travel to western sahara

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Western Sahara Travel Restrictions

Traveler's COVID-19 vaccination status

Traveling from the United States to Western Sahara

Closed for vaccinated visitors

COVID-19 testing

Not required

Not required for vaccinated visitors

Restaurants

Required in public spaces.

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Can I travel to Western Sahara from the United States?

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, will not be allowed to enter Western Sahara.

Can I travel to Western Sahara if I am vaccinated?

Fully vaccinated visitors from the United States can enter Western Sahara without restrictions.

Can I travel to Western Sahara without being vaccinated?

Unvaccinated visitors from the United States will not be allowed to enter Western Sahara.

Do I need to wear a mask in Western Sahara?

Mask usage in Western Sahara is required in public spaces.

Are the restaurants and bars open in Western Sahara?

Restaurants in Western Sahara are . Bars in Western Sahara are .

Western Sahara Travel Guide

Travel & tourism.

Stretching along the northwestern coast of the African continent, this former Spanish colony remains a disputed territory and is one of the most sparsely populated regions on Earth. Its people look to either the Moroccan government or the Algerian-backed Polisario Front for leadership, or perhaps even the hope of independence in the future. Because of its political past and isolated desert location, Western Sahara doesn’t enjoy the developed tourism infrastructure of some of its neighbors. It can, however, offer unforgettable experiences to adventurers who are drawn to the territory’s life and culture and who are tenacious enough to withstand desert winds and stinging sands: this is the place where the Sahara collides with the waves of the North Atlantic Ocean. Western Sahara is better suited to travelers who feel comfortable forging their own paths, but it truly is one of the world’s most stunning paths to be exp lored; it virtually defines “off the beaten track.”

What to Do in Western Sahara

1. El Aaiún (Laayoune):  Western Sahara’s largest city, with a population of roughly 195,000, was founded by the Spanish in 1928 and has been under Moroccan control since 1976. The city is small and easily navigable by foot. It is a great place to spend a day or two before you venture out to explore other desert towns and villages. El Aaiún sits right on the coast of the territory in the north, and visitors can spend time on the El Aaiún beach, though they shouldn’t expect perfect white sand and palm trees; this is a desert beach, after all.

2. Tarfaya:  This small town lies on the coast just over the border between Western Sahara and Morocco, just a few hours’ drive from El Aaiún. During the colonial period in this part of North Africa, Tarfaya was the administrative capital of Spanish South Morocco. Tarfaya can be hard to reach by public transportation and has only one main paved road. Its real claim to fame is literary: this is where Antoine de Saint-Exupery, author of the much loved French novella The Little Prince, was stationed in 1929. A small statue of an airplane on the beach commemorates the writer and pilot. Also visit the Castle Dar Mar, a 200-year-old castle that sits in the ocean 45 kilometers from the shore.

3. Smara (Semara):  With a population of roughly 45,000, Smara is the only large town in Western Sahara that was not founded by the Spanish. Once a trade hub for camel caravans passing through the Sahara, Smara was built with red stone around a fortress known as the Zawiy Maalainin that enclosed a mosque. Ruins of the fortress can still be seen today. In the early 20th century, Smara was the battleground for territorial disputes between Spanish, French, and Sahrawi rebels and is now under Moroccan rule.

4. Guelta Zemmour:  Located inland and south of El Aaiún, this small town was built around a guelta, or oasis. Sahrawi nomads used the oasis as a camping ground for hundreds of years. The town was at one time under the control of the Polisario Front but is now home to a Moroccan military base. Though this town is a wonderful place to catch a gorgeous desert sunset and a star-spangled night sky, visitors should be very aware of minefields located near the town.

5. Moroccan Berm:  This Moroccan-built sand wall divides Western Sahara into Moroccan and Polisario territories. Several Moroccan military bases are located along the berm, as well as several minefields, so though the wall is worth seeing from a distance, we advise against going in for a closer look.

6. Dakhla:  Once known by the Spanish as Villa Cisneros, this town is home to approximately 68,000 people and sits on the Western Saharan coast, 341.7 miles (550 kilometers) from El Aaiún. The Spanish founded Dakhla in 1884 as the capital of the Rio de Oro province of Spanish Sahara. Whitewashed houses line the idyllic bay overlooking the brilliant blue Atlantic. Points of interest in the town are the Catholic churches and military fortress built by the Spanish. Venture out of the town to see the old Spanish lighthouse that sits alone on a cape a couple of miles from Dakhla. Climb the lighthouse’s 240 steps for sweeping views of the ocean and the town. You can also feast on delectable fresh fish caught daily by local fishermen. This area of Western Sahara’s coast is famous for its surfing opportunities, so if you’re a water enthusiast, this would be an excellent and relatively secluded spot to catch some waves.

Western Sahara is always hot and dry, though temperatures do tend to be higher in Northern Hemisphere “summer” months. Remember, you will be in a desert: nights can be very cold, so prepare accordingly.

Getting In and Around

Visas:  You do not need a separate visa to enter Western Sahara, though you will need a Moroccan visa. At the border between Morocco and Western Sahara, you may have your passport checked, but it will not be stamped. See the visa requirements for Morocco.

Transportation:  It is best to hire your own vehicle and driver if you are planning on traveling around Western Sahara or across borders between Western Sahara and Morocco. Roads in Western Sahara are usually not in very good condition, and many are unpaved.

Buses run regularly between Marrakech and other Moroccan cities to major towns in Western Sahara. There are also ground taxis, which are small minibuses, that take passengers between several of Western Sahara’s largest towns; travel in ground taxis is far from comfortable, though. If you’re flying into Western Sahara, the easie st way is via Morocco. Fly Royal Air Maroc into El Aaiún or Dakhla from Casablanca or Agadir.

Mobile Phones:  Few land lines and even fewer mobile phones are available in Western Sahara. It is unlikely that mobile phones with international plans will work here, especially in areas farther from the border with Morocco.

Safety and Security

Concerned about your safety as you plan travel to Western Sahara? We at Africa.com, together with our friends, family and colleagues, travel extensively throughout the continent. Here are the resources we consult when thinking of our safety in Western Sahara:

•  UK Government Western Sahara Travel Advice Guidance

Africa.com comment: Very timely and frequently updated. Perspective assumes that you ARE going to travel to Western Sahara, and seeks to give you good guidance so that you understand the risks and are well informed.

•  U.S. State Department Travel Advisory on Western Sahara

Africa.com comment: Can sometimes be considered as overly conservative and discourage travel altogether to destinations that many reasonable people find acceptably secure. On the other hand, they have the resources of the CIA to inform them, so they know things that the rest of us don’t know. See what they have to say about Western Sahara.

Local Advice

1. Western Sahara is located on the northwestern coast of Africa, between Mauritania and Morocco. It is separated into two sides: Moroccan authorities control the west, and the Polisario Front, also known as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, controls the east.

2. Arabic is the official language of both Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Republic. The Sahrawi people speak a dialect of Arabic known as Hassānīya.

3. The population of Western Sahara is 260,000. Most of the population is Sahrawi, of mixed Arab and Berber descent. Some Moroccans also settled in the territory in the 1970s.

4. Western Sahara is a predominantly Muslim territory, but because of the nomadic roots of the Sahrawi people, many observe their religion in a more informal manner, visiting mosques less frequently, drinking alcohol, and the like. That said, be as respectful as possible, especially when visiting sacred sites.

5. The currency most widely used in Western Sahara is the Moroccan dirham (MAD), though in some areas the Algerian dinar (DZD) and Mauritanian ouguiya (MRO) are used. We suggest having enough cash of all currencies with you before you cross into Western Sahara.

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Western Sahara

• 1.1 Under Moroccan administration
• 1.2 Under SADR administration
• 1.3 Under Mauritanian temporary administration
• 2 Other destinations
• 3.1 History
• 3.2 Political situation on the Moroccan side
• 3.4 Economy
• 3.5 Climate
• 3.6 Landscapes
• 4.1 By plane
• 4.3 By boat
• 4.5 By bike
• 12.1 Landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO)
• 13 Stay healthy

Western Sahara is an area on the west coast of North Africa . A former Spanish colony, its governance is disputed between Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). After a UN-brokered ceasefire in 1991 ended a war between the two, Morocco ended up de facto controlling about 80% (and almost the entire coast) of the disputed area, with SADR controlling the region around the Mauritanian and Algerian borders. The Berm is the de facto border between the two administrations, and the areas around it are full of landmines.

Cities [ edit ]

Under Moroccan administration [ edit ]

• Al Mahbass .  

Under SADR administration [ edit ]

Under mauritanian temporary administration [ edit ], other destinations [ edit ].

For those interested in sight-seeing, there are few opportunities to see wildlife or natural formations other than the dunes. The area controlled by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)—known as the Free Zone or Liberated Territories—is of interest to those interested in the political conflict.

Understand [ edit ]

While there is a long coastline, much of it is rocky and not fit for beaches or travel. Large-scale fishing and ports are at Ad Dakhla . Much of the territory is arid desert.

The area to the immediate east of the sand wall (also known as "the Berm") was peppered by land mines and should be considered off-limits to any traveler: the territory had one of the highest concentrations of land mines in the world and even where warning signs were posted, most are gone due to the weather. The SADR destroyed its landmines several years ago but some may remain. The Moroccan side of the wall still contains thousands of mines and is extremely dangerous. Furthermore, the SADR-controlled Free Zone has almost no roads, so profound navigation experience and a 4×4 with high ground clearance is required. The gates in the berm, which can be used by UN patrols, are not open to regular travelers.

The political situation has been in a stalemate for decades. Breakdowns in negotiations have led to threats to break the ceasefire, and indeed, there has been some fighting in the 2020s.

SADR has been recognized by only around 46 countries and has control over only a largely uninhabited eastern slice of territory. Explicit support for the Moroccan view is also scarce, with the United States being the first country to recognize Moroccan sovereignty over the region in 2020 (as part of a deal wherein Morocco and Israel would normalize relations in exchange for US recognition of Moroccan claims in the region).

History [ edit ]

Under Spanish rule, as Spanish Sahara, the territory was divided by Spain into two administrative regions: the northern strip, known as Saguia el-Hamra, and the southern two-thirds, named Río de Oro.

Morocco occupied and annexed the northern two-thirds of Spanish Sahara in 1976, while the rest was annexed by Mauritania; the Polisario declared the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). When Mauritania withdrew in 1979, Morocco annexed the southern portion of the territory. A guerrilla war with the Polisario Front liberation movement contesting Rabat 's sovereignty ended in a 1991 cease-fire. A referendum on final status has been repeatedly postponed; a sticking point regarding any potential referendum is who would get to vote. In 2020, the United States agreed to formally back Morocco's claims to the region in return for Morocco normalizing relations with Israel .

Political situation on the Moroccan side [ edit ]

There has been unrest and protests in the Morocco-controlled area, met harshly by police. Where popular sympathies lie is unclear.

The Moroccan name for Western Sahara is "Southern Provinces"; calling it "Western Sahara" can bring your political position into question, and people who don't share the Moroccan government's position can be deported and banned from re-entering Western Sahara. The safest and most hassle-free way of traveling in this area is to ignore politics completely.

Unlike in other parts of Morocco, checkpoints on the road are to be taken very seriously: always come to a full stop unless explicitly motioned to move on. Travel plans communicated at the last checkpoint should not be changed spontaneously: travelers are sometimes tracked pretty well, and if you show up in a different place than the one on your itinerary, questions may be asked.

Moroccan officials are very wary of journalists and humanitarian aid workers, due to a perceived interference with what they consider purely Moroccan matters. It is strongly advised that you not mention a profession even remotely related to those. This is also true for the immigration forms filled out when entering Morocco — officials at every checkpoint can retrieve that data via phone and sometimes do.

People [ edit ]

Western Sahara's inhabitants, known as Sahrawis , are of Arab and Berber ethnicity and speak the Hassānīya dialect of Arabic. They are hospitable and known for their elaborate tea ceremonies.

Economy [ edit ]

Western Sahara depends on pastoral nomadism, fishing, and phosphate mining as the principal sources of income for the population. The territory lacks sufficient rainfall for sustainable agricultural production, and most of the food for the urban population must be imported. Virtually all trade and other economic activities are controlled by the Moroccan government. Moroccan energy interests in 2001 signed contracts to explore for oil off the coast of Western Sahara, a move that has angered Polisario and international observers. Incomes and standards of living in Western Sahara are substantially below the Moroccan level. Basic food items and gas are subsidized by the Moroccan government.

Climate [ edit ]

Western Sahara is a hot, dry desert; consequently, rain is rare, but flash floods occasionally occur. Cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew. There is very little water in the ground. This coupled with a lack of water vapor in the air, which in other regions acts as a greenhouse gas, allows daytime heat to be lost very rapidly into space via infrared radiation. The result is harsh cold nights, despite the very high daytime temperatures. In comparison with the Central Sahara, though, the Western Sahara has more moisture in the air, and a lower annual temperature range due to proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. Along most of the coastline, thick fog can form in the early morning hours and greatly reduce visibility until noon.

Landscapes [ edit ]

Mostly low, flat desert, with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising to small mountains in south and northeast. Low-lying sand dunes cover the territory.

If you are traveling overland, you will find no border formalities between Morocco and Western Sahara. Your passport may be asked for at the many checkpoints on the road south, but will not be stamped, as the Moroccan authorities regard the Western Sahara as part of Morocco.

