spouse visit visa usa

• (888) 777-9102
• Learning Center

• How It Works
• All Packages & Pricing
• I-90 Application to Replace Permanent Resident Card
• I-129F Petition for Alien Fiancé
• I-130 Petition for Alien Relative
• I-131 Application for Travel Document
• I-485 Adjustment of Status Application
• I-751 Remove Conditions on Residence
• I-765 Application for Employment Authorization
• I-821D DACA Application Package
• I-864 Affidavit of Support
• N-400 Application for Naturalization
• N-565 Application to Replace Citizenship Document
• Citizenship Through Naturalization
• Citizenship Through Parents
• Apply For Citizenship (N-400)
• Apply for Certificate of Citizenship (N-600)
• Replace Citizenship Document (N-565)
• Apply for a Green Card
• Green Card Renewal
• Green Card Replacement
• Renew or Replace Green Card (I-90)
• Remove Conditions on Green Card (I-751)
• Green Card through Adjustment of Status
• Adjustment of Status Application (I-485)
• Affidavit of Support (I-864)
• Employment Authorization (I-765)
• Advance Parole Application (I-131)
• Adjustment of Status Fee
• Family-Based Immigration Explained
• Search the Learning Center
• Request Support
• Find an Immigration Attorney

Home » Blog » How to Obtain a Green Card as the Spouse of a U.S. Citizen or Permanent Resident

How to Obtain a Green Card as the Spouse of a U.S. Citizen or Permanent Resident

August 22, 2023 Apply for Green Card

Immigration officials, from the U.S. Department of State and also U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), scrutinize spouse relationships more than other types of immigrant visa applications. That’s because there has been a historically high rate of visa fraud for marriages as compared to other relationships. Therefore, immigration officials want reassurance that the marriage is legitimate and that the foreign spouse is obtaining a green card based on a genuine relationship. This article reviews the requirements for a spouse visa, steps to apply, and how to make sure you're doing it correctly.

Why are there different (IR1/CR1) spouse visas? Who is eligible to sponsor a spouse? What are the specific steps to get started on a spouse visa? Is the process different if my spouse is in the U.S. or abroad? How much does this cost? What else should I know about? How long will it take for my spouse to get a green card? Is there an option if we're not married yet? How can CitizenPath help me and my spouse?

Spouse Visa (IR1/CR1 Visa) Explained

A “spouse visa” in this article is a term to refer to an immigrant visa (green card) for spouses. The U.S. government may issue an immigrant visa to the foreign national spouse of a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident. You may hear terms like IR1, CR1 and F2A to describe the visa types. The fact is, you have no choice in the matter. These "classes of admission" are based on the type of qualifying relationship, the duration of the marriage, and sometimes the type of admission. Here are some common examples:

• IR1: Lawful permanent residence granted to the foreign national spouse of a U.S. citizen
• F2A: Lawful permanent residence granted to the foreign national spouse of a permanent resident
• CR1: Conditional permanent residence granted to the foreign national spouse of a U.S. citizen

Spouses admitted under the IR1 or F2A categories receive a permanent resident card, also known as a green card. Although permanent resident status is generally permanent, these cards are valid for a period of 10 years and must be renewed at that point. For couples who have been married less than two years at the time the immigrant visa is granted, the government will issue a “CR1” visa. CR1 spouses are issued a conditional green card that is valid for a period of two years. Within the 90-day period before the card expires, conditional residents must " remove the conditions on residence " in order to maintain status. Many spouse visa beneficiaries are approved as conditional residents.

Eligibility to File a Visa Petition for a Spouse

Before a foreign national may actually apply for a spouse visa, the U.S. citizen or permanent resident must file a petition to establish the existence of a qualifying relationship. Although there are additional requirements for a successful spouse petition, the eligibility is fairly straight forward. The petitioner must:

• Be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident (age 18 or over); and
• Be legally married to the foreign national spouse.

The visa petition starts the process. Initially, the U.S. citizen or permanent resident files Form I-130 (Petition for Alien Relative) and Form I-130A (Supplemental Information for a Spouse Beneficiary) with USCIS. The visa petition package establishes a qualifying relationship and requests the U.S. government to make a visa available to a foreign national spouse.

Same-sex marriages and marriages to transgender spouses are included in marriage-based green card petitions. In other words, they are treated the same as opposite-sex marriages.

Filing Your Spouse's Petition

Filing the petition package involves more than just the government forms. It’s extremely important to prepare a complete I-130 petition package with all of the necessary supporting documents when filing for a spouse visa. USCIS may send a Request for Evidence (RFE) if any information is missing. This additional step will delay the case and increase the time it takes to approve the petition. The typical I-130 petition package will include:

USCIS Filing Fee

Submit a payment for your USCIS fees. Make the check or money order payable to U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (The fee is $535 fee at the time of writing this article.)

Cover letter (optional)

A cover letter is not required, but it can help itemize the documents that you are submitting and highlight any extraordinary circumstances that you want to clarify. Review a sample I-130 cover letter .

Form I-130, Petition for Alien Relative

Submit an accurately prepared visa petition. A well-prepared petition is the best way to keep your case on schedule. Don’t forget to sign.

Form I-130A, Supplemental Information for Spouse Beneficiary

The Form I-130A is only required for the beneficiary spouse. If your spouse is outside the United States, he or she is not required to sign Form I-130A.

Proof of status

If you are a U.S. citizen, submit a photocopy of a birth certificate (if U.S. born), passport, naturalization certificate, certificate of citizenship, or consular report of birth abroad. If you are a lawful permanent resident, submit a photocopy of both sides of your green card or other proof of permanent residence.

Marriage certificate

Include a copy of your marriage certificate to prove that there is a family relationship between you and your spouse.

Proof of previous marriages terminated

If either you or your spouse were previously married, submit copies of documents showing that all prior marriages were legally terminated such as a divorce decree or death certificate (if the marriage was terminated due to the death of a spouse).

Passport photos

Submit two passport-style color photos of yourself and two passport-style color photos of your spouse taken within 30 days of filing the petition. (Exception: The foreign national spouse does not need to submit photos if currently residing outside the U.S.)

