhancement persisted for Na V channels in fractions eluting from 41 to 45 min. No potent activity was observed against nAChR-α7 at any venom concentration tested. Overall, inhibitory activity was primarily observed for fractions eluting at shorter retention times (i.e., more hydrophilic compounds), while strong ion channel activation was induced by more hydrophobic peptides with longer RP-HPLC retention times.

Fractionation and activity of P. nigriventer venom. (A) P. nigriventer specimen displaying threat posture (photo copyright Alan Henderson, www.minibeastwildlife.com.au ). (B) RP-HPLC fractionation of 1 mg P. nigriventer venom. (C) Ion channel responses calculated from the area under the curve (AUC) after addition of selective activators for fractions 10 to 45, normalized to responses in the absence of venom fractions. (D, E) Representative fluorescence traces of the intracellular calcium responses of SH-SY5Y cells evoked by KCl + CaCl 2 in the presence of venom fractions 26 and 34 for Ca V 1, fractions 19, 26 and 34 for Ca V 2, and fractions 41–45 for both Ca V 1 and Ca V 2 channels. (F) Representative fluorescence traces of the intracellular calcium responses of SH-SY5Y cells evoked by veratridine and in the presence of venom fractions 19, 26 and 34 and fractions 41–45. (G) Representative fluorescence traces of the intracellular calcium responses of SH-SY5Y cells evoked by choline and in the presence of venom fractions 16 and 40 and fractions 41–45. Grey dotted line indicates the KCl + CaCl 2 , veratridine or choline addition.

Fluorescent traces measured upon addition of venom fractions revealed an increase in intracellular calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i ), suggesting that these venom peptides can activate closed channels as well as enhance the responses of these channels opened using pharmacological intervention ( Figures 2D–G ). This was observed for Ca V responses in the presence of 1 μM CVIF (Ca V 2 inhibitor, Figure 2D ) and 10 μM nifedipine (Ca V 1 inhibitor, Figure 2E ). In the absence of Ca V inhibitors, these [Ca 2+ ] i responses resemble the levels of Ca V 1 responses in Figure 2D as observed for F40–F45 applied in the Na V channels assay ( Figure 2F ). The activities of inhibitory fractions were mostly free from initial [Ca 2+ ] i responses upon venom addition, except for weak inhibitors observed in F19 for Na V and F40 for nAChR-α7 ( Figures 2F, G ).

Identification of peptides in P. nigriventer venom fractions

The venom of P. nigriventer has been extensively characterised in terms of composition and bioactivity ( Diniz et al., 2018 ; Peigneur et al., 2018 ), including neuronal ion channel activity and proteomics, but not by using a combined approach. In this study, by combining these approaches, we were able to rapidly identify 58 peptides and proteins in the venom. Due to the complexity of previous nomenclature for P. nigriventer venom peptides, we refer to them here using both the rational nomenclature developed for spider toxins ( King et al., 2008 ) and an identifying number (e.g., PN367) that is linked to a sequence and a list of previously used names in Supplementary Table S1 . Of the 58 identified amino acid sequences, only eight (15%) are peptides that have had their bioactivity reported in previous studies ( Figure 3A , Supplementary Table S1 ) ( Peigneur et al., 2018 ). These included the known neuroactive components μ-CNTX-Pn1a (Tx1) ( Diniz et al., 2006 ; Martin-Moutot et al., 2006 ), κ-CNTX-Pn1a (Tx3-1, PhK V ) ( Kushmerick et al., 1999 ; Almeida et al., 2011 ), ω-CNTX-Pn1a (Tx3-2) ( Cordeiro Mdo et al., 1993 ), Γ-CNTX-Pn1a [Tx4(5-5)] ( Paiva et al., 2016 ), δ-CNTX-Pn1a [Tx4(6-1)] ( de Lima et al., 2002 ; Emerich et al., 2016 ), δ-CNTX-Pn2c (Tx2-5a) ( Yonamine et al., 2004 ), ω-CNTX-Pn4a (Tx3-6) ( Cardoso et al., 2003 ; Vieira et al., 2005 ) and ω-CNTX Pn3a (Tx3-4) ( Dos Santos et al., 2002 ) ( Figure 3B ). Even among these eight peptides, only a few venom peptides have had their molecular pharmacology characterized in detail ( Peigneur et al., 2018 ), or their activities confirmed using recombinant peptides ( Diniz et al., 2006 ; Paiva et al., 2016 ; Garcia Mendes et al., 2021 ).

Estimated levels of peptide/protein venom components identified in fractions F17 to F45, and their respective bioactivity at Na V and Ca V channels and the nAChR-α7. (A) Proportion of known and unknown venom peptides and other venom components detected in this study. (B) Venom peptides with previously reported bioactivity detected in fractions by mass spectrometry and compared to fraction bioactivity at Na V and Ca V channels and the nAChR-α7. (C) Venom peptides detected in fractions classified according to their cysteine framework I to IX ( Diniz et al., 2018 ), and compared to fraction bioactivity at Na V and Ca V channels and the nAChR-α7.

Most of the identified sequences in this study (74%) represent peptides with unexplored bioactivity; 38 (65%) of the 43 peptides identified have cysteine-rich scaffolds typical of spider-venom peptides ( Figure 3C ). Some of these venom peptides, such as PN367 and PN363, have a type I scaffold ( Diniz et al., 2018 ) and are predicted by Alphafold 2 to fold into cystine-knot scaffolds typical of spider-venom peptides ( King and Hardy, 2013 ) ( Figure 4 ). Scaffolds II-VIII either form elaborated cystine-knot folds with extra disulphide bonds, or alternative structures such as for scaffolds III and IV ( Figure 4 ). Novel peptides with high identity with other toxins and not previously described in P. nigriventer venom included: PN367 displaying identity with a Agelena orientalis venom peptide; PN369 displaying identity with a Lycosa singoriensis venom peptide, and PN365 displaying scaffold III and identity with another Lycosa singoriensis venom peptide ( Supplementary Table S1 ). Additional disulphide-rich scaffolds present in P. nigriventer venom include three peptides predicted by the algorithm HMMER to form a thyroglobulin type 1 repeat domain (E < e −17 in each case), one of which has been previously reported as U24-CNTX-Pn1a; peptide PN370 which displays high identity with a peptide found in venom of the scorpion Scorpiops jendeki and is predicted by the algorithm HMMER to form into a trypsin-inhibitor-like cysteine-rich domain (E < 2e −13 ); and the peptide PN376 that is predicted by HMMER to form a fungal protease inhibitor domain (E < e −6 ) ( Supplementary Table S1 ). Additional new scaffolds identified in this study were named following the previous suggested nomenclature ( Diniz et al., 2018 ) as X (CXCC motif, 12 Cys residues: −C−C−C−C−CXCC−C−C−C−C−C−), XI (12 Cys residues: −C−C−C−CXC−CXC−C−CXC−C−C−), XII (11 Cys residues: −C−C−CXC−CXC−C−C−CXC−C) and XIII (10 Cys residues: −C−C−C−C−C−C−CXC−C−C−), and include the peptides PN376, PN372, PN373 and PN375, and PN370, respectively.

