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A Report on Religious Site Visit: Buddhist Temple and Meditation Center

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Essay on “A Visit to a Temple” Complete Essay for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.

A Visit to a Temple

Essay No. 01

A temple has a special place in Indian Hindu life. It is an exclusive place where people go to worship, to pay their thanks to some Overseeing power for His bounties and blessings.

There was a time when education was imparted in temples but it was purely religious.

It is my routine to visit a temple. On the day of a festival I went to a temple early in the morning. The temple was humming with activities. The priest was worshipping the gods and goddesses with a lighted lamp. He was humming some holy hymns. When the singing of praise of idols was over he gave ‘prasad’ to the devotees who- had gathered there to have the glimpse of gods and goddesses. Thereafter, sermons began. A priest rendered a sweet but gloomy song telling the realities of the mundane world. The head priest spoke on God, life and soul. Devotees listened to the song and discourse with their eyes closed and occasionally clapping their hands.

As the time passed people began to pour in with sweets, flowers and fruits. They placed their offerings at the altar, bowed and sat down to count the beads. Many devotees pushed currency notes and coins in the iron chest. Like other devotees I touched each image with my hands which I also applied to my eyes and then took a few rounds of the images. Almost all rang the bells hanging from the ceiling. They sat on the mats to pray.

When I came out of the temple, I saw a large number of beggars asking for alms. There was a great commotion. Two or three dogs were also there to get something to eat. I had something from a roadside eatery and again entered the temple. Stream of the devotees was as usual. I touched the images and without taking an about-turn I came out of the temple room and started for home on bare foot because someone had stolen my shoes.

Temple is really a place where one can have some moments of peace and tranquility. People visit temple to pray to God to fulfill their desires. Temple is a place where man really starts believing that he is mortal and he must do some good deeds to find a place at the feet of the Almighty.

Essay No. 02

A Visit to A Temple

A Visit to Birla Mandir

Last month I visited Birla Mandir. It is situated on Mandir Marg: My parents were also with me. We took off our shows at the entrance and they were put on a rack. We were given a ticket with the number of the rack on it. We washed our hands and climbed up a few steps. The varandah was built of square white and black marble blocks. It was neat and clean.

Then we walked a few yards. There were big idols of gods and goddesses. In front of them were iron boxes with slits to put the money in by the devotees. I got a ten rupees a note and pushed it in and bowed before the idol of Lord Rama. There were many big idols of Ganesha, Lakshmi, Saraswati, Siva and Parvati. Bells were dangling at many- places. The atmosphere was calm and peaceful. The smell of agarbattis filled our nostrils. The whole place looked pious and holy. We saw shlokas inscribed on the walls on all sides. There were carved pictures also. There were many people like us.

Some of them were reading the shalokas. Some were bowing before idols of Gods and Goddesses. Some were taking charnamatrit from the priest. On the right-hand side is Geeta Bhawan. People were sitting and chanting holy words. One lady was beating a drum. Other ladies were singing in a chorus. The whole Geeta Bhawan looked as if we were transported to heaven. We sat there for half an hour. We came out and went to the back of the main building. There we found crowds of people moving in one direction. There was an artificial cave. We too went inside it and came out from the other side to our right. There was open space. In the middle was a pond. On either side of it were pathways.

To the west was a raised platform. Some people were seen standing there. We came to the side where there were shops. There were snacks and drinks. We too had coffee with samosa. We came back to the side where huge elephants of stone were. They presented a good sight.

Next, we went to the main gate. We gave our tickets and got back our shoes. We again washed our hands. Once again we bowed facing the building of the temple and came back home in a taxi. It was a memorable visit.

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Buddhist Temple Visit Essay

Author: arsalan
Posted on: 3 Oct 2019
Paper Type: Free Essay
Subject: Religion
Wordcount: 1378 words
Published: 3rd Oct 2019

As part of the course program, we had to go visit a Buddhist Temple in order to get a view and understand the religion and get the experience that properly enumerates the religion that is Buddhism. I went to visit the Thein Vien Truc Lam Buddhist Temple. The visit was on Sunday the 15 TH of April, 2018.

Observation Description

When driving toward the temple one can clearly see the building as they have a very distinct unique design to them. The building is no more than two stories and it has columns designed beautifully and extends over the building reaching toward the sky. Once someone gets to the temple, one could clearly notice the change in the environment. There is a serene theme in the temple, they say that their time is not just on the building but also consists of the environment around it. The design and architecture of the building are meant to inspire inner and outer peace to it. Although not all temples are the same they say this kind of environment must always be observed.

There are five elements that are keys in the Buddhist religion that will be discussed later in this paper but are what must also be symbolized in the design of the temple. These are; Fire, Air, Earth, Water, and wisdom. Once inside you start noticing some unique shapes and these are the pagoda styles of design originally used in China and Japan. The other is the Stupa which is essentially a stone structure that is supposed to be on top of the religious relics of Buddha. The pagoda design would also entail a provision under the temple where the religious teaching would be stored and every once in a while they would be removed and read by the religious leaders.

The basic design of the temple has a worship hall where believers congregate to worship, a meditation hall where meditations would take place. It is important to note that meditation is a critical part of the Buddhism religion. Lastly is the gold warrior-type figure. These figures are believed to be the guardians of heaven. The statue of Buddha in a meditation position, lotus position, is the main piece of the entire temple. Lighting is important and a psychedelic one is used which highlights the features of the figure of Buddha which is curved out of white pieces of emerald jade. Other colors that adorn the room are yellow, orange, and green. There is a memorial bed where prayers for the deceased are done with symbols of monkeys and demons are there which are believed to drive away evil spirits from the temple

Rituals and beliefs witnessed

The first ritual we experience was the removal of the shoes. This is because the temple is believed to be a holy place. We observed that meditation is a key part of their religion Buddhism as a religion basically teaches about how to end suffering. They believe that one can end suffering by cutting out greed, hatred, and ignorance. It is believed that the original teachings came from Buddha, and so did the accompanying religious practices. It is thought that once Buddha was enlightened, he gave the first lesson and it was based on four noble truths. These truths form the basis of Buddhism; these are; `Dukkha` which is the truth of suffering. `Samudaya` is a follow-up, to the truth about the origin of suffering. `Nirodha` is the cessation of suffering and finally, `Magga` which means the truth about the way to the cessation of suffering.

Another distinct belief of the religion is the belief in reincarnation or metempsychosis. They believe that when someone dies, they come back again this means there is a cycle of `life’s“ also called the samsara. The cycles will however stop when one is liberated by insight from the wrong desires. Unlike other religions, the Buddhists don’t recognize other rights of passage in life, they are regarded as secular events except for the ordination and death. Something I was curious to learn about was Karma which is a word commonly used that originated from the Buddhist culture. The word literary means `actions`. They believe that actions one does will have consequences in the future. The Buddhists have special schools, Mahayana schools where they develop new rituals and practices that will aid them in their path to enlightenment. They also have Buddhist Mantras which are in essence sounds that have a great spiritual power

Responses to experience

I found the experience of the Temple very enlightening and heartwarming. The atmosphere at the temple was very calm and clearly has an element of a higher power. The is a lot of sense to their belief and symbolism. The environment they have created in and outside shows their elements of Fire, Air, Earth, Water, and wisdom all coming together to show their staunch belief in their religion. I found the belief in ending suffering very noble and one which if the whole world would embrace would bring forth a whole other generation of people. The Buddha clearly observed the troubles that face the world today and categorized that as they should be and gave us a solution. Meditation was also a major part of their religion and I got a chance to meditate also. I found the experience very relieving and after the meditation, I felt like a whole different person, it clears the mind and opens your eyes to a whole different perspective on life.

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English Essay on “A Visit to A Temple” Essay, Paragraph, Speech for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12 for College and Competitive Exams.

A visit to a temple.

Last Sunday, I went to visit the Lakshmi Narayan temple with my mother. It is a beautiful temple with marvelous architecture worth seeing. The temple is constructed by the Birla Group and was inaugurated by the father of our nation, Mahatama Gandhi. I had visited this temple many times.

The temple is generally overcrowded. But that evening, only a few people were there in the temple. The statue of Gods and Goddesses are kept on a dirt-free marble platform under a canopy. During the evening time, the temple is always lit up by bright lights which increases the beauty around the statues The incense sticks burn in one place. The flowers kept on the podium spread sweet fragrance all over the temple. The chief priest chants the prayers. The entire environment is holy and serene. After staying there for some time, we returned to our home. It was a wonderful experience .

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Buddhism Studies: A Visit of the Jade Buddha Temple Essay

Introduction.

As part of my ongoing studies of various philosophies, I have been taking a keen interest on Buddhism, and I have reading about it in an attempt to understand the many schools Buddhism, its culture, beliefs and history in general, as well as its core teachings. I have been at the same time been comparing and contrasting the various elements of Buddhism thought of stoicism, Christianity and my own; however, I was curios about the reading culture in Buddhism practice. Houston is a large city with many Buddhist temples, I visited one temple; the Jade Buddha temple, in connection with the Texas Association. The temple was large with beautiful collection of buildings; the atmosphere was also very tranquil. Meditation starts from 9 a.m. to 10 a.m., and Dharma philosophy from 10 a.m. to 10.30. a.m., although I had called earlier and I was informed of the time (Gateway magazine newsletter 2005: pp. 1-6).