Get in [ edit ]

The vast majority of Western Sahara is administered by Morocco , which considers it an integral part of its territory, so the same entry conditions apply as for the rest of Morocco. However, independent travel in the region is restricted. While crossing through Western Sahara while traveling overland between Morocco and Mauritania is usually OK, some travelers have been turned back when trying to enter, especially during periods of political strife. At any time, travelers can be turned back if they are suspected to have any interest in the political or humanitarian situation: any hint at journalistic activities or anything even remotely connected (like working as cameraperson for even an advertisement agency) should be avoided.

Official entry requirements for SADR-controlled areas are unclear, but in practice, the area is entirely off-limits to visitors: you cannot legally cross the heavily guarded and mined berm from the Moroccan-controlled side, and the land border with Algeria , which used to be the entry route, is closed. There are no legal border crossings from Mauritania into SADR-controlled territory, either.

By plane [ edit ]

• From Spain , the Canary Islands and various cities in Morocco : Laayoune , Hassan I Airport ( EUN  IATA )
• From Agadir , Casablanca and seasonally from the Canary Islands : Dakhla Airport ( VIL  IATA )
• Τhe Moroccan National Tourism Office (ONMT) decided to open the Dakhla-Paris route with Royal Air Maroc, as of early 2021.

Even for domestic flights, passport controls are stricter than in the rest of Morocco.

By bus [ edit ]

Buses connect all larger cities and will drop passengers anywhere along the road when asked.

By boat [ edit ]

While there has been discussion or restoring the ferry to Tarfaya from the Canary Islands , as of June 2019, it seemed unlikely.

By car [ edit ]

See also the #Get around section below.

• From the north , along the coast: From Agadir one can just drive down the RN1 through Tiznit , Guelmim , Tan-Tan , passing Tarfaya 30 km (19 mi) east, through Akhfenir , Laayoune , Boujdour , Dakhla all the way to Mauritania .
• From the north , through the desert: The road from Assa via Zag to Al-Mahbes apparently has been closed for years, but was open between Assa and Zag as of early 2014. Continuing onwards to Al-Mahbes was denied by local authorities with reference to the frequent military operations, landmines and general security concerns. Al-Mahbes is relatively close to Tindouf, the Polisario's headquarter and the refugee camps, which possibly renders the region sensitive in the view of the Moroccan military. Moreover, this region is rumored to be possibly part of the operational area of Al-Qaeda in Magreb.

• From the south : Entering Western-Sahara from the south (Mauritania) involves passing through a few kilometers of no-man's land, which is notorious for its landmines, bandits, and false guides offering to guide you through the strip. Only attempt this passage in full daylight and with either a reliable guide, or much more practical, in a convoy; just talk to some truck drivers at the border. Do not be misled by the old tarmac road which you will cross: this is the so-called "Spanish Road", which dates back to the era of Spanish Sahara (before 1975) and in both directions only leads to impassable sand dunes and minefields. Only a few meters of this road are still in use today, which are close to the Mauritanian Border Post. Do not venture on this road any further than this. Deadly incidents have continued to occur as result of falsely interpreting the Spanish Road as the right track.

By bike [ edit ]

There is a bike route by the coast, from Guelmin in Morocco via Western Sahara and Mauritania to Saint Louis in Senegal. See Cycling the Western Sahara .

Get around [ edit ]

Traveling by car is probably one of the most convenient means of transport in Western Sahara, as public transport restricts one to larger settlements. Though there are some precautions one should take:

• Always refuel before any longer stretch on the road. That larger town on your map might turn out to be a small village without a gas station. Especially south of Tan-Tan , settlements are few and far between.
• The road's condition changes from "awesome" to "abysmal", often without warning and sometimes every few kilometers. Don't follow the guy who overtakes you with 150 km/h (93 mph)—you might meet him later anyway, with a broken axle, a good 100 m off the road. Don't even trust your own experience on a road—a single night of rain can turn a great road into a terrible one.
• When going off-road, either know that the area is free of mines or have a reliable guide. Follow existing tracks where possible.
• Take a mobile with you, it will work in almost all areas and it will make life easier when the car breaks down.
• And the usual desert tips: bring more than enough water, something to keep you warm at night in case you have to sleep in your car.
• There are several police checkpoints along the road. Additionally to the typical controls at the entrance and exit of main villages (Laâyoune, Cape Bojador and Dakhla), there are checkpoints on the bridge over the Oued Drâa (N28º 31.862’ W10º 56.669’) just before Tan-Tan, 2km before Sidi Akhfenir (on the first cheapfuel station: N28º 05.814’ W12º 02.824’) and on the crossroad to Dakhla (N23º 53.615’ W15º 40.585’). At the crossroad, if you just want to fill out in the nearby fuel station and not want to drive all the way to Dakhla, explain that to the police which will probably let you pass more rapidly. In fact, police checkpoints are usually friendly and things can move very rapidly if you hand out a photocopied paper with the details of the travellers: name, surname, date and place of birth, address, profession, number and validity of the passport, coming from, going to, date of entry in Morocco and the Moroccan police number (a group of letters and numbers stamped usually on the last page of the passport when entering Morocco); and also of the vehicle: brand, model and license plate number. Be aware that radars for estimating speed are on the rise in Morocco, and they are no exception in Western Sahara; a typical spot for speed checking is on the southern exit of Laâyoune.

Talk [ edit ]

The native language of the majority is Hassaniya Arabic . It is not mutually intelligible with Standard Arabic , which is not widely spoken.

Moroccan Arabic is also widely spoken, and is the lingua franca on the streets and the workplace because of the many Moroccans residing in the country.

French is spoken by a lot of those who moved in from Morocco proper and to some degree by a lot of locals who sometimes deal with tourists.

Spanish is spoken rarely (mostly by those old enough to have learned it under Spanish occupation), English even rarer.

People are generally very patient with people they don't share a language with and are also used to communicating with their hands and feet. Also, because of a very low literacy level, writing things down does not help communication much.

See [ edit ]

• The Saharan desert.
• Remnants of the Spanish colonial rule in the capital El Aaiún .
• Many beautiful, completely unspoiled beaches that sometimes go on for miles.

Do [ edit ]

Buy [ edit ], money [ edit ].

The official currency of the Moroccan-controlled portion is the Moroccan dirham , sometimes symbolised as " Dh ", " Dhs , " DH ", " درهم , or the plural form of " دراهم " or " Dhm " (ISO code: MAD ). It's divided into 100 santime or centimes (c). There are 5c, 10c, 20c, 50c, 1, 2, 5 and 10 dirham coins, although coins smaller than 20c are rarely seen these days. Banknotes are available in denominations of Dh 20, 50, 100 and 200.

The SADR has also minted its own pesetas (" Pts. ", ISO code: EHP). It has an official exchange rate of €1 for 166.386 Pts. Algerian dinars and Mauritanian ouguiyas circulate alongside the Sahrawi peseta in the Sahrawi refugee camps and the SADR-controlled part of Western Sahara.

Costs [ edit ]

Prices are lower than in Morocco, in part due to Moroccan government's subsidization policy.

Eat [ edit ]

With fishing being the main source of income for the local population, fish is the obvious choice: It is fresh and very cheap.

Drink [ edit ]

Traditional Sahrawi hospitality includes the serving of tea to all guests in one's home. The tea is really strong, even for people used to high caffeine intake.

Stay safe [ edit ]

Hot, dry, dust-and-sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility. There are low-level uprisings and political violence which is altogether rare, but can escalate. Occupying powers are likely to evict foreigners in such case.

The N1—and even more so the roads into the heart of the territory—are very remote roads, with facilities and settlements being easily 150–200 km (93–124 mi) away from each other. Take enough fuel (always refuel before going on the next leg, you never know what is going to happen) and enough water (several liters per person). Mobile network connection exists along N1.

Landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) [ edit ]

There was war in Western Sahara for over 15 years in the 1970s and 1980s, and as a result, the landmine and UXO situation to this day remains quite unclear, despite efforts of the Moroccan Government to improve the situation. There are landmines not only in the remote parts of the country close to berm, but all the way down main coastal road (N1) to the Mauritanian border. Google Earth clearly shows the efforts to clear minefields all along N1, which continue to this day—despite Moroccan officers tending to tell tourists that this part of the country is safe. Around the settlements (Boujdour, Ad-Dakhla, Golfe de Cintra) the situation seems to be slightly worse, possibly due their strategic significance in the war. The warning signs are sometimes so rusty that they can't be recognised anymore, but usually the combination of two small metal signs is a strong indicator.

Keep eyes open to lines of stones, cairns, staples of old tyres and similar man-made marking—they are usually meaningful! Generally, any place off the tarmac-road of N1 and off-branching tarmac roads must be considered unsafe. Car-wrecks are strong indicators—do not explore these! Strategically significant points (the various small passes, narrow valleys, elevated points, etc.) are more dangerous, but this does not mean that other places are safe. Any man-made fortifications (straight sand-walls, round sand-wall [for artillery] and any other military looking movements of ground) pose particular danger (esp. south of Ad-Dakhla, but also south of Boujdour). It might be that these were mined when being abandoned to prevent them from falling into the other party's hand, or it might be that the surroundings were mined from the beginning to protect against guerrilla attacks, but anyway the mine-cleaning patterns strongly indicate that such places were and possibly continue to be particularly dangerous. Few to no mine-clearing efforts can be observed off the N1 - that possibly means that (e.g. for lack of touristic significance) these areas continue to be mined and efforts were focussed at the immediate surrounding of N1.

The patterns of cleaning mine-fields indicate that in not all cases does the Moroccan Government seem to be aware of the location of minefields, which requires more or less random search pattern. Moreover, on Google Earth it can be seen that where minefields have previously been cleared, new clearing activities have resumed later. This again indicates that even traces of cleared minefields do not guarantee safety. This includes the surroundings of the lagoon of Ad-Dakhla, including the lands north of it.

Stay healthy [ edit ]

No matter whether you travel in a private car or on a bus, always take enough water for at least 24 hours to be prepared if the vehicle breaks down.

Don't touch unknown vegetation—some of the seemingly good looking fruit one can find on the road side are poisonous even when just touched (one looks like miniature water melons, another like small cucumbers).

When climbing some of the rare stone formations, be aware of scorpions. Even though extremely rare, sometimes cobras are spotted (usually after a period of a few days with hot winds blowing to the West).

The quality of tap water is variable; ask before drinking it, or just drink bottled water.

Respect [ edit ]

The culture is Islamic but not particularly strict; the form of Islam that developed among the nomad population is non-mosque-based. Political and social displays of Sahrawi nationalism are violently repressed by the Moroccan police and military.

Connect [ edit ]

Teleboutiques and internet cafes are not hard to find in the cities, but connection speed may vary from place to place. Most cafes, restaurants and hotels offer free wifi.

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Western Sahara

After crossing the rocky and forlorn expanses of the hamada (stony desert) south from Tarfaya, the Western Saharan city of Dakhla is an appealingly relaxed destination. A constant feature is the cobalt intensity of the Atlantic Ocean, softened here by palm trees, a pleasant oceanfront esplanade and a shallow island-studded lagoon.

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Few travellers venture south of Goulimine unless bound for Mauritania or Senegal. Certainly, the dead-end administrative town of Tan Tan has few attractions, though surfers in particular may want to check out the rather more appetizing beach resort of Tan Tan Plage. The last town in Morocco proper, Tarfaya, is really just a sleepy little fishing village that sometimes gives the impression of having been all but forgotten, but it has a charmingly lazy air about it. Once over the demarcation line into the Western Sahara, things change, and the towns of Laayoune, Boujdour and Dakhla, are bright, modern places by comparison, settled by pioneering Moroccans enticed with state subsidies. Smara is the only really historical site in the territory.

Smara (Es Semara)

Tan tan to laayoune, travelling in the western sahara, western saharan history, simmering tensions in dakhla.

Of more interest to many travellers than the towns of the region is the surrounding landscape, and you are sure spend much of your time here travelling across vast, bleak tracts of hammada (stony desert); there’s certainly no mistaking that you’ve reached the Sahara proper. Returning, if you don’t fancy a repeat of the journey, there are flights from Dakhla and Laayoune to Agadir or the Canary Islands. And once you’ve reached Dakhla, Dakkar and Banjul are actually as close as Marrakesh and Casablanca.

Although the area covered by this chapter was all formerly under Spanish rather than French colonial rule, French has now almost entirely replaced Spanish as the dominant second language throughout the region.

The region’s economic importance was long thought to centre on the phosphate mines at Boukra, southeast of Laayoune. However, these have not been very productive in recent years, and the deposits are not especially rich by the standards of the Plateau des Phosphates east of Casablanca. In the long term, the rich deep-water fishing grounds offshore are likely to prove a much better earner. This potential is gradually being realized with the development of fishing ports at Laayoune, Dakhla and Boujdour, together with industrial plants for fish storage and processing.

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For those short on time, this trip allows you to visit the highlights of Morocco in little over a week: the cultural capital Fez, the beautiful city of Chefchaouen, sleeping in a deluxe tent in the desert, as well as discovering Marrakech - it's time to explore Morocco!