Evidence of a bona fide marriage

Include evidence that you have a bona fide marriage. It’s important to demonstrate you married for genuine reasons, not to evade U.S. immigration laws for the sole purpose of obtaining a green card. You’ll need to submit copies of documents that show evidence of shared financials liabilities, assets, insurance, tax filings, birth certificates of child born in to the marriage, or other documents that you feel shows your bona fide relationship. Read Evidence of Bona Fide Marriage to Support a Spousal I-130 Petition for more extensive information and example evidence.

The example I-130 package described above is for a typical spouse visa case. Depending on your specific case and how you answer questions on the petition, additional documents and evidence may be required at the time of filing.

CitizenPath's Immigrant Visa Petition Package can help you prepare the petition. Our affordable software was designed by immigration attorneys to make the process easier and help eliminate common errors that create delays and rejections. Upon completion, you’ll receive the Form I-130, Form I-130A (ready to sign) and filing instructions with a checklist of supporting documents for your specific situation.

Your Spouse's Path to a Green Card

The information above assumes that your spouse is outside of the United States. Upon approval of the I-130 petition package, USCIS forwards the case to U.S. embassy or consulate where your spouse will ultimately apply for the visa and interview. This is called consular processing. However, in certain cases when a spouse is inside the United States, your spouse may be eligible for adjustment of status.

Consular Processing

Most family-based green card applications go through consular processing . The applicant is located abroad and interviews at a U.S. embassy or consulate.

The basic steps through the spouse visa process are as follows:

• File I-130 Petition Package with USCIS
• Obtain USCIS approval (or denial) on petition
• Submit Affidavit of Support (I-864) and other documentation to National Visa Center
• Pay and apply for immigrant visa (DS-260)
• Complete required medical exam
• Attend visa interview at the U.S. embassy or consulate
• Receive immigrant visa in passport
• Pay immigrant fee online
• Travel to United States
• Receive physical green card in the mail (typically about four weeks of entry)

Adjustment of Status

Certain spouses who are already inside the United States may be able to adjust status to permanent resident . This means that they would apply for the green card inside the United States without the need to travel abroad for an interview. This option is not available to everyone. Eligibility requires that the foreign national spouse:

• Be physically present in the U.S. through a lawful entry; and
• Have an immigrant visa immediately available to them.

Typically, physical presence should be through an entry with nonimmigrant intent. For example, your spouse shouldn't enter on a B-2 visitor visa with the preconceived intent of adjusting status .

When adjusting status, generally there is no need to file Form I-130 and wait. Instead, the foreign national spouse may file an adjustment of status package that includes Forms I-130, I-130A and I-485 (Application to Adjust Status).

Forms & Expenses for Spousal Immigration

The cost considerations below are for a spouse visa through consular processing. The adjustment of status path (for applicants physically present in the U.S.) come with additional costs.

There are other costs associated with an application for a spouse visa. For example, every applicant must attend a medical exam completed by an embassy-approved physician. There is no fee for the form. However, the doctor will charge a fee for the exam. The cost of the required medical exam will vary by country, doctor, and any additional vaccinations that may be required. Other costs may include photos to submit with the application, postage, and any transportation fees associated with travel to a consular interview.

Inadmissibility

After USCIS approves the immigrant visa petition and a visa is available, the foreign national applies for the actual spouse visa. Immigration officials will review the intending immigrant’s background for grounds of inadmissibility. In fact, everyone who applies to enter the United States is checked for inadmissibility. In general, immigration officials will not allow intending immigrants with histories of criminal or terrorist activities, drug abuse, infectious medical problems, or certain other characteristics to enter the U.S.

The following list summarizes some of the major classes of inadmissibility. In some cases, a waiver can be obtained.

If your situation may include any of the above conditions, please consult with an immigration attorney before attempting to file any USCIS form.

If these issues do not apply to your situation, you can likely and save hundreds of dollars compared to an immigration attorney.

Processing Times to Get a Spouse a Visa

As mentioned in a previous section, the I-130 petition is a request by the U.S. citizen or permanent resident to make a visa available to a foreign spouse. For spouses of U.S. citizens, a visa is always available. Spouses of U.S. citizens are considered immediate relatives . On the other hand, spouses of permanent residents are considered family preference immigrants and may experience a bit more of a wait for a visa to become available. However, once USCIS approves the petition, the process is essentially the same for both.

For many spouse visa cases, the process takes less than a year. The entire spouse visa time line can vary for your case. As mentioned, I-130 processing times vary by type of relationship (immediate relative or family preference). Other factors that affect processing time include the workload where your paperwork is processed and how well you prepare the petition.

After I-130 is Approved, What’s Next?

Getting a visa before marriage.

There is alternative path for couples not yet married. The fiancé of U.S. citizens may generally obtain a K-1 visa to enter the United States for the purposes of marriage. The foreign national must marry the U.S. citizen within 90 days of entry to the U.S. If not married at this point, he or she must depart the country. Once married to the U.S. citizen, the K-1 visa holder may adjust status to permanent resident.

K-1 Visa Path to a Marriage-Based Green Card

Removing conditions from a spouse's conditional green card.

As mentioned, immigration officials issue a conditional green card (CR1 visa) to immigrants who have been married less than two years. In the 90-day period before the two-year green card expires, the immigrant must "remove the conditions on residence." It's an extra step, but it's manageable for most couples. Understanding the purpose of the conditional period and which supporting documents are necessary to remove the conditions can streamline the process.

33 Great Documents for Proving a Bona Fide Marriage on an I-751 Petition

About citizenpath.

CitizenPath provides simple, affordable, step-by-step guidance through USCIS immigration applications. Individuals, attorneys and non-profits use the service on desktop or mobile device to prepare immigration forms accurately, avoiding costly delays. CitizenPath allows users to try the service for free and provides a 100% money-back guarantee that USCIS will approve the application or petition. We provide support for the Immigrant Visa Petition Package (Form I-130) , Adjustment of Status Package (Forms I-485 and I-130) , and several other immigration services .

Want more immigration tips and how-to information for your family?

Sign up for CitizenPath’s FREE immigration newsletter and

on our immigration services

Related Posts

Navigating the DS-260 Online Application for an Immigrant Visa

Apply for a green card with ease! Explore our comprehensive DS-260 online guide for a smooth application process. Get started now.… Continue Reading →

Immigration by Marriage: Your Options for a Spouse or Fiancé Visa

Getting married can be an overwhelming process, but determining the best path for immigration by marriage is no easier. This article discusses some of the choices between a K-1 visa (for a fiancé) and a CR-1 visa (for a spouse).… Continue Reading →

Applying for a Green Card After a Visa Overstay

The questions vary from, “Can I apply for a green card after a visa overstay?” to “What happens if my visa expires and I marry… Continue Reading →

Immigration Form Guides Form I-90       Form I-129F       Form I-130       Form I-131       Form I-131A       Form I-134       Form I-485       Form I-751       Form I-765       Form I-821D       Form I-864       Form N-400       Form N-565       Form N-600

Sign Up to Receive Free Monthly Information for Your Immigration Journey

© Copyright 2013-2024, CitizenPath, LLC. All rights reserved. CitizenPath is a private company that provides self-directed immigration services at your direction. We are not affiliated with USCIS or any government agency. The information provided in this site is not legal advice, but general information on issues commonly encountered in immigration. CitizenPath is not a law firm and is not a substitute for an attorney or law firm. Your access to and use of this site is subject to additional Terms of Use .

An official website of the United States government

Here’s how you know

Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock Locked padlock icon ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

Family-based immigrant visas and sponsoring a relative

If you are a U.S. citizen or permanent resident, you may be able to sponsor a family member for a Permanent Resident Card (Green Card). Learn about the process and who is eligible.

Categories of people eligible for family immigrant visas

Applying for a family-based immigrant visa is the first step in the process for the person you are sponsoring to become a permanent resident. There are two categories of this type of visa:

Immediate relative visas

These visas are for close relatives of U.S. citizens, such as spouses, unmarried children under 21, or parents. An unlimited number of visas are available for this visa category. These visas include:

• IR1 and CR1 for spouses
• IR2 for children
• IR5 for parents

Family preference visas

A limited number of family preference visas are set aside each year for:

• F1 visas unmarried children who are 21 years of age or older
• F3 visas for married children
• F4 visas for siblings
• F2A visas for spouses and unmarried children under age 21
• F2B visas for unmarried children who are 21 years of age or older

Check the U.S. Department of State’s chart of immigrant visa categories to learn more about each category of immediate relative and family sponsored visas .

How to apply for permanent residency for a family member

To sponsor your family member, submit a United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) Form I-130 . Each person you sponsor needs a separate Form I-130. You can submit the form online or by mail.

The process for your relative to immigrate to the U.S. requires that both you, as the sponsor, and your relative, as the visa applicant, complete the necessary steps.

The process is different depending on whether your family member is already in the U.S. or abroad.

• If your family member is in the U.S. - Learn about Adjustment of Status
• If your family member is outside the U.S. - Learn the steps for Consular Processing

Submitting Form I-130 is the first step of the immigration visa process. Learn what other steps are involved , including:

• National Visa Center (NVC) processing
• Fee payments
• Required supporting documents
• Interview preparation

LAST UPDATED: December 8, 2023

Have a question?

Ask a real person any government-related question for free. They will get you the answer or let you know where to find it.

We’re sorry, this site is currently experiencing technical difficulties. Please try again in a few moments. Exception: request blocked

Immigration help for your business

• News & Reports
• Guides: Individual immigration

CR1 and IR1 Spouse Visas, Explained

An overview of the cr1/ir1 spousal visa process, including timeline, cost, requirements and more, in this guide.

• CR1 Visa Processing Time 2024
• What is the CR-1 Visa?
• Differences Between the CR1 and IR1
• The CR1 / IR1 Application Process
• Frequently Asked Questions about Spousal Visas
• Related Information

What Are Spousal Visas? A CR1 spouse visa (also called IR1) is a green card that allows someone from another country to live in the U.S. with their spouse, a U.S. citizen or permanent resident. If you’ve been married for less than two years, you might get a CR-1 visa (conditional resident), and if you’ve been married for two years or more, you might get an IR1 visa (immediate relative). The latest wait time for a spousal visa is approximately 9.3 months; however, it’s much longer for foreign nationals married to green card holders in the U.S. The CR-1 visa is now considered the common alternative to the K-3 visa .

Boundless offers comprehensive spouse visa support and guaranteed approval for one flat fee.

The current wait time for a spousal visa averages about 9.3 months, although this will vary depending on whether you are married to a U.S. citizen or green card holder.

The processing time for I-130 will also vary greatly depending on the service center. The average processing time for Form I-130 is around 11 months . This estimate is based on analysis by Boundless partner Track My Visa Now, who tracks wait times in real time, giving the most up-to-date estimates for Form I-130 petitions filed today.

If you’re not married to a U.S. citizen, you may have to wait a while before a visa becomes available. You can check the Visa Bulletin to get a sense of wait times.

Important Update for Spouses of Green Card Holders (November 2023):

The Visa Bulletin shows that it’s taking much longer for F2A applications to get approved. These are for spouses and kids under 21 of U.S. green card holders. So, if a green card holder wants to bring their spouse or child to the U.S., their application could take many years to be processed.

Before August, if a green card holder applied in 2020, they’d get a decision around now. But from August, someone in the same situation would have had to apply in 2017 to get a decision this month.

This means some green card holders might have to wait more than seven years or longer to be with their families.

related article:

Which is faster, cr-1 or k-1 fiancé visa, cr1 / ir1 requirements.

To qualify for a CR1/IR1 visa, you must apply via “ consular processing .” Here are the visa types that use consular processing:

• CR1/IR1 spouse and the accompanying CR2/IR2 child when the sponsor is a U.S. citizen
• F2A category (F21 spouse; F22 child) when the sponsor is a legal permanent resident (aka green card holder)

A CR1/IR1 visa allows a U.S. citizen or legal permanent resident (green card holder) to sponsor their foreign spouse to come to the United States.

Specific requirements include:

• The sponsor must be a U.S. citizen or legal permanent resident.
• The couple must be lawfully married and provide a valid marriage certificate.
• The authenticity of the marriage must be proven with evidence, for example, with photographs, flight itineraries, and so on. For more information, see this Boundless guide on proving your marriage is real .
• The sponsor must pledge to support their spouse and file an affidavit of support financially. They must have the means to support their household at 125% of the federal poverty level. If the sponsor doesn’t meet the income requirements , they can use a joint sponsor .
• The sponsor must have a U.S. domicile, meaning they must either live in the United States or prove they plan to return to the United States with their foreign spouse. See our Boundless guide on proving domicile .