At the entry way, a nice Youngman labeled ‘information’ lead me to back of the building where English Dharma discussion will be held. I took off my shoes and entered a room with short sitting benches, around the walls were also high sitting benches. A Buddhist nun, a bald woman by the name Ven. Shiou-Chih, was greeting and speaking to people. The woman seemed unapproachable, but during the lecture she was always smiling and ready to share personal anecdotes humorously. Mindfulness was the main theme of discussion; the mindfulness of our thoughts, actions and reactions; this is our efforts in working on building the habit of interjecting our conscious intellect between stimulus and response, however several other themes were discussed. During the discussion, several points were overlapping with other philosophic concepts that I had been thinking recently, but I am partial about the remarks the sister made about stoic philosophy; we can do things which we know are right, examine ourselves to see if a person is right about us, seek to understand them, but in the end, we can only do what we can do and therefore we must recognize and be contended with what we do since it is outside our control. Secondly on the Taoist Chuang-Tzu; in an attempt to make others understand our problem with them, one has to be patient, compassionate, and wait a proper time and manner in which they are receptive (Gateway magazine newsletter 2005: pp. 6-13).

As a religion, all Buddhists believers while in the temple join their hands together and bow down in respect to Buddha; this is referred to as, the act of ‘gassho’. They bow and say ‘Namu Amida Butsu” (naw-moo-ah-mee-dah-boot-soo); ‘Namu’ during the act is used to indicate an attitude of a humble student to his teacher or a seeker of truth; ‘Amida Butsu’ means “Bow to the Dharma”. I imagined my head as a “cup” which is currently full of self-centeredness and ego, the act of bowing will “empty my cup”; but according to them the “cup” gets filled with Dharma or truth; this is the essence of Buddhist awakening. The teachings of the Buddhist are essentially meant to change ourselves and not others like a Christian believer and in the teaching the change occurs when we are “filled with” or we are awaken to the Dharma. This will greatly and positively change or transform the way we view our life and all life around us. Coincidentally the life of Buddha himself as demonstrated, the true gift of Buddhism’s really compassion is found in it. The awakening of both Dharma and the corresponding awakening of compassion leads to discovering dynamic life full of energy and creativity.

The basic teaching of Buddha is impermanence; this is where all Buddhists hold the fundamental truth that all life is always moving, flowing and changing. Known as Dharma of impermanence, it was awakened by Buddha while meditating under a tree by the name, a Bodhi tree. Dharma in the actual sense means, he saw his own life fleeting, but not himself alone but all living things will someday be destroyed by impermanence, it is when he felt a great compassion for all living things and concluded that life is interdependent. According to Buddha we suffer because we consider our ego or our identity as fixed and permanent and therefore this puts us in conflict with the truth of impermanence (Bando & Stewart 1980: 42-65).

In Buddhism, there are no restrictions, Buddhism respects all life, even the one of animal and plant are all equal, they welcome visitors to their temple, according to the Buddhists, some people have even been “converted” to Buddhism, while others are still in the “research phase” or they are asking about being simultaneously a Buddhist and ‘something else’. Buddhism is essentially teaching no like other religious, those believe in a god or gods and they don’t take sides in issues that have a political element like the ones of the environment because their teaching is to ‘fix ourselves first” since “we are the problem” (Haneda 1982: 4-9). According to Christians “paganism” is normally used to refer to the belief in gods or gods rather than the normally accepted Christian God, Buddhists don’t actually concern themselves about God or god(s), but with Dharma which is not about god or god(s), but in concerns the “truth” or “reality”. Therefore when something tragic or bad happens in our lives or loved ones, Buddhist don’t ask “why did this, happen” because they don’t hold onto the belief of the existence of God or god(s) “on the look” but they instead accept the inevitable changes or impermanency of life, and therefore being grateful for every moment we are alive.

During the service Buddhist ministers wear official robes, but the members of the temple wear simple casual clothes. The Buddhist meditate for about 10 minutes during the service, while seated on their chairs, they collectively “chant” the “sutras” the Buddha teachings. Even if the meditations were ‘grueling’, their aim is to achieve “awakening” or enlightenment, this is the same for all Buddhists, and this completely justifies their means. However, the Belief that the Buddhist act of gasho is like a prayer which is held by both Christians and even some Buddhists themselves is not correct to Buddhism act, this is the expression of humility, the act of realizing with gratitude, how much one has to be thankful for it is not a ‘wish” for anything for oneself. In a typical shin Buddhist temple, the congregation consists of a predominantly Japanese American membership, and during a typical shin Buddhist service, you will typically sing one or two Japanese song and the minister himself, it is unfortunate that occasionally it is ‘she’ is at times more comfortable speaking Japanese than English (Gateway magazine newsletter 2005: 1-13).

Albert Einstein, once said: “The religion of the future will be a cosmic religion. It should transcend personal God and avoid dogma and theology. Covering both the natural and the spiritual, it should be based on a religious sense arising from the experience of all things natural and spiritual as a meaningful unity. Buddhism answers this description. If there is any religion that could cope with modern scientific needs it would be Buddhism.” As I pondered this quote, I was highly moved by the simple pragmatism of the Dharma discussion; truly, this is what religion is meant to be.

In American temples today, things are changing gradually, in particular, the younger generations. This generation is making a move towards making the services less “ethnic”; they are instead making it more universal. Buddhism is getting much popular and attention than expected and more people are showing interest and asking questions for various reasons than ever before (Haneda 1982: pp. 9-27).

Bando, S. Rev. & Stewart, H. Dr. (1980). Tannisho, Eastern Buddhist XIII-1 Tannisho – Ryukoku Translation Center 1962: 42-65
The Gateway magazine newsletter (2005); 1-13
Haneda, N. Dr. (1982). December fan (translated essays of Rev. Kiyozawa); the Evil person (translated essays of Shuichi Maida) and Heard by Me (Shuich essays); 1- 29
Chicago (A-D)
Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2022, April 30). Buddhism Studies: A Visit of the Jade Buddha Temple. https://ivypanda.com/essays/buddhism-studies-a-visit-of-the-jade-buddha-temple/

"Buddhism Studies: A Visit of the Jade Buddha Temple." IvyPanda , 30 Apr. 2022, ivypanda.com/essays/buddhism-studies-a-visit-of-the-jade-buddha-temple/.

IvyPanda . (2022) 'Buddhism Studies: A Visit of the Jade Buddha Temple'. 30 April.

IvyPanda . 2022. "Buddhism Studies: A Visit of the Jade Buddha Temple." April 30, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/buddhism-studies-a-visit-of-the-jade-buddha-temple/.

1. IvyPanda . "Buddhism Studies: A Visit of the Jade Buddha Temple." April 30, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/buddhism-studies-a-visit-of-the-jade-buddha-temple/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Buddhism Studies: A Visit of the Jade Buddha Temple." April 30, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/buddhism-studies-a-visit-of-the-jade-buddha-temple/.

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Essay on Golden Temple

500 words essay on golden temple.

Golden Temple is a beautiful holy shrine located in India. Furthermore, one of the most noteworthy features of this temple is its golden colour which just mesmerizes anyone. This essay on Golden Temple will explore the religious significance and beauty of this shrine.

Essay On Golden Temple

Religious Significance of Golden Temple

Sri Harmandir Sahib, also known as the “Golden Temple”, is a beautiful holy shrine located in Amritsar, Punjab , India. Furthermore, it is the holiest shrine in Sikhism and as such many Sikhs visit it on daily basis. It is a major destination for Sikhs besides being a popular tourist attraction.

The creation of the “Golden Temple” and the Sikh religion took place during a time when the presence of the caste system in India was very strong. Due to the caste system , the low caste people had to suffer a lot.

During this time, the Mughal Empire came into power. One of the reasons for the creation of Sikhism was to fight off the Mughal Empire and foreign invaders. Another important reason for the origin of this religion was to give people equality irrespective of wealth, gender, caste, etc.

The site of the shrine is where Sage Valmiki is believed to have written the epic, Ramayana. Moreover, many believe that Rama and Sita spent their fourteen-year exile in Amritsar, which is now the epicentre of Sikhism.

Visitors, male or female, must cover their heads before entering the temple premises. Moreover, the Guru Granth Sahib is in the Temple during the day, while at night, it is in the Akal Takht or Eternal Throne.

The beauty of the Golden Temple

The most famous and attractive aspect of the Golden temple is its glittering golden dome and appearance. Furthermore, the temple is built on marble that is 67-ft square. Moreover, the temple is a two-storey structure.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh is responsible for the building of the upper half of the building with a gold leaf that is approximately 400 kg. Moreover, there are a number of famous temples surround the Golden Temple. Also, the construction of the pool, whose name is Amritsar or Amrit Sarovar, here was by the fourth Guru of Sikhs, Guru Ram Das.

