indian army siachen glacier trek

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Are you ready to trek to Siachen?

By Condé Nast Traveller

Want to know what the soldiers at Siachen go through? You may soon get a chance to put yourself in their snowshoes and crampons and make the arduous trek they make to the highest battleground in the world. This morning, The Times of India reports the Indian Army is willing to "liberally" issue permits to civilians who wish to visit one of India's most critical border posts. Wait, what?

Since 2007, the Indian Army has been conducting the Siachen Glacier Trek every year. Typically in August or September, a small batch of civilians makes the 10-day trek up to Siachen. The annual trek was paused in 2017. But last year, there were signs that it may resume. Not just that, India officially declared Siachen open to tourism.

This content can also be viewed on the site it originates from.

The idea of turning a battleground into a tourist attraction may sound complicated. But the powers that be believe it will help the local economy and help people appreciate what soldiers have to endure.

Life at Siachen Glacier

The world's highest battleground stands at an altitude of 24,000ft in Leh & Ladakh . Temperatures routinely drop to less than -50C. Nature is a bigger threat than bullets here. Oxygen saturation is around 10% of what it is in the plains. Snowblindess, frostbite, lung infections and depression claim, on average, two soldiers from the Indian side die each month.

Indian Army at Siachen Glacier. Photo: Bandeep Singh/The The India Today Group via Getty Images

For now, the specifics of these tourist visits to Siachen are hazy. These may or may not include a trek up to Siachen Base Camp (10,000 ft) and then Kumar Camp (16,000 ft), the final destination for the army's civilian treks. But from the army's website, here's what we know:

Indian Army's Siachen Glacier trek

The Indian Army's website says that it organises the "Siachen Glacier Trek between August and September every year for approximately 30 selected civilians recommended by the Indian Mountaineering Foundation (IMF). This is the only chance for a civilian to visit the world's highest and coldest battlefield. The trek begins from Leh in Ladakh at a height of about 12,000 feet above mean sea level. From there, the participants proceed to the Siachen Base Camp which goes into the mountain slopes at 10,000 feet and, from there, trek on to Kumar Camp which is at 16,000 feet, the distance of the trek being 60 km both ways across 8-9 days."

If you wish to find out more, drop an email to the Indian Army's media cell: ncmediacell[at]gmail[dot]com

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Here’s How Civilians Can Trek to Siachen Glacier with the Indian Army

The Indian Army conducts an annual trek to Siachen glacier for civilians, between August to September every year. The expedition for civilians was started for the first time in 2007 and is organised by the Army Adventure Wing. About 30-40 civilians are selected.

T he Indian Army conducts an annual trek to Siachen glacier for civilians, between August to September every year. The expedition for civilians was started for the first time in 2007 and is organised by the Army Adventure Wing. About 30-40 civilians are selected.

This year’s applications for the 13-day long trek are currently open. The overall programme goes on for a month including acclimatisation, medical check-up and the trek from the Siachen Base Camp to the Kumar camp and back.

Source: Facebook

The length of the trek is 60 kilometres both ways and at altitudes ranging between 12,000 feet and 16,000 feet.

Those interested have to send a signed application to HQ Northern High Command, Indian Army by July 20, 2016. The participants will be decided on a first-come-first -serve basis. Applicants should preferably be below 45 years of age. Everyone selected for the trek has the required fitness to go on the high-altitude trek in extreme conditions. The documents to be sent with the complete application form include indemnity bond and medical certificate. Download the form here .

Organisations associated with defence forces, media persons, Rashtriya Indian Military College and Rashtriya Military School cadets, and adventure lovers participate in the trek every year. This is the only chance for a civilian to visit the world’s highest and coldest battlefield.

“The trek begins from Leh in Ladakh at a height of about 12,000 feet above mean sea level. From there, the participants proceed to the Siachen Base Camp which goes into the mountain slopes at 10,000 feet and, from there, trek on to Kumar camp which is at 16,000 feet, the distance of the trek being 60 km both ways across 8-9 days,” writes a journalist who participated in the trek last year, in The Hindu .

The applications have to be sent to: HQ Northern Command (Training Branch) Udhampur, Jammu and Kashmir Pin: 182121

Get more information  here .

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You can now trek to the Siachen Glacier with the Indian Army; here's how

Go trekking to one of the highest, coldest and toughest battlefield in the world with the indian army. here's how..

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While dealing with the petty troubles of daily life, we tend to forget about the Siachen Glacier--the kind of challenges it throws up to the Indian Army soldiers who stand guard while we get a good night's sleep. Located in the eastern Karakoram range of the Himalayan Mountains, it is a tough place to survive with temperatures dipping to minus 50-degree celsius at times.