8 days  / from 2242 USD

Luxurious Morocco

Highlights include Rabat, Fes, Chefchaouen, and a luxury desert camp in Merzouga. Privately guided activities with expert local guides allow you to truly get to know Moroccan culture and cuisine. Combine it with the best hotels and riads in the cities and you have the perfect trip.

Tailor-made trips for   Morocco

The sea is guarded by cliffs most of the way to the fishing port of BOUJDOUR, 188km southwest of Laayoune. The beach is dirty with dangerous rocks – the nearest beaches suitable for swimming (if you have the transport to reach them) are 20km south, below the cliffs, and 40km north, just beyond a military checkpoint and fishing settlement. The nearest thing to a sight in town is the lighthouse, though it’s not open to the public, and the soldiers guarding it won’t be happy if you try to photograph it. If you need a bank, the BMCE and Banque Populaire both have branches with ATMs.

SMARA (also written as Es Semara), once an important caravan stop, is today a garrison town, occupied by the Moroccan army (so be careful where you point your camera). Otherwise, it’s a small, sleepy old place, with not a lot going on, though there’s a souk every Thursday, and a festival every April featuring musical and other entertainments. Because accommodation options are so dire, it’s wise to avoid spending the night here, by making an early start from Tan Tan or Laayoune to get here, and heading off before transport dries up.

Smara’s only link with its past is the remains of the palace and Great Mosque of Ma el Aïnin, the “Blue Sultan”, a local ruler who tried to oust the French colonialists at the beginning of the twentieth century (see The Blue Sultan). The palace, near the oued, contains the residences of Ma el Aïnin’s four main wives, one of them now occupied by the gardien and his family. The attached zaouia is well maintained, but usually closed, except on Fridays. If you knock on the door, however, someone should open up and show you around, usually for a fee. Though plastered over, the zaouia is, like the rest of the palace, built of black basalt from the local hills. What’s left of the Great Mosque, a separate building further away from the river, is less well preserved, but you can still see the mihrab, and rows of basalt arches.

The approach from Goulimine to Tan Tan runs along 125km of straight desert road, across a bleak area of scrub and hammada. There are few features to speak of en route: a café and petrol station (55km from Goulimine); a small pass (85km); and finally a crossing of the Oued Drâa (109km), invariably dry at this point, where you may be asked to show your passport (as you also may coming into Tan Tan). A piste from here heads west to a last French fort at the mouth of the oued.

Tan Tan is a drab administrative centre of around 70,000 inhabitants. Because it’s part of a duty-free zone, along with the rest of the Tarfaya Strip and Western Sahara, a lot of shops sell goods such as radios, computers and electric razors. Aside from its moussem (see Tan Tan Plage), Tan Tan’s one claim to fame is that it was a departure point for Hassan II’s famous Green March to occupy the Western Sahara (La Marche Verte, or el Massira el Khadra).

Parallels and demarcation lines

In colonial times, the Oued Drâa was the border between the French and Spanish protectorates. The land to the south, the Tarfaya strip, was part of the Spanish Protectorate in Morocco, along with the area around Tetouan and Al Hoceima in the north. It was not considered part of Spain’s two Saharan colonies (together known as the Spanish Sahara), of which the northernmost, Seguiat el Hamra, began at the 27°40´ N line just south of Tarfaya, while the southern one, Rio de Oro, began at the 26th parallel, just south of Boujdour. In 1958, two years after the rest of Morocco gained independence, the Spanish gave back the Tarfaya strip, but they kept the Spanish Sahara until November 1975.

Tan Tan Plage (El Ouatia)

TAN TAN PLAGE (also called El Ouatia), 26km from town, and just off the coastal route to Laayoune, is a fishing port, responsible for a large percentage of Morocco’s sardine exports. It has a shadeless and often windswept beach that gets quite crowded in summer, and is increasingly popular with surfers, though not very good for casual bathing due to its large breakers and strong currents. With a large number of small hotels and restaurants, however, it’s a lot more attractive as a place to stay than Tan Tan itself.

The N1 road from Tan Tan to Laayoune hugs the coast, passing over dramatic oued mouths and through sand dunes as it rolls down through the southernmost slice of Morocco. The only towns of note are Akhfenir and, 3km off the road, Tarfaya. The Western Sahara starts at the village of Tah, where a red granite monument flanking the road commemorates the 1975 Green March. Once south of the border, you begin to traverse real sand desert – the Erg Lakhbayta – before crossing the Seguiat al-Hamra (a wide and usually dry river) to enter Laayoune.

TARFAYA is a quiet little fishing town (population 6000) that’s probably not far different from its years as a staging post for the Aéropostale Service – when aviators such as Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (author of Night Flight and The Little Prince) used to rest up here on their way down to West Africa.

Oddly enough, Tarfaya was actually founded, at the end of the nineteenth century, by a Scottish trader named Donald Mackenzie, and was originally called Port Victoria after Britain’s queen. Mackenzie had a fort built, now known as Casa Mar, which is just offshore – a few metres’ swim at low tide. The Spanish called the town Villa Bens. These days Tarfaya is a lazy, do-nothing place. The main street, Boulevard Ahmed el Hayar, running roughly east–west through the town centre, has two banks (with ATMs), a handful of cafés, and a couple of internet offices (one next to Attijariawafa Bank).

The Aéropostale air service is commemorated annually in October by a “Rallye Aérien”, with small planes stopping here on their way south from Toulouse to Dakar. A monument to Saint-Exupéry in the form of a plane stands at the northern end of the beach. Nearby, a Musée Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (Mon–Fri 8.30am–12.30pm & 2.30–5pm; 10dh) has exhibits on the air mail service that Saint-Exupéry pioneered, but (despite being in the formerly Spanish zone of an Arabic-speaking country) with explanations in French only.

Accommodation and eating in Tarfaya

The hotels all serve meals, and the cafés along the north side of Av Ahmed el Hayar have excellent and very cheap fresh fried fish, or fish tajines.

Getting to Tarfaya

Transport can be tricky getting to and from Tarfaya, you may have to wait a few hours before anything turns up, or you may even have to resort to walking to the junction on the N1 (3km out of town) and hitchhiking, or at least trying to flag down passing buses and shared taxis.

Tourists can travel freely in most Moroccan-controlled parts of what are called the Saharan Provinces (an administrative area created to include the former Spanish Sahara, while not coinciding with its boundaries), but do check first on the political situation. 2010 and 2011 saw violent clashes between Saharawis and Moroccan settlers and police in Laayoune, Smara and Dakhla, among other places, and you should be aware that protests often involve violence, and should be avoided. Government advisories will have up-to-date information if any problems have arisen. Apart from this, the only obstacle would be for visitors who admit to being a writer or journalist: a profession not welcome in the region, unless under the aegis of an official press tour.

Otherwise, visiting Laayoune, Smara, Boujdour and Dakhla is now pretty routine, though it does involve answering a series of questions (name, age, profession, parents’ names, passport number and date of issue etc) at numerous police checkpoints along the way. This is all usually very amicable, but time-consuming (you’ll be asked for these details four times, for example, between Laayoune and Dakhla). To save time it is a good idea to print out and/or photocopy several copies of a sheet with the following information listed, preferably in French (as given here in brackets): family name (nom), given names (prénoms), date of birth (date de naissance), place of birth (lieu de naissance), marital status (situation familiale), father’s name (nom de père), mother’s name (nom de mère), nationality (nationalité), occupation (profession), address (addresse – which should be given in full), passport number (numéro de passeport), date of issue (date de déliverance), place of issue (lieu de déliverance), expiry date (date d’expiration), purpose of visit (motif du voyage – tourisme, for example), make of vehicle (marque du véhicule – you may of course have to leave this one blank), vehicle registration number (matriculation – ditto), date of entry into Morocco (date d’entrée en Maroc), place of entry (ville d’entrée) and police number (numéro de police – this is the number stamped in your passport alongside your first entry stamp into Morocco, typically six digits and two letters). For marital status, you could be single (célibataire), married (marié if male, mariée if female), divorced (divorcé/divorcée) or widowed (veuf/veuve). Armed with this, you can then give your details to police at every checkpoint, which will save them having to ask you for the information point by point.

Petrol and diesel are subsidized in the Saharan provinces (basically the Western Sahara), and cost about a third less than in Morocco proper.

The Saharawi people who live in the Western Sahara are largely descended from Arab tribes who moved into the area in the fifteenth century, and established themselves definitively with victory over the indigenous Sanhaja Berbers in the 1644–74 Char Bouba war. They speak an Arabic dialect called Hassania, which is much the same as that spoken in Mauritania, and somewhat different from the dialect spoken in most of Morocco. Their food and music are also more like those of Mauritania than of Morocco. However, Hassania-speaking Saharawis are not confined to the Western Sahara, and many live in southern Morocco too.

Spanish colonial rule

Spain held part of the Saharan coast in the early sixteenth century, but the Saadians drove them out in 1524, establishing Moroccan control over the coastline. In 1884, while European powers, such as Britain, France and Portugal, were carving up the rest of Africa, Spain got in on the act and declared the coast between Boujdour and the Nouadibhou peninsula to be a Spanish “protectorate”, gradually extending its boundaries inland and northward by agreement with other European powers. The Spanish didn’t actually have much control over the area in practice, but built ports at La Gouera and Villa Cisneros (Dakhla), with occasional forays into the interior to “pacify” the Saharawi tribes. Full colonial rule was only introduced after the Spanish Civil War, when the territory was split into two colonies: Rio de Oro, with its capital at Villa Cisneros, and Seguiat el Hamra, with a new, purpose-built capital at Laayoune.

Following Moroccan independence and the 1958 return of the Tarfaya strip, Spain merged its two colonies to form the Spanish Sahara, which was considered a province of Spain itself, much like Ifni, Ceuta and Melilla. But it was only in the 1960s, after the discovery of phosphates at Boukra, that Spain actually started to develop the territory.

By that time colonialism was out of fashion. Britain and France had pulled out of most of Africa, and only the Fascist-ruled Iberian states of Spain and Portugal still held onto their African colonies, with international pressure mounting on them to quit. In 1966 for example, the UN passed a resolution calling on Spain to organize a referendum on independence in the Sahara. Meanwhile, as education became more widespread, the Spaniards were confronted with the same problem that they and the French had faced in Morocco thirty years earlier – the rise of nationalism. The Movement for the Liberation of the Sahara was formed in 1967, and in 1970 organized a protest in Laayoune against Spanish rule. This was brutally put down, and the Movement was banned, but Spanish repression only succeeded in radicalizing opposition. In 1973, a group of militants formed the Frente para la Liberación de Seguiat el Hamra y Rio de Oro (Polisario), and began a guerrilla campaign for independence.

The Green March, and war

Under pressure from Polisario, and with its dictator General Franco on his last legs, Spain began to consider pulling out of the Sahara, but Morocco’s King Hassan II now claimed sovereignty over the territory on the basis that it had been under Moroccan rule before Spanish colonization. The case went to the International Court of Justice in the Hague, which ruled that, though some Saharawi tribes had indeed paid allegiance to the Moroccan sultan, the territory had not been substantially Moroccan before colonization, and its people were entitled to self-determination. In accordance with this ruling, Spain reluctantly agreed to hold a referendum on independence. Under pressure at home over domestic issues, however (see Elections and coup attempts), Hassan saw advantages in waving the nationalist flag as a distraction, and the next month led a “Green March” (Massira el Khadra) of 350,000 Moroccan civilians (subsequently replaced by soldiers) across the border to claim the territory. At the same time a secret agreement was hatched in Madrid to divide the territory between Morocco and Mauritania as soon as Spanish troops had withdrawn.

The Madrid signatories had, however, underestimated the Saharawis’ determination to fight for their independence. In February 1976, when Spanish forces left, Polisario proclaimed the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), and fought back against Moroccan and Mauritanian occupation, backed by Algeria, and sometimes Libya, who saw the Sahara as a stick with which to beat their regional rival. Thousands of refugees fled into Algeria, where they settled into increasingly unhygienic Polisario-run refugee camps rather than submit to Moroccan or Mauritanian rule. Algeria ceded the territory around the camps to the SADR; 200,000 people still live in them today.

Polisario’s early military successes were impressive, and Mauritania in particular did not have the resources to beat them. In 1978, the war’s destabilization of the Mauritanian economy brought down the government. The new regime made peace with Polisario and pulled out of the Sahara (apart from La Gouera and the western side of the Nouadibhou peninsula, which Mauritania still occupies). The Moroccans moved in to replace them, but by the early 1980s they had been pushed into a small area around Laayoune and Dakhla, and the phosphate mines lay idle. Polisario guerillas even managed to infiltrate into Morocco itself. But the Moroccans fought back and, beginning in 1981, built a series of heavily defended desert walls (berm) that excluded Polisario forces from successively larger areas. The sixth wall, built in 1987, established Moroccan control over two-thirds of the territory, including all its economically important parts and the whole of the coastline. Polisario, now confined to areas behind the berm, particularly the region around Bir Lahlou and Tifariti, increasingly turned to diplomacy to gather support, with some success. In 1985, the OAU (now the African Union) admitted the SADR to full membership; Morocco left the organization in protest.