The brilliant architecture of the temple gives it a unique look. Furthermore, the surrounding Amritsarovar pool enhances the beauty of the shrine. During the night time, the golden reflection of the temple in the pool is really a sight to behold.

To the south of the temple is a beautiful garden where one can easily attain peace of mind. The Central Sikh Museum, which is atop the Clock Tower, adds to the charm of the temple’s surroundings.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Conclusion of the Essay on Golden Temple

Golden Temple is one of the holiest religious sites of the Sikh community. Furthermore, this beautiful shrine, besides being a symbol of the Sikh religion, is also the pride of India. This temple continues to amaze people with its spectacular golden colour.

FAQs For Essay on Golden Temple

Question 1: What is so special about the Golden temple?

Answer 1: The Golden Temple is also called the “Darbar Sahib” or the “Harmandar Sahib”. Furthermore, this temple, whose location is in Amritsar, is one of the oldest worship places for the Indian Sikhs. Moreover, the temple’s entire top is made of pure gold, which significantly enhances the beauty of the temple.

Question 2:What is the worth of the Golden Temple?

Answe r 2: More than 25,000 devotees come to Golden Temple for the purpose of darshan every day. Furthermore, the asset worth of this temple isRs 320 crores. Moreover, the throne, where the Baba is seated, is made of gold of 94 kg.

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Essay on Temple

India is a land of ancient temples, sacred places and shrines. Temples are a symbol of peace and belief for Hindus. The temple’s main deity is the sculpture of a God or Goddess. Indian temples are known for their intricate sculptures, carvings and ancient paintings. These temples are open to the public and visitors who come to worship and make offerings. BYJU’S essay on temple helps children learn about the holy Indian temples.

From Kanyakumari to Kashmir, we find temples in any corner of the country. Each temple has a history, and the walls have a story of brave warriors or kings to tell the world. The entrance, or dhwaja sthambha, is a gateway that marks the way to the sanctum sanctorum. People visit temples for different reasons, such as pursuing peace, organising family functions, seeking blessings, serving people, etc. Now, let us read about famous Indian temples that are globally recognised by referring to an essay on temple in English.

Famous indian temples, virupaksha temple, brihadeshwara temple, golden temple, akshardham temple.

Puri Jagannath Temple

History of Indian Temples

Indian temples are one of the most beautiful creations of humankind. Here are a few famous temples in India.

Virupaksha temple is located in Hampi, Karnataka. The temple was constructed by one of the chieftains, Lakkana Dandesha, who worked in the reign of the ruler Deva Raya II of the Vijayanagara Empire. Hampi is one of the world heritage sites designated by UNESCO. Lord Shiva is the main deity who is worshipped in sanctum sanctorum. This temple is the primary centre of yatra at Hampi.

Brihadeshwara temple, also known as Rajarajeswaram, is located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. This temple was constructed by Rajaraja I, a Chola emperor. Brihadeshwara temple is an example of Tamil architecture. Rajarajeswaram is dedicated to Lord Shiva. Like the Virupaksha temple, this temple is also a UNESCO world heritage site.

Golden temple is one of the most prominent shrines in the country, located in Amritsar, Punjab. Golden temple is also known as Sri Harmandir Sahib. Lakhs of Sikhs visit this temple every year. While visiting this temple, people must cover their heads for the lord.

Akshardham temple is one of the most visited temples across the country. Akshardham temple is situated in the national capital of India, Delhi, and the temple is famous for its architectural marvel. Moreover, this is one of India’s most beautiful shrines built in recent times.

To conclude, temples are of great importance to the Indians and the country’s culture. People visit temples to seek blessings from God or find peace from all the chaos around. In addition, Indian temples are excellent constructions, and each one of them is an architectural masterpiece. In this short essay on temple, we have explained the prominent Indian temples for children. For more essays, stories and poems , visit BYJU’S website.

Frequently Asked Questions

Which is the oldest temple in india.

The oldest temple in India is the Mundeshwari temple, located in Kaimur District, Bihar.

Which state is famous for temples in India?

Tamil Nadu is famous for its temples in India.

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Essay on Religion

Free Buddhist Temple Visit Essay Sample

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Religion , Services papers , Business , Community , Christians , Interesting , Buddhist , Worship

Published: 03/30/2023

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For this assignment, I had the awesome opportunity to visit a local Buddhist temple for their weekly service. As this is not my typical religious affiliation, it was an incredibly interesting experience. In this essay response, we will examine how welcoming the adherents of this religion were to me, as well as note some specific things that I found to be particularly interesting. Finally, I will conclude with some personal notes. One of the most interesting things about this entire experience is how welcoming the Buddhists were. I was initially very nervous about approaching them to watch their service. However, as soon as I entered, the individuals were more than happy to speak with me about their religion. In fact, they even invited me to participate in their ceremony. One of the reasons that was given was that they don’t often get individuals coming to their worship services that are Buddhist. Thus, they are always excited because they get to teach someone new something about their religion that the individual would not otherwise learn. They stated that this helps them break down stereotypes and barriers between people, religions, and cultures. Looking at the texts, I believe that this is an example of Emile Durkheim’s Social Integration in that we are often tied to one specific group or set of groups and we do not like to venture out of that comfort zone (Henslin, 15, 2014). At the ceremony, there was a statue of the Buddha, candles, and an incense burner. I found that this was very similar to Christian services in that there are often photographs or paintings of Jesus, the main religious figure in the Christian religion, in public places for the adherents to see. Further, candles are often lit to commemorate religions practices. In the services, there was a monk that would say prayers or lead the temple congregation in chants (“Buddhist Worship,” 2014. This was very similar to what I have seen in Christian services where the pastor or religious leader would sing hymns or recite specific Bible passages. One interesting aspect of the service was the attire that everyone was wearing. Rather than wearing suits, ties, dresses, or business-like clothing, everyone was both barefoot and wearing robes. This was very different than what I have seen in Christian services. I actually asked about this, and was told that it was a traditional way of feeling more connected. Further, everyone was equal with one another. Often, what someone wears can tell a lot about their socio-economic status, and those feelings of superiority or inadequacy have no place in the temple. I actually really appreciated this idea because they are right – religious services should be a place where it doesn’t matter how much money one makes or what their status in the community is. Everyone should be seen as an equal with one another as their goal at that time is the same – worship. One of the most striking lessons that I am taking away from this experience is that it seems that Christianity and Buddhism are not that different. Each group is looking to connect with a higher power through their religion. Each group is looking to make themselves a better person and, in turn, the world a better place through their religion. Sociologically speaking, it seems as if the religions are so similar that the only true differences, besides a number of theological discussions, are the location that each religion started at. I very much enjoyed my experience into a new culture and society and look forward to continuing to broaden my sociological horizons.

Works Cited

British Broadcasting Group. Buddhist Worship: Home and Temple. British Broadcasting Group. 2014. Web. 05/31/2016. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/customs/worship_1.shtml Henslin, James. Essentials of Sociology. New York: Pearson, 2014. Print.

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St. Basil's Cathedral: A Cultural Masterpiece

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View from Above.

Ceiling, Interior.

St. Basil’s Cathedral is an icon of Russia. It is the epitome of Russian architecture. It is located in the Red Square, next to the Moscow Kremlin. It was built in the 16 th century, during the reign of Ivan IV, also called Ivan the Terrible. I will argue that St. Basil’s Cathedral is a lieux de memoire from the perspective of the Russian people. I would like to do this within the framework of the Social and Cultural unit.

The Cathedral represents Russia and its exoticism seen from the Western perspective. Its flamboyant colors and creative shapes set Western viewpoints of Russia. The cathedral, in its architectural glory, portrays Russia as forward-thinking. Russia appears to be highly technologically advanced. It also symbolizes Russian religious leadership. The idea that Moscow was “The Third Rome” and that it was closely linked to the historical hubs of Orthodox Christianity is embodied in the cathedral. These rumors gained circulation during the reign of Ivan IV, and those ideas were the main reason that the Cathedral was built. Its onion-domed chapels make it look like a small town. For this reason, it is seen as a symbol of the heavenly city of Jerusalem. It contains four upper pillar Chapels around the central temple in the shape of a square and four lower Chapels also in the shape of a square. When viewed from above, one of these squares is inside the other with a 45-degree shift, forming an eight-pronged star. This star is one of the symbols of the Virgin Mary. The cathedral is filled with religious symbolism. There are many images on its wall and along its ceiling. It set the stage for Moscow’s role as a center of sanctity, saints and sacred objects.

Architecturally, the cathedral has eight column churches surrounding a ninth church. This ninth church is the highest temple, topped with a marquee. Each of the eight churches was named in honor of a saint on whose day Ivan the Terrible did something important during his conquest of the Khanate of Kazan, a Turkic state. The ninth, or central, church is dedicated to the Mother of God. The churches are the Chapel of the Three Patriarchs, the Chapel of St. Nicholas, the Chapel of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin, the chapel of the Holy Martyrs Cyprian and Justina, the Chapel of the Holy Trinity, the Chapel of the Entry of Our Lord, the Chapel of St. Alexander of Svir, the Chapel of St. Varlaam of Khutyn and the chapel of the Holy Martyr Gregory. Each of the column churches is decorated with a unique onion dome, with cornices, windows, niches and other innovative features from the time.