But to be able to visit the place and face these challenges is a dream a lot of adventure junkies have. Especially travellers who love to go on trekking and climbing expeditions from time to time.

The total length of the trek will be 60 kilometres both ways and will be at altitudes ranging between 12,000 feet and 16,000 feet.

The total duration of the program will be one month, which will include acclimatisation, medical check-up and the 13-day trek.

Also read: Tips for trekkers--from an avid climber

Applicants should preferably be below 45 years of age and should have the required fitness to undertake a high altitude trek in extreme conditions. The documents required include an indemnity bond, medical certificate, and the filled-up application form. To download the form, click here .

The application should reach at the following address before July 20, 2016:

HQ Northern Command (Training Branch) Udhampur, Jammu and Kashmir Pin: 182121

For queries, contact [email protected] Published By: AtMigration Published On: Jul 15, 2016 --- ENDS ---

40 Years After Army Went To Siachen Glacier, How It Maintains Status Quo

The Siachen glacier at the height of around 20,000 feet in the Karakoram mountain range is known as the highest militarised zone in the world where soldiers have to battle frostbite and high winds.

The Army has also been focusing on boosting the medical infrastructure in Siachen.

The induction of heavy-lift helicopters and logistic drones, deployment of all-terrain vehicles and laying of an extensive network of tracks are among a host of measures that have enhanced India's combat prowess in Siachen, the world's highest battlefield, officials said on Saturday.

As the Indian Army marks the 40th year of its presence on the strategically-significant Siachen glacier, the officials said there have been extensive improvements in the operational capabilities of the force due to the enhancement of infrastructure in the region in the last few years.

Under its "Operation Meghdoot", the Indian Army established its full control over the glacier on April 13, 1984.

#SiachenDay 'Four Decades of Valour at the Highest Battlefield on Earth' #OperationMeghdoot #IndianArmy pic.twitter.com/nnHBoIWSZt — ADG PI - INDIAN ARMY (@adgpi) April 13, 2024

"The Indian Army's control over the Siachen glacier has not only been a story of unparalleled valour and determination but also an incredible journey of technological advancements and logistical improvements that transformed it from one of the most formidable terrains into a symbol of indomitable spirit and innovation," said an official.

The initiatives, especially laid out in the last five years, have made significant strides in improving the living conditions and operational capabilities of the personnel deployed in Siachen, he said on the condition of anonymity.

In January last year, Captain Shiva Chauhan from the Army's Corps of Engineers was posted at a frontline post in the Siachen glacier, in the first such operational deployment of a woman Army officer at a key battlefield.

The official cited above said there has been a noteworthy improvement in the aspect of mobility in Siachen.

'Quartered in snow, silent to remain. When the bugle calls, they shall rise and march again' Fire and Fury Corps remembers the Bravehearts, who sacrificed their life in the line of duty, on the occasion of 40th #Siachen Day 'Braveheart, therefore lives - celebrating 40 years of… pic.twitter.com/tDZJGM4fE3 — @firefurycorps_IA (@firefurycorps) April 13, 2024

"The development of an extensive network of tracks and the introduction of all-terrain vehicles (ATV) have significantly improved mobility across the glacier," he said.

Another official said innovations like the DRDO-developed ATV bridges have enabled the Army to overcome natural obstacles, while high-quality "Dyneema" ropes in aerial cableways ensure seamless supply lines to even the most-remote outposts.

"The induction of heavy-lift helicopters and logistic drones has vastly improved the supply of essentials to the personnel deployed in posts that are cut off, especially in winters," he said.

"The availability of special clothing, mountaineering equipment and advanced rations has enhanced the ability of the soldiers to withstand the harsh conditions of the world's coldest battlefield," the official added.

He said gadgets, such as pocket weather trackers, with each soldier provides timely weather updates and warn them about possible avalanches.

"Recent initiatives concerning the improvement of connectivity have ensured that the personnel in forward posts in the northern and central glacier regions have access to fresh ration and vegetables instead of tinned ration, an aspect that could not have been imagined a few years ago," the official said.

"Fresh ration and vegetables are now a reality for our forward posts, thanks to new logistic initiatives," he added.

There has been a focus on improvement in mobile and data connectivity in the region as well.

"The introduction of the VSAT technology has revolutionised communication on the glacier, providing the troops with data and internet connectivity," the second official said.

"This leap in technology has enhanced real-time situational awareness, telemedicine capabilities and the well-being of our soldiers by keeping them connected with their families," he said.

The VSAT or very small aperture terminal is a data-transmission technology.