Diversity and estimated levels of cysteine-rich scaffolds identified in highly neuroactive RP-HPLC fractions from the venom of P. nigriventer , and their predicted 3D structures. (A) Fractions 18–20 comprised high levels of scaffolds I, II and VIII represented by the 3D structures of PN367, PN105 and PN267, respectively. (B) Fractions 26 and 27 comprised high levels of scaffolds II, and IV, and an undefined scaffold represented by the 3D structures of PN321, PN350 and PN372, respectively. (C) Fraction 34 comprised high levels of scaffolds I, II, and V represented by the 3D structures of PN003, PN292 and PN028, respectively. (D) Fractions 41 and 42 comprised high levels of scaffolds IV and V represented by the 3D structures of PN381, and PN077 and PN031, respectively.

Only 9% of the identified sequences were peptides with two or fewer Cys residues ( Supplementary Table S1 ). F17 contained a peptide (PN361) matching a C-terminally amidated peptide precursor from Araneus ventricosus identified in a genomic study ( Kono et al., 2019 ). This precursor has 70% sequence identify with the prohormone-1 like precursor from the honeybee Apis mellifera (UniProt {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"P85798","term_id":"190360036","term_text":"P85798"}} P85798 ) which is believed to be cleaved to form three short peptides with neuronal activity. Another short peptide, PN366 identified in F18 and F28–F30, matches a neuropeptide in the sea slug Aplysia californica (UniProt {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"P06518","term_id":"113518","term_text":"P06518"}} P06518 ). Larger proteins were also detected in some fractions; for example, F18 and F31 contained a fragment at 58% and 70% total fraction components, respectively, matching a zinc metalloprotease from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (UniProt 55112) which contains a peptidase family M12A domain.

Diversity of neuroactive peptides in P. nigriventer venom

The cysteine-rich scaffolds of venom peptides identified in this study were compared to the classification previously proposed for P. nigriventer venom peptides ( Diniz et al., 2018 ) ( Figures 3C , ​ ,4). 4 ). Peptides in fractions displaying inhibitory properties corresponded to scaffolds I, II, IV, V and VIII, as well as unnamed scaffolds, while peptides in fractions with activation properties comprised mostly the scaffold V. All of these scaffolds are inhibitor cystine knot motifs, except for scaffold IV which had the highest level in F26 represented by the peptide PN350.

Neuroactive peptides with greater hydrophilicity (i.e., those with short RP-HPLC retention times) showed pharmacological properties reminiscent of known spider-derived μ-toxins (F17 and F18) and ω-toxins (i.e., inhibition of Ca V 1 and Ca V 2 channels by F19 and F20) ( Figures 2C , ​ ,5A). 5A ). Major components driving those bioactivities were the pharmacologically characterised peptides μ-CNTX-Pn1a, ω-CNTX-Pn1a and ω-CNTX-Pn3a, as well as additional peptides with unknown activity ( Figure 4A ). As the hydrophilicity of the peptides decrease (i.e., peptides with long RP-HPLC retention times), persistent Ca V 2 inhibition was observed with maximum inhibitory activity in F26 and F27, and with the additional peptide ω-CNTX-Pn4a detected in F24 ( Figures 2C , ​ ,3B, 3B , ​ ,5B). 5B ). Interestingly, venom peptides characterized as K V modulators, such as κ-CNTX-Pn1a, were detected in fractions displaying strong inhibition of calcium influx with potential μ- and ω-pharmacology (fractions 26 and 27); it was not clear if the observed bioactivity was associated to the modulation of K V channels, or to other unexplored peptides in these fractions.

Venom peptide content of highly neuroactive RP-HPLC fractions from the venom of P. nigriventer . (A) Identification of the cysteine-rich peptides and proteins in fractions 17–20 displaying potent inhibition of neuronal Na V and Ca V 2 channels. Positively and negatively charged residues are coloured blue and orange, respectively, hydrophobic residues are green, and cysteines are highlighted in grey box. (B) Identification of the peptide and protein content of the fractions 16 and 27 displaying potent inhibition of neuronal Na V , Ca V 1 and Ca V 2 channels. (C) Identification of the peptide and protein content of the fraction 34 displaying potent inhibition of neuronal Na V , Ca V 1 and Ca V 2 channels. (D) Identification of the peptide and protein content of the fraction 34 displaying potent activation of neuronal Na V and Ca V 2 channels. Sequences labelled with a red asterisk (*) at the C-terminal are likely C-terminally amidated.

Neuroactive peptides presenting more hydrophobic structures showed properties of μ and ω-peptides, but with preference for Ca V 2 channels as observed for fraction 34 in which the peptide Γ-Pn1a is the major component, consistent with its previously observed modulation of multiple cation channels ( Paiva et al., 2016 ); and of δ-peptides as observed in fractions 41 to 45, in which major components included the peptides δ-Pn1a and δ-Pn2c ( Figures 2C–F , and Figures 5C, D ). Notably, the main components of some of the most neuroactive fractions are peptides with unexplored bioactivity, e.g., fraction 26 ( Figures 2C , ​ ,4, 4 , ​ ,5 5 ).

Pharmacological groups

Our approach allowed classification of P. nigriventer venom peptides into four major groups based on their bioactivity ( Figure 6 ; Table 1 ). Group 1 is comprised of μ and ω peptides with scaffold type VIII and more hydrophilic properties as they eluted between F17 and F21. As representatives from this group, μ-CNTX-Pn1a and ω-CNTX-Pn3a have a potential “KR electrostatic trap”, a pharmacophore described in spider-venom peptides that modulate ion channels ( Hu et al., 2021 ; Wisedchaisri et al., 2021 ), in their primary and tertiary structures ( Figure 6A ). This pharmacophore is likely composed of residues R61, K67, K70, K71, R74 and R75 in μ-CNTX-Pn1a and residues K54, K56, R59, K65, K70, R71, K73 and K74 in ω-CNTX-Pn3a. Within this group, the ω-CNTX-Pn3a homologue PN319 differs at three positions, making it an interesting candidate for further characterisation.

Pharmacological groups identified in the most active venom fractions highlighting the “KR electrostatic trap” pharmacophore common to spider toxins that modulate the activity of ion channels. (A) Group 1 is represented by μ- and ω-spider-venom peptides with large and complex type VIII scaffold. (B) Group 2 is represented by κ- and ω-spider-venom peptides with type II and VII scaffolds. (C) Group 3 is represented by γ-spider-venom peptides with type V scaffold. (D) Group 4 is represented by δ-spider-venom peptides displaying a type V scaffold. K and R residues located in the C-terminal region of these peptides and grouped on a positively charged face are highlighted in red in the sequences and in red tubes in the corresponding 3D structures. Arrows shows the cysteine-bridge connection forming the cyclic peptide structures predicted for PN028 and PN031.

Pharmacological groups identified in this study with respective pharmacological types, cysteine-rich scaffold types, and representative venom peptides described in the literature. Unexplored peptides within each group are described in Figure 5 and/or Supplementary Table S1 .