According to legend, Ivan was so impressed by the beauty of the Cathedral that he ordered that the architects, Postnik and Barma, be blinded. He wanted to prevent them from being able to build another temple that could possibly rival the Cathedral.

In “Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Memoire,” Pierre Nora describes a lieux de memoire as a turning point in history. The symbol begins with the intention to remember, but it also has the capacity for change, able to recycle its meaning. It helps preserve memory, capturing culturally significant moments. He argues that the natural effect of history is to sweep away collective memory. A lieux de memoire prevents this from happening. It preserves memory. Cultural identities are built around a lieux de memoire.

St. Basil’s Cathedral is clearly a lieux de memoire. It represents a turning-point in history where Russian religious leadership was cemented. Russian religious leadership had existed only in theory previously. Now, it was embodied in the architectural wonder. The cathedral helps the citizens of Russia remember this crucial moment. When it was built, it did not encompass a memory as such. However, as time passes and as history attempts to cover up the memory of religious greatness with other events, the cathedral increasingly is a memorial of the past. It brings to mind past thoughts of religious greatness. It is now a fundamental icon of Russian identity. It is a national icon in addition to being a religious icon. Not only does it represent both identities. It also connects the Russian national identity with religious identity. Since a religious identity like Orthodox Christianity inherently spans national borders, it is automatically much more prevalent and well-known than a national identity. By being associated with such a powerful religious identity, the Russian national identity becomes elevated and more prominent. The cathedral is a religious and a national symbol. These forces work together to make the cathedral a powerful lieux de memoire for the Russian people.

Works Cited:

Hughes, Lindsey. "Cathedral of St.Basil." Encyclopedia of Russian History . 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 4 May 2016.

Lookyanov, Arthur. “St.Basil’s Cathedral.” Moscow Driver. 2016. 4 May 2016.

Nora, Pierre. “Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Memoire.” University of California Press. 1989. 4 May 2016.

“St. Basil’s Cathedral – a holy relic of Orthodox Russia.” Advantour. 2016. 3 May 2016.

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Essay on Pashupatinath Temple | 400, 500, 600+ Words

There are many sites that show the rich culture and history of religion. Learn more in this Essay on Pashupatinath temple.

Essay on Pashupatinath Temple

The Pashupatinath Temple is one of the most sacred holy temples of the Hindus. It is a site that is enlisted by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. This temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva, and thousands of devotees from all over the world come to pray and ask for blessings. It is an important site for devotees as well as researchers who want to know the history and construction of the temple.

The temple is a pagoda-style temple located northeast of the Kathmandu Valley. The windows and doors are beautifully designed. The roofs of the temple are plated with gold and copper. There are four doors, all covered with silver sheets, and at the top of the temple is a gold pinnacle. There are many statues showing the art and architecture of the time. One of the most notable being the huge golden bull statue, Lord Shiva’s vehicle, Nandi. Only followers of Hinduism can enter the main temple, but other temples are accessible to all.

The exact date of the construction of Pashupati isn’t clear, but the evidence of the temple dates back as far as 400 A.D. In Accordance to the oldest chronicle of Nepal, Gopalraj Aalok Vamsavali, the temple has been said to be built by Prachanda Deva, one of the rulers of the Lichhavi dynasty. In the 17th century, the main temple was rebuilt due to the damage caused by the termites. The temples around it were built near the banks of Bagmati in the last few centuries.

Also read: Essay on Changu Narayan Temple

One of the most popular legends surrounding the creation of the temple is that Lord Shiva visited the forest near Bagmati and was enthralled by its beauty. He was disguised in the form of an antelope, and when other gods found out about it, they forced him to return to his true form, breaking his horn in the process. It was found many centuries later by a herder, who found his cow showering that place with milk. When he dug the earth, he found out the linga of Pashupatinath.

There are two groups of priests, the Bhatta and the Rajbhandaris. The Bhatta are highly educated Brahman scholars who perform the daily rituals. The main idol can only be touched by 4 priests, all of them being the Bhatta. The Rajbhandaris are caretakers of the temple, assisting the Bhatta in performing the rituals and cleaning the temple. They are not allowed to perform rituals on their own or touch the idol. There are also Sadhus around the temple. They are sages who wish to be liberated from the cycle of death and rebirth.

From 9 am to 11 pm, all four doors are opened for devotees to see the Shivalinga . This time is called Abhisheka. There are many festivals celebrated in the Pashupati area, with Teej and Maha Shivaratri being the most prominent ones. During festivals, Hindu devotees from around the world visit Pashupatinath temple. There are many monkeys around the temple. They are quite unfriendly and can become aggressive when they feel threatened.

On the banks of the Bagmati River, there are a number of cremation platforms. All Hindus want to be cremated on the riverbanks of Pasupati, believing that in their next life, they will reincarnate as a human and be cleansed of all their sins from previous lives. People go there to pray, to be blessed, and after they die they will be cremated in the very temple. Their ashes are swept up by the river, believing that they will reincarnate.

The temple is a sacred site for all Hindus worldwide. Due to mismanagement, the temple is polluted and dirty. Nevertheless, it is a place of great importance due to its rich history, stunning architecture, and religious rituals.

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The History Hit Miscellany of Facts, Figures and Fascinating Finds

St Basil’s Cathedral

Moscow, Moscow, Russia

St Basil’s Cathedral is a magnificent 16th century ecclesiastical creation of Ivan the Terrible, built in celebration of a military victory.

Sarah Roller

24 nov 2020, @sarahroller8.

About St Basil’s Cathedral

St Basil’s Cathedral is a strikingly ornate red brick building bordering Moscow’s Red Square and crowned with several vividly coloured domes, which bear a striking resemblance in shape to flames licking at the sky.

History of St Basil’s Cathedral

St Basil’s Cathedral was originally constructed in 1555, under the orders of Tsar Ivan IV (also known as Ivan the Terrible). Ivan’s intention in building St Basil’s Cathedral was to celebrate his victory in the Russo-Kazan Wars, specifically the siege of Kazan and the cathedral’s name was derived from that of a Russian Orthodox saint called Vasily (Basil) the Blessed.

There has been much dispute over who actually designed St Basil’s Cathedral, but one particularly gruesome legend says that, after they did so, Ivan arranged for the architect’s eyes to be removed so that they could not create anything to rival its beauty. This is almost certainly untrue, given records show that they were employed 25 years later to add an extra chapel. In fact, St Basil’s Cathedral was quite an innovation in Russian architecture. Nothing like it had existed before.

The interior of St Basil’s Cathedral is arguably disappointing when compared with the building’s exterior. This is due in large part to the scale and design, which lacks a focal point. The chaos of the domes hides the fact that the interior is essentially comprised of 9 chapels. Look out for the chapel dedicated to St Vasily the Blessed, a holy fool who commanded the fear and respect of Tsar Ivan himself: the chapel was commissioned after his death.

The interior does contain some interesting medieval paintings – particularly those of icons – and today forms part of the State History Museum. Look out for the tomb of St Basil himself.

St Basil’s Cathedral today

St Basil’s remains an iconic building for a reason: its colourful riot of onion domes still excites even the most jaded traveller when they view it for the first time. The cathedral is open year round, although with seasonal hours, and the maze of chapels inside can be confusing, especially when it’s busy. Whilst the interior is interesting, it’s the exterior which is the most impressive aspect of the cathedral. It can be bitterly cold inside in the winter!

Getting to St Basil’s Cathedral

It’s pretty hard to miss St Basil’s: it remains the focal point of Moscow’s famous Red Square. It is most easily accessed via the trio of metro stations – Okhotnyy ryad (line 1), Teatralnaya (line 2), Ploschad’ Revolyutsii (line 3). All three are a five minute walk away from Red Square. Approach via the Marshal Zhukov monument for the most memorable impression. Multiple roads in the city lead here, and any and every taxi driver will know where you’re heading!

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Personal Reflection Essay for Trip to a Hindu Temple Essay

Published by gudwriter on January 4, 2021 January 4, 2021

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Question:Temple Visit Reflection Paper Instructions

Requirement: 1000 words or more. Visit a temple or center of one of the traditions we covered in the course (Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, or Jainism), and take notes on what you see and hear. Reflect on how your observations fit with what we covered in class. You will experience things that are different from what we’ve studied; that is the whole point of the exercise! Instructions: 1) Before you go, make a note of why you are visiting that particular place, and what you plan to do there. 2) Be respectful and courteous to people you meet at the site. (Smiling helps.) Introduce yourself to anyone who is curious why you are there. If appropriate, explain that you are a student at UH and are there to learn more about their traditions. 3) Take notes of what you observe. If you get permission first, take some photos. If taking notes during the visit isn’t feasible, write them up ASAP afterwards. This will give you something to draw on when writing your paper. 4) Write a well-formed paper of at least 1000 words that contains: a. a brief overview of the temple (its history, who visits and when, the site’s physical environment, etc.) Cite your source for this information. b. your observations and experiences c. your reflections on the experience, esp. in relation to what we covered in class d. proper grammar, punctuation, etc. Proofread your paper before submitting it.