Related article:

Proxy marriages: a guide for long-distance couples.

CR1 (or Conditional Resident) visas are given to applicants who, when arriving in the United States with their green card, have been married to a U.S. citizen for less than two years. These visas are granted on a “conditional” basis. Two years after they arrive in the United States, the beneficiary and their U.S. citizen spouse must apply to remove the conditions from the green card , at which point they will receive an updated 10-year permanent resident card.

What is the IR-1 Visa?

On the other hand, IR1 (or Immediate Relative) visas are given to beneficiaries who have been married to U.S. citizens for more than two years when their green card is approved. In this case, the IR1 holder doesn’t need to remove conditions (as there are none) and will have ten years before they need to renew their permanent resident card.

Investor visas, such as the EB5 , are also considered Conditional Resident visas and thus will need to be updated after two years. That being said, for our purposes, the term CR1 generally refers to a conditional, 2-year, marriage-based green card .

While CR1 and IR1 visas provide similar rights and privileges to beneficiaries, they follow different timelines. The CR1 is a conditional marriage green card, valid for 2 years, while an IR1 is a permanent marriage green card, valid for 10 years.

• CR1 visas are for spouses married to a U.S. citizen for less than two years.
• CR1 visas are also known as “conditional resident” visas because the spouse must live in the United States for two years after entering the country before their permanent residency status is fully granted.
• If the spouse and U.S. citizen divorce within the two-year conditional period, the spouse will lose their green card status .
• IR1 visas are for spouses married to a U.S. citizen for two years or more.
• IR1 visas are also known as “immediate relative” visas because the spouse can apply for permanent residency immediately after entering the United States.
• There is no two-year conditional period for IR1 visa holders.

CR1 / IR1 Costs

Whether you’re applying for an IR1 or a CR1, the cost for obtaining a marriage-based green card can be broken down into 4 basic categories:

For those with a CR1 Visa:

When the time comes to apply for the removal of conditions , you will eventually need to pay a $750 filing fee (for Form I-751 ) and an $85 biometrics fee.

It’s generally a good idea to collect a list of all the anticipated expenses ahead of time. This will help ensure that you have the money on hand when you need it.

Boundless helps you pay government fees over time, so you can get started now and pay later. Guaranteed approval or your money back.  Learn more about what Boundless can do to help.

How to Apply for a CR1 or IR1 Visa

To apply for a CR1 or IR1 visa, you’ll need to go through consular processing, which means you’ll need to apply and interview at your local U.S. Embassy or Consulate. In this section, we’ll provide a step-by-step summary of the CR1/IR1 visa application process. For a more detailed explanation, see our Guide to Consular Processing .

Follow the steps below to apply for a CR1 or IR1 visa using consular processing:

• Make sure you’re actually eligible to receive a green card . Most importantly, you’ll need to be able to show that you’re in an authentic marriage. Your spouse also should be 18 years or older and “ domiciled ” in the United States.
• The U.S. citizen sponsor — your spouse — will need to complete and file Form I-130 (officially called the “Petition for Alien Relative”).
• You’ll then need to wait anywhere from a couple of months to over a year for U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) to process the form. If I-130 is approved, you can proceed to the next step.
• If approved, you can check the Visa Bulletin to see whether a green card is available. You can skip this step if you’re married to a U.S. citizen, but otherwise, you may need to wait in “line.” This can take a long time, depending on where you live.
• Your petition will then be processed by the U.S. Department of State’s National Visa Center ( NVC ), where your case will be formally entered into the system.
• The NVC will notify you about any necessary fees and paperwork to be submitted as part of the application process. They will also instruct you to complete Form DS-260 (officially called the “Application for Immigrant Visa and Alien Registration”) — this is the actual green card application , where you will answer questions about yourself, including your work and education history.
• After receiving your paperwork from the NVC, your local U.S. Embassy or Consulate should send you a letter telling you when and where the interview will be conducted.
• You’ll need to get a medical exam with an Embassy-approved physician before attending your interview. You can check the Embassy’s website to find a list of acceptable doctors.
• You’ll need to have all the relevant documentation and your passport when you arrive at your interview . You can contact the Embassy to get a precise list of what you’ll need. You will be expected to answer questions — under oath — about your application.
• If no further inquiries are required, you can expect to hear back either immediately or within about a week of your interview. If approved, you should receive a visa — placed inside your passport — and a sealed envelope with your documents. Do not unseal this envelope. The immigration officer at the border should be the only one who opens it.
• The visa provided by the consular officer will remain valid for 6 months following your medical exam. Once the U.S. border official admits you into the United States — and returns your documents — your visa will be valid for 12 months, allowing you to travel freely in and out of the country. You can expect to receive your final green card during that 12-month period.

CR1 and IR1 visas are acquired via consular processing. If you currently reside in the United States, you’ll need to go through the Adjustment of Status (AOS) process , which has its own set of requirements and paperwork.

Avoid common pitfalls in the immigration process with unlimited support from Boundless’ team of immigration experts. Our service includes a final lawyer review, with guaranteed accuracy, so you can apply with confidence. Learn more.

can my spouse visit me while the CR-1 visa is pending?

Once you’ve successfully completed the green card application process, you may receive either a CR1 or IR1 visa, depending on how long you’ve been married at the time of your admission into the United States.

Boundless FAQ: Can you work on a CR-1 ?

Yes! You can work on a CR1 Visa! Once you enter the United States with a CR1 visa, you are automatically eligible to work in the United States. You do not need to apply for a work permit. Your stamped passport will serve as a temporary green card until until your green card arrives, typically within 2-3 months.

If you have an IR1 visa, you’ll simply need to renew your green card 10 years after receiving it. But if you’ve been issued a CR1 visa, you’ll need to apply to remove the conditions from your green card within 90 days of the 2-year anniversary of your arrival in the United States.

Below, we’ll briefly discuss the process for removing conditions from a permanent resident card. For more detailed instructions, see our guide to removal of conditions .

To begin with, both spouses will need to complete and submit Form I-751 (officially called the “Petition to Remove Conditions on Residence”). It’s very important that you submit your application within the 90-day period leading up to the expiration date of the CR1 green card. If submitted too early, USCIS will simply return the form , and if submitted too late (without explanation), your application could be denied altogether.

As part of the application, you will need to submit proof that you are in an authentic marriage . USCIS will want to see evidence — similar to the kind used for the initial green card application — that your marriage has continued for the past two years. Evidence might include:

• Statements from a joint bank account
• Birth certificates for any children born during the 2-year period
• Property deeds with both names listed
• Photos from the period in question

In addition to paying the appropriate fees (see the “Cost” section for a breakdown), you’ll need to provide a copy of your Conditional Residence green card (both front and back).

Boundless stays on top of all government deadlines and news so you don’t have to, we’ll be your immigration partner from beginning to end. Learn more about what Boundless can do to help.

CR-1 stands for “Conditional Resident” visa, which is a type of visa that grants conditional permanent residence status to the spouse of a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident.

Yes, same-sex couples have the same rights as opposite-sex couples when it comes to marriage-based immigration. Thanks to the Supreme Court’s decision in Windsor v. United States , the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was deemed unconstitutional. As a result, all marriage-based visa applications are to be assessed in exactly the same way, regardless of sexual orientation . For more information, Boundless put together a detailed immigration guide for LGBTQ couples and families.

No, not technically. They need to meet the “ domicile ” requirement, which is possible even if they live abroad. The easiest way to meet this requirement is to live in the United States or one of its territories. Failing that, they can provide documentation showing one of the following:

• They are an employee at an approved organization
• They are living outside the United States on a temporary basis
• They intend to move back to the United States as soon as you (their spouse) are admitted into the United States

In this case, they will need to upgrade their petition by submitting the following evidence to the NVC :

• Copy of certificate of naturalization
• Copy of U.S. passport (the biodata page)

The answer to this question will vary depending on the country where you’re applying, but in general you will need:

• A passport that will remain valid for 6 months after your arrival in the United States
• An Affidavit of Support ( Form I-864 )
• Form DS-260
• Two 2×2, passport-style photos
• All civil documents requested by the embassy. This will likely include your birth certificate , marriage certificates, police certificates , and military records (if any)
• Medical exam papers

The goal of the CR1 interview is for the interviewing officer to determine whether or not your marriage is authentic. You will be asked questions about your relationship, including how you met, your daily life as a couple, and your future plans. Boundless has put together a detailed guide on what to expect during the marriage green card interview .

The current wait time for the CR1 visa is 13.5–15 months if you’re married to a U.S. citizen and 29–40 months if you’re married to a green card holder.

The CR1 is a temporary green card that is valid for two years. After two years, the couple will need to apply to “ remove the conditions ” and obtain a permanent green card.

The K-1 fiancé visa is currently taking slightly longer to process than the CR-1 spousal visa. The K-1 will also cost significantly more when the government raises fees in late 2023. But choosing between these two visa paths depends on your unique situation. Boundless has put together an in-depth guide on the pros and cons of the K-1 vs. CR-1 visas .

Yes, the CR-1 visa allows you to start working as soon as you enter the United States. You do not need to apply for a separate work permit when you have a CR-1 visa.

Yes, you can travel outside the U.S. as a green card holder, but your trip cannot be longer than one year. For more info, check out the Boundless guide on traveling outside the U.S. as a green card holder .

A CR-1 visa holder may apply for citizenship after 3 years of living with their spouse in the U.S. You are permitted to apply for citizenship 90 calendar days before the 3-year requirement.

The CR1 visa is valid for two years, after which time the visa holder must apply to “ remove the conditions ” on the marriage green card to make it permanent and valid for 10 years. After the 10-year period you can apply to renew it.

The minimum income requirement for most sponsors is 125% of the Federal Poverty Guidelines based on the size of their household and where they live. For a married couple who lives in the 48 contiguous states (mainland U.S.) and has no children, the minimum annual income requirement is $25,550.

When completing the online immigrant visa application, you can opt to receive a Social Security card after your arrival in the United States. This will provide your Social Security Number . In this case, you would most likely receive the card within 6 weeks of your admission into the country. If, for whatever reason, you haven’t elected to receive a Social Security card, you will have to apply for one with the Social Security Administration.

A CR-1 visa may be denied if the applicant is deemed ineligible, if the application is incomplete or inaccurate, if there are security concerns, or if the applicant has a history of immigration violations or criminal activity.

It is not required to enlist an immigration lawyer’s help when applying for spouse visa, but certain couples may benefit from a lawyer’s expertise during the process. An immigration lawyer can also add additional peace of mind when navigating the spouse visa application. Learn more about whether or not you need an immigration lawyer for your specific case in Boundless’ guide . NOTE: Boundless also offers two different services options for the spouse visa application: Essential (a guided application) and Premium (which includes additional lawyer support), so you can apply with confidence no matter what you choose.

The 2023 processing time for the CR1 visa is 13.5–15 months if you’re married to a U.S. citizen and 29–40 months if you’re married to a green card holder.

Boundless can help you develop a strategy to achieve your immigration goals. We’re with you from start to finish.

Boundless reviews, immigration guides.

• Green Cards for Beginners
• Understanding Marriage Green Cards
• The Green Card Renewal Process
• Applying for the Removal of Conditions
• The Fiancé(e) Visa and the Spouse Visa: A Comparison

No time for research? We provide an easy, guided application experience, with 4 anti-rejection checks and a lawyer review. Get started for free .

Article Contents

Apply for your visa with boundless., unlimited live support. lawyer review. money-back guarantee., which service.

Looks like you were working on a application just now. Applicants typically only require one service at a time.

You unlocked a $50 discount!

Congrats! Because your friend referred you, your application with Boundless is discounted. Start the application with Boundless within the next 14 days, and you'll save $50.

Try our Advanced Search for more refined results

The Practice of Law

• Law360 Pulse

Business of Law

Law360 authority, deep news & analysis, tax authority, employment authority, insurance authority, real estate authority, bankruptcy authority, healthcare authority.

• Law360 Employment Authority
• Law360 Tax Authority
• Law360 Insurance Authority
• Law360 Real Estate Authority
• Law360 Healthcare Authority
• Law360 Bankruptcy Authority

• Law360 In-Depth
• Law360 Podcasts
• Regional Powerhouses
• Law360's MVPs
• Women in Law Report
• Diversity Snapshot
• Practice Groups of the Year
• Rising Stars
• Titans of the Plaintiffs Bar
• Adv. Search & Platform Tools
• About all sections
• Browse all sections
• Class Action
• Competition
• Expert Analysis
• Intellectual Property
• Product Liability
• Track attorneys
• Track judges
• Join the Law360 team
• Search legal jobs
• Learn more about Law360
• Read testimonials
• Contact Law360
• Sign up for our newsletters
• Law360 Company
• About Law360 Authority
• Resource Library

Feds Tells Justices US Citizen Lacks Interest In Spouse's Visa

Law360 is on it, so you are, too..

A Law360 subscription puts you at the center of fast-moving legal issues, trends and developments so you can act with speed and confidence. Over 200 articles are published daily across more than 60 topics, industries, practice areas and jurisdictions.

A Law360 subscription includes features such as

• Daily newsletters
• Expert analysis
• Advanced search
• Judge information
• Real-time alerts
• 450K+ searchable archived articles

Experience Law360 today with a free 7-day trial.

Already a subscriber? Click here to login

Attached Documents

Related sections.

• Immigration

Case Information

Subscribers Only

Case Number

Nature of suit.

• Diamante Law Group
• American Bar Association

Government Agencies

• U.S. Department of Homeland Security
• U.S. Department of Justice
• U.S. Department of State
• U.S. Supreme Court
• I forgot my password
• I took a free trial but didn't get a verification email
• How do I sign up for a newsletter?

Already have access? Click here to login

Get instant access to the one-stop news source for business lawyers, sign up now for free access to this content.

Enter your details below and select your area(s) of interest to stay ahead of the curve and receive Law360's daily newsletters

Email (NOTE: Free email domains not supported)

PLEASE NOTE: A verification email will be sent to your address before you can access your trial.

Password (at least 8 characters required)

Confirm Password

Get the best of Law360 in your inbox

Select at least one primary interest below to receive curated, daily newsletters designed by senior editors so you can quickly scan the latest news and analysis in your area of practice.

Show all interests

Law360 may contact you in your professional capacity with information about our other products, services and events that we believe may be of interest. You’ll be able to update your communication preferences via the unsubscribe link provided within our communications. We take your privacy seriously. Please see our Privacy Policy .

Already have access?

• Password: Forgot your password?
• Remember login

Sign up for our Appellate newsletter

You must correct or enter the following before you can sign up:.

Law360 takes your privacy seriously. Please see our Privacy Policy .

Home Affairs visa backlog ballooning as foreign nationals use loophole

H ome Affairs Minister Dr Aaron Motsoaledi has blamed visa backlogs on the growth in the number of notarial contracts being instituted by foreign nationals using non-existent spouses.

Motsoaledi was speaking at a media briefing in Pretoria, on Tuesday on the amended immigration regulations, over which he said there seemed to be some misunderstanding.

He said as a result of the confusion, the department would be withdrawing the gazetted amendments to clear up the misconceptions and would re-gazette them as early as next week.

The minister admitted that his department was experiencing a backlog surrounding dependants, spouses and relatives’ visas being sought by foreign nationals who had been approved to come into the country after successfully obtaining employment.

He said in most cases while the approvals were easily obtained, they did not include spouses and dependants, which many were decrying as they were not willing to be separated from their families.

Despite understanding this need, Motsoaledi said there was a situation which allowed foreign nationals to obtain a spousal visa should they marry a South African citizen, which was causing a problem for the department. He said they were finding that, in many cases, spouses that did not exist were being created through notarial contracts simply to obtain visas.

“Through the notarial contracts you come with a partner, and go to the notary general to write you a contract stating that you are staying together as partners and when you bring that to Home Affairs, they regard you as a spouse.

“The number of notarial contracts is increasing day by day but when we send immigration officers to visit such families, they don’t find any spouse,” Motsoaledi said.

The minister said what was even more alarming was the fact that the number of these kinds of contracts were growing in “leaps and bounds”, resulting in the backlog. “This backlog is changing every day because the notarials are growing daily. Now we have a situation where immigration officers visit families for six months, with no spouse in sight, so what are we to do? Unfortunately, it’s a problem we are going to have to change because it’s in the law.”

He stressed that his department usually did not experience backlogs on critical skills, general work and business visas “but people with critical skills may be complaining of delays referring to delays in obtaining spouses for their visas”.

“The only way to know that indeed we have delayed giving someone a critical skills visa is for companies to provide us with a name of the employed person, because once you appear in the gazette and give us a letter of employment from your employer we issue it (the visa) immediately.”

Motsoaledi said that while several complaints been received from Chamber of Business units and allegations were made in the media, when requested to provide a list of names to verify, none were forthcoming.

“The reality we face is that you might be an engineer with a PhD but if no company gives you a job in South Africa, why should we allow you to come?

There must be a company that needs you and then we can come in and facilitate entry into the country.

“The change we are bringing in these amendments is to do away with the requirement of having to go to the Department of Employment and Labour and replace it with a point-based system.”

The minister said they were unable to expand more on the point-based system because it still needed to be gazetted as they wanted to hear what the public would say about the scoring or points awarded.

The Mercury

Update April 12, 2024

Information for u.s. citizens in the middle east.

• Travel Advisories |
• Contact Us |
• MyTravelGov |

Find U.S. Embassies & Consulates

Travel.state.gov, congressional liaison, special issuance agency, u.s. passports, international travel, intercountry adoption, international parental child abduction, records and authentications, popular links, travel advisories, mytravelgov, stay connected, legal resources, legal information, info for u.s. law enforcement, replace or certify documents.

Tourism & Visit

Study & Exchange

Other Visa Categories

U.S. Visa: Reciprocity and Civil Documents by Country

Share this page:

Family Immigration

Family Based Immigration

A foreign citizen seeking to live permanently in the United States requires an immigrant visa (IV). To be eligible to apply for an IV, a foreign citizen must be sponsored by an immediate relative who is at least 21 years of age and is either a U.S. citizen or U.S. Lawful Permanent Resident (that is, a green-card holder).

There are two types of family-based immigrant visas:

Immediate Relative – these visas are based on a close family relationship with a U.S. citizen, such as a spouse, child or parent. The number of immigrants in these categories is not limited each fiscal year.

Family Preference – these visas are for specific, more distant, family relationships with a U.S. citizen and some specified relationships with a Lawful Permanent Resident (LPR). The number of immigrants in these categories is limited each fiscal year. 

Keep in mind that U.S. citizens can file an immigrant visa petition for their:

• Spouse • Son or daughter • Parent • Brother or sister

U.S. Lawful Permanent Residents can only file an immigrant visa petition for their:

• Spouse • Unmarried son or daughter

More Information

Visa News   Laws and Regulations A-Z Index

Who's Involved

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS):  USCIS oversees immigration to the United States and approves (or denies) immigrant petitions, and more.  Learn about USCIS

National Visa Center:  After your petition is approved, the National Visa Center (NVC) will assist you in preparing your visa application for interview for certain visa categories at U.S. Embassies & Consulates.  When and how to Contact NVC .

U.S. Embassies and Consulates:  Find a  U.S. Embassy or Consulate , nearest your residence abroad, where you will apply and be interviewed for your U.S. visa.

External Link

You are about to leave travel.state.gov for an external website that is not maintained by the U.S. Department of State.

Links to external websites are provided as a convenience and should not be construed as an endorsement by the U.S. Department of State of the views or products contained therein. If you wish to remain on travel.state.gov, click the "cancel" message.

You are about to visit:

KPMG Personalization

• Brazil – Update: Postponed Visa Requirements for Citizens of Australia, Canada, USA, until 2025

GMS Flash Alert 2024-087

• Share Share close
• Download Brazil – Update: Postponed Visa Requirements for Citizens of Australia, Canada, USA, until 2025 pdf Opens in a new window
• 1000 Save this article to my library
• Go to bottom of page
• Home ›
• Insights ›

The visa exemption for citizens of Australia, Canada, and the United States who wish to visit Brazil has been extended to April 10, 2025. 1  Decree No. 11,982 was published on Tuesday, April 9, in an extra edition of the Official Gazette of the Union ( Diário Oficial da União ). 2

WHY THIS MATTERS

The postponement of the start of visa collection aims to foster the complete implementation of the electronic visa, called “e-Visa,” available at the electronic address: https://brazil.vfsevisa.com . 

The new way of requesting the document makes it practical and convenient to issue the document completely electronically, eliminating the need for the interested party to appear at a Brazilian consulate. 

The document requirement will be effective from April 10 of next year.  

More Details

The Lula government's decision to require visas for the United States, Canada, and Australia should have come into force on October 1, 2023.  (For prior coverage, see GMS Flash Alert 2024-006 , January 10, 2024.)

But after pressure and problems regarding serving tourists from these countries, the deadline was postponed to January 10.  Afterwards, the deadline was once again postponed to April 10.

The decision does not apply to Japan, as the Japanese government announced, in May 2023, that it was evaluating removing the visa requirement for Brazilians and confirmed the decision in August 2023, with validity from September 30, but for travel for up to 90 days.  In return, Brazil stopped requiring visas for Japanese nationals.

KPMG INSIGHTS

This situation has been in flux for some time, creating uncertainty for the affected parties.  At present, the status quo remains; however, travel agents and immigration counsel should be prepared for the change in requirements that will take place in April 2025.

Some Brazilian consulates abroad, including the one in Houston 3 , have already begun advertising the e-visa and its necessary requirements on their websites. This means that immigrants who have already obtained an e-visa will not face any consequences when presenting it to Brazilian immigration authorities. The e-visa is valid for 10 years, so those who have already obtained it will not be negatively affected by obtaining it early. Next year, the e-visa requirement will be fully implemented and mandatory. However, those who have already obtained it before it becomes mandatory will have an advantage as they will already possess an entry permit.

Individuals with intent to travel to Brazil who are from the aforementioned countries should consult with their travel agent and qualified immigration counsel or a member of the KPMG mobility team (see the Contacts section).

The KPMG mobility team is actively monitoring updates on visa rules and related matters and will strive to keep readers of GMS Flash Alert informed of any relevant developments. 

1  Ministério do Turismo, RELAÇÕES EXTERIORES, "Brasil adia para 2025 exigência de vistos para cidadãos da Austrália, Canadá e EUA" (Publicado em 09/04/2024) at: https://www.gov.br/turismo/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/brasil-adia-para-2025-exigencia-de-vistos-para-cidadaos-de-australia-canada-e-eua#:~:text=O%20Decreto%20N%C2%BA%2011.982%20foi,%3A%2F%2Fbrazil.vfsevisa.com .

2   Decreto Nº 11.982, de 9 de Abril de 2024 at: https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2023-2026/2024/decreto/D11982.htm .

3 Website Consulado do Brasil em Houston https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/consulado-houston/servicos-consulares/vistos-visa/electronic-visitor-visa-e-visa .

Please note the KPMG International member firm in the United States does not provide immigration or labour law services. However, KPMG Law LLP in Canada can assist clients with U.S. immigration matters.

The information contained in this newsletter was submitted by the KPMG International member firm in Brazil.

Connect with us

• Find office locations kpmg.findOfficeLocations
• Email us kpmg.emailUs
• Social media @ KPMG kpmg.socialMedia
• Request for proposal

Stay up to date with what matters to you

Gain access to personalized content based on your interests by signing up today

Browse articles,  set up your interests , or  View your library .

You've been a member since

• GMS FLASH ALERT - BRAZIL
• GMS FLASH ALERT - UNITED STATES
• GMS FLASH ALERT - CANADA
• GMS FLASH ALERT - AUSTRALIA
• GMS FLASH ALERT - JAPAN
• GMS FLASH ALERT - IMMIGRATION
• GMS FLASH ALERT - VIEW ALL

GMS Flash Alert is a Global Mobility Services publication of the KPMG LLP Washington National Tax practice. The KPMG name and logo are trademarks used under license by the independent member firms of the KPMG global organization. KPMG International Limited is a private English company limited by guarantee and does not provide services to clients. No member firm has any authority to obligate or bind KPMG International or any other member firm vis-à-vis third parties, nor does KPMG International have any such authority to obligate or bind any member firm. The information contained herein is of a general nature and is not intended to address the circumstances of any particular individual or entity. Although we endeavor to provide accurate and timely information, there can be no guarantee that such information is accurate as of the date it is received or that it will continue to be accurate in the future. No one should act on such information without appropriate professional advice after a thorough examination of the particular situation.

© 2024 KPMG Consultoria Ltda., uma sociedade simples brasileira e firma-membro da rede KPMG de firmas-membro independentes e afiliadas à KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), uma entidade suíça. Todos os direitos reservados.

Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( A locked padlock ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

• Create Account

When to File Your Adjustment of Status Application for Family-Sponsored or Employment-Based Preference Visas: May 2024

Are you seeking to adjust your status and become a U.S. permanent resident under a family-sponsored or employment-based preference immigrant visa? If you have not yet had a relative or employer file an immigrant visa petition on your behalf, please learn more about the Adjustment of Status Filing Process . If you already have a petition filed or approved on your behalf, you may have to wait for an available visa in your category (if applicable) before you can file your Form I-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status . This page will help you determine when to file your adjustment of status application.

When to File

Use the Visa Bulletin charts below to determine when to file your adjustment of status application.

To use the charts:

• Find your visa type in the first column (on the left) of the appropriate chart (Family-sponsored or Employment-based).
• Stay in that row and move directly to the right to find the corresponding date under the country of your birth (as listed in the boldface columns across the top).
• If the date on the chart is current (“C”), or your priority date is earlier than the date on the chart, you may file your adjustment of status application, if otherwise eligible to do so.
•  “U” means unauthorized; for example, numbers are not authorized for issuance.

Your priority date is generally the date when your relative or employer properly filed the immigrant visa petition on your behalf with USCIS. If a labor certification is required to be filed with your immigrant visa petition, the priority date is the date the labor certification application was accepted for processing by the Department of Labor.

About the Visa Bulletin

DOS publishes current immigrant visa availability information in a monthly Visa Bulletin . The Visa Bulletin indicates when statutorily limited visas are available for issuance to prospective immigrants based on their individual priority date.

On Nov. 20, 2014, the Secretary of Homeland Security directed USCIS to work with DOS to:

• Ensure that all immigrant visas authorized by Congress are issued to eligible individuals when there is sufficient demand for such visas, and
• Improve the Visa Bulletin system for determining when immigrant visas are available to applicants during the fiscal year.

Additionally, in July 2015, the Administration issued its report on Modernizing and Streamlining Our Legal Immigration System for the 21st Century (PDF) . This report included detailed recommendations to revise and update the monthly Visa Bulletin to better estimate immigrant visa availability and provide needed predictability to nonimmigrant workers seeking permanent residency.

USCIS, in coordination with DOS, revised the procedures for determining visa availability for applicants waiting to file for adjustment of status. The revised process will better align with procedures DOS uses for noncitizens who seek to become U.S. permanent residents by applying for immigrant visas at U.S. consulates and embassies abroad.

This revised process will enhance DOS’s ability to more accurately predict overall immigrant visa demand in determining the cut-off dates for the Visa Bulletin. This will help ensure that the maximum number of immigrant visas are issued annually as intended by Congress, and minimize month-to-month fluctuations in Visa Bulletin final action dates. Additional goals are outlined in the White House report, Modernizing and Streamlining Our Legal Immigration System for the 21st Century (PDF) .

New Visa Bulletin Charts

The Visa Bulletin will now have two different charts because of the revised procedures. DOS will post two charts per visa preference category in the DOS Visa Bulletin. The charts are:

• Application Final Action Dates (dates when visas may finally be issued); and
• Dates for Filing Applications (earliest dates when applicants may be able to apply).

When USCIS determines there are immigrant visas available for the filing of additional adjustment of status applications, the Dates for Filing Applications chart may be used to determine when to file an adjustment of status application with USCIS. Otherwise, the Application Final Action Dates chart must be used to determine when to file an adjustment of status application with USCIS.

In coordination with the DOS, USCIS will monitor visa numbers each month and post the relevant chart on this page under When to File.

Determining Visa Availability

USCIS considers several factors to determine if there is a greater supply of visas than the demand for those visas. To determine visa availability, USCIS will compare the number of visas available for the remainder of the fiscal year with:

• Documentarily qualified visa applications reported by DOS;
• Pending adjustment of status applications reported by USCIS; and
• Historical drop off rate of applicants for adjustment of status (for example, denials, withdrawals and abandonments)

Tata Fired White US Workers in Favor of Visa Holders, Suit Says

By Andrew Kreighbaum

Mumbai-based information technology firm Tata Consultancy Services Ltd. has targeted older American workers for termination at its US operations to make room for foreign workers on temporary visas, according to a new federal lawsuit.

The company, also known as TCS, is one of the largest users of H-1B specialty occupation visas especially popular in the tech industry. TCS has previously defended itself against litigation accusing it of unlawfully favoring South Asian workers who aren’t US citizens.

The complaint, filed Tuesday by former employee Randy Devorin, alleges that TCS has pushed out older White workers in favor of thousands of recent graduates on temporary work visas. The 61-year-old Devorin was terminated as part of layoffs at TCS in 2023 after 10 years at the company.

“Based on Mr. Devorin’s discussions with colleagues, the layoff appears to have targeted non-Indians who were over 40 years of age,” according to the complaint in the US District Court for the Southern District of Florida.

The lawsuit also cites public comments from TCS Chief Operating Officer N. Ganapathy Subramaniam about plans to hire 40,000 recent college grads this year.

Devorin alleges violations of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act as well as Section 1981 of the 1866 Civil Rights Act. The lawsuit seeks unspecified damages and attorney’s fees.

His complaint comes after reporting by the Wall Street Journal that at least 22 American workers have filed complaints against Tata with the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission since December alleging race and age-based discrimination in favor of Indian workers on temporary visas. Devorin was among the workers who filed a complaint with EEOC as well as the Florida Commission on Human Relations, according to the lawsuit.

Devorin is represented by Morgan & Morgan, P.A.

Tata didn’t immediately respond to a request for comment on the suit.

The case is Devorin v. Tata Consultancy Services Ltd , S.D. Fla., No. 9:24-cv-80435, complaint filed 4/9/24.

To contact the reporter on this story: Andrew Kreighbaum in Washington at [email protected]

To contact the editors responsible for this story: Jay-Anne B. Casuga at [email protected] ; Genevieve Douglas at [email protected]

Learn more about Bloomberg Law or Log In to keep reading:

Learn about bloomberg law.

AI-powered legal analytics, workflow tools and premium legal & business news.

Already a subscriber?

Log in to keep reading or access research tools.