Group 2 comprises κ and ω peptides that eluted between F17 and F28, with scaffold types II and VII ( Figure 6B ). As representatives from this group, peptides κ-CNTX-Pn1a, ω-CNTX-Pn1a and ω-CNTX-Pn4a also contain a “KR trap” pharmacophore comprised of residues R20, K23, K34, K35 and K36 for ω-Pn1a; R21, K24, K35 and K36 for κ-Pn1a; and K42, R47, K48, K49, K51, K53 and K54 for ω-Pn4a. In this group, PN107 differs from κ-CNTX-Pn1a by only two residues and is an interesting peptide for further exploration.

Group 3 is comprised of more hydrophobic Γ peptides that eluted in F33–F36 and possess a type V scaffold ( Figures 3C–D , ​ ,6C). 6C ). It is represented by Γ-CNTX-Pn1a with a potential “KR trap” comprising residues K35, R41, K42 and K43. Although Γ peptides modulate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, Γ-CNTX-Pn1a has also been reported as a β-peptide that inhibits Na V channels ( Paiva et al., 2016 ), which agrees with the results from our high-throughput ion channels assays ( Figures 2C–F , ​ ,3). 3 ). Interestingly, Γ-CNTX-Pn1a predicted 3D structure formed a cyclic structure in which the N-terminal cysteine formed a disulfide bridge with C-terminal cysteine ( Figures 4C , ​ ,6C). 6C ). These same fractions contain other ICK peptides including PN003 and PN292 with scaffold types I and II, respectively; their pharmacological targets have not been explored but they likely contribute to the strong inhibition of Ca V channels by F34 ( Figures 2 , ​ ,3, 3 , ​ ,4 4 ).

Group 4 is composed of very hydrophobic δ peptides that elute in F40–F45 and possess a type V scaffold ( Figure 2B , ​ ,6D). 6D ). It is represented by δ-CNTX-Pn1a with potential “KR trap” comprising residues K43, K44, and K45 ( Figure 6D ). In this group we also identified δ-CNTX-Pn2c which differs not only in primary structure but also in the scaffold V tertiary structure by presenting a non-cyclic structure compared to the cyclic structure predicted for δ-CNTX-Pn1a connected by the N- and C-terminal cysteines ( Figures 4D , ​ ,6D). 6D ). Beyond these known peptides, this group comprised interesting unexplored peptides such as PN032 and PN023 showing δ peptide domains and differing from Γ-CNTX-Pn1a by 12 and 11 residues, respectively.

Spiders are one of the most speciose venomous taxa, with >50,000 characterised species (see World Spider Catalog, https://wsc.nmbe.ch/statistics/ ). Their venoms are rich in neuroactive peptides that target a wide range of neuronal ion channels and receptors using mechanisms distinct from those of neurotoxins from other venomous animals such as cone snails and scorpions. The exploration of venom peptides targeting ion channels and receptors provides novel opportunities for the development of pharmacological tools to understand disease mechanisms ( Cardoso and Lewis, 2018 ; Cardoso, 2020 ) as well as provision of leads for development of therapeutics ( King, 2011 ) and bioinsecticides ( Smith et al., 2013 ).

Spiders are classified in two major groups, or infraorders ( King, 2004 ): Mygalomorphae, or so-called “primitive spiders”, includes the family Theraphosidae, or tarantulas, which are the most well studied spider venoms due to the large-size and long lifespan (often >20 years) of these spiders. Araneomorphae, or “modern spiders,” comprise >90% of all extant spider species, including the family Ctenidae in which P. nigriventer resides. Notably, despite their much greater species diversity, araneomorph venoms are underexplored compared to mygalomorphs due to their smaller size and shorter lifespan (typically 1–2 years). Our data, and those of others ( Binford et al., 2009 ; Zhang et al., 2010 ; Diniz et al., 2018 ; Peigneur et al., 2018 ), showed a great diversity of both pharmacological actions and cysteine scaffolds in araneomorph venom, which may have facilitated the highly successful araneomorph radiation. Our data also suggests Araneomorphae’s venoms may be a rich source of unique venom peptides with more diverse structures and pharmacological functions and additional biotechnological and therapeutic applications to Mygalomorphae’s venoms.

The venom from P. nigriventer comprises many exceptional peptides drug leads under development for treating a range of complex neuro disorders ( Peigneur et al., 2018 ). These peptides have been evaluated in pre-clinical models and demonstrated interesting therapeutic efficacy in reverting or preventing conditions for which treatments are limited or unavailable. For example, ω-Pn2a and ω-Pn4a showed efficacy in treating painful neuropathies such as fibromyalgia and chronic post-ischemia pain, respectively ( Pedron et al., 2021 ; Cavalli et al., 2022 ), ω-Pn4a also improved motor movement and neuroprotection in Huntington’s disease ( Joviano-Santos et al., 2022 ). The engineered peptide PnPP-19 derived from the venom peptide δ-Pn2a was efficacious in treating glaucoma ( da Silva et al., 2020 ) and erectile dysfunction ( Nunes da Silva et al., 2019 ). In our study, these therapeutic peptides showed bioactivity at neuronal Na V and Ca V channels, which greatly supports our investigative platform for the discovery of venom peptides useful for the development of efficacious drugs.

Investigative pipelines in venomic studies often focus on the elucidation of venom components based on their structures but lack clear strategies to investigate venom bioactivities ( von Reumont et al., 2022 ). Investigations using fractionated venom ( Cardoso et al., 2015 ; Cardoso et al., 2017 ; Estrada-Gomez et al., 2019 ; Cardoso et al., 2021 ) provides more defined biological functions than using crude venom due to the immense pharmacological diversity of venom, which often contains venom components with opposing activity as well as components that act synergistically ( Raposo et al., 2016 ). Considering the large number of extant spiders and consequently the exceptionally large number of venom components available for investigation, high-throughput (HT) functional bioassays are essential for developing a holistic understanding of venom pharmacology, and they provide a complement to venomic studies.

A recent study by us using HT bioassays to investigate the ion channel targets of Australian funnel-web spider venoms recaptured current taxonomy and revealed potential drug targets to treat severely envenomated patients ( Cardoso et al., 2022 ). In this present study, we also demonstrated the feasibility of applying HT functional bioassays to investigate spider venom components that mediated the activity of voltage-gated ion channels. We were able to capture all known venom components and associated bioactivities using a HT functional assay as well as several new unexplored venom peptides that warrant further exploration. This was achievable only by combining HT bioassays with transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Although this pipeline provides a robust holistic overview of spider venoms, bioactive components are present in varying concentrations in each fraction, which may affect bioactivity through synergistic effects, and overlook the activity of less abundant components.

The complexity of the cysteine-rich scaffolds in P. nigriventer venom peptides unraveled in this study suggests that further exploration utilising recombinant or synthetic peptides might be challenging but essential, and these could also benefit from modern strategies utilizing HT recombinant expression or chemical synthesis ( Pipkorn et al., 2002 ; Turchetto et al., 2017 ). In tandem with automated whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiological studies, this will build a pipeline to further investigate known and new peptides in the venom of P. nigriventer and allow selection of candidates with biotechnological potential. The putative “KR trap” pharmacophores identified in those venom peptides warrants further exploration of the structure-function relationships of the diverse pharmacological groups found in the venom of P. nigriventer.