Ceasefire and future prospects

In 1988 a UN plan for a referendum, to choose between incorporation or independence, was accepted in principle by both sides, and 1991 saw a ceasefire, with the deployment of a UN peacekeeping force called MINURSO, but the years since have seen the UN aims frustrated, with arguments over the voting list leading to repeated postponement of the referendum; Morocco in particular has brought in large numbers of supporters to vote its way should the promised referendum ever be held. In theory, it will still take place, but observers are sceptical. Having invested so much in the territory – not only in military terms, as subsidies, tax concessions and infrastructure building have all been a heavy drain on the Moroccan economy – it seems inconceivable that Morocco will relinquish its claims. In 2002, Morocco’s King Mohammed VI stated that he would never give up any part of the territory, but the king has tried to be conciliatory, granting a royal pardon to hundreds of Saharawi political prisoners, and inviting refugees to come home. In 2007 he proposed a new settlement based on limited autonomy under Moroccan sovereignty, which Polisario inevitably rejected. In 2010, Saharawi residents set up a protest camp at Gdim Izik near Laayoune, at first to protest against discrimination, but with calls for independence soon added; Moroccan police dispersed the camp by force, killing a number of people and sparking riots across the territory. Protests continued into 2011, and in Dakhla, Moroccan settlers and Saharawis came to blows. Meanwhile Morocco has started building little villages along the coast to establish “facts on the ground”, and, as an important strategic ally of the West, is unlikely to face much international pressure on the issue. Truth is, prospects for independence are bleak, and limited autonomy is probably the best the Saharawis can hope for.

Some 544km from Laayoune, on a long spit of land, Dakhla (formerly Villa Cisneros, capital of Spain’s Rio de Oro colony), is just 22km north of the Tropic of Cancer. Under Spanish rule, only the colonists and people working for them were allowed into town – the Saharawi nomads who lived in the desert were excluded. In 1975, the Spanish left and the Mauritanians moved in, to be replaced four years later by the Moroccans. Since then, Dakhla has grown somewhat, but it retains a lazy, sun-bleached atmosphere, with whitewashed, low-rise buildings and an easy-going feel. Europeans in camper vans head down in winter, drawn by the deserted beaches and year-round sunshine – even in January it’s hot, and this is the furthest south you can get by land without needing a visa. Dakhla has also been developing a small surfing scene, with windsurfing and kitesurfing increasingly popular pursuits at the northern end of the lagoon, and there are a couple of surfing supply shops in town.

While Dakhla is generally quiet and peaceful, deep tensions underlie this apparent tranquillity, and occasionally they surface. The Saharawi neighbourhood of Oum Tounsi hit the news in February 2011 when it came under attack by Moroccan settlers during the now-abolished annual Dakhla festival. One factor behind the attacks was the resentment of settlers at the subsidies given to returnees from the Polisario camps in Algeria if they accept Moroccan citizenship, but the continued opposition of Saharawis to the Moroccan occupation remains the most serious issue. Further clashes between settlers and Saharawis erupted after a football match in September 2011, leaving eight dead. The Moroccan news agency Morocco World News, calling Oum Tounsi “a stronghold of smugglers”, blamed “ex-convicts” for the trouble, adding that unnamed foreigners had taken advantage of the violence to carry out “activities of subversion”. For all that, Dakhla is generally peaceful, but the periodic appearance of SADR flags in Saharawi neighbourhoods invariably leads to raids by Moroccan forces, and the tension between settlers and Saharawis does not look like going away any time soon.

With a population of around 200,000, Laayoune (Al Ayoun, sometimes spelt Aaiun in the Spanish colonial period) is the largest and most interesting town in the Western Sahara, though it was only founded in 1940. The city has the highest per capita government spending in Morocco, and soldiers, billeted here for the conflict with Polisario, have been employed in many construction projects. The old lower town, built by the Spanish, lies on the southern slope of the steep-sided valley of the Seguiat el Hamra, with the new upper town, developed since the Green March, on the high plateau beyond.

The population growth – from little more than a village when the Moroccans took over – has been aided by massive subsidies, which apply throughout the Western Sahara, and by an agreement that settlers should initially pay no taxes. The fact that most of Laayoune’s residents are here by choice – only a minority of current residents were actually born here – gives the place a dynamism and pioneering feel that contrasts quite sharply with the weight of tradition that hangs heavy on cities like Fez and Marrakesh. The result is that, although Laayoune has little in the way of obvious sights, its atmosphere is quite a change from that of towns in Morocco proper.

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The Best Time to Visit Western Sahara for Weather, Safety, & Tourism

The best times to visit Western Sahara for ideal weather are

any time of year (no, really)

based on average temperature and humidity from NOAA (the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Read below for more weather and travel details.

Western Sahara Travel Guide

Temperature.

• Perceived Temperature
• Rain and snow
• Humidity and wind
• The busiest and least popular months
• Overall travel experience by time of year

Other Western Sahara Travel Info

Weather in western sahara.

Average temperatures in Western Sahara vary little. Considering humidity, temperatures feel very enjoyable all year with a very low chance of rain or snow throughout the year. The area is among the most temperate — in the 99th percentile for pleasant weather — compared to tourist destinations worldwide. Weeks with ideal weather are listed above . If you’re looking for the very warmest time to visit Western Sahara, the hottest months are September, August, and then October. See average monthly temperatures below. The warmest time of year is generally early October where highs are regularly around 81.8°F (27.7°C) with temperatures rarely dropping below 68.1°F (20.1°C) at night.

Western Sahara Temperatures (Fahrenheit)

Western sahara temperatures (celsius), “feels-like” temperatures.

The way we experience weather isn’t all about temperature. Higher temperatures affect us much more at higher humidity, and colder temperatures feel piercing with high winds. Our perceived temperatures factor in humidity and wind chill to better represent how hot or cold the day feels to a person.

Western Sahara Perceived Temperature (F)

Western sahara perceived temperature (c), average western sahara temperatures by month.

Daily highs (averaged for the month) usually give the best indication of the weather. A significantly lower mean and low generally just means it gets colder at night.

Show Fahrenheit

Show celsius, precipitation (rain or snow).

If dry weather is what you’re after, the months with the lowest chance of significant precipitation in Western Sahara are January, June, and then July. Note that we define “significant precipitation” as .1 inches or more in this section. The lowest chance of rain or snow occurs around early January. For example, on the week of January 1st there are no days of precipitation on average. By contrast, it’s most likely to rain or snow in early October with an average of 0 days of significant precipitation the week of October 1st.

Chance of Precipitation

The graph below shows the % chance of rainy and snowy days in Western Sahara.

Snow on the Ground

The graph below shows the average snow on the ground in Western Sahara (in).

Average Rain and Snow by Month

Show inches, show centimeters, humidity and wind.

Western Sahara has some slightly muggy months, with moderately humid months on the other side of the year. The least humid month is January (48.4% relative humidity), and the most humid month is August (66.3%).

Wind in Western Sahara is usually stronger than many places . The windiest month is July, followed by August and June. July’s average wind speed of around 17.9 knots (20.6 MPH or 33.1 KPH) is considered “a fresh breeze.” Maximum sustained winds (the highest speed for the day lasting more than a few moments) are at their highest in early to mid July where average top sustained speeds reach 23.3 knots, which is considered a strong breeze.

Relative Humidity (%)

The graph below shows the average % humidity by month in Western Sahara.

The graph below shows wind speed (max and average) in knots.

Average Wind Speeds

Show wind speeds.

All wind speeds are in knots. 1 knot = 1.15 MPH or 1.85 KPH.

Show Relative Humidity by Month

Is it safe to travel to western sahara.

Our best data indicates this area is somewhat safe, but with extra warnings in a few regions. As of Dec 04, 2023 there are travel warnings and regional advisories for Morocco; exercise a high degree of caution and avoid some areas. Check this page for any recent changes or regions to avoid: Travel Advice and Advisories . This advisory was last updated on Nov 06, 2023.

The Busiest and Least Crowded Months

The busiest month for tourism in Western Sahara is January, followed by August and March. Prices for hotels and flights will be most expensive during these months, though you can save if you purchase well in advance. Tourists are unlikely to visit Western Sahara in September. Those willing to visit at these times will likely find it the least expensive month.

Estimated Tourism by Month

Most popular months to visit, overall western sahara travel experience by season, spring (march through may).

Humidity and temperatures combine to make this season feel warm. Highs range from 77.7°F (25.4°C) and 71.7°F (22.1°C) with warmer temperatures in the later months. Rain is nonexistent with roughly 0 days of significant precipitation per month. Spring is fairly slow for tourism, which makes it a good time for those looking for deals.

Summer (June through August)

The middle-year months have very comfortable weather with high temperatures that are comfortable. These months see the least precipitation with about 0 days of precipitation per month. June – August is the second busiest season for tourism in Western Sahara, so lodging and other accommodations may cost slightly more.

Fall (September through November)

Fall daily highs range from 81.8°F (27.7°C) and 73.8°F (23.2°C), which will feel very nice given the humidity and wind. It rains or snows a trivial amount: approximately 0 days per month. Tourism is the slowest during these months due to the weather, so hotels may be affordably priced.

Winter (December through February)

Weather is somewhat cool this time of year in Western Sahara to be enjoyable for warm weather travelers. The average high during this season is between 74.3°F (23.5°C) and 70.4°F (21.3°C). On average, it rains or snows a insignificant amount: consistently 0 times per month. These times of year are the busiest with tourists.

Best Times to Travel › Western Sahara

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Western Sahara Travel Guide

In North Africa lies Western Sahara which has an Atlantic coastline . And despite its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, the climate of Western Sahara is the desert type.

For years, the two countries Morocco and Mauritania have been in dispute over this country.

Things To Do In Western Sahara

While there is a long coastline, much of it is rocky and not fit for beaches or travel. Much of the territory is an arid desert. Low-lying sand dunes cover most of the territory.

The Saharan Desert

For those interested in sight-seeing, there are very few opportunities for wildlife or natural formations other than the dunes.

Dark Tourism

The area controlled by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)—known as the Free Zone or Liberated Territories—is of interest to those interested in the political conflict.

Try Local Food

With fishing being the main source of income for the local population, fish is the obvious choice: It is fresh and very cheap.

There are tons of restaurants which serve delightful food. A rocky coastline is a difficult place for fishing. Still, the seafood in Samarkand restaurant is lip-smackingly delicious.

Casa Luis which is famous for Lobster. And restaurant Bahia also plates up some delicious octopus and calamari. La Poissonier is another seafood gem near the Atlantic coast, and most probably the best in the city.

Travel back in time and experience the remnants of the Spanish colonial rule in the capital El Aaiún.

Unspoiled Beaches

Many beautiful, completely unspoiled beaches that sometimes go on for miles.

Shopping while traveling is not a bad idea as you get to take souvenirs home. And Gladys captures the essence of Western Sahara in its local shops.

Grab a shiny piece of jewelry at Ensemble Artisanal before you go back home.

Best Time To Visit

The climate of Western Sahara is arid. Throughout the year the temperature is high and uncomfortable. There is little to no humidity, hence the absence of rainfall.

Summers are torturous because the daily highs soar to 45 degree Celsius. But during nights there a drastic drop in temperature.

Winter is the only good option to visit unless you want to torture yourself in the Saharan Heat.

How To Get Here

El Aaiun is the only international airport in Western Sahara. And Smara and Dakhla are the other airports. Regular flights from Morocco, Spain and Canary Islands go to El Aaiun.

Buses also run from Casablanca and Marrakech to important cities like Dakhla, El Aauin, and Smara.

Travelers visiting Morocco, need a sports vehicle to drive to Western Sahara. The rugged desert landscape with no roads makes driving difficult, but adventure seekers love it.

Note: If you are traveling overland, you will find no border formalities between Morocco and Western Sahara. Your passport may be asked for at the many checkpoints on the road south, but will not be stamped, as the Moroccan authorities regard Western Sahara as part of Morocco.

Western Sahara’s inhabitants, known as Sahrawis, are of Arab and Berber ethnicity and speak the Hassānīya dialect of Arabic.

The culture is Islamic but not particularly strict; the form of Islam that developed among the nomad population is non-mosque-based.

They are hospitable and known for their elaborate tea ceremonies.

The native language of the majority is Hassaniya Arabic, which is mutually unintelligible with Standard Arabic that is not widely spoken.

Moroccan Arabic is also widely spoken and is the lingua franca on the streets and the workplace because of the many Moroccans residing in the country.

French is spoken by a lot of those who moved in from Morocco proper and to some degree by a lot of locals who sometimes deal with tourists.

Spanish is spoken rarely (mostly by those old enough to have learned it under Spanish occupation), English even rarer.

People are generally very patient with people they don’t share a language with and are also used to communicating with their hands and feet. Also, because of a very low literacy level, writing things down does not help communication much.

Currency & Money

The official currency of the Moroccan-controlled portion is the Moroccan dirham, sometimes symbolized as “Dh”, “Dhs, “DH”, or “Dhm”. It’s divided into 100 santime or centimes (c).

The SADR has also minted its own pesetas (“Pts.”). Algerian dinars and Mauritanian ouguiyas circulate alongside the Sahrawi peseta in the Sahrawi refugee camps and the SADR-controlled part of Western Sahara.

Note: Prices for things and cost of living is lower in Western Sahara than in Morocco, in part due to Moroccan government’s subsidization policy.

Teleboutiques and internet cafes are not hard to find in the cities, but connection speed may vary from place to place. Most cafes, restaurants and hotels offer free wifi.