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has established telemedicine nodes that provide critical medical support not only to the troops but also to the local populace and tourists in the Nubra valley.

"The medical facilities in Partapur and the base camp boast of some of the best medical and surgical specialists, state-of-the-art HAPO chambers and oxygen generation plants, besides life-support systems. This has ensured that all endeavours are made to save every life in this challenging terrain," said a third official.

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The HAPO (High Altitude Pulmonary Oedema) chamber is a life-saving device that provides emergency treatment in medical conditions relating to breathlessness and accumulation of fluids in the lungs etc.

(Except for the headline, this story has not been edited by NDTV staff and is published from a syndicated feed.)

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• > Travel
• > This Siachen Trek With The Indian Army Is The Adventure Of A Lifetime. Here’s How You Can Apply

Jul 19, 2016 at 11:50 AM

This Siachen Trek With The Indian Army Is The Adventure Of A Lifetime. Here’s How You Can Apply

A field of ice and (gun)fire, the Siachen Glacier which is located at the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalayas has been a hotbed of border disputes between India and Pakistan since 1984. 

The area is naturally off-limits to civilians and if you’re an adventure junkie then you might be itching to tick this one off your list. Well, good news. I’m gonna scratch it for you (Okay that came out wrong).

The Siachen Glacier Trek is a program that was first held in 2007 by the Indian Army Adventure Wing. It has since become an annual event. 

Starting from the Siachen Base Camp, the trek will cover a 60 km climb to the Kumar Post located at a height of 18,300 ft- a daunting task. Which is why the experience lasts for a month including acclimatisation, medical check-ups and the trek which itself lasts for 13 days in September/October.

Up till 2013, the Indian Mountaineering Foundation was involved in the selection process, however ever since the applications have been admitted directly to the Indian Army website , on a first-come-first-serve basis in April / May each year.

The trek does require some perquisite experience- having completed the basic mountaineering course and/or having attended some expeditions in the past.

This year will be the largest edition of the trek taking up to 45 hardened adventurers to the glacial battlefields of Siachen. 

If you want to apply, start gearing up now so that by April 2017 you’re ready to set-and-go.

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Indian Army is Taking 45 Civilians To The Siachen Glacier. You Can Be One Of Them!

Siachen Glacier, the world's highest battleground can be yours next summit.

Indian Army is taking 45 trekkers to a guided and well governed trek to the Siachen Glacier.

Here is everything you need to know:

The trek covers 60 km each side on the most dangerous and challenging terrain.

You will have to reach the Siachen Base Camp on your own. The distance after it to Kumar FLB will then be taken under the Indian Army guidance.

Only experienced trekkers who have sound health will be allowed to go ahead. Applicants should be below 45 years old.

The altitude starts at 12,000 ft above sea-level and goes up till 16,000 ft. If you have a problem with high-altitudes then definitely avoid this. As for experienced climbers, embrace this playground!

Trek is in total 13 days long, but you are required to stay for a total of 30 days for acclimatization and health purposes.

To apply, write to HQ Northern Command Indian Army. Make sure the application reaches here before 20th July. People will be selected on first come first basis.

HQ Northern Command (Training Branch)

Udhampur, Jammu and Kashmir

Pin: 182121

For queries, contact [email protected]

Download the application form here .

Last date of application reaching the headquarters is 20th July. HURRY!

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SIACHEN GLACIER TREK

Ladakh | 4420m | 21 sept ‘24 | 12 oct ’24, ladakh | 4420m, 21 sept ‘24 | 12 oct ’24, moderate-hard.

Nestled amidst the mighty Karakoram Range, the Siachen Glacier, a pristine expanse of ice and snow, stands as a symbol of awe-inspiring beauty and daunting challenges. Stretching over 76 kilometers in length, it is the world’s highest battleground, a place where the explorer within you gets to witness what our country’s saviours endure.

For the first time ever, Boots & Crampons proudly presents an exclusive 14-day Siachen Glacier Expedition, made possible through our collaboration with the Indian Army. This unique opportunity grants you access to the world’s highest battlefield, an endeavor that promises to redefine your perception of adventure.

As you traverse this glacial wonderland, you’ll delve into the heart of Siachen, experiencing moments of introspection, bonding, and sheer perseverance. You’ll walk in the footsteps of our brave soldiers, gaining a profound understanding of the challenges they face daily. The camaraderie you’ll build with your fellow explorers will be akin to the unbreakable bonds of our soldiers.

Beyond the stunning vistas and unforgettable memories, this expedition offers a chance to be a part of something greater, a testament to the resilience of the human spirit. Come, join us on this extraordinary journey, and discover the Siachen Glacier – a place where explorers become storytellers, and every step is a tribute to the indomitable spirit of our nation’s heroes.