In conclusion, we demonstrated that the introduction of HT functional bioassays in venomic studies is essential to provide a more complete understanding of venom components in terms of structure and function. It also allows venom peptides to be ranked for further investigation based on their bioactivity and structural diversity, which is not possible via transcriptomic and proteomic studies alone. Furthermore, this study provides a guide to assist the exploration of neuroactive venoms from other animals, in particularly for the underexplored araneomorph spiders.

Acknowledgments

We thank Mr. Alun Jones and Dr. Kuok Yap (Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland) for assistance with mass spectrometry experiments.

Funding Statement

This work was supported by The University of Queensland, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (Ideas Grant GNT1188959 to FC; Principal Research Fellowship APP1136889 to GK), and the Australian Research Council (Discovery Grant DP200102867 to AW; Centre of Excellence Grant CE200100012 to GK).

Data availability statement

Author contributions.

Conceptualization: FC; design, conduct, and analysis of experiments: FC and AW; MG contributed with the P. nigriventer crude venom. drafting of manuscript: FC. All authors contributed to reviewing and editing of the manuscript and approved the final version for submission.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2023.1069764/full#supplementary-material

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Wellcome to SpiderZoon

What happens if a Brazilian wandering spider bites you?

Recently, I had a rather unexpected and nerve-wracking encounter with a Brazilian wandering spider. These arachnids are infamous for their potent venom and are considered one of the most venomous spiders in the world.

Today, I’ll share my personal experience and shed light on what happens if you find yourself on the receiving end of a Brazilian wandering spider bite.

Table of Contents

The Encounter

It all started innocently enough. I was exploring a dense rainforest in Brazil, marveling at the diverse wildlife that surrounded me. Little did I know that a tiny arachnid would soon become the focus of my attention. As I reached out to grab onto a tree branch for support, I felt a sharp, sudden pain on my hand. Instinctively, I pulled back and saw a Brazilian wandering spider hastily retreating.

Immediate Effects

The pain from the bite was intense and immediate. I could feel a tingling sensation spreading from the bite site, and my hand began to swell. The venom of the Brazilian wandering spider contains a potent neurotoxin that affects the nervous system, leading to a range of symptoms.

Neurological Symptoms

Within a short span, I began to experience neurological symptoms. My vision became blurry, and I felt a sense of dizziness and confusion. The venom was taking its toll on my nervous system, causing disruptions in normal sensory and motor functions.

Excruciating Pain

The pain from the bite continued to intensify, radiating from the bite site to the surrounding areas. Brazilian wandering spider venom is known to cause severe pain, and in my case, it felt as if my entire hand was on fire. The venom acts on the nervous system, amplifying pain signals and making the experience incredibly uncomfortable.

Medical Intervention

Recognizing the severity of the situation, I sought immediate medical attention. It’s crucial to note that a Brazilian wandering spider bite can be life-threatening, especially if left untreated. Antivenom is available, and timely administration is vital to counteract the effects of the venom.

Thanks to prompt medical intervention, I was able to recover from the Brazilian wandering spider bite. The symptoms gradually subsided, and after a period of rest and observation, I was deemed fit to resume normal activities.

Is the Brazilian wandering spider poisonous?

Yes, the Brazilian wandering spider (Phoneutria) is indeed venomous, not poisonous. The terms “venomous” and “poisonous” are often used interchangeably, but they have distinct meanings. 

Venomous refers to organisms that inject venom into their prey or attackers using specialized structures such as fangs or stingers. In the case of the Brazilian wandering spider, it delivers venom through its fangs when it bites.

On the other hand, “poisonous” describes organisms that are harmful when touched or consumed. Poisonous organisms typically have toxins that are harmful if they come into contact with the skin, eyes, or if ingested. 

The Brazilian wandering spider is venomous because it injects venom through its bite, not poisonous because it doesn’t pose a threat through contact or ingestion unless the venom is introduced into the bloodstream.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Venom

The venom of the Brazilian wandering spider (Phoneutria) is a potent mixture of various toxins. The primary components of the venom include neurotoxins, which affect the nervous system. The specific composition of the venom can vary among individual spiders and across different species within the Phoneutria genus.

The neurotoxins in the venom target ion channels and receptors in nerve cells, leading to the disruption of normal nerve function. This can result in a range of symptoms, including severe pain, muscle spasms, paralysis, and in extreme cases, respiratory failure.

The Brazilian wandering spider’s venom is considered to be one of the most potent among all spiders, and it has gained notoriety for causing intense pain and, in rare cases, more severe systemic effects. However, it’s essential to note that fatalities from Brazilian wandering spider bites are extremely rare, thanks in part to the availability of antivenom and prompt medical intervention.

If bitten by a Brazilian wandering spider, seeking immediate medical attention is crucial, and antivenom may be administered to counteract the effects of the venom.

Encountering a Brazilian wandering spider is not an experience I would wish upon anyone. The venomous bite can lead to a cascade of neurological symptoms and excruciating pain. If you ever find yourself bitten by one of these spiders, seeking immediate medical attention is crucial for a swift and successful recovery. Remember, in the realm of wildlife, caution and respect are your best allies.

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Brazilian Wandering Spider Facts: What Happens If It Bites You?

Brazilian wandering spiders belong to the genus Phoneutria  and are represented by eight spider species that are native to Central America and South America. This spider group is also collectively known as armed spiders and banana spiders. In Brazil, they are locally known as "aranha armadeira" which means armed spider. With these, some people often wonder if a person can survive after being by a member or species of this group.

What is a Brazilian Wandering Spider?

The genus Phoneutria , which the Brazilian wandering spider  and related spider species belong to, was first described in 1833 when two species was included on it. The following century saw various scientists to move the Phoneutria species between genera Phoneutria  and Ctenus . In 1936, Mello-Leitao restored Phoneutria  and currently contains eight species, as reported by the University of Florida.

Banana spiders, a name given to the arachnid group due to their frequent presence on banana leaves, are large and robust arachnids in the family Ctenidae .   They resemble the morphological appearance of wolf spiders. In addition, their body length can grow ranging from 17 and 48 millimeters and their leg span can reach 180 millimeters. Their distinct color ranges from light brown, brown, or grey. Furthermore, the natural habitats of armed spiders are forests.

Also Read:   Deadly Erection-Giving Spider Crawls Out of Banana In Bristol

What Happens If It Bites You?

The natural prey of Brazilian wandering spiders includes small animals like crickets, mantids, and katydids, and larger ones like bats, frogs, and lizards. However, they can still bite humans and other animals not native in their habitats. In the past, scientists have identified that the bite of banana spiders living in Central and South American rain forests can lead to shortness of breath and excessive salivation.

According to wildlife experts, a Brazilian wandering spider bite can also lead to other serious symptoms, including increased blood pressure, above-normal pulse, and unusual respiratory rate, as well as extreme pain, hours-long penile erection, and death, in some cases. These spiders inject neurotoxin venom to its bitten victim and can be deadly to humans, particularly for children. However, it is not the world's deadliest spider.

Venomous Spider

In a study published in the journal Frontiers  in February 2023, researchers stated that the Brazilian wandering spider is amongst the world's most dangerous venomous spiders in the world. In Brazil, there have been an estimated 4,000 envenomation accidents of Phoneutria nigriventer  spider species each year in Brazil. Additional symptoms were also observed, including blurred vision, priapism, and vomiting.

The armed spider only follows the world's most venomous spider, which according to the Guinness World Records , is the Sydney funnel-web spider ( Atrax robustus ).

Like the Brazilian wandering spider, the venom of A. robustus  can be neutralized by anti-venoms but some cases still lead to deaths when these arachnids bite a human, who did not receive any medical attention. Experts also weigh that the mortality of venom depends on the amount that enters a human body.

Related Article:   Arachnophobia Nightmare: Giant Spider Found Inside Banana Box at Grocery Store in Germany

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These species are notoriously aggressive.

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This is one of the most dangerous spider species in the world.

Image Credit: Dr Morley Read/Shutterstock

Meet the Brazilian wandering spiders in the genus Phoneutria , also referred to as the armed spiders or the banana spiders. The members of this group have one of the most dangerous bites of any spider species on Earth and they have been classified as the world’s most venomous spider many times.

Where Do Brazilian Wandering Spiders Live?

Though currently the Guinness World Record is shared with another species – the Sydney funnel-web, ( Atrax robustus ) – the Brazilian wandering spiders are a force to be reckoned with. 

As the name suggests all the Brazilian wandering spiders can be found in northern South America, with at least one species having distributions across more than just Brazil, writes the University of Florida . However, Phoneutria fera and Phoneutria nigriventer are the main species that feature in news articles as they often travel overseas in shipments of bananas, causing panic and confusion – and even the closure of supermarkets . 

What Is The Size Of A Brazilian Wandering Spider?

The size of the Brazilian wandering spiders varies between species. Some can be very large with a leg span of 18 centimeters (7.1 inches). The spiders are famously quite aggressive, and instead of running from threats will rear up onto their back legs and stand their ground. 

What Are The Effects Of A Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite?

Brazilian wandering spiders often make the news because of the unusual symptoms caused to humans after being bitten by one. 

A 2023 study in Frontiers In Molecular Biosciences suggested there were around 4,000 cases of people being bitten by Phoneutria nigriventer in Brazil each year. Their venom affects the nervous system, causing double vision, salvation, irregular heartbeat – and even prolonged painful erections, known as priapism . In fact, because of this, their venom is being explored as a possible treatment for erectile dysfunction conditions.

Can A Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite Kill You?

The neurotoxin PhTx3 is to blame for these symptoms, and according to the Independent , a wandering spider bite can reportedly be fatal in as little as 60 minutes. However, an effective anti-venom is usually enough to save those affected. A study into Phoneutria boliviensis in 2019 suggested that the species had adapted its venom to catch vertebrates as opposed to lizards and amphibians, which might explain why the venom is so toxic to humans. 

It comes as no surprise then that their scientific name Phoneutria means “murderess” in Greek. 

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Signs and Symptoms of Spider Bites

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Spiders are normally not aggressive and do not attack humans or bite them at random. Most spiders only bite when they are cornered, trapped, or contacted by a person—such as when you reach into a dark corner or slide on a pair of boots. This can cause them to act in self-defense and bite you.

If you are bitten by a spider, symptoms may include pain, swelling, or itchiness. More serious symptoms can occur if a venomous spider (such as a black widow) bites you.

Common Symptoms 

Very few spiders in the United States cause serious illness or even death. Most spider bites will often resemble a bee sting. Unless you saw the spider bite you, it is very hard to distinguish a spider bite from an insect sting . Spider bite symptoms include the following:

• Pain at the site
• Blood blister

A venomous spider bite might lead to more severe symptoms.

Brown Recluse Spider Bite Symptoms 

The brown recluse spider is not aggressive, but it has a dangerous bite. People usually get bitten by this spider when they reach into a dark box in the basement or put on shoes or clothes where the spider is hiding.

The venom from the brown recluse spider is complex and highly poisonous. A bite may initially look like a typical insect bite. It is not until the venom spreads that severe symptoms begin to develop, especially as it starts to destroy surrounding tissues.

In addition to a significant wound, people can develop a fever, chills , and nausea. As time passes, their wound will become larger and darker in color due to necrosis (tissue death). It may develop an ulcer and turn black. The venom might also spread to fat and muscles and become infected.

This infection can even spread to the rest of your body and may become life-threatening. For instance, people may experience:

• Edema (swelling)
• Inflammation
• Hemorrhage (bleeding)
• Damage to the vessel wall
• Thrombosis ( blood clots )

In severe cases, acute kidney failure , stroke, and rhabdomyolysis (where the muscles break down) have also been reported.

While anti-venom is available, it is hard to diagnose a brown recluse spider accurately. That's because when you first get bit, you might not feel anything and in most cases, you don't see the spider that bit you. Plus, other conditions like bacterial or fungal infections or blood circulation issues can mimic a spider bite, which can often lead to a misdiagnosis.

Black Widow Spider Bite Symptoms 

Black widow bites are not usually fatal, but they are extremely dangerous, especially to young children and older adults. Bites often occur while camping, hiking, gardening , or working in the garage. After just minutes, the area next to where the bite occurred may become painful, extremely red, swollen, or develop a cyst . Fang marks may even be evident.

As the venom spreads, you might develop latrodectism —an illness caused by the bite of Latrodectus spiders. This condition can cause:

• Muscle pain, cramping, or rigidity
• Abdominal tenderness
• Rapid heart rate
• Shallow breathing
• Systemic (body-wide) pain
• Elevated blood pressure

In severe cases, a black widow bite might also cause rhabdomyolysis (where the muscles break down) and myocarditis (heart inflammation). Sometimes the pain from a black widow bite is so painful it can be mistaken for appendicitis or a heart attack .

Fortunately, most people recover from a black widow bite without needing to use anti-venom. In fact, the risk of death is only about 1% or less—though the risk is much higher in kids and older adults.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite Symptoms 

Brazilian wandering spiders—also known as armed spiders or banana spiders—have the largest venom glands of any spider. When these spiders were "milked" during one study, they produced as much as 8 milligrams (mg) of venom. This is a lot considering that 0.10 mg is enough to endanger human life.

The venom of this spider is a complex mixture of toxins, proteins, and peptides, which affects the ion channels and chemical receptors in your neuromuscular systems. This can cause a wide range of symptoms including:

• Changes in heart rate and blood pressure
• Abdominal cramping
• Blurred vision
• Convulsions
• Excessive sweating and salivation

The most notable reaction is that this spider's venom can cause painful and long-lasting erections in some people. For this reason, scientists have been conducting animal studies to determine if the spider's venom could be used to treat erectile dysfunction .

These spiders are rarely seen in the U.S., though some people speculate that they sometimes arrive in banana shipments. In Brazil, you can treat moderate to severe bites with anti-venom. In other milder cases, your treatment will depend on the exact symptoms you're experiencing.