Learn on writing essays and research papers on the types of accounting .

Reflective Essay: A Visit to the Temple

Hinduism is one of the largest religions globally. Hindus worship in holy places called temples. Unlike other world religions, it is not mandatory to visit the temple for worship. According to Flood (1996), each Hindu home has a small shrine also referred to as the puja room where families conduct daily prayers, excusing them from going to the temple daily for prayers. Hindus mostly go to the temple only during auspicious occasions or religious festivals. Unlike other religious places of worship such as churches, mosques, or shrines where the place of worship plays a critical role in functions like funerals and marriages, the temple does not play a crucial role in any of those events. Rather, as pointed out by Das (2014), it is more of a meeting point for religious discourses such as chants and devotional songs or bhajans and kirtans.

I have always wanted to visit India and when the opportunity presented itself, I did not hesitate to pay a visit to one of the most beautiful temples there. The Konark sun temple is a distinct work of art standing out in Odisha, Puri district. Konark, which is a small town in India, is the exact location of the marvel Konark sun temple. The temple stands as a dedication to Lord Sun, one of the Indian gods. It resembles a carriage that is shaped like a chariot. It has twelve wheels appearing to be dragged by seven horses. At first sight, the temple will likely amaze one given the skills used in creating it. Researchers believe it was constructed in the 13 th century.

The creative mind behind the construction of the temple was King Narasimhadeva , a legend who lived then. According to Puri (2011), many temples in India are built in connection with legendary figures. The story of Konark temple is related to the legendary Lord Krishna who cursed one of his sons. The curse led to leprosy. To seek atonement, Samba, the cursed Krishna’s son devoted his life to worship Lord Sun, also referred to as Surya for a decade and two years. After twelve years of seeking penance, Lord Sun healed Samba. Samba was always grateful and indebted to Surya who came through for him during a tough time in his life. As a result, Samba devoted himself to make Surya more than a memory. He decided to build the temple to express his gratitude to Lord Sun.

Everybody who sees the temple can easily tell that it was a timeless work of art build to last and to impact many generations. Its mesmerizing beauty is nothing short of stunning. In his words, Rabindranath Tagore asserts that the exquisiteness of the temple cannot be described in architectural terms (Das, 2014). My observation during the visit was a lifetime experience. This being my first time in a temple, almost everything for me was a learning process. The images on the wall, the architectural designs, the gods, forms of worship, and how men and women were dressed were part of my observation. I learnt so much that I had to record all this details in my travel journal to keep the memories intact.

The first basic thing I learnt about the temple is the sacred value they hold for Indians. The temple is a sacred meeting point for Hindu people to commune and revitalize their energies spiritually (Flood, 1996). Indian temples take the form of various shapes such as rectangles, octagons, and semicircles, and have different entry points such as gates and domes. In spite of these facts, there are six parts of a Hindu temple which are common for all temples regardless of the shape. The Konark temple for example had the dome and steeple shape. The steeple or Shikhara represents a high mountain peak while the dome shape represents a trident shape of Shiva. There was the second part which was an inner chamber also referred to as the garbhagriha, a scared place where the image or idol of the deity is kept. The place is out of bounds for visitors and is only accessible to temple priests.

The common place for all to assemble is the temple hall which is meant for the audience to sit. The temple hall also known as the nata-mandira was a hall used for temple-dancing traditionally (Flood, 1996). Women dancers would perform their ritual dances while other people used the hall to sit, pray, meditate, chant, or watch the priest perform rituals. The hall was decorated with paintings of goddesses and gods beautifully. I sat there to meditate and view the vast region of the hall quietly. The temple also has a front porch, an area where a big metallic bell hanging from the ceiling was kept. This section of the temple is useful as devotees enter and leave through this area. To declare their arrival and departure, they ring the bell.

According to Michelle (1988), the reservoir of fresh flowing water is another significant part of the temple. It is used for hygiene purposes. Some people perform a ritual bath before getting into the holy temple. The bath is also meant to keep the floor of the temple clean. Most temples that are not build near natural water bodies have a water reservoir in form of a spring or a fall. Lastly, there is a walkway that includes stair cases that people use to get in and out of the temple. There are also walkways around the walls of the inner chamber for the deity and devotees to walk around as a mark of respect to the god or goddess of the temple.

My visit to the temple was a wonderful experience. I found the Hindu religion very interesting and gained more experience by being inside a temple. I learnt that the Hindu respect the temple and view it as a sacred place for spiritual duties. Men and women dress decently when going to the temple. While men wear button down shirts and slacks, women wear long decent skirts and Indian attires. When one enters the temple, one has to remove their shoes, wash their feet, and then start worshiping the deity from the left side. The Hindu form of worship includes holding the palms of the hands together, a practice referred to as Namaste, and bowing the head (Flood, 1996). For gods kept away from the wall, one can worship them by walking in a circle around them.

I also learnt a lot about Hindu religious doctrines during my visit. Part of this lesson was that what contains important materials that would enable one to understand the religions of Hindu deities, Devi (the Goddess), Siva, and Visnu is known as the Puranas (Flood, 1996). For instance, a worldview of the Vaisnava is presented by Visnu Purana which centers its explanations on the puranic style. There are generally five traditional topics covered by the Puranas. The following are the topics as outlined by Flood (1996): the universe’s manifestation or creation; the universe’s destruction and re-creation; the genealogies of sages and gods; humanity’s mythological progenitors or the fourteen Manus’ reigns, and; the history of the kings’ dynasties. Moreover, the Hindu religion recognizes the existence of a single supreme God. They consider him a transcendent Lord and that he lives above everything else (Flood, 1996). This is a clear indication that the Hindu believe in the creation story or version of how the earth came into existence. They believe that there is a heaven to which they refer as Vaikuntha. Just like other religions believing in the idea of the creation of earth and its components, Hindu religion contends that upon liberation, the devotees of Visnu (the supreme God) will go to Vaikuntha. This implies that a Hindu devotee would have to abide by the laid down traditions and doctrines of the tradition in order to win the race of joining Visnu in the Vaikuntha (heaven).

At the end of a worship, a priest walks around with a tray which is brushed over one’s head three times. Other times, the priest offers fruits to people worshiping, called prasadam, or may come and mark worshippers’ foreheads with ash, turmeric, or kumkum (Michell, 1988). Members greet each other with a warm smile in a kind gesture such as Hari Om and a response is given. Temple priests play a crucial role in the temple and are known as pandas and pujaris, and are hired to perform temple rituals. They are respected and were traditionally from the Brahmin caste. Read; Research essay on the 2017 tax reform .

Das, R. (2014). All about the Hindu temple , About Religion, India.

Flood, G. D. (1996). An introduction to Hinduism . Cambridge. UK: Cambridge University Press.

Michell, G. (1988). The Hindu temple: an introduction to its meaning and forms . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Puri, R. (2011). Konark: temple to the sun. Comic Books.

Argumentative essay example about; should students be able to grade their teachers ?

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What to see
Monuments and attractions

The Kremlin - a historical fortified citadel, and the religious and politcal nucleus of the city - is at the heart of Moscow and is one of Russia's most emblematic sights .

Originally built in the 12th century as a fortified citadel with wooden buildings, the Kremlin has grown to be a majestic complex and the political heart of Russia .

The word kremlin means fortified city, and there are a number of the Medieval citadels that form the nuclei of modern metropolises throughout Russia. Moscow's Kremlin is the best known , and has been recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site .

The enormous complex has a total area of 66 acres (27 hectares) surrounded by over 1.5 miles (2.5 km) of defensive walls including 20 towers measuring over 260 feet (80 metres) in height, the tallest of which being the Spasskaya Tower . Its imposing red walls and the star-topped towers are a strikingly recognisable symbol of the Russian capital .

What to see in the Kremlin?

In addition to state administrative buildings like the Grand Kremlin Palace and the State Kremlin Palace , the citadel is home to a huge number of museums, historic buildings and churches. Don't miss the following highlights:

Assumption Cathedral

Also known as the Dormition Cathedral , this Russian Orthodox church is a magnificent structure of white stone crowned with golden domes . Inside, it's equally beautiful, with colourful frescoes and impressive icons.

Annunciation Cathedral

Built between the 14th and 18th centuries, the Annunciation Cathedral was the personal chapel of the Tsars of the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Its iconic gilded onion domes are typical of Russian Orthodox architecture.

Archangel Cathedral

Constructed as a necropolis for the Tsars of Russia before Peter the Great moved the capital to St Petersburg, this early 16th century church draws from elements of Italian Renaissance architecture. The interior is home to a number of historic frescoes and religious paraphernalia.

Armoury Chamber

One of the oldest museums in Moscow, the Kremlin Armoury showcases an extensive collection of breathtakingly beautiful jewellery, clothing, weapons and armour from Russian history . Amongst its finest gems are a number of Fabergé eggs .