Electricity & Plug Type

The Type C and Type F sockets work in Western Sahara. And Plug E fits both the sockets. Bring an adapter fitting two round pin sockets. The voltage used is 230 V, so a converter is necessary for low voltage devices.

Safety Tips

Hot, dry, dust-and-sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of the time, often severely restricting visibility.

Political Violence

There are low-level uprisings and political violence which is altogether rare but can escalate. Occupying powers are likely to evict foreigners in such case.

Caution on Long Drives

Roads are remote and the overall infrastructure is not developed. Take enough fuel (always refuel before going on the next leg, you never know what is going to happen) and enough water (several liters per person).

Note: Thankfully, the mobile network connection exists along Highway N1.

Landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO)

There was war in Western Sahara for over 15 years in the 1970s and 1980s, and as a result, the landmine and UXO situation to this day remains quite unclear, despite efforts of the Moroccan Government to improve the situation.

There are landmines not only in the remote parts of the country close to the berm, but all the way down the main coastal road (N1) to the Mauritanian border.

Google Earth clearly shows the efforts to clear minefields all along N1, which continue to this day—despite Moroccan officers tending to tell tourists that this part of the country is safe.

Around the settlements (Boujdour, Ad-Dakhla, Golfe de Cintra) the situation seems to be slightly worse, possibly due to their strategic significance in the war. The warning signs are sometimes so rusty that they can’t be recognized anymore, but usually, the combination of two small metal signs is a strong indicator.

Keep eyes open to lines of stones, cairns, staples of old tires and similar man-made marking—they are usually meaningful! Generally, any place off the tarmac-road of N1 and off-branching tarmac roads must be considered unsafe.

Car-wrecks are strong indicators—do not explore these! Strategically significant points (the various small passes, narrow valleys, elevated points, etc.) are more dangerous, but this does not mean that other places are safe.

Any man-made fortifications (straight sand-walls, round sand-wall [for artillery] and any other millitary looking movements of ground) pose particular danger (esp. south of Ad-Dakhla, but also south of Boujdour).

It might be that these were mined when being abandoned to prevent them from falling into the other party’s hand, or it might be that the surroundings were mined from the beginning to protect against guerrilla attacks, but anyway, the mine-cleaning patterns strongly indicate that such places were and possibly continue to be particularly dangerous.

Few to no mine-clearing efforts can be observed off the N1 – that possibly means that (e.g. for lack of touristic significance) these areas continue to be mined and efforts were focussed at the immediate surrounding of N1.

The patterns of cleaning mine-fields indicate that in not all cases does the Moroccan Government seem to be aware of the location of minefields, which requires more or less random search pattern.

Moreover, on Google Earth, it can be seen that where minefields have previously been cleared, new clearing activities have resumed later.

This again indicates that even traces of cleared minefields do not guarantee safety. This includes the surroundings of the lagoon of Ad-Dakhla, including the lands north of it.

Carry Water

No matter whether you travel in a private car or on a bus, always take enough water for at least 24 hours to be prepared if the vehicle breaks down.

Tap water may not be safe

The quality of tap water is variable; ask before drinking it, or just drink bottled water.

Poisonous Vegetation

Don’t touch unknown vegetation—some of the seemingly good looking fruit one can find on the roadside are poisonous even when just touched (one looks like miniature watermelons, another like small cucumbers).

Poisonous Insects, Scorpions, & Snakes

When climbing some of the rare stone formations, be aware of scorpions. Even though extremely rare, sometimes cobras are spotted (usually after a period of a few days with hot winds blowing to the West).

August 13, 2019 3:01 pm Published by Staff Writer

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Travel to Western Sahara

Western Sahara is a territory in North Africa that is highly disputed. It shares borders with several other countries including Morocco , Algeria and Mauritania. The population of Western Sahara is approximately half a million. You can’t travel to North Africa if you don’t travel to Western Sahara.

One of the reasons why Western Sahara is sparsely populated is its arid conditions. The land along the coastline is low and filled with flat desert land. Meanwhile, the mountains are small extending to a height of only 600 meters. When it comes to natural resources, though, Western Sahara is quite abundant. There are speculations that there is a major oil resource in the area along the coast. This has resulted in several gas exploration companies exploring the territory of Western Sahara.

Currency : There are several currencies used in Western Sahara: Algerian Dinar, Moroccan Dirham, Sahrawi Peseta, and Mauritian Ougiuya.

Official Language : Arabic and Spanish are the official languages of Western Sahara.

Wi-Fi Availability : You can find several hotels that offer free Wi-Fi in Western Sahara.

Airport/s : The Dakhla Airport is the main international airport for flights that travel to Western Sahara.

Visa Required : British nationals do not require a visa to travel to Western Sahara provided that they stay for no more than 3-month period. Other nationalities are required to process their visa prior to arrival as some might be denied entry.

Driving : In Western Sahara, you will be driving on the right side of the road.

International Driver’s License Accepted? You can use your national driver’s license in Western Sahara. There is no need to secure an international driving permit.

Crime : There is a high level of terrorism threat in Western Sahara. Therefore, all tourists are required to take extra precaution while traveling. The level of road safety is also poor; there are several unexploded land mines in remote areas.

Electrical Adapters : In Western Sahara, they use an electrical voltage of 230 volts at 50 Hertz.

Trivia : The Western Sahara is one of the least populated territories in the world due to the fact that it is dominated by desert flatlands, which are inhabitable.

Cuisine in Western Sahara

The cuisine of Western Sahara is as fascinating as its history with several foreign influences. Couscous is a main ingredient in Western Saharan cuisine. In addition to couscous, peanut is also used heavily in many dishes whether on its own or as an accompaniment to the dish. Other notable favorites with the locals are barley, wheat, and cereals.

In terms of meat, the locals of Western Sahara like to eat meat from camel or goat. Pork is not used too often here because this is a predominantly Islam territory. Due to the lack of rainfall and the arid land, it is impossible for Western Saharans to grow their own crop. Majority of their food supplies are therefore imported.

Travel to Western Sahara: Attractions

Tarfaya Beach – This beach is located in a town called Tarfaya. This is a popular destination not just for tourists who love to swim, but also for those who want to see several shipwrecks. You can find many of these stranded ships in the area – large or small.

Place El Mchaouar – This is a notable attraction in the CBD area of El Aauin. The Green March is a street art that depicts the 1975 mass demonstration that forced the Spaniards out of the country. You will also find several historical depictions in the area through wall paintings and street art.

Spanish fort of Dchira – This is another historic attraction in Western Sahara. This fort is where the attack of the Liberation Army of Sahrawi took place. The Spanish forces were defeated and thus forcing the colonizers out of the territory. To this day, the fort remained the same and mostly preserved.

Where I’ve Been to in Western Sahara

• Desert in Dakhla, Western Sahara
• Day 28 West Africa Cruise: Dakhla, Western Sahara

A Quick Travel Guide to Dakhla, Western Sahara

Guide to Dakhla – Part 1

Brief history.

Western Sahara is a disputed region in North Africa and is not a recognized country. About 80% of the territory is controlled by Morocco and 20% makes up the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic . There is a sand wall that separates the two regions.

From what I’ve gathered, after the Spanish gave up control of this entire territory in 1975, Morocco and Mauritania shared control, with the native Sahrawi people lacking the power needed to take over their claimed homeland. Eventually, amidst fighting, Mauritania moved out of the region and Morocco reinforced its presence. Western Sahara has been a disputed territory ever since, with most of the Sahrawi people living in and operating from refugee camps in Western Algeria.

Dakhla is under Moroccan control, with Moroccan military checkpoints throughout the area and Moroccan government buildings and flags clearly displaying their presence. However, Morocco’s sovereignty over the territory has yet to be recognized by the international community.

Some people consider the entire region to be Western Sahara, while others (such as the Moroccan government) consider the Moroccan controlled portion to be Morocco or Moroccan Sahara and only the area under the control of the Sahrawi Republic to be Western Sahara.

Like many places, the history and current situation is complicated.

Guide to Dakhla – Part 2

Entry/visas.

Most people arrive via flight from either Casablanca or Agadir or overland from Morocco or Mauritania. Entry requirements are the same as Morocco given its control over Dakhla and 80% of Western Sahara. As a result, you do not need a visa if you have a passport from the UK, EU, USA, Canada, Australia or New Zealand and you can stay in the region for 90 days. Other nationalities should check for the latest information as you might need to apply in advance for a visa.

Arrival and Departure

The very small airport is actually in the center of town. It’s about a 3 minute drive to any hotel. When you arrive you will go through a quick immigration check and then be on your way. Taxis and drivers are waiting outside the one exit and are easy to find. Overall, arriving and departing at the airport is very simple as there are only a couple of flights per day, either to Casablanca, Agadir or Las Palmas, Gran Canaria .

You can also arrive via land from the north (Morocco) or the south (Mauritania). I did not cross the land borders but from what I’ve heard, it’s a standard immigration check to enter the region.

In Dakhla, the currency used is Moroccan dirhams. There are several ATMs in town and a few money exchange offices as well. There are also two ATMs at the airport in the arrivals hall. Most restaurants and smaller businesses will not accept credit cards so cash is important to have.

Languages spoken in Western Sahara include Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic, Spanish and French. In Dakhla itself, there wasn’t much Spanish spoken, mostly Arabic and French. Very little English is spoken but people are friendly and will certainly do their best to communicate.

Western Sahara is a disputed territory and as a result, there is always the possibility of conflict and political demonstrations. You should check for the latest information on safety, via local and government websites , to assess any potential danger. With that said, Morocco’s heavy military presence in Dakhla itself does keep things relatively quiet. From what I was told by those I met in the region, Dakhla is quite safe in terms of regular crime.

The main thing to watch out for is dehydration and a constant dry and dusty wind during the spring and winter that can really take its toll on you.

Guide to Dakhla – Part 3

Accommodation.

Guesthouse Dar Rio Oro – There aren’t many decent sleeping options in Dakhla but this one was as solid as the reviews stated. Good sized rooms in a cozy building across the street from the water, centrally located and with a friendly Arabic, French and Spanish-speaking owner who can assist with organizing a day trip into the desert. Rooms are approximately $40 USD per night, breakfast included. (Request a room with a private bathroom and this view!)

After walking around for 1 week, the only other accommodation that looked decent were the Hotel Albaraka ($100 USD per night) and Hotel Mansour ($80 USD per night), both in the center of town. However, I don’t see any reason to pay those prices when you can get the Dar Rio Oro for less than half.

* If you use this link to book accommodation, you’ll save up to $30 on your booking (and I’ll receive $20 as well): Booking.com discount

Where to Eat

There’s a handful of restaurants in town and you can always head into one of the bakeries for a sandwich, pastry or quiche as well. The main market, while quiet, does have some stalls serving prepared food.

I ate most of my meals at the friendly Ikram’s. This small restaurant is in the exact center of town at the main traffic light and offers simple, inexpensive and tasty soups, wraps, grilled meats and fish and salads. A hearty meal costs about 50 dirhams ($5 USD). The place only has about 6 tables but seemed to be popular compared to other restaurants. Across the street is the decent Restaurant Bahia, again, with simple offerings that were, in my opinion, not as good as Ikram’s.

For proper restaurants, there is the Villa Dakhla , offering typical Moroccan dishes as well as international food at a premium price. The setting is great, right on the water and they do serve alcohol. Casa Luis serves up good Spanish-Moroccan cuisine and Chez N’Tifi , on the edge of the town center, is an excellent option for cheap, local fare. Casa Lola and Samarkand were also both recommended but I never tried them.

In the evenings, many tea shops open up in town, although most remain pretty empty. If you find one with patrons, it’s a good chance to enjoy some Moroccan tea while trying to interact with locals who will certainly be curious about you.

Getting Around

Dakhla is small! You can walk everywhere and anywhere in this town. You can even walk from the airport to the town center in about 18 minutes. If you want to visit the outskirts, which include the opposite coast, the lighthouse or the nearest beach, you might want to take a taxi.

Taxis are shared and you simply wave one down, although you might have to wait a while for one to actually pass. Then, just tell the driver your destination and get in. They’ll get you there eventually, probably picking up and dropping off another person or two along the way. At the end, you hand over 15 dirhams ($1.58 USD) and you’re good. If you’re taking a taxi to the Beach KM 25 or the popular windsurfing area, located about 20-25 minutes north of town, you’ll have to negotiate a price ahead of time.

Guide to Dakhla – Part 4

Things to do.

In Dakhla itself, there isn’t much. Lighthouse, market and Oum Lbouer , the closest beach which is about 10 minutes drive out of town.

North of Dakhla, about 20 minutes, is Beach 25 (at KM 25 on the main road) on the edge of the Dakhla Lagoon . This spot marks the start of an area that is popular with those interested in windsurfing or kitesurfing. You can actually stay out here at one of the windsurfing camps, such as Ocean Vagabond , which offer bungalows and a restaurant/bar near the water (they range from budget to quite upscale). The main downside is that apart from the beach and windsurfing camps, there is nothing else around. If you’re really into windsurfing or kitesurfing, it’s perfect. If you’re just curious, it’s best to stay in Dakhla and spend an afternoon out here.

The desert and mainland coast! If you gain anything from this guide to Dakhla, it should be the need to hire a driver with a 4×4 vehicle and let them take you off the peninsula and show you the surrounding desert and the untouched coast. It’s some of the most inhospitable land on the planet but with that comes some of the most stunning and surreal landscapes I’ve ever seen in my 19 years of travel (it even rivals the unbelievable Socotra Island ). We’re talking off-roading in the rough, barren Sahara, gorgeous white sand beaches without a soul around, 100 meter tall sand dunes rising out of the water, massive sweeping plains of soft pink sand and so much more .

I’ll be posting more about this in my next post, complete with videos and photos such as this one…

(The owner of Guesthouse Dar Rio Oro organized my driver. It was actually her neighbor, Sidi, a really kind guy that charged a reasonable $80 USD for a 10 hour adventure all over the mainland.)

Want to Know More About My Trip to Dakhla?

Check out my post Travel to Dakhla: Straight Into the Unknown for the complete story.

If you have any questions after reading this guide to Dakhla, just let me know!

New blog posts, honest updates from my 21 years of constant travel, personal recommendations and the best of travel from around the world.

21 Comments

I am before a similar decision you was when you visited WS (particularly the plan would be arrive at Dakhla, stay 4 days and leave at El Aaiun) …except I would travel from Gran Canaria and naturally can choose one of the many Canary Islands instead:) I would like to ask if it is possible (good idea) to rent a reliable 4×4 car in order to explore what you explored with your guide by myself. The plan would be to ask the guide for a recommended route.

..btw where can I find “…more about this in my next post complete with videos and photos…”?

Many thanks, Andrej

Hey Andrej – That would be very tricky and probably impossible since there were no roads. It’s just a vast desert and if you don’t know the desert there very well, there’s no way to know where to turn. My driver would just turn into the desert and create his own route most of the time. Other times, he followed dirt paths through the desert. But there were no signs, no indications of where these paths began or where they would lead. So I’m not sure how you would do it on your own.

Here’s my second post about my visit: https://www.wanderingearl.com/travel-to-dakhla-western-sahara/

Very useful guide and info, especially considering there isnt much information available about this region 🙂 My wife and I actually travelling by land from Morocco through Western Sahara and Mauritania to Senegal this July to August and this certainly helped. One thing I wanted to ask though is about the internet and mobile data in this region? We work online while traveling so internet is quite important to us so can we expect any internet at all anywhere? Or at least in Major cities? and is there decent local sim cards with mobile data available and hows the connection (If you know?) Same question if we go to Mauritania, in case you heard from other travelers?

Any info you have would be awesome. Thanks!

I’m not sure about Mauritania but in Western Sahara, my Moroccan sim card worked while in Dakhla. Outside of the town though, there wasn’t much of a connection at all. So I think you’ll be okay in the handful of towns using a sim card but apart from that you’ll be offline.

Hey Martin and Derek,

I saw this post and was curious if you (Martin) actually made the trip between Dakhla and Mauritania . Did you mange this route with a guide? My girlfriend and I are interested in starting in Nouakchott then heading up to Casablanca. Any tips or advice would be helpful. Cheers!

Very useful guide and info, especially considering there isnt much information available about this region My wife and I actually travelling by land from Morocco through Western Sahara and Mauritania to Senegal this July to August and this certainly helped. One thing I wanted to ask though is about the internet and mobile data in this region? We work online while traveling so internet is quite important to us so can we expect any internet at all anywhere? Or at least in Major cities? and is there decent local sim cards with mobile data available and hows the connection (If you know?) Same question if we go to Mauritania, in case you heard from other travelers?

Any info you have would be awesome. Thanks

Hey Malik – For Morocco, you’ll have no problem with internet and a good SIM card will get you a good connection almost anywhere. In Western Sahara, unless you are right in the middle of one of the two big towns, you won’t get much of a signal at all unfortunately. The connectivity overall in Western Sahara is not great and while driving between places, you won’t really have a signal at all. I’m not too sure about Mauritania as I didn’t end up going there.

This is interesting. It’s great reading this and learning more about Western Sahara.Someday I want to visit and see for myself. Thank you for sharing.

Hi Derek! i am thinking of visiting Morocco and Western Sahara this December. 2 questions: How safe is it to visit WS for a single woman? Your blog is dated in July but on the pics you are wearing what looks like a winter jacket. Was it really that cold there in July? thanks a lot for posting this info!!

Hey Irina – The areas where I was – Dakhla and surroundings – seemed very safe for any traveler. Male or female, I wouldn’t head into the far interior of the country where there could be some issues. But in Dakhla and the surrounding desert region, that area is considered safe. And with the weather, I was actually there in June but because the town is located on a very narrow peninsula, there is a constant strong and cool wind coming across the town. Once you go to the desert, which is off the peninsula, then it was much warmer as the wind was gone.

I’m going to Morocco next month and from there I would like to go overland to Western Sahara. Is it really easy to cross the border by land from Morocco? I have a EU passport, do you think that I need a spciel visa from Morocco? And last question, from Dakhla I would like to go south and cross the border to Mauritania. Is it possible? Thank you very much for your answers!

Hey Ravi – Yes, it is quite easy and you will simply go through a normal immigration check. If you are allowed into Morocco, you are generally allowed into Western Sahara. From what I heard, it is possible to cross into Mauritania as well. Just make sure you have the necessary visa if needed. Plenty of people drive or travel along this route between Morocco and Senegal.

Hi there. Can you drive from Morocco to Dakhla in an ordinary car VW golf or a Motorhome or do I need a 4×4 vehicle. Also is the road good through to Mauritania and onto Senegal.

Yes, you can drive to Dakhla with a regular car as it is paved highways the entire way. Many people do travel on the one highway from Morocco all the way down to Senegal as well. The only thing you wouldn’t be able to do is go off the main road and into the desert where it is not paved.

We go there in the month of February. Can we find a place where you can simply swim?

Not in the town itself. But about 5 kilometers outside of town is a beach where you can swim. It will be freezing cold water in February since it’s the Atlantic Ocean but if you’re up for it, you can go in!

Thank u for giving this place the much needed exposure it deserves. After constantly being labelled a desert wasteland, you have finally given a voice to this uncharted part of the world.

This is great, thanks! I love the idea of the desert & coast tour, and also the thought of being in a city that’s actually quiet 🙂

One thought: For places with a primarily (or wholly) Muslim population, it would be helpful to provide some information specifically for women and girls. For example, if we wear regular Western clothes appropriate to a hot climate, will or could we have problems — even if “only” stares or threatening looks; are women welcome — truly welcome — in all eating/drinking establishments; is it safe to take a taxi by ourselves, etc.

I’m really hoping to do your Morocco tour this year, but I might be in Russia at that time. However that works out, thanks for being low-key and real in all that you publicly do.

Hey Jane – Thanks for the thought, that does make sense. As for Western Sahara, like most Muslim countries, it would be best to dress conservatively. Hot weather western clothing would generally not be appropriate and you would want to wear pants and shirts with at least short-sleeves. You would be allowed in all eating establishments (there’s not many drinking ones but a few restaurants serve alcohol and you would definitely be allowed). It’s safe to take taxis and to travel around on your own. The main thing would be the clothing and keeping it conservative would make your trip easier.

And I look forward to hopefully traveling with you to Morocco! The next trip will be in April if you can make that one!

Nice read. Very informational. Keep exploring and sharing.

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Travel Vaccines and Advice for Western Sahara

The Western Sahara is a disputed territory in North Africa. It is currently controlled by Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (self-proclaimed) and Morocco.

The Western Sahara is populated by an estimated 267,000 people spanning over 103,000 square miles. The major ethnic group of the Western Sahara are the Sahrawis, an Arabic speaking people.

There is no official language or religion, as the territory is still disputed.

Major cities in the Western Sahara include Laayoune, Dhakla, and Smara.

Do I Need Vaccines for Western Sahara?

Yes, some vaccines are recommended or required for Western Sahara. The CDC and WHO recommend the following vaccinations for Western Sahara: hepatitis A , hepatitis B , typhoid , rabies , meningitis , polio , measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) , Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis) , chickenpox , shingles , pneumonia and influenza .

COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for travel to all regions, both foreign and domestic. Check with your local Passport Health clinic if immunization is offered in your area.

See the bullets below to learn more about some of these key immunizations:

• COVID-19 – Airborne & Direct Contact – Recommended for all unvaccinated individuals who qualify for vaccination
• Hepatitis A – Food & Water – Recommended for most travelers
• Hepatitis B – Blood & Body Fluids – Accelerated schedule available
• Typhoid – Food & Water – Shot lasts 2 years. Oral vaccine lasts 5 years, must be able to swallow pills. Oral doses must be kept in refrigerator.
• Rabies – Saliva of Infected Animals – High risk country. Vaccine recommended for long-term travelers and those who may come in contact with animals.
• Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) – Various Vectors – Given to anyone unvaccinated and/or born after 1957. One time adult booster recommended.
• TDAP (Tetanus, Diphtheria & Pertussis) – Wounds & Airborne – Only one adult booster of pertussis required.
• Chickenpox – Direct Contact & Airborne – Given to those unvaccinated that did not have chickenpox.
• Shingles – Direct Contact – Vaccine can still be given if you have had shingles.
• Pneumonia – Airborne – Two vaccines given separately. All 65+ or immunocompromised should receive both.
• Influenza – Airborne – Vaccine components change annually.
• Meningitis – Airborne & Direct Contact – Given to anyone unvaccinated or at an increased risk, especially students.
• Polio – Food & Water – Considered a routine vaccination for most travel itineraries. Single adult booster recommended.

See the tables below for more information:

Malaria is present in the Western Sahara, although the risk for it is relatively low. It is a serious and potentially deadly disease. If you are traveling or if you have returned home and are experiencing a fever. Seek medical help immediately.

Medical facilities are adequate, but some technology may not be available for more serious procedures. Main cities such as Laayoune, Dhakla, and Smara, have hospitals and medical clinics.

To find out more about these vaccines, see our vaccinations page . Ready to travel safely? Book your appointment either call or start booking online now.

Do I Need a Visa or Passport for Western Sahara?

Western Sahara is considered part of Morocco by most international organizations and Morocco itself. While entry requirements are technically the same as Morocco, travel to the region is restricted. Official requirements for travel to the region are unclear, but tourist travel is functionally not allowed.

Morocco does not require a visa for stays under 90 days, but a passport with at least six months validity and one blank page is required.

Sources: U.S. State Department

Travelers may apply for a visa extension if circumstances require an individual to overstay their 90 days.

Visit the Embassy of Morocco website to learn more about the country’s visa requirements.

What Is the Climate Like in Western Sahara?

Western Sahara is a mostly arid region with a desert climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild winters.

Laayoune experiences hot and dry weather throughout the year. Temperatures averaging around 90 degrees during the summer and 70 during the winter. The city receives very little rainfall, with an average annual precipitation of only around 1 inch.

Dakhla, located in the south of Western Sahara, has a milder climate than Laayoune. Temperatures range from 70 to 80 degrees throughout the year. The city also experiences very little rainfall.

Western Sahara’s climate is characterized by very hot and dry weather, with little rainfall. Travelers visiting the region should be prepared and take appropriate measures to stay cool and hydrated.

How Safe Is Western Sahara?

There is currently a cease-fire between the Moroccan government and the POLISARIO Front. The majority of safety concerns are related to un-exploded landmines from the conflict.

Beware of aggressive theft and harassment (especially if you are a woman). Avoid soccer stadiums and organized protests.

Local authorities are responsible for investigating and prosecuting crime if a crime should be committed against you.

Visit Dakhla in Western Sahara

Avoid mosquitoes and other bugs, insect-borne disease are a threat throughout the world., keep the bugs away with passport health’s repellent options .

Dakhla is becoming increasingly popular with tourists due to its unique location and offerings.

The city is known for its beautiful beaches and clear waters, making it a perfect destination for water sports enthusiasts. Kiteboarding and windsurfing are popular. Several schools and rental shops offering equipment and lessons.

Dakhla is also renowned for its seafood, which is caught in traditional Sahrawi and Moroccan styles.

Visitors can explore the desert landscapes that surround the city with guided tours. These tour take them through the dunes and rock formations and to traditional Sahrawi villages.

With its blend of coastal and desert environments, Dakhla offers a unique travel experience.

What Should I Take to Western Sahara?

Here are some essential items to consider for your trip to the Western Sahara:

• Loose fitted clothing
• Hat to protect against the sun
• A scarf to wrap around your face to protect yourself against the sun and sand
• Medicine-over the counter and prescription
• First aid kit
• Clothing for layers to transition between the day and night

U.S. Embassy in Western Sahara

All Americans visiting Western Sahara should register online with the U.S. Department of State before departure. This will inform the office of your travel plans within the country and will allow them to reach out in the case of an emergency or evacuation.

There is no U.S. embassy in Western Sahara, but it is served by the embassy in Morocco.

U.S. Embassy Rabat Km 5.7, Avenue Mohamed VI Souissi, Rabat 10170, Morocco Phone: (212) 0537 637 200 Fax: (212) 0537 637 201

If you have any questions about traveling to Western Sahara or are wondering what shots you may need for your trip, schedule an appointment with your local Passport Health travel medicine clinic. Call us at or book online now and protect yourself today.

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Passport health travel vaccines for western sahara.

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Travelling to Western Sahara

• August 19, 2023
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• Updated on August 19, 2023

▶ Destinations ▶ Mauritania ▶ Morocco  

Western Sahara is a territory located between Morocco and Mauritania . This region is disputed between the Kingdom of Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). The UN classifies Western Sahara as a non-self-governing region, which means that the people do not yet have full self-government. Also find in this travel guide how to cross it, its level of safety and information about the “No-Man’s Land” .