Funnel-Web Spider Bite Symptoms

Funnel-web spiders, which are primarily found in Australia, are one of the most dangerous spiders in the world. These spiders are equipped with powerful, sharp fangs that can penetrate fingernails and even some shoes. These spiders are also one of the few types that are aggressive toward people.

A bite from a funnel-web spider is potentially life-threatening, so prompt anti-venom treatment is essential. Small kids and people with underlying medical conditions are particularly at risk of death or complications.

If you get bit by a funnel-web spider, you may experience:

• Excessive sweating
• Muscle twitches
• Numbness in your mouth
• Nausea or vomiting
• Extra salivation
• Watery eyes

These bites can even cause changes in blood pressure and heart rate and can sometimes lead to pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs), particularly in children.

When to Contact a Healthcare Provider 

See a healthcare provider if you get bitten by a venomous spider or are experiencing symptoms of a spider bite, This way, they can treat you for the bite before the venom starts to break down your skin or cause other serious complications. That said, most people will not know what type of spider bit them and will need to watch the area closely and monitor their symptoms. If your symptoms worsen, this is a good time to reach out for medical support.

You may require emergency medical attention. It's best to see a healthcare provider right away if you notice redness spreading out from the bite, fluid or pus draining from the area, an increase in pain, or discoloration in your skin. If you experience any of the following symptoms, get emergency medical treatment:

• Bullseye pattern or black scab on the skin
• Trouble breathing
• Swollen or droopy eyelids
• Rigid shoulder, chest, back, or stomach muscles

Questions to Ask Your Provider

When seeing a healthcare provider for a spider bite, come prepared with questions—especially because it's easy to forget what you want to ask when you are in pain. Here are some things to consider asking:

• Is this a spider bite or something else?
• What treatments are available to make my redness and swelling go away?
• What symptoms should I watch for or be concerned about?
• How long will my symptoms last?
• Will there be any lasting damage from this bite?

A Quick Review 

Most spiders do not attack people or bite them randomly. If you do get bitten by a spider, symptoms can range from mild to severe. Most people will experience mild pain, redness, itchiness, and swelling.

Symptoms progressing to something more significant like excessive sweating, weakness, dizziness, heart rate changes, and vision changes require immediate medical care.

Frequently Asked Questions

Although spider bites rarely cause serious problems, bites from a venomous spider like a brown recluse or black widow can cause you to feel sick.

Spider bites by venomous spiders need to be treated right away. These types of bites can cause serious complications and even lead to death.

If you don't know what type of spider bit you, keep an eye on the area and monitor your symptoms. Increasing pain and worsening symptoms are the first indicators that a bite is serious and requires evaluation.

Rahmani F, Banan Khojasteh SM, Ebrahimi Bakhtavar H, Rahmani F, Shahsavari Nia K, Faridaalaee G. Poisonous spiders: Bites, symptoms, and treatment; An educational review . Emerg (Tehran) . 2014;2(2):54-8

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Venomous spiders .

American Red Cross. Spider bites .

National Capital Poison Center. Brown recluse spider bites .

National Capital Poison Center. Black widow spider bites can be dangerous .

Williams M, Sehgal N, Nappe TM. Black widow spider toxicity . In: StatPearls . StatPearls Publishing; 2024.

Guinness World Records. Largest spider venom glands .

Cardoso FC, Walker AA, King GF, Gomez MV. Holistic profiling of the venom from the Brazilian wandering spider  Phoneutria nigriventer  by combining high-throughput ion channel screens with venomics .  Front Mol Biosci . 2023;10:1069764. doi:10.3389/fmolb.2023.1069764

Natural History Museum. Phoneutria— toxicity .

Nunes KP, Toque HA, Borges MH, Richardson M, Webb RC, de Lima ME. Erectile function is improved in aged rats by PnTx2-6, a toxin from Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom .  J Sex Med . 2012;9(10):2574-2581. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02878.x

Britannica. Phoneutria nigriventer .

Binstead JT, Nappe TM. Funnel web spider toxicity . In: StatPearls . StatPearls Publishing; 2024.

National Pest Management Association. Spider bites: Symptoms, signs and spider bite treatment .

Related Articles

Do Brazilian Wandering Spiders Bite?

Yes, the Brazilian Wandering Spider does bite. This arachnid species is known for its aggression and is considered one of the most poisonous spiders in the world.

A bite can cause severe medical conditions including intense pain, loss of muscle control, and difficulty breathing, although antivenom is available for treatment.

Can Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite Through Clothes?

Brazilian Wandering Spiders possess strong, potent fangs that are capable of biting through some lightweight or thin materials, which may potentially include certain types of clothing.

However, the likelihood of a bite penetrating thicker fabrics is less probable. Thus, while possible, it's not guaranteed that a bite would be able to penetrate all clothing materials.

Do Brazilian Wandering Spider Bites Hurt?

Furthermore, if not treated promptly, the spider's venom can cause more severe symptoms, including sweating, high blood pressure, and even heart problems. It's important to seek medical help immediately after a bite.

FAQs about Brazilian Wandering Spider Bites

1. do brazilian wandering spiders bite or sting.

Yes, Brazilian Wandering Spiders do bite, they do not sting.

2. Do Brazilian Wandering Spiders bite humans?

Brazilian Wandering Spiders do bite humans.

3. Are Brazilian Wandering Spider bites dangerous?

Yes, Brazilian Wandering Spider bites are dangerous. They are considered to be one of the most venomous spiders in the world.

4. What happens if a Brazilian Wandering Spider bites you?

If a Brazilian Wandering Spider bites you, you may initially experience severe pain and swelling, followed by other symptoms such as sweating, high or low blood pressure, tachycardia, and blurred vision. If untreated, the venom can be life-threatening.

Also check:

Other Bugs' Bites

Check information about other bugs and learn if they bite or not and what you should do in case they bite.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Profile

Check the profile of Brazilian Wandering Spider and learn more interesting information about them.

Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite

Published: June 2, 2023

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Are you aware that the Brazilian wandering spider is among the most venomous spiders globally? In this article, we will go into further detail about the Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite.

This innocuous-looking arachnid has a bite that can cause intense pain and other serious symptoms, such as paralysis, difficulty breathing, and even death. 

Despite its reputation, however, with prompt medical treatment, most bites from this species are rarely life-threatening. 

Let’s explore what causes a Brazilian wandering spider bite and how you can treat one if unfortunate enough to experience it.

Want to jump ahead? Click below

What Is A Brazilian Wandering Spider, And Why Is It Dangerous

Due to its potent venom , the Brazilian Wandering Spider, also called the Armed Spider or Banana Spider , is widely acknowledged as one of the world’s most dangerous spiders. This spider can be found in several South American countries and is known for wandering into areas inhabited by humans. It can climb walls and hide in clothes, shoes, and beds. 

In addition, the toxin can cause long-lasting painful erections if not treated promptly, which makes it especially dangerous to male victims. The spider’s venom is incredibly powerful, and even one bite can be fatal to a human within a few hours. 

In the event of encountering a Brazilian Wandering Spider in its natural habitat or within your residence, it is advisable to seek assistance from a trained expert at the earliest convenience.

Symptoms Of A Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite

Symptoms caused by the venom of the Brazilian Wandering Spider can vary from mild to severe and may depend on factors such as the spider’s size , the amount of venom injected, and the victim’s age and health. 

Below are some common symptoms of a Brazilian Wandering Spider bite:

• Pain At The Bite Site

Being bitten by a Brazilian Wandering Spider may result in discomfort and a sensation of burning or stinging in the area of the bite. The pain can spread to other body parts, accompanied by swelling and redness.

• Neurological Symptoms

A Brazilian Wandering Spider’s venom comprises a neurotoxin capable of influencing the nervous system and brain. Victims may experience muscle weakness, tremors, convulsions, and difficulty speaking or breathing.

In critical situations, the venom can induce paralysis, which may result in respiratory failure and fatality.

• Sexual Dysfunction

The venom of a Brazilian Wandering Spider can cause priapism, a prolonged and painful erection in males.

If left untreated, priapism can cause irreversible damage to the penis and may persist for several hours. Female victims may experience swelling and inflammation in the genital area.

• Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Brazilian Wandering Spider bites can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Victims may experience abdominal pain and cramping.

• Cardiovascular Symptoms

In addition to neurological symptoms, the venom of a Brazilian Wandering Spider can affect the heart and cardiovascular system. Victims may experience an irregular heartbeat, high blood pressure, and chest pain.

Prompt medical attention is crucial and should be sought without delay if you suspect a Brazilian Wandering Spider has bitten you, as the venom can be deadly. Treatment may include antivenom, pain medication, and oxygen therapy.

Prompt Remedies For A Bite By A Brazilian Wandering Spider

The Brazilian Wandering Spider is one of the deadliest spiders in the world, and its venom can cause severe muscle paralysis and respiratory failure, ultimately leading to death. It is vital to promptly seek medical assistance if a Brazilian Wandering Spider has bitten you. 

Before seeking medical assistance, there are some measures you can take to alleviate the venom’s impact.

Keeping calm and avoiding panicking if a Brazilian Wandering Spider has bitten you is vital. Panicking can cause an increased heart rate, which can then spread toxins throughout your body at a faster pace.

Elevate The Affected Area & Apply Cold Compress

Elevating the affected area above the level of your heart can help slow down the spread of venom in your bloodstream. Administering a cold compress to the site of the bite can also aid in relieving pain and diminishing inflammation.

Clean The Bite Wound Immediately

Use sterile saline or clean water to clean the bite wound immediately and thoroughly. It will help to remove any venom residue from the wound and lower the risk of infection.

Avoid applying suction to the bite wound, as this can worsen the venom’s spread within your body.

Without Any Delay, Obtain Medical Attention  

Promptly seeking medical attention is critical. A neurotoxin present in the venom of the Brazilian Wandering Spider can cause muscle paralysis, which may result in respiratory failure and fatality after being bitten by a wandering Brazilian spider. 

The sole effective treatment for this type of spider bite is antivenom therapy. Seek medical assistance immediately if you experience dizziness, shortness of breath, difficulty swallowing, or muscle paralysis.

The Brazilian Wandering Spider’s venom is lethal, and the best course of action if you encounter this spider is to leave it alone and seek professional help immediately. 

Follow the immediate treatment recommendations listed above to help mitigate the effects of venom, but always seek medical care as soon as possible.

Check out The world’s most dangerous spiders .

Long-Term Effects Of A Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite

The Brazilian Wandering Spider, also recognized as the Banana Spider, is among the most venomous spiders globally. The gravity of the envenomation can have considerable, long-lasting implications on an individual’s health. Typical indications of a wandering spider bite include intense pain, swelling, sweating, and muscle spasms. 

However, the venom can also affect the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, leading to difficulty breathing, high blood pressure, and even heart failure. In rare cases, neurological disorders such as paralysis may also occur. 

Due to these potentially life-threatening long-term effects, it is crucial to seek immediate medical attention if you suspect a wandering spider has bitten you.

Prevention Tips To Avoid Encountering A Brazilian Wandering Spider

The Brazilian Wandering Spider , also known as the banana spider, is one of the deadliest spiders in the world. These spiders are typically found in South and Central America and are known for their venomous bite. It’s important to take preventative measures. 

To avoid encountering this dangerous spider, be cautious when unpacking boxes or clothes that have been stored for a long time, as these are common hiding spots for spiders. 

Additionally, it’s important to regularly clean and dust your home, as clutter can attract these spiders. Lastly, shake any clothes or shoes before wearing them, especially if left on the ground. 

Following these simple tips can greatly reduce the risk of encountering a Brazilian Wandering Spider and protect yourself from its harmful bite.

Pest Control Solutions In The Event Of An Infestation

Dealing with a pest infestation is no easy task, especially when it comes to a spider known for its deadly venom – the Brazilian wandering spider. 

These spiders are found in Central and South America and can cause serious harm if they bite. If you suspect an infestation, it is essential to seek professional pest control solutions immediately. 

Experienced pest control specialists can detect the infestation source and administer safe and effective treatment methods for you and your family. It is crucial to take this hazard seriously and avoid handling it alone. Protect yourself and your loved ones by entrusting the task to experts.

Check out Brazilian Wandering Spider Control: How To Get Rid of Brazilian Wandering Spiders .

Wrapping Up with Brazilian Wandering Spider Bite

In conclusion, the Brazilian wandering spider is a real danger to be aware of when you are out and about, whether in your own country or traveling abroad. Even though its bite can be deadly, with prompt and appropriate medical treatment, most bites rarely result in lasting harm. To prevent these bites from occurring in the first place, it helps to educate yourself on what they look like and how to identify them. 

We can all stay safe outdoors by learning more about this species and taking necessary precautions to visit safely. If ever bitten by one of these arachnids, seek medical help right away and inform your healthcare provider so they can provide a proper antidote or treatment. 

Keeping informed and aware of what lurks around us is better than being fooled by their innocent appearance!

Thanks for following along with me! I hope you enjoyed reading about these two entertaining animals . Next is Understanding The Inland Taipan Bite , Venomous Deathstalker Scorpion Sting , and Surviving A Gaboon Viper Bite .

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Live Science

11 deadliest spiders

Posted: June 20, 2023 | Last updated: November 12, 2023

Deadliest spiders

Spiders are some of the most successful arthropods on the planet, having colonized every continent except Antarctica. Not all of these eight-legged arachnids are venomous, but some can be deadly to humans. From the notorious black widow to the ultra-deadly funnel web spider, here are some of the deadliest spiders on Earth.

By Christina Hughes.

Brown recluse spider

As their name suggests, brown recluse spiders ( Loxosceles reclusa ) have a shy nature and tend to hide away in dark, sheltered places. However, the brown recluse spider will bite if they feel threatened, and their bites can be deadly. They are usually found in the south and central United States, spanning southeastern Nebraska to southwestern Ohio, south to northwestern Georgia and into Texas.

The brown recluse spider can be dangerous to people because their venom contains a toxin that can cause skin necrosis (rotting). For the most part, symptoms, such as burning and itching at the bite site, as well as fever and nausea, develop a few hours after a bite. In extreme cases, the venom can lead to serious reactions or even death, especially to more vulnerable groups such as young children and the elderly.

Hobo spider

Part of the family of spiders known as the funnel web spiders, the hobo spider ( Eratigena agrestis , formerly Tegenaria agrestis ) can be recognized by it's light to medium brown coloring and the multiple chevron patterns (v-shaped) on its abdomen pointing toward their head. They are often confused with the brown recluse spider (and vice versa), but the brown recluse is much more dangerous to humans. While hobo spiders have been known to bite if they feel threatened, there is much debate about how venomous they actually are. So much so that the Center for Disease Control and Prevention has removed them from their venomous spiders list. However, it's still wise to be cautious as hobo spider bites result in swelling and redness around the area, and can have more severe effects in young children.

Hobo spiders are not great climbers, so you'll find their funnel-shaped webs at ground level. Geographically, they can be found in western North America, in the Pacific Northwest and Great Basin, as well as distributed throughout Europe to Central Asia.

Black widow spider

In the genus Latrodectus , the black widow is one of the most venomous spiders and is found on every continent except Antarctica. In North America, they're commonly found in southern Canada and in the northeastern United States. You can identify the female black widow spider by its shiny black body and distinct red hourglass-shape on the underside of the abdomen. The male black widow is smaller in size, brown or gray in color with small red sports and does not have the hourglass marking.

While both male and female black widows are venomous, only the female is dangerous to humans. The venom of a black widow is reported to be 15 times stronger than that of a rattlesnake, although they don’t deliver as much venom in their bite, so fatalities are rare. That’s not to say a black widow bite isn’t painful! Those unlucky enough to be bitten by a black widow will experience nausea, fever, sweating, restlessness, muscle cramps and labored breathing, and these symptoms may last for several days.

Brazilian wandering spider

Commonly referred to as armed spiders or banana spiders (as they tend to be found hiding within shipments of bananas), the Brazilian wandering spider is one that you'll definitely want to avoid. They belong to the genus Phoneutria , Greek for "murderess," which is quite apt as they are one of the most venomous spiders on Earth.

This arachnid is aggressive, and rather than camping out, the Brazilian wandering spider actively hunts its prey, searching the jungle floor at night. If you ever find yourself in Central and South America, such as Costa Rica or Argentina, watch out! Their neurotoxic venom is extremely painful and affects the nervous system, causing increased sweating and drooling, loss of muscle control, breathing problems, and, in some cases, unwanted prolonged erections.

Yellow sac spider

The yellow sac spiders ( Cheiracanthium) are in the family Cheiracanthiidae and they probably account for more human bites that any other type of spider. These arachnids are distributed all over the globe, from America to Northern Europe, South Africa to India, and even Australia and Japan. They’re nocturnal predators and during the day they hide in small white web cocoons.

Mildly venomous to humans, the yellow sac spider bite can be painful and sometimes misdiagnosed as brown recluse bites. Their venom can cause necrotic legions, as well as redness, swelling and sores around the bite site.

Brown widow spider

Latrodectus geometricus is the scientific name for the brown widow spider. It looks similar to its infamous "cousin" the black widow, right down to the hourglass-shaped marking on its abdomen, but there are some key differences. The brown widow’s marking is orange and yellow rather than red, and as their name suggests, they predominantly have tan and brown mottling and a spiky, rather than smooth, appearance. Believed to originate in South America, the brown widow spider is found all around the world.

The brown widow's venom is less toxic than that of its black cousin. However, it can still be deadly. Although they don't deliver as much venom as a black widow, the brown widow's bite can still cause latrodectism due to its neurotoxic venom. Symptoms of lactrodectism include pain, perspiration, muscle rigidity and vomiting.

Red widow spider

Living mostly in sand dunes in Central and Southern Florida, the red widow spider ( Latrodectus bishop) is another member of the notorious "widow" family. Their venom is just as lethal as brown and black widows, but as they live so far from human contact there has been no recorded bite in medical literature. The female red widow spider's venom is a neurotoxin which is thought to cause prolonged muscle spasms.

The red widow spider has a red-orange head and legs and a black abdomen with yellow rings around red dots. Rather than an hourglass marking like its "cousins," the red widow usually has one or two red marks.

Redback spider

Due to its strikingly similar appearance, the redback spider ( Latrodectus hasselti ) was once thought to be a sub species of the black widow spider, but it is a distinct species. Also known as the Australian black widow, you can find this creepy crawly throughout Australia, Southeast Asia and New Zealand. The redback spider has even been found in Japan, the United Arab Emirates and Belgium due to inadvertent introductions.

Highly venomous, the bite from the female redback spider can be life-threatening. Using its fangs, it injects a complex venom that causes intense pain at the bite area, in addition to sweating and goosebumps. As time goes on, these symptoms worsen and there may also be redness and swelling, as well as nausea, muscle twitching, headache and fever. Respiratory failure may occur in severe cases. Thankfully, in 1956 scientists released a redback spider antivenom which is very effective, even when used several weeks after the initial bite. No deaths have been reported since.

Funnel-web spiders

Normally in the world of spiders it is the female that is more deadly, but for funnel-web spiders ( Atrax ) the male has the more toxic bite. Any attack must be treated quickly with antivenom, especially if a child has been bitten. There have been several recorded fatalities due to the venomous bites of the funnel-web spider, with death occurring within the hour after being bitten. However, since the development of the antivenom in 1981, there haven’t been any more recorded deaths. Predominantly located in southeast Australia (Sydney), funnel-web spiders are also found in New Zealand, Chile and Europe.

Interestingly, animals such as cats and dogs can actually survive a funnel web bite – it takes about 30 minutes for their body to neutralize the toxin – it's just humans who have such a severe reaction. This venom effects the nervous system and causes symptoms such as an elevated heart rate, numbness/tingling of the mouth and difficulty breathing.

Six-eyed sand spider

Found in deserts in southern Africa, the six-eyed sand spider ( Hexophthalma hahni ) buries itself in the sand to ambush unsuspecting prey. The small, stiff hairs that cover the spider helps to hold sand particles in place, adding to its camouflage. It's otherwise known as the six-eyed crab spider due to its crab-like legs.

Another arachnid that produces venom with necrotic effects, the six-eyed sand spider is the most venomous of any of its arachnid relatives, toxicology studies reveal. Scientists have found that there are proteins within their venom that can cause tissue destruction, blood vessel leakage, and thinning of the blood. No antivenom currently exists.

Mouse spider

Black in color with stocky, thick legs and a distinctively bulbous head and jaw regions, the mouse spider ( Missulena ) looks a lot more frightening than its name sounds. One species is located in Chile, another in South America and the rest distributed throughout Australia. They live in soil-covered burrows, popping out the hinged trapdoor top to attack prey.

Their hard, large fangs can cause a deep and very painful bite. However, while scientists believe that the venom of the mouse spider is very toxic, it is rarely injected. As so few cases have been reported, it is thought that mouse spiders don't use a lot of venom or may even "dry bite." Fortunately, funnel-web spider antivenom has proven effective in cases of mouse spider bite.

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