Day 1 – Arrival in Leh (3500m):

– Welcome to Leh, the starting point of our Siachen Glacier Expedition.

– Upon arrival, check in at the designated accommodations.

– The day will be dedicated to acclimatization, a crucial process in preparing for the high-altitude adventure.

– Attend an informative briefing session to understand the journey that lies ahead.

– Your equipment and clothing will be meticulously checked to ensure you are well-prepared for the challenging expedition.

Day 2 – Leh (3500m):

– Continue the acclimatization process, gradually adapting to the high altitude.

– Engage in training activities that will equip you with essential skills for the upcoming journey.

– Take this opportunity to get acquainted with your fellow team members and build camaraderie.

– Explore the enchanting city of Leh, known for its rich culture and history, offering a glimpse into the unique Ladakhi way of life.

Day 3 – Move from Leh to Base Camp (3810m):

– Depart from Leh and begin your journey towards the Base Camp.

– The day involves a combination of driving to the initial trekking point and then embarking on a trek to reach the Base Camp.

– Continue your acclimatization process and participate in training activities aimed at preparing you for the upcoming challenges.

Days 4-5 – Base Camp (3810m):

– These days are dedicated to further acclimatization, allowing your body to adapt to the high-altitude conditions.

– Receive essential orientation at the Siachen Battle School, where you will learn about the intricacies of the region and the challenges you are likely to encounter.

– This phase is vital in ensuring you are well-prepared for the adventure that awaits.

Day 6 – Trek from Base Camp to Camp-I (3960m):

– Start your trek from the Base Camp to Camp-I, taking your first step into the Siachen Glacier region.

– Experience the rugged beauty of the landscape as you hike towards Camp-I.

– At the end of the day, settle in at Camp-I for a well-deserved rest.

Day 7 – Trek from Camp-I to Camp-II (4179m):

– Continue your journey as you trek from Camp-I to Camp-II.

– As you ascend, the landscape transforms, and you’ll begin to appreciate the unique beauty of the glacier.

– At Camp-II you’ll rest for the night, surrounded by the serene expanse of the Siachen Glacier.

Day 8 – Trek from Camp-II to Camp-III (4420m):

– Today, you push higher into the glacier region, trekking from Camp-II to Camp-III.

– The change in altitude offers new perspectives and awe-inspiring views.

– At Camp-III, you’ll spend the night, surrounded by the majestic Karakoram Range.

Day 9 – Trek from Camp-III to Camp-II (4179m):

– Descend from Camp-III to Camp-II, revisiting terrain you’ve come to know well.

– This transition allows you to consolidate your experiences and knowledge of the area.

– Sundown brings you back to Camp-II, where you’ll rest and rejuvenate.

Day 10 – Trek from Camp-II to Camp-I (3960m):

– Descend further from Camp-II to Camp-I, retracing your steps with a sense of accomplishment.

– At Camp-I, you’ll spend the night, reminiscing about your journey thus far and preparing for the final phase of the expedition.

Day 11 – Trek from Camp-I to Base Camp. Move to Leh:

– Complete your descent from Camp-I to the Base Camp, bringing your glacier trek to a close.

– It’s time to prepare for a scenic drive to Leh and savor the accomplishments of your Siachen Glacier expedition.

Day 12-13 – Buffer Days:

– These buffer days offer flexibility to accommodate unforeseen circumstances, ensuring the safety and comfort of all expedition participants.

– Use this time for additional training, relaxation, or exploring the surroundings, as you see fit.

Day 14 – Departure from Leh:

– Bid a fond farewell to the enchanting landscapes of Leh and the Siachen Glacier.

– Return to Leh for your onward journey, carrying with you a treasure trove of memories and experiences that will stay with you for a lifetime.

• Airport pickup and transfers.
• Accommodation (Hotel & Tents) at all destinations from your arrival in Leh.
• All meals for the entire 14-day duration.
• The expertise and guidance of a professional expedition leader.
• Porter fees.
• Transportation within the Ladakh region.
• Equipment expenses.
• Service charges of the organizing team.
• Travel insurance and medical coverage.
• Personal shopping expenses & toiletries.
• Costs related to bars and beverages.
• Emergency evacuation from Leh.
• Any unanticipated emergencies during the 14-day period.
• Tips for staff Personal expenses and extra services beyond the itinerary
• Any expenses not mentioned in the inclusions

PREPARATION GUIDE

• This is a moderate to hard level expedition. Thus, you must have previous experience & need to go through strenuous training.
• Possessing technical climbing skills will be a significant advantage.
• You shall be fit, healthy and willing to make effort.
• Training for 3-4 months is suggested.
• Walk uphill or stairs steps with a back pack.
• It’s be great if you build a healthy amount of cardiovascular endurance. Jogging is the best exercise to increase your stamina.
• For detailed advice and coordination, we’ll have a WhatsApp group.

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Siachen Glacier – Through the eyes of a Civilian.

Siachen glacier - through the eyes of a civilian.

Scaling Siachen Glacier has been on my bucket list and I have been applying and trying my luck with the Indian Army for almost 3 years now. Last year, I took yet another chance and decided to apply for the trek once again. I couriered my application along with an indemnity form and a medical certificate. Keeping my fingers crossed, I also included a separate note of why I wanted to visit Siachen.   

Siachen Glacier is the highest battlefield in the world where India and Pakistan have fought intermittently since 1984. It sits at a very strategic location with Pakistan on the left and China on the right. It is the World's largest non-polar glacier and thus is sometimes referred to as the third pole. The temperature dips to minus 60 degrees in the winter and 97% casualties in Siachen are due to extreme weather and high altitude, rather than due to actual fighting. In spite of the harsh weather conditions, the word `Siachen` ironically means `the place of wild roses’. 

At 21,000 feet above the sea level, India has also built the world`s highest helipad on this glacier at a place called Sonam, to serve the area and ensure that the food supplies and troops are supplied via helicopter support. Army pilots push their helicopters well beyond their optimal performance, to drop supplies at forwarding posts.

The Indian Army decided to allow civilians to trek the glacier since 2007 . Every year the Army takes a mixed group of civilians, military cadets, defense personnel, and media to give them a first-hand experience of the inhospitable terrain and weather conditions in which our brave soldiers serve the nation. This is the only chance for a civilian to visit the world’s highest and coldest battlefield.

With a little bit of luck and backed by some of my past achievements, I was amongst the 17 civilians who were selected out of 2300 applications received nationally. I was overjoyed to receive the call that confirmed my selection. After a long gap due to my injury and with just one month before the trek, I started training hard towards the required fitness.

While I was somewhat aware of the training that the Army imparts to get one physically fit and properly acclimatized to climb the glacier, when I started training with the Army there was a huge difference between expectations and reality. Last year during the trek, a lot of trekkers had to quit halfway through the trek due to physical fitness issues   and many of them had to be evacuated using a chopper as there is no other way of bringing one down. So this year the training was planned in such a way that if anyone wanted to quit, they should quit during the training itself and not while climbing up, as evacuations by chopper in that zone is always dangerous due to bad weather and remote terrain. The commando style training that was planned was divided into three stages and tested each one of us physically, mentally and emotionally.

Stage one of the training was in Leh ( located at 11562 Ft), stage 2 at Siachen Base Camp ( located at 12000 Ft) and Stage 3 at North Pullu (an altitude of 15800 Ft.) 

Training included acclimatization and learning skills such as snow craft, rock craft, running with loaded rucksacks, walking while tied to a rope with each other ( so one can be pulled up in case of a fall into a crevasse) and other survival techniques . There were regular medical exams. While the blood test, urine test and ECG happened only once during stage one in Leh, our BP, level of oxygen in blood and pulse were being checked every day in the morning and evening. It was very important for us to clear all the medical exams as it formed one of the major selection criteria for moving up to the next stage in the journey.

Training also included multiple class room lectures on the history of the glacier, medical issues at high attitude and prevention, taking care of other members in a rope etc. 

Our day would start at 5 am and finish at 8 pm with No mercy. There were times I would sit and question myself " What am I doing here ". The training was so rigorous that it made me believe that I'm a soldier and pain is nothing but a myth.  Our phones and cameras were taken away due to security reasons, with an assurance that pictures will be taken by one of the army officers.

It was a month long expedition in a no network zone. I had my moments when I was in pain due to my old hamstring injury and I had to let pain submit to my will when I found myself all alone missing my family and wanting to go home just because I was exhausted both physically and mentally even before the trek was started. 

Going by the principle that I follow in life  "Always finish what you have started" , I would get up each day and give it all that I had and some more. There was one civilian who quit because he was expecting at least a little bit of fun element during the trek and then there were many others who were dropped due to physical fitness and medical issues.

As the journey to the glacier began, we were roped up with each other trekking across the harsh terrain, through moraines, snow and deep crevasses. We had to trek at the speed of the leading rope member and in our rope, it was a military cadet. I did find myself mostly struggling to match up to his speed at that altitude with limited oxygen. Unlike all the other treks that I have done before this, this one didn't give me a chance to look around as we had to constantly look down while trