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In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" section Tourism Geography

Introduction, general overviews.

• Progress in Human Geography Reports
• The Institutional Environment Shaping Tourism Geography Education
• Culture and Heritage Tourism
• Tourism and Agriculture
• Economic Geography and Tourism
• Migration and Mobilities
• Destination Place Branding

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Tourism Geography by Deborah Che LAST REVIEWED: 27 April 2017 LAST MODIFIED: 27 April 2017 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0156

Geography is the ideal discipline for studying the global tourism industry; as the key journal Tourism Geographies (under Journals ) explains, there are many fundamentally geographical aspects to tourism which (1) “occurs in places, (2) is sold and begins in a place of origin and is consumed in destination places, (3) transforms the environment of visited places in ways that are distinct from non-tourism processes, (4) involves the movement of people, goods, services, ideas, and money over space, and (5) presents a distinct way that people view, understand and relate to the world.” Given the inherently spatial aspects of tourism, geographers have contributed significantly to academic tourism studies. They have developed some of the most important conceptual models for explaining tourism development, including resort morphology, the tourist-historic city, and the tourist area life cycle. Additionally geographers have made the most sustained contributions to the study of the environmental dimensions of tourism and have been major contributors to the concepts of sustainable tourism and Ecotourism . Even though it has been at the core of tourism studies and also strengthened geography department enrollments, tourism geography ironically has been somewhat peripheral in academic geography. This status may be due in part to the inertia of academic institutions and staff in not seeing tourism as a serious subject for study, as well as the difficulty in measuring the tourism industry as compared to primary and secondary industries. This bibliography highlights the contributions of tourism geography and geographers to tourism research and education through a review of general overviews, Handbooks , Journals , Progress in Human Geography Reports , and Textbooks and publications on Tourism Geography Education , as well as those on specific topical areas including Culture and Heritage Tourism , Sustainability and Tourism , Migration and Mobilities , Economic Geography and Tourism , and Destination Place Branding .

The sources in this section provide overviews of tourism geography and are references to the extensive literature reviewed. Butler 2004 interweaves personal experiences from Butler’s academic career in geography in Canada and tourism management in the UK in discussing geographical research on tourism before 1950, from 1950–1980 and post-1980 to the early 21st century. His earlier contributions primarily concerned environmental aspects of tourism such as sustainable development, carrying capacity, and limits to use, while his later work diversified into areas including mobilities and movement, regional development, and cultural topics. Hall 2013 reviews contemporary tourism geography and argues that the subdiscipline has been a significant contributor to the melding and hybridity of geographic binaries, especially in the development of more critical applied geographies of environmental change. Hall and Page 2009 identifies themes emerging from the research of geographers, including explaining spatialities, tourism planning and places, development and its critiques, tourism as an “applied” area of research, and future prospects in the development of spatiality in tourism research. Focusing on the state of North American tourism geography, Meyer-Arendt and Lew 2003 highlights the research themes and approaches of members of the Recreation, Tourism and Sport specialty group of the Association of American Geographers. In contrast to the former pieces, which largely focus on tourism geography research published in English, Kreisel 2004 provides an insight into the German geographical research on tourism and leisure which—with the exception of Christaller’s application of his central places theory to tourism and his hypothesis that zones more distant from urban and industrial agglomerations were more favorable for tourism development—is largely unfamiliar to non-German readers. Likewise, Lazzarotti 2002 reviews French tourism geography research outside the Anglo-American dominated academic literature. The general overviews in Butler 2004 , Hall 2013 , and Hall and Page 2009 note that while geography has been foundational to tourism studies, with over one-third of the most cited tourism scholars from 1970–2007 having graduate qualifications in geography ( Hall and Page 2009 ), tourism has been marginalized in academic geography, with few positions in geography departments and barely a mention in key publications on the history of geographical thought. Likewise Butler 2004 (see also Sustainability and Tourism ) found hardly any articles on tourism and recreation were published in the leading geographical journals from 1950–1990. While the 1970s embargo on tourism research at the Annals of the Association of American Geographers ended with a change in editors and policy ( Butler 2004 ), tourism research has remained relatively peripheral in geography as contrasted to geography’s core status within tourism.

Butler, Richard. “Geographical Research on Tourism, Recreation, and Leisure: Origins, Eras, and Directions.” Tourism Geographies 6.2 (2004): 143–162.

DOI: 10.1080/1461668042000208453

Draws on the author’s four-decade involvement in the field of leisure, recreation, and tourism. Uniquely interweaves personal narratives in discussing the diverse research emphases and contributions by geographers; the explosion in tourism programs (mainly in business and management schools); and future contributions possible if a strong spatial focus and a synthesizing approach are maintained.

Hall, C. Michael. “Framing Tourism Geography: Notes from the Underground.” Annals of Tourism Research 43 (2013): 601–623.

DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2013.06.007

While noting the context in which tourism geography operates as a foundational discipline to the study of tourism (although perceived as marginal to institutional geography) the article argues that tourism geography has been a significant contributor to bridging geographic binaries, including the applied versus theoretical and physical versus human.

Hall, C. M., and S. J. Page. “Progress in Tourism Management: From the Geography of Tourism to Geographies of Tourism—A Review.” Tourism Management 30.1 (2009): 3–16.

DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.05.014

Provides a review of the state of tourism geography thirty years from when the journal first began publishing articles by geographers; especially timely given the subdiscipline is at a crossroads with the retirement of those who contributed significantly to tourism studies and the emergence of a new generation of tourism geographers.

Kreisel, Werner. “Geography of Leisure and Tourism Research in the German-speaking World: Three Pillars to Progress.” Tourism Geographies 6.2 (2004): 163–185.

DOI: 10.1080/1461668042000208435

This article provides an insight into German-language research in this subdiscipline, from Hans Poser’s 1939 on landscape and tourism regions to current applied foci on sustainable tourism, including strategic resource and quality management planning and the transformation of former industrial landscapes for recreation, leisure, and tourism.

Lazzarotti, Olivier. “French Tourism Geographies: A Review.” Tourism Geographies 4.2 (2002): 135–147.

DOI: 10.1080/14616680210124909

This article provides an historical overview of the French geographical literature on tourism since the end of the 19th century, which has been hampered by academic institutional assumptions of what is/is not geography.

Meyer-Arendt, Klaus J., and Alan A. Lew. “Recreation, Tourism and Sport.” In Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21 st Century . Edited by Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, 526–542. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

A useful overview that identifies the broad tourism geography themes and approaches in which recreation, tourism and sport academics have published, including travel; historical tourism; perception; environmental aspects; destination studies; specialized tourism including cultural, farm, and rural tourism and resorts and marketing; and economic aspects of tourism.

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Geographies of Tourism: Volume 19

Table of contents

Geographies of tourism: european research perspectives, tourism social science series, copyright page, acknowledgments, introduction: building bridges in european geographies of tourism, development(s) in the geographies of tourism: knowledge(s), actions and cultures.

Depending on the research approach one uses, the development of particular bodies of knowledge over time is the result of a combination of agency, chance, opportunity, patronage, power, or structure. This particular account of the development of geographies of tourism stresses its place as understood within the context of different approaches, different research behaviors and foci, and its location within the wider research community and society. The chapter charts the development of different epistemological, methodological, and theoretical traditions over time, their rise and fall, and, in some cases, rediscovery. The chapter concludes that the marketization of academic production will have an increasingly important influence on the nature and direction of tourism geographies.

Nordic Tourism Geographies

Travel and tourism have had a long history in the Nordic countries, but research on tourism has a relatively short tradition in the region. Recently, academic interest in the Nordic tourism space has grown and diversified especially as a result of increasing numbers of academics and institutions involved with tourism geographies and studies and education in the region. The Nordic context has provided thematic focus areas for empirical studies that characterize tourism geographies in the region, with topics including nature-based tourism, utilization of wilderness areas, second-home and rural developments, impacts in peripheries, and tourism as a tool for regional development. In addition, there are emerging research themes outside of the traditional core topics, such as urban, events, and heritage tourism.

From the Geography of Tourism to a Geographical Approach to Tourism in France

This chapter demonstrates that despite an unfavorable disciplinary climate for new academic subjects in France, tourism found its place in the French geographical scene almost 40 years ago. The first part traces the history of tourism in French geography until the epistemological turn due to the research laboratory MIT in the mid-1990s. It also focuses on the absence of knowledge of the Anglo-American literature and of multidisciplinarity in French research on tourism. The second part focuses on the valorization of tourism geography research in France, emphasizing the development of multidisciplinarity since the early 2000s, including the creation of a multi-disciplinary tourism laboratory and two journals. The chapter concludes reflecting on the possibility of a science of tourism.

German Perspectives on Tourism Geography

This chapter aims to familiarize the reader with some of the important aspects of tourism geography in the German-speaking countries. It starts with a primarily historical-genetic perspective on tourism development and the theoretical traditions associated with them. The second section describes the structure of the discipline, with a focus on the institutionalization of the field in the universities including their research specialization. The chapter maintains that tourism geography plays a marginal role compared with other subdisciplines of geography, though this is reflected primarily in its institutionalization and less so in the research undertaken. The last section deals with the current challenges and future prospects in German-speaking geographies of tourism from a problem-centered perspective.

Regional Perspectives on Tourism Geographies: The Case of Greece

The aim of this chapter is to provide a holistic overview of issues and topics regarding tourism geography in Greece: from its origins to its current situation. By following a historical tracking of tourism activities in this country and the growth of tourism geography as an academic domain at the university level, the main goal is to analyze the shift of academic research on tourism from geographical perspective, as presented in both the Greek and English language literature. The chapter concludes that there is a need for practical orientation and redefinition of typologies of tourism geographies in order to apply a more sustainable and cross-disciplinary approach in the academic discourse on Greek tourism.

Italian Tourism Geography: The Weight of the Idiographic Approach

This chapter discusses the main research interests and outputs in the various branches of geography that have influenced the study of tourism from a geographical perspective. It argues that the idiographic tradition has been transversal throughout, leading to the growing interest for tourism within the geography academic community in the last 10 years. There is a focus on the birth of specific research groups, mainly related to a constellation of new university curricula on tourism and—with few exceptions of territorial tradition—to an intermittent availability of public research funds. The chapter concludes with a more general picture of the place of tourism within the geography discipline in Italy and of evolving trends in terms of research results, dissemination, and evaluation.

Tourism Geography in the Low Countries: Quo Vadis?

The reflections in this chapter explore the genesis of tourism geography in the Netherlands and Belgium marked by political and linguistic constraints, plus historical, political, and cultural factors, as well as the footprints of some pioneers. The dual language use of French and Dutch/Flemish has often been offered as an excuse for the low profile of the region’s universities in international knowledge networks. However, thanks to the involvement in thematic networks and a growing pressure for researchers to publish internationally in peer-reviewed journals, the research landscape in tourism has definitely changed. Geographical and spatial approaches to tourism have led to a colorful research landscape today.

The Geography of Tourism in Spain: Institutionalization and Internationalization

This chapter reflects upon the trajectory of research in the geography of tourism in Spain. It begins with a review, including the evolution of the main topics present in the subdiscipline, with a special focus on developments since the 1990s. This is followed by an analysis of the current role and potential impact of academic tourism geography and a discussion on the recent growth in the publication of research results in international journals. Of importance are the institutional factors that explain the increasing recognition of research on the geography of tourism in Spain. Finally, the chapter discusses the hegemony of positivist approaches pivoting on land use, local and regional development, impact analysis, and landscape transformation, as well as the emerging links between Spanish tourism geography and the international mainstream schools of thought.

Conclusion: Contrasting Geographies of Tourism in Europe

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Embracing geospatial analytical technologies in tourism studies

• Published: 19 April 2023
• Volume 25 , pages 137–150, ( 2023 )

Cite this article

• Yang Yang 1   na1 ,
• Xiang Chen 2 ,
• Song Gao 3 ,
• Zhenlong Li 4 ,
• Zhe Zhang 5 &
• Bo Zhao 6  

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With the ongoing development of information and communications technology, geospatial technologies have become increasingly important in monitoring, managing, and predicting tourism activities. These tools can also uncover tourism’s social, economic, cultural, environmental, and political impacts. In this viewpoint article, we discuss applications of cutting-edge geospatial analysis in tourism studies. Topics include opportunities from emerging geospatial data, a new typology of spatial analysis in tourism studies, spatial analysis with the 4-Ws approach, and humanistic geographic information systems. This paper offers methodological guidance for multi-scale geospatial analyses that are essential to tourism research.

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Department of Tourism & Hospitality Management, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, USA

Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA

Zhenlong Li

Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

Department of Geography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

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Yang, Y., Chen, X., Gao, S. et al. Embracing geospatial analytical technologies in tourism studies. Inf Technol Tourism 25 , 137–150 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-023-00249-w

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Received : 17 September 2022

Revised : 08 April 2023

Accepted : 09 April 2023

Published : 19 April 2023

Issue Date : June 2023

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-023-00249-w

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Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast, Russia

Elektrostal, located in the Moscow Oblast of Russia, has a rich and intriguing history that intertwines with the political landscape and geography of the region.

Elektrostal, with a current estimated population of approximately 160,000 residents, is a major industrial city situated in the eastern part of Moscow Oblast. The city's name translates to "Electro Steel," which reflects its historical association with the steel industry. Elektrostal's population has experienced significant growth over the years, particularly during the industrialization period of the Soviet Union.

The city's history can be traced back to the early 20th century when it was established as a planned settlement. In 1916, the Russian government made the decision to construct a large metallurgical plant in the region due to the availability of natural resources, such as iron ore and coal, as well as its proximity to Moscow. This marked the beginning of Elektrostal's industrial development, which would have a profound impact on its growth and identity.

During the Russian Revolution and subsequent establishment of the Soviet Union, Elektrostal, like many other industrial cities, played a crucial role in supporting the country's industrialization efforts. The city's steel plant became an integral part of the Soviet economy, contributing to the growth of heavy industry and the modernization of the nation. The political environment during this time heavily influenced the development of Elektrostal, as the centralized Soviet government prioritized industrial production and the advancement of the working class.

Throughout the 20th century, Elektrostal continued to expand and evolve. The city saw significant developments in infrastructure, housing, and social services to accommodate the needs of its growing population. Residential areas, schools, hospitals, and cultural institutions were established to provide for the well-being of the city's inhabitants. Additionally, the steel plant underwent modernization and expansion, leading to increased production capacity and employment opportunities.

However, the political environment of the Soviet Union also had its drawbacks. The centrally planned economy, which prioritized industrial output, often neglected environmental considerations. As a result, Elektrostal, like many other industrial cities, faced issues related to pollution and environmental degradation. Efforts were made to mitigate these problems over time, with the implementation of stricter environmental regulations and the introduction of cleaner production technologies.

The geographical location of Elektrostal also influenced its history and development. Situated in the Moscow Oblast, the city benefited from its proximity to the capital city. This allowed for easy transportation of goods and resources, as well as access to a wider range of cultural and educational opportunities. The region's favorable climate, with warm summers and cold winters, also played a role in shaping the city's lifestyle and economy.

In recent decades, Elektrostal has undergone further transformations. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the city experienced a shift from a planned economy to a market-oriented system. This transition brought both opportunities and challenges, as Elektrostal had to adapt to the new economic realities while preserving its industrial heritage.

Today, Elektrostal continues to be an important industrial hub, with the steel plant remaining a major employer in the region. However, the city has also diversified its economy, attracting investments in sectors such as manufacturing, electronics, and engineering. Efforts have been made to enhance the quality of life for residents, with the development of recreational areas, parks, and cultural events.