Ivan the Great Bell Tower

Towering above the Kremlin at over 260 feet (80 metres) in height, the Ivan the Great Bell Tower was the tallest building in Moscow for over 400 years. Climbing up to the top (entrance fee is not included in the Kremlin ticket price), you'll enjoy spectacular panoramic views over Moscow .

Unmissable!

The Kremlin is one of Moscow's most important tourist attractions , making it a must-visit on any trip to the Russian capital. Its location in the heart of the city centre, right next to other top sights like Red Square and Saint Basil's Cathedral , makes for a perfect day's sightseeing itinerary.

In the centre of Moscow.

15 May to 30 September : 9:30 am to 6 pm. 1 October to 14 May : 10 am to 6 pm. Ticket office shuts an hour before closing time and is closed on Thursdays.

Cathedral Square Architectural Complex: Adults: ₽ 700 ( US$ 7.50) Children under 16 years old: Free admission Armoury Chamber: Adults: ₽ 1,000 ( US$ 10.60) Children under 16 years old: Free admission

Guided Tour of the Kremlin € 47 ( US$ 50)

Metro : Biblioteka Imeni Lenin, line 1.

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Red Square, the Kremlin, Saint Basil's Cathedral... Make the most of your time in Moscow and ensure you don't miss the city's most important sights.

Known for its striking buildings - as large as they are elegant - Red Square is the heart and soul not just of Moscow but of Russia as a whole, and it is home to some of the city's most iconic monuments.

Take advantage of the search to browse through the World Heritage Centre information.

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Description

Inextricably linked to all the most important historical and political events in Russia since the 13th century, the Kremlin (built between the 14th and 17th centuries by outstanding Russian and foreign architects) was the residence of the Great Prince and also a religious centre. At the foot of its ramparts, on Red Square, St Basil's Basilica is one of the most beautiful Russian Orthodox monuments.

Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

Le Kremlin et la place Rouge, Moscou

Indissolublement lié à tous les événements historiques et politiques les plus importants survenus en Russie depuis le XIII e siècle, le Kremlin a été construit entre le XIV e et le XVII e siècle par des architectes russes et étrangers exceptionnels. C'était la résidence du grand-prince ainsi qu'un centre religieux. Au pied de ses remparts, sur la place Rouge, s'élève la basilique Basile-le-Bienheureux, l'un des plus beaux monuments de l'art orthodoxe.

الكرملين والساحة الحمراء، موسكو

يرتبط الكرملين ارتباطاً وثيقاً بجميع الأحداث التاريخيّة والسياسيّة المهمّة التي توالت على روسيا منذ القرن الثالث عشر ولقد جرى تشييده بين القرنين الرابع والسابع عشر على يد مهندسين روس وأجانب استثنائيين. وكان الكرملين مقرّ الأمير الكبير كما كان مركزاً دينيّاً. عند أسفل أسواره في الساحة الحمراء شيدت بازيليك القديس بازيل وهي من أروع تحف الفنّ الأرثوذكسي.

source: UNESCO/CPE Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

莫斯科克里姆林宫和红场

由俄罗斯和外国建筑家于14世纪至17世纪共同修建的克里姆林宫，作为沙皇的住宅和宗教中心，与13世纪以来俄罗斯所有最重要的历史事件和政治事件密不可分。在红场上防御城墙的脚下坐落的圣瓦西里教堂是俄罗斯传统艺术最漂亮的代表作之一。

El kremlin y la Plaza Roja de Moscú

Indisolublemente vinculado a los más trascendentales acontecimientos históricos y políticos de Rusia desde el siglo XIII, el kremlin de Moscú fue construido entre los siglos XIV y XVII por toda una serie de excelentes arquitectos rusos y extranjeros. Además de ser la residencia del Gran Príncipe, fue un importante centro religioso. Al pie de sus murallas, en la Plaza Roja, se alza la basílica de San Basilio el Bienaventurado, uno de los más hermosos monumentos de arte ortodoxo.

モスクワのクレムリンと赤の広場

source: NFUAJ

Kremlin en Rode Plein, Moskou

Het Kremlin is onlosmakelijk verbonden met alle belangrijke historische en politieke gebeurtenissen in Rusland sinds de 13e eeuw. Het werd door de Grote Prins Yuri van Kiev gesticht als residentie en religieus centrum. De bouw vond plaats tussen de 14e en 17e eeuw en het ontwerp was in handen van uitstekende Russische en buitenlandse architecten. Binnen de muren van het Kremlin vindt men een reeks meesterwerken qua architectuur, maar ook beeldende kunst en religieuze monumenten van uitzonderlijke schoonheid. Aan de voet van de stadsmuren, op het Rode Plein, bevindt zich een van de mooiste Russisch-orthodoxe monumenten, de Pokrovkathedraal ook wel Basiliuskathedraal genoemd.

Source: unesco.nl

Outstanding Universal Value

Brief synthesis

At the geographic and historic centre of Moscow, the Moscow Kremlin is the oldest part of the city. First mentioned in the Hypatian Chronicle in 1147 as a fortification erected on the left bank of the Moskva river by Yuri Dolgoruki, Prince of Suzdal, the Kremlin developed and grew with settlements and suburbs which were further surrounded by new fortifications - Kitaigorodsky Wall, Bely Gorod, Zemlyanoy Gorod and others. This determined a radial and circular plan of the centre of Moscow typical of many other Old Russian cities.

In 13th century the Kremlin was the official residence of supreme power - the center of temporal and spiritual life of the state. The Kremlin of the late 15th – early 16th century is one of the major fortifications of Europe (the stone walls and towers of present day were erected in 1485–1516). It contains an ensemble of monuments of outstanding quality.

The most significant churches of the Moscow Kremlin are situated on the Cathedral Square; they are the Cathedral of the Dormition, Church of the Archangel, Church of the Annunciation and the bell tower of Ivan Veliki. Almost all of them were designed by invited Italian architects which is clearly seen in their architectural style. The five-domed Assumption Cathedral (1475–1479) was built by an Italian architect Aristotele Fiorvanti. Its interior is decorated with frescos and a five-tier iconostasis (15th–17th century). The cathedral became the major Russian Orthodox church; a wedding and coronation place for great princes, tsars and emperors as well as the shrine for metropolitans and patriarchs.

In the same square another Italian architect, Alevisio Novi, erected the five-domed Church of the Archangel in 1505-1508. From the 17th to 19th century, its interior was decorated by wonderful frescos and an iconostasis. In this church many great princes and tsars of Moscow are buried. Among them are Ivan I Kalita, Dmitri Donskoi, Ivan III, Ivan IV the Terrible, Mikhail Fedorovich and Alexei Mikhailovich Romanovs.

The Cathedral of the Dormition was built by Pskov architects in 1484–1489. Inside the cathedral some mural paintings of 16th–19th century have been preserved and the icons of Andrei Rublev and Theophanes the Greek are part of the iconostasis.

In 1505-1508 the bell tower of Ivan Veliki was built. Being 82 metres high it was the highest building in Russia which became the focal point of the Kremlin ensemble.

Among the oldest civil buildings of the Moscow Kremlin, the Palace of the Facets (1487–1491) is the most remarkable. Italian architects Marco Fryazin and Pietro Antonio Solario built it as a great hall for holding state ceremonies, celebrations and for receiving foreign ambassadors. The most noteworthy civil construction of the 17th century built by Russian masters is the Teremnoi Palace.

From the early 18th century, when the capital of Russia moved to St. Petersburg, the Kremlin mainly played a ceremonial role with religious functions. By the end of the century the architectural complex of the Kremlin expanded with the Arsenal reconstructed after the Fire of 1797 by Matvei Kazakov. The Senate was built in 1776–1787 according to the plans of the same architect as the home of the highest agency of State power of the Russian Empire - the Ruling Senate. Today it is the residence of the President of Russia.

From 1839 to 1849 a Russian architect K.A. Thon erected the Great Kremlin Palace as a residence of the imperial family which combined ancient Kremlin buildings such as the Palace of the Facets, the Tsarina’s Golden Chamber, Master Chambers, the Teremnoi Palace and the Teremnoi churches. In the Armory Chamber built by K.A. Thon within the complex of the Great Kremlin Palace, there is a 16th century museum officially established by the order of Alexander I in 1806.

Red Square, closely associated with the Kremlin, lies beneath its east wall. At its south end is the famous Pokrovski Cathedral (Cathedral of St Basil the Blessed), one of the most beautiful monuments of Old Russian church architecture, erected in 1555–1560 to commemorate the victory of Ivan the Terrible over the Kazan Khanate. In the 17th century the cathedral gained its up-to-date appearance thanks to the decorative finishing of the domes and painting both inside and outside the cathedral. The construction of Red Square was finished by the late 19th century together with the erection of the Imperial Historic Museum (today the State Historical Museum), the Upper Trading Rows (GUM) and the Middle Trading Rows. In 1929, , Lenin’s Mausoleum, designed by A.V. Shchusev and an outstanding example of the Soviet monumental architecture, was finished.

Criterion (i) : The Kremlin contains within its walls a unique series of masterpieces of architecture and the plastic arts. There are religious monuments of exceptional beauty such as the Church of the Annunciation, the Cathedral of the Dormition, the Church of the Archangel and the bell tower of Ivan Veliki; there are palaces such as the Great Palace of the Kremlin, which comprises within its walls the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin and the Teremnoi Palace. On Red Square is Saint Basil the Blessed, still a major edifice of Russian Orthodox art.

Criterion (ii) : Throughout its history, Russian architecture has clearly been affected many times by influences emanating from the Kremlin. A particular example was the Italian Renaissance. The influence of the style was clearly felt when Rudolfo Aristotele Fioravanti built the Cathedral of the Dormition (1475-79) and grew stronger with the construction of the Granovitaya Palace (Hall of the Facets, 1487-91) by Marco Fryazin and Pietro Antonio Solario. Italian Renaissance also influenced the towers of the fortified enceinte, built during the same period by Solario, using principles established by Milanese engineers (the Nikolskaya and the Spasskaya Towers both date from 1491). The Renaissance expression was even more present in the classic capitals and shells of the Church of the Archangel, reconstructed from 1505 to 1509 by Alevisio Novi.

Criterion (iv) : With its triangular enceinte pierced by four gates and reinforced with 20 towers, the Moscow Kremlin preserves the memory of the wooden fortifications erected by Yuri Dolgoruki around 1156 on the hill at the confluence of the Moskova and Neglinnaya rivers (the Alexander Garden now covers the latter). By its layout and its history of transformations (in the 14th century Dimitri Donskoi had an enceinte of logs built, then the first stone wall), the Moscow Kremlin is the prototype of a Kremlin - the citadel at the centre of Old Russian towns such as Pskov, Tula, Kazan or Smolensk.

Criterion (vi) : From the 13th century to the founding of St Petersburg, the Moscow Kremlin was directly and tangibly associated with every major event in Russian history. A 200-year period of obscurity ended in 1918 when it became the seat of government again. The Mausoleum of Lenin on Red Square is the Soviet Union’s prime example of symbolic monumental architecture. To proclaim the universal significance of the Russian revolution, the funerary urns of heroes of the revolution were incorporated into the Kremlin’s walls between the Nikolskaya and Spasskaya towers. The site thus combines in an exceptional manner the preserved vestiges of bygone days with present-day signs of one of the greatest events in modern history.

From the date of including the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square on the World Heritage List all the components representing the Outstanding Universal Value of the property are within its boundaries. The territory and the integrity of the World Heritage property have also remained unchanged. Within its boundaries the property still comprises all the elements that it contained at the date of nomination. The biggest threat, however, is unregulated commercial development of the adjacent areas.

Authenticity

The history of the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square is reflected in the archival documents of 12th–19th century, for example in medieval chronicles, cadastral surveys, estimated construction books, painted lists, inventories, foreign notes and in graphic matters such as manuscripts, chronicles, plans, drafts, engravings, lithographs, sketches of foreign travelers, paintings and photographs. These documents are exceptionally valuable information sources. Comparison of the data received from archival documents and those obtained in the process of field study gives the idea of authenticity of the property and its different elements. This comparison also serves as the basis for project development and for the choice of the appropriate methods of restoration that may preserve the monuments’ authenticity.

On the border of the ensemble a number of monuments destroyed in the 1930s were reconstructed according to measured plans.

Protection and management requirements

The statutory and institutional framework of an effective protection, management and improvement of the World Heritage property “Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow” has been established by laws and regulations of the Russian Federation and the city of Moscow.

According to the decree of the President of RSFSR of 18 December 1991 № 294, the Moscow Kremlin was included among especially protected cultural properties of nations of Russia - the highest conservation status for cultural and historical monuments in Russian legislation.

“Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow” is a Cultural Heritage Site of federal importance. State protection and management of federal sites is provided by Federal Law of 25.06.2002 № 73-FZ “On cultural heritage sites (historical and cultural monuments) of nations of the Russian Federation”. The federal executive body responsible for protection of the cultural property is the Department for Control, Supervision and Licensing in the Cultural Heritage Sphere of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.It is in charge of all methodological and control functions concerning restoration, usage and support of cultural heritage sites and the territories connected.

The World Heritage property is situated in the urban environment of Moscow. The city policy regarding cultural heritage protection and town-planning regulation is the responsibility of Moscow City Government, represented by the Department of Cultural Heritage, the Department of Urban Development and the Committee for Urban Development and Architecture of Moscow. In 1997 the boundaries of the protective (buffer) zone were approved in order to preserve the property, and to maintain and restore the historical architectural environment as well as the integral visual perception of the property.. There is a need to ensure the creation of an appropriate buffer zone and to develop close liaison between all stakeholders, including the Moscow City authorities, to ensure that constructions around the property do not impact adversely on its Outstanding Universal Value.

The World Heritage property is used by the following organizations: FGBUK (Federal Government Budgetary Institution of Culture), the State Historical and Cultural Museum-preserve “The Moscow Kremlin”, the Administrative Department of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Guard Service of the Russian Federation and OJSC “GUM Department Store”.

Official site of 'The Moscow Kremlin' State Historical and Cultural Museum and Heritage Site
Moscow Kremlin Museums Telegram Group (in Russian only)
Moscow Kremlin Museums VKontakte Page (in Russian only)
Moscow Kremlin Museums Dzen Page (in Russian only)
State Historical Museum VKontakte Group (in Russian only)
Msk Guide Page (in Russian only)
Official site of the State Department Store
State Historical Museum (in Russian only)

State of Conservation (SOC)

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Modi Calls Muslims ‘Infiltrators’ Who Would Take India’s Wealth

The direct language used against the country’s largest minority was a contrast to the image Prime Minister Narendra Modi presents on the world stage.

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Narendra Modi waves from a stage, as several people stand behind him.

By Alex Travelli and Suhasini Raj

Reporting from New Delhi

Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sunday called Muslims “infiltrators” who would take India’s wealth if his opponents gained power — unusually direct and divisive language from a leader who normally lets others do the dirtiest work of polarizing Hindus against Muslims.

Mr. Modi, addressing voters in the state of Rajasthan, referred to a remark once made by Manmohan Singh, his predecessor from the opposition Indian National Congress Party. Mr. Singh, Mr. Modi claimed, had “said that Muslims have the first right to the wealth of the nation. This means they will distribute this wealth to those who have more children, to infiltrators.”

Mr. Modi aimed his emotional appeal at women, addressing “my mothers and sisters” to say that his Congress opponents would take their gold and give it to Muslims.

Modi Calls Muslims ‘Infiltrators’ in Speech During India Elections

Prime minister narendra modi of india was criticized by the opposition for remarks he made during a speech to voters in rajasthan state..

I’m sorry, this is a very disgraceful speech made by the prime minister. But, you know, the fact is that people realize that when he says the Congress Party is going to take all your wealth and give it to the Muslims, that this is just a nakedly communal appeal which normally any civilized election commission would disallow and warn the candidate for speaking like this.

Implications like these — that Muslims have too many babies, that they are coming for Hindus’ wives and daughters, that their nationality as Indian is itself in doubt — are often made by representatives of Mr. Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party, or B.J.P.

Mr. Modi’s use of such language himself, as he campaigns for a third term in office, raised alarm that it could inflame right-wing vigilantes who target Muslims , and brought up questions about what had prompted his shift in communication style. Usually, Mr. Modi avoids even using the word “Muslims,” coyly finding ways to refer indirectly to India’s largest minority group, of 200 million people.

Mallikarjun Kharge, the president of the Congress party, called Mr. Modi’s remarks “hate speech.” Asaduddin Owaisi, who represents the only national party for Muslims, lamented how “common Hindus are made to fear Muslims while their wealth is being used to enrich others.”

Tom Vadakkan, a spokesman for the B.J.P., said that Mr. Modi’s speech was being misinterpreted. “This is not about our compatriots, the Muslims,” he said. Mr. Modi was talking only about “infiltrators,” according to Mr. Vadakkan.

The prime minister’s fiery oration, delivered in 100-degree heat in the town of Banswara in arid Rajasthan, marked a contrast to the image he presents in international contexts.

During a visit to the White House in June, Mr. Modi said there was “no question of discrimination” in India. When he played host to the Group of 20 summit in New Delhi three months later, he chose the theme “the world is one family”(in Sanskrit, the primary liturgical language of orthodox Hinduism).

He put his own face on soft-power outreach programs like World Yoga Day, broadcast to Times Square, using it to present a Hindu-centric India as a benign “teacher to the world.”

Campaigns that divide Hindus and Muslims can be useful in animating the hard-right Hindu base of Mr. Modi’s otherwise broad-based electorate, especially in places like Banswara, where Hindus outnumber Muslims by three to one.

With his remarks, Mr. Modi may have been trying to close a divide that has opened among Hindus in Rajasthan over whether to support the B.J.P., with one prominent group holding protests over comments made by a party official.

But the prime minister’s speech was also clearly intended for a wider audience; he shared a clip on his official social media channels.

The B.J.P. remains the favorite to win another parliamentary majority when six weeks of voting concludes on June 1 and ballots are counted three days later. Mr. Kharge, the Congress party president, called Mr. Modi’s speech — perhaps hopefully — a sign of desperation, adding that opposition candidates must be faring well in the early stages of balloting.

Neerja Chowdhury, a columnist and the author of “How Prime Ministers Decide,” echoed Mr. Kharge, saying that, in her view, “voters are expressing their dissatisfaction much more openly this time.” The B.J.P. is capable of a swift course correction, she added, because “they get feedback very quickly.”

Rahul Gandhi, the public face of the Congress party , said that Mr. Modi’s comments had been intended as a diversion from subjects that trouble ordinary voters, like joblessness and inflation.

That the prime minister alluded to religion at all in his speech drew complaints that he may have violated India’s election rules.

Candidates are supposed to be barred from asking for votes in the name of religion or caste. But B.J.P. leaders regularly invoke Hindu deities during campaign rallies. The country’s Election Commission, which enforces the rules, has taken little action against the party, even as it has moved against members of other parties in similar cases.

Uddhav Thackeray, a former ally of Mr. Modi’s who is now running against the B.J.P., declared that he would now ignore an Election Commission order to remove the word “Hindu” from his own party’s campaign song.

The basis for Mr. Modi’s attack was a 22-second excerpt from a statement that Mr. Singh, a Sikh economist who was the prime minister before Mr. Modi, made in 2006. Mr. Singh had been listing many of the traditionally disadvantaged groups in India, including lower-caste Hindus and tribal populations, and “in particular the Muslim community,” and said that all should share equitably in the nation’s wealth.

Since Mr. Modi took office in 2014, Muslims haven’t had a proportional share of India’s steady economic and social development . None of the 430 candidates the B.J.P. is fielding in the current election is Muslim.

Mr. Singh’s speech from 2006 seems old now, but it was made just four years after riots in the state of Gujarat under the watch of Mr. Modi. Hindus and Muslims hacked and burned one another and at least 1,000 died, most of them Muslims.

Alex Travelli is a correspondent for The Times based in New Delhi, covering business and economic matters in India and the rest of South Asia. He previously worked as an editor and correspondent for The Economist. More about Alex Travelli

Suhasini Raj is a reporter based in New Delhi who has covered India for The Times since 2014. More about Suhasini Raj

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A Report On Religious Site Visit: Buddhist Temple And ...
Rather than going by myself or with a classmate, I invited my mother along, who has also wanted to visit the temple. Outside the temples, several large Buddha statues sit cross-legged and stand near the entrances. On the door hangs a flyer titled "We Accept Everyone," which details their allowing of anyone into the temple, regardless of ...
Essay on "A Visit to a Temple" Complete Essay for ...
A Visit to a Temple . Essay No. 01. A temple has a special place in Indian Hindu life. It is an exclusive place where people go to worship, to pay their thanks to some Overseeing power for His bounties and blessings. There was a time when education was imparted in temples but it was purely religious. It is my routine to visit a temple.
Buddhist Temple Visit Essay
Buddhist Temple Visit Essay. Buddhism is religion that is based off of peace and spirituality taught by the teachings of Buddha, also known as Siddhartha Gotama. Many who follow its teachings believe Buddhism to be more of a way of life or lifestyle choice rather a religion. Buddha is not a god, but one man that taught his followers a path of ...
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This is because the temple is believed to be a holy place. We observed that meditation is a key part of their religion Buddhism as a religion basically teaches about how to end suffering. They believe that one can end suffering by cutting out greed, hatred, and ignorance. It is believed that the original teachings came from Buddha, and so did ...
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A Visit to A Temple. Last Sunday, I went to visit the Lakshmi Narayan temple with my mother. It is a beautiful temple with marvelous architecture worth seeing. The temple is constructed by the Birla Group and was inaugurated by the father of our nation, Mahatama Gandhi. I had visited this temple many times. The temple is generally overcrowded.
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Published: 02/20/2023. In this essay, I am going to give information regarding a personal visit I made to a Buddhist temple. Specifically, I am going to describe the place that I visited, discuss the religious activities that I observed, and consider the dialogue that I had with members of the community. Ultimately, it is my goal to give a ...
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Good Essays. 998 Words. 4 Pages. Open Document. I decided to visit a Hindu temple because the Hindu religion was the religion that I knew the least about and was interested in. This assignment gave me an opportunity to learn more about this religion and what their worship services and rituals were like. The temple that I went to was called BAPS ...
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FAQs For Essay on Golden Temple. Question 1: What is so special about the Golden temple? Answer 1: The Golden Temple is also called the "Darbar Sahib" or the "Harmandar Sahib". Furthermore, this temple, whose location is in Amritsar, is one of the oldest worship places for the Indian Sikhs. Moreover, the temple's entire top is made of ...
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Long Essay on An Indian Temple 500 Words for Kids and Students in English. Foreigners often remark that India is a land of temples, shrines and sacred places. With the history of India are intertwined many stories that are religious, legendary and social. Right from Kashmir to Kerala, we come across temples of many Gods and Goddesses.
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People visit temples to seek blessings from God or find peace from all the chaos around. In addition, Indian temples are excellent constructions, and each one of them is an architectural masterpiece. In this short essay on temple, we have explained the prominent Indian temples for children. For more essays, stories and poems, visit BYJU'S ...
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Free Buddhist Temple Visit Essay Sample. Type of paper: Essay. Topic: Religion, Services papers, Business, Community, Christians, Interesting, Buddhist, Worship. Pages: 3. Words: 650. Published: 03/30/2023. ORDER PAPER LIKE THIS. For this assignment, I had the awesome opportunity to visit a local Buddhist temple for their weekly service. As ...
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Hrs-147 Essay. CREDIT*** Name of site: Kim Quang Temple Event: Visiting Day & date: March 31, 23013 Exact times you were on site: March 29, 2013 Person interviewed: Vietnamese monk Interview time, length & place: April 2, 2013 Before or after your site visit, for each of the topics below, generate a list of questions to ask yourself &/or others while at your site &/or interviewing a participant.
Personal Narrative: My Visit To A Buddhist Temple
Personal Narrative: My Visit To A Buddhist Temple. For my religious/spiritual encounter, I visited a Buddhist temple by the name of Hsi Lai located in the city of Hacienda Heights. The Hsi Lai Temple, built in 1988, spans across 15 acres of land, with architecture like those of the ancient Chinese monasteries from Ming and Qing dynasty ...
visiting a hindu temple essay
So, for my out-of-class experience, I visited the Hindu Temple and Community Center in South Bend. I recommend visiting the Hindu Temple because you will get to experience Hindu rituals and the diversity of the religion. First of all, you will get to witness and be a part of many Hindu rituals. Rituals and practices are an element of TCREB from ...
St. Basil's Cathedral: A Cultural Masterpiece
St. Basil's Cathedral is an icon of Russia. It is the epitome of Russian architecture. It is located in the Red Square, next to the Moscow Kremlin. It was built in the 16 th century, during the reign of Ivan IV, also called Ivan the Terrible. I will argue that St. Basil's Cathedral is a lieux de memoire from the perspective of the Russian ...
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Essay on Pashupatinath Temple. The Pashupatinath Temple is one of the most sacred holy temples of the Hindus. It is a site that is enlisted by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. This temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva, and thousands of devotees from all over the world come to pray and ask for blessings. It is an important site for devotees as well ...
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St Basil's Cathedral was originally constructed in 1555, under the orders of Tsar Ivan IV (also known as Ivan the Terrible). Ivan's intention in building St Basil's Cathedral was to celebrate his victory in the Russo-Kazan Wars, specifically the siege of Kazan and the cathedral's name was derived from that of a Russian Orthodox saint ...
Personal Reflection Essay for Trip to a Hindu Temple Essay
Reflective Essay: A Visit to the Temple. Hinduism is one of the largest religions globally. Hindus worship in holy places called temples. Unlike other world religions, it is not mandatory to visit the temple for worship. According to Flood (1996), each Hindu home has a small shrine also referred to as the puja room where families conduct daily ...
Kremlin
The Kremlin is one of Moscow's most important tourist attractions, making it a must-visit on any trip to the Russian capital. Its location in the heart of the city centre, right next to other top sights like Red Square and Saint Basil's Cathedral, makes for a perfect day's sightseeing itinerary.
Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow
Le Kremlin et la place Rouge, Moscou. Indissolublement lié à tous les événements historiques et politiques les plus importants survenus en Russie depuis le XIII e siècle, le Kremlin a été construit entre le XIV e et le XVII e siècle par des architectes russes et étrangers exceptionnels. C'était la résidence du grand-prince ainsi qu'un centre religieux.
Modi Calls Muslims 'Infiltrators' Who Would Take India's Wealth
During a visit to the White House in June, Mr. Modi said there was "no question of discrimination" in India. When he played host to the Group of 20 summit in New Delhi three months later, he ...