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Who controls Western Sahara?

Western Sahara is claimed by the Kingdom of Morocco, which controls nearly 80% of the territory. The rest, mostly distributed along the Mauritanian border, is controlled by the Sahrawi Republic. If you travel to Mauritania, you will necessarily pass through a 3 km buffer zone claimed by SADR which separates the country from Western Sahara. This is the “PK55”.  

Why is Western Sahara disputed?

The current Western Sahara as well as part of Morocco was occupied by Spain since colonial times, at the end of the 19 th century. Later, in 1973 and after long conflicts, the Saharawis founded the Polisario Front to drive out the Spanish. This was conclusive since they left the territory 3 years later. From that moment Morocco and Mauritania tried to acquire Western Sahara. The Polisario Front opposed it, then created the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, which Mauritania was forced to recognize after a defeat. However, the standoff with Morocco never stopped and provoked several armed conflicts until the ceasefire of 1991. Since then, Western Sahara has no official status. However, Morocco managed to conquer much of Western Sahara’s territory after launching a green march during which more than 300,000 civilians came to march peacefully. Soon after, the government encouraged tens of thousands of Moroccans to settle on the land to colonize it.

Is Western Sahara a country?

About 50 countries recognize the Saharawi Republic, but the United Nations does not recognize the status of Western Sahara, which does not make it a country.

Ethnic group of the Saharawis

The Saharawi people are an ethnic group of Berber, black African and Arab descent. Its origin dates back to the time of the Caravan Route, during the trade of goods between West and North Africa. Cultures between tribes and nomads mixed and then gave birth to the Saharawis.

They now live in southern Morocco, in Western Sahara (throughout the territory, not just the area claimed by SADR) and in greater numbers in northern Mauritania.  

Now that we know “how, where and why” Western Sahara, let’s now see what it is about travel. Rest assured, this region is not scary but it is always useful to know where you are going.  

Is Western Sahara dangerous?

Western Sahara on the Moroccan side is not dangerous to cross. However, you may have difficulty venturing into the desert part on your way off the road since many soldiers are watching it. You will see all along the way many tents and camps, they are soldiers.

On the side of the Saharawi Republic, yes it is more dangerous because of the many conflicts and especially the almost non-existent laws. You can’t access it anyway. Refer to the map at the beginning of the article to visualize the sharing of the territory.

Second longest wall in the world

The territory of the Saharawi Republic and that of Morocco are separated by a wall composed of sand and rock of 1600 km. This makes it the second longest in the world after the Chinese Wall. This separation is called “Berm”.  

Which visa for Western Sahara?

No visa is required to cross Western Sahara as the area crossed is subject to Moroccan law. So the formalities of the Morocco apply.

Crossing No-Man’s Land

No-Man’s Land is a 4 km buffer zone (PK55) located between the border posts of Morocco and Mauritania. This place has long been in conflict but today there is nothing to fear for travelers who wish to cross it, provided they stay on the road.  

Having asked the border post staff, there is nothing at all to worry about. Some do it on foot and others by bike: no incident has been reported and what was valid before is no longer valid today.   

Dangerous areas are off the track. There are landmines and there are conflicts, but again, the runway itself is completely safe. There used to be trapped people and a lot of wreckage, but nothing remains of them today. Everything has been cleaned and there is no one left.

Crossing the Mauritanian border

Meet my guide to cross Western Sahara with public transport and how to cross the border into Mauritania.

🔎 Crossing the Morocco-Mauritania border

Hitchhiking in Morocco

Find my crossing of Morocco by hitchhiking and tips for your trip.

🔎 Hitchhiking trip in Morocco  

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COVID-19: travel health notice for all travellers

Morocco travel advice

Latest updates: The Need help? section was updated.

Last updated: April 5, 2024 07:32 ET

On this page

Safety and security, entry and exit requirements, laws and culture, natural disasters and climate, morocco - exercise a high degree of caution.

Exercise a high degree of caution in Morocco due to the threat of terrorism.

Border regions of Western Sahara - Avoid all travel

• within 30 km west of the Berm, Morocco’s militarized boundary in the Western Sahara
• between the Berm and neighbouring countries on the eastern and southern sides

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Protests related to the situation in Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

Since October 13, 2023, protests have been taking place in Rabat, Casablanca and other cities near government buildings. The current protests are related to the ongoing situation in Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

Additional protests are expected in Rabat, Casablanca, Marrakesh, Fez, Tangier and several other cities across the country.

Moroccan authorities may employ enhanced measures to respond to demonstrations, including:

• deploying additional security forces
• using crowd dispersal methods

If you are near an affected area:

• exercise caution
• expect heightened security measures
• avoid all demonstrations and gatherings
• follow the instructions of local authorities

Border regions

The berm (border regions of western sahara).

A militarized boundary, known as the Berm, separates the Moroccan-controlled part of Western Sahara from the rest of the Saharan territory, which borders Algeria and Mauritania. There are fatalities involving unexploded ordnance in this zone each year.

Border with Algeria

Morocco’s border with Algeria is closed. Don’t attempt to cross into Algeria by land or water. Avoid boating close to the maritime border in order not to cross it.

Western Sahara

Western Sahara is a non-autonomous territory whose political and legal status has yet to be determined through the United Nations. It’s a former area of conflict that’s still littered with unexploded landmines, particularly in remote regions and the militarized zone.

We may be extremely limited in our ability to provide assistance to Canadians in Western Sahara.

Travel in remote areas

When you travel to a remote area:

• restrict travel to officially designated tourist areas
• seek local, official tourist advice prior to travelling to the desert areas in the south
• hire only official guides recommended by hotels, travel agencies or local tourist authorities
• use only a four-wheel-drive vehicle for off-road driving in the mountains or desert
• ensure that your vehicle is properly equipped and has appropriate supplies and essentials, including potable water 

There’s a threat of terrorism, and attacks have targeted foreigners. In December 2018, 2 Scandinavian tourists were found dead in a mountainous area of ​​southern Morocco, 10 km from Imlil, a village in the High Atlas. Moroccan authorities have described the killing as a terrorist act. Terrorist attacks could occur at any time.

Targets could include:

• government buildings, including schools
• places of worship
• airports and other transportation hubs and networks
• public areas such as tourist attractions, restaurants, bars, coffee shops, shopping centres, markets, hotels (specifically coastal beach resorts), and other sites frequented by foreigners

For your safety:

• always be aware of your surroundings when in public places
• stay at hotels that have robust security measures; keep in mind, however, that even the most secure locations can’t be considered completely free of risk

There’s a threat of kidnapping against Westerners in remote regions of Morocco and in areas bordering Algeria and Mauritania.

• Maintain a high level of vigilance at all times, especially when travelling in the southern and border areas of Morocco
• Don’t hike alone in remote mountain regions

Demonstrations

Demonstrations take place from time to time, most often in Rabat. Even peaceful demonstrations can turn violent at any time. They can also lead to disruptions to traffic and public transportation.

• Avoid areas where demonstrations and large gatherings are taking place
• Follow the instructions of local authorities
• Monitor local media for information on ongoing demonstrations

Mass gatherings (large-scale events)

Petty crime

Petty crimes notably pickpocketing, purse snatchings (sometimes by motorcyclists), scams and other thefts take place, most frequently in medinas, market areas, parks and on beaches but can also occur in all types of neighbourhoods.

To limit your risks:

• stay on major roads, especially when in the medinas, and exercise caution
• ensure that your personal belongings are secure
• don’t show signs of affluence, particularly when walking at night
• avoid carrying a purse
• don’t accept food, drinks or invitations from strangers, or change your planned itinerary at their request
• exercise caution in the mountainous Rif region, on the northern coast of Morocco. Drugs are produced in this area and tourists are occasionally tricked into unknowingly committing drug offences

While Moroccans are generally very friendly and hospitable, you should always exercise common sense and travel wisely.

Armed robbery

Armed robberies with knives have occurred and have resulted in injuries and in some cases, deaths. Don’t resist robbers.

Thefts occur around ATMs.

Credit card fraud

Credit card fraud is also frequent.

Forced purchases

Tourists have been forcibly taken to stores and intimidated into making purchases.

Women’s safety

Women travelling alone may be subject to certain forms of harassment and verbal abuse.

Advice for women travellers

Road safety

Road conditions and road safety vary greatly throughout the country, depending on location and weather (for example, in the mountains or during the rainy season).

• Avoid driving at night
• Have an accident report form (constat à l’amiable), which can be purchased at newsstands, in your vehicle at all times.

Not all drivers respect traffic regulations. Pedestrians, scooters and animals on roadways can also pose risks.

National roads

National roads are generally in good condition but are narrow and heavily congested.

Driving is generally easier on the highways.

Be extremely careful when driving on the Rabat-Casablanca highway and on certain national highways because of high traffic volume.

Accidents causing fatalities are common.

If an accident occurs and only involves material damage, the police won’t usually intervene. The parties involved should complete an accident report (joint report), which can be purchased at newsstands. If the accident involves casualties, avoid moving the vehicles before the police arrive.

Checkpoints

Checkpoints are frequent. Carry your identification and vehicle documents at all times.

We do not make assessments on the compliance of foreign domestic airlines with international safety standards.

Information about foreign domestic airlines

Internet romances

Exercise caution if travelling to Morocco for romance, especially in cases of relationships initiated on the Internet.

Find out beforehand about the country’s customs and laws on conjugal relations and marriage.

Ensure that you retain possession of your return plane ticket, your money and your passport in case problems arise.

Useful links

• Marriage abroad
• Overseas fraud

Public beaches

While swimming conditions in tourist areas are generally safe and problem-free, public beaches in major cities are often polluted and unfit for swimming.

Swimming at some beaches on the Atlantic coast is dangerous due to strong currents and tides. Only swim at designated beaches and exercise caution.

Fondation Mohammed VI pour la protection de l’environnement - a list of beaches that meet international standards

Women and girls can be the subject of harassment when wearing swimsuits. Exercise caution and opt for tourist beaches rather than the public ones.

Every country or territory decides who can enter or exit through its borders. The Government of Canada cannot intervene on your behalf if you do not meet your destination’s entry or exit requirements.

We have obtained the information on this page from the Moroccan authorities. It can, however, change at any time.

Verify this information with the  Foreign Representatives in Canada .

Entry requirements vary depending on the type of passport you use for travel.

Before you travel, check with your transportation company about passport requirements. Its rules on passport validity may be more stringent than the country’s entry rules.

Regular Canadian passport

Your passport must be valid for at least 6 months beyond the date you expect to leave Morocco.

Passport for official travel

Different entry rules may apply.

Official travel

Passport with “X” gender identifier

While the Government of Canada issues passports with an “X” gender identifier, it cannot guarantee your entry or transit through other countries. You might face entry restrictions in countries that do not recognize the “X” gender identifier. Before you leave, check with the closest foreign representative for your destination.

Other travel documents

Different entry rules may apply when travelling with a temporary passport or an emergency travel document. Before you leave, check with the closest foreign representative for your destination.

• Foreign Representatives in Canada
• Canadian passports

Tourist visa: not required for stays of less than 90 days Business visa: not required for stays of less than 90 days Student visa: not required for stays of less than 90 days

Extending your stay beyond 90 days

You must secure proper authorization if you plan to extend your stay in Morocco beyond 90 days. Contact the Service to Foreigners Section (Section du service aux étrangers) at the local police station at least 15 days prior to the expiry of the 90-day limit.

If you remain in Morocco beyond the 90-day limit, you’ll be forced to remain there until seen by a prosecutor and fined.

Entering by private boat

To enter Morocco by private boat, you must do so at a recognized port of entry.

Entering with a private vehicle

If you enter Morocco with a vehicle, you must exit with it or you will be denied exit.

Yellow fever

Learn about potential entry requirements related to yellow fever (vaccines section).

Children and travel

Learn more about travelling with children .

Relevant Travel Health Notices

• Global Measles Notice - 13 March, 2024
• COVID-19 and International Travel - 13 March, 2024

This section contains information on possible health risks and restrictions regularly found or ongoing in the destination. Follow this advice to lower your risk of becoming ill while travelling. Not all risks are listed below.

Consult a health care professional or visit a travel health clinic preferably 6 weeks before you travel to get personalized health advice and recommendations.

Routine vaccines

Be sure that your  routine vaccinations , as per your province or territory , are up-to-date before travelling, regardless of your destination.

Some of these vaccinations include measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, varicella (chickenpox), influenza and others.

Pre-travel vaccines and medications

You may be at risk for preventable diseases while travelling in this destination. Talk to a travel health professional about which medications or vaccines may be right for you, based on your destination and itinerary. 

Yellow fever is a disease caused by a flavivirus from the bite of an infected mosquito.

Travellers get vaccinated either because it is required to enter a country or because it is recommended for their protection.

• There is no risk of yellow fever in this country.

Country Entry Requirement*

• Proof of vaccination is not required to enter this country.

Recommendation

• Vaccination is not recommended.

* It is important to note that country entry requirements may not reflect your risk of yellow fever at your destination. It is recommended that you contact the nearest diplomatic or consular office of the destination(s) you will be visiting to verify any additional entry requirements.

About Yellow Fever

Yellow Fever Vaccination Centres in Canada

There is a risk of hepatitis A in this destination. It is a disease of the liver. People can get hepatitis A if they ingest contaminated food or water, eat foods prepared by an infectious person, or if they have close physical contact (such as oral-anal sex) with an infectious person, although casual contact among people does not spread the virus.

Practise  safe food and water precautions and wash your hands often. Vaccination is recommended for all travellers to areas where hepatitis A is present.

Measles is a highly contagious viral disease. It can spread quickly from person to person by direct contact and through droplets in the air.

Anyone who is not protected against measles is at risk of being infected with it when travelling internationally.

Regardless of where you are going, talk to a health care professional before travelling to make sure you are fully protected against measles.

  Hepatitis B is a risk in every destination. It is a viral liver disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another through exposure to blood and body fluids containing the hepatitis B virus.  Travellers who may be exposed to blood or other bodily fluids (e.g., through sexual contact, medical treatment, sharing needles, tattooing, acupuncture or occupational exposure) are at higher risk of getting hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all travellers. Prevent hepatitis B infection by practicing safe sex, only using new and sterile drug equipment, and only getting tattoos and piercings in settings that follow public health regulations and standards.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious viral disease. It can spread from person to person by direct contact and through droplets in the air.

It is recommended that all eligible travellers complete a COVID-19 vaccine series along with any additional recommended doses in Canada before travelling. Evidence shows that vaccines are very effective at preventing severe illness, hospitalization and death from COVID-19. While vaccination provides better protection against serious illness, you may still be at risk of infection from the virus that causes COVID-19. Anyone who has not completed a vaccine series is at increased risk of being infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 and is at greater risk for severe disease when travelling internationally.

Before travelling, verify your destination’s COVID-19 vaccination entry/exit requirements. Regardless of where you are going, talk to a health care professional before travelling to make sure you are adequately protected against COVID-19.

 The best way to protect yourself from seasonal influenza (flu) is to get vaccinated every year. Get the flu shot at least 2 weeks before travelling.  

 The flu occurs worldwide. 

•  In the Northern Hemisphere, the flu season usually runs from November to   April.
•  In the Southern Hemisphere, the flu season usually runs between April and   October.
•  In the tropics, there is flu activity year round. 

The flu vaccine available in one hemisphere may only offer partial protection against the flu in the other hemisphere.

The flu virus spreads from person to person when they cough or sneeze or by touching objects and surfaces that have been contaminated with the virus. Clean your hands often and wear a mask if you have a fever or respiratory symptoms.

In this destination, rabies is carried by dogs and some wildlife, including bats. Rabies is a deadly disease that spreads to humans primarily through bites or scratches from an infected animal. While travelling, take precautions , including keeping your distance from animals (including free-roaming dogs), and closely supervising children.

If you are bitten or scratched by an animal while travelling, immediately wash the wound with soap and clean water and see a health care professional. Rabies treatment is often available in this destination. 

Before travel, discuss rabies vaccination with a health care professional. It may be recommended for travellers who are at high risk of exposure (e.g., occupational risk such as veterinarians and wildlife workers, children, adventure travellers and spelunkers, and others in close contact with animals). 

Safe food and water precautions

Many illnesses can be caused by eating food or drinking beverages contaminated by bacteria, parasites, toxins, or viruses, or by swimming or bathing in contaminated water.

• Learn more about food and water precautions to take to avoid getting sick by visiting our eat and drink safely abroad page. Remember: Boil it, cook it, peel it, or leave it!
• Avoid getting water into your eyes, mouth or nose when swimming or participating in activities in freshwater (streams, canals, lakes), particularly after flooding or heavy rain. Water may look clean but could still be polluted or contaminated.
• Avoid inhaling or swallowing water while bathing, showering, or swimming in pools or hot tubs. 

Travellers' diarrhea is the most common illness affecting travellers. It is spread from eating or drinking contaminated food or water.

Risk of developing travellers' diarrhea increases when travelling in regions with poor standards of hygiene and sanitation. Practise safe food and water precautions.

The most important treatment for travellers' diarrhea is rehydration (drinking lots of fluids). Carry oral rehydration salts when travelling.

Typhoid   is a bacterial infection spread by contaminated food or water. Risk is higher among children, travellers going to rural areas, travellers visiting friends and relatives or those travelling for a long period of time.

Travellers visiting regions with a risk of typhoid, especially those exposed to places with poor sanitation, should speak to a health care professional about vaccination.  

Insect bite prevention

Many diseases are spread by the bites of infected insects such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas or flies. When travelling to areas where infected insects may be present:

• Use insect repellent (bug spray) on exposed skin
• Cover up with light-coloured, loose clothes made of tightly woven materials such as nylon or polyester
• Minimize exposure to insects
• Use mosquito netting when sleeping outdoors or in buildings that are not fully enclosed

To learn more about how you can reduce your risk of infection and disease caused by bites, both at home and abroad, visit our insect bite prevention page.

Find out what types of insects are present where you’re travelling, when they’re most active, and the symptoms of the diseases they spread.

Animal precautions

Some infections, such as rabies and influenza, can be shared between humans and animals. Certain types of activities may increase your chance of contact with animals, such as travelling in rural or forested areas, camping, hiking, and visiting wet markets (places where live animals are slaughtered and sold) or caves.

Travellers are cautioned to avoid contact with animals, including dogs, livestock (pigs, cows), monkeys, snakes, rodents, birds, and bats, and to avoid eating undercooked wild game.

Closely supervise children, as they are more likely to come in contact with animals.

Person-to-person infections

Stay home if you’re sick and practise proper cough and sneeze etiquette , which includes coughing or sneezing into a tissue or the bend of your arm, not your hand. Reduce your risk of colds, the flu and other illnesses by:

•   washing your hands often
• avoiding or limiting the amount of time spent in closed spaces, crowded places, or at large-scale events (concerts, sporting events, rallies)
• avoiding close physical contact with people who may be showing symptoms of illness 

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) , HIV , and mpox are spread through blood and bodily fluids; use condoms, practise safe sex, and limit your number of sexual partners. Check with your local public health authority pre-travel to determine your eligibility for mpox vaccine.  

Tuberculosis is an infection caused by bacteria and usually affects the lungs.

For most travellers the risk of tuberculosis is low.

Travellers who may be at high risk while travelling in regions with risk of tuberculosis should discuss pre- and post-travel options with a health care professional.

High-risk travellers include those visiting or working in prisons, refugee camps, homeless shelters, or hospitals, or travellers visiting friends and relatives.

Medical services and facilities

The quality of medical care varies greatly throughout the country. Casablanca, Marrakesh and Rabat have good, private medical facilities for non-emergencies. Care in public health facilities is not up to Canadian standards.

Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment.

Make sure you get travel insurance that includes coverage for medical evacuation and hospital stays.

Travel health and safety

Keep in Mind...

The decision to travel is the sole responsibility of the traveller. The traveller is also responsible for his or her own personal safety.

Be prepared. Do not expect medical services to be the same as in Canada. Pack a   travel health kit , especially if you will be travelling away from major city centres.

You must abide by local laws.

Learn about what you should do and how we can help if you are arrested or detained abroad .

Penalties for possession, use or trafficking of illegal drugs are strict, and judgment is expeditious.

Alcohol consumption outside of licensed bars, hotels and restaurants is prohibited. Offenders may be punished by detention or other penalties. Alcohol can also be purchased from licensed stores for private consumption.

Drugs, alcohol and travel

Non-Islamic religious materials

Unauthorized importation of bibles or other non-Islamic religious material is prohibited, except for personal use. Religious preaching is forbidden.

Mailing identity papers

Sending identity papers, such as passports, by mail is forbidden in Morocco and authorities may confiscate them.

Extramarital sexual relations

Extramarital sexual relations are illegal. Hotels may refuse to allow couples to stay in the same room, if they’re unable to prove that they’re married. Foreigners, however, are almost always exempt from having to provide proof.

Pornography

Possession of pornographic material is illegal.

Photography

Don’t take photographs of military or security installations.

Drones and surveillance equipment

Drones and surveillance equipment are prohibited and will be confiscated by the authorities upon entry.

The Moroccan constitution states that the person of the King is inviolable and respect is due to him. It is expected that people avoid any criticism of the monarchy.

2SLGBTQI+ travellers

The laws of Morocco prohibit sexual acts between individuals of the same sex.

2SLGBTQI+ travellers should carefully consider the risks of travelling to Morocco.

Travel and your sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics

Children and citizenship

Children of Moroccan fathers automatically acquire Moroccan citizenship at birth, regardless of where they were born. Children of Moroccan mothers may submit a request for their citizenship.

Under Moroccan law, parents may prevent their children from leaving Morocco.

Entry and exit requirements when travelling with children 

Dual citizenship

Dual citizenship is legally recognized in Morocco. According to Moroccan law, however, Moroccan citizenship takes precedence over any other citizenship.

Airport authorities regularly ask dual citizens to produce their Moroccan national identification card.

If you’re a citizen of Canada, but also a citizen of Morocco, our ability to offer you consular services may be limited in Morocco. You may also be subject to different entry/exit requirements.

General information for travellers with dual citizenship

International Child Abduction

The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction is an international treaty. It can help parents with the return of children who have been removed to or retained in certain countries in violation of custody rights. The convention applies between Canada and Morocco.

If your child was wrongfully taken to, or is being held in Morocco, and if the applicable conditions are met, you may apply for the return of your child to the Moroccan court.

If you are in this situation:

• act as quickly as you can
• contact the Central Authority for your province or territory of residence for information on starting an application under The Hague Convention
• consult a lawyer in Canada and in Morocco to explore all the legal options for the return of your child
• report the situation to the nearest Canadian government office abroad or to the Vulnerable Children’s Consular Unit at Global Affairs Canada by calling the Emergency Watch and Response Centre

If your child was removed from a country other than Canada, consult a lawyer to determine if The Hague Convention applies.

Be aware that Canadian consular officials cannot interfere in private legal matters or in another country’s judicial affairs.

• List of Canadian Central Authorities for the Hague Convention
• International Child Abduction: A Guidebook for Left-Behind Parents
• Travelling with children
• The Hague Convention - Hague Conference on Private International Law
• Canadian embassies and consulates by destination
• Emergency Watch and Response Centre

Dress and behaviour

Islamic practices and beliefs are adhered to in Morocco’s customs, laws and regulations. Dress conservatively, behave discreetly and respect religious and social traditions to avoid offending local sensitivities.

Public displays of affection are frowned upon.

In 2024, the lunar month of Ramadan is expected to begin on or around March 10.

In public, between sunrise and sunset, refrain from:

The currency in Morocco is the Moroccan dirham (MAD). The dirham cannot be exchanged outside of the country. Exchange only as much money as needed, as it is illegal to take dirhams out of Morocco.

Unused dirhams can be converted at the airport exchange counter upon departure, with proof of your initial currency purchase.

Credit cards and traveller’s cheques are accepted in certain stores and restaurants in urban centres and in major hotels.

Earthquake in the Marrakesh-Safi region

On September 8, 2023, a 6.8 magnitude earthquake struck near the city of Marrakesh, in the Marrakesh-Safi region. The tremors were felt in several cities across the country.

There was significant damage to infrastructure and many casualties, especially in the villages located in the area of the High Atlas. Emergency services continue to provide assistance to the affected populations and recovery efforts are underway.

If you are in or near the affected areas:

• monitor local media for the latest developments
• check road conditions before travelling

Morocco is located in an active seismic zone.

Rainy season

The rainy season usually extends from November to March, during which flash floods can occur frequently. These can be especially dangerous in the High Atlas valleys.

Monitor regional weather forecasts and plan accordingly

Local services

In case of emergency, dial:

• police: 190
• medical assistance: 150
• firefighters: 150

Consular assistance

For emergency consular assistance, call the Embassy of Canada to Morocco in Rabat and follow the instructions. At any time, you may also contact the Emergency Watch and Response Centre in Ottawa.

The decision to travel is your choice and you are responsible for your personal safety abroad. We take the safety and security of Canadians abroad very seriously and provide credible and timely information in our Travel Advice to enable you to make well-informed decisions regarding your travel abroad.

The content on this page is provided for information only. While we make every effort to give you correct information, it is provided on an "as is" basis without warranty of any kind, expressed or implied. The Government of Canada does not assume responsibility and will not be liable for any damages in connection to the information provided.

If you need consular assistance while abroad, we will make every effort to help you. However, there may be constraints that will limit the ability of the Government of Canada to provide services.

Learn more about consular services .

Risk Levels

  take normal security precautions.

Take similar precautions to those you would take in Canada.

  Exercise a high degree of caution

There are certain safety and security concerns or the situation could change quickly. Be very cautious at all times, monitor local media and follow the instructions of local authorities.

IMPORTANT: The two levels below are official Government of Canada Travel Advisories and are issued when the safety and security of Canadians travelling or living in the country or region may be at risk.

  Avoid non-essential travel

Your safety and security could be at risk. You should think about your need to travel to this country, territory or region based on family or business requirements, knowledge of or familiarity with the region, and other factors. If you are already there, think about whether you really need to be there. If you do not need to be there, you should think about leaving.

  Avoid all travel

You should not travel to this country, territory or region. Your personal safety and security are at great risk. If you are already there, you should think about leaving if it is safe to do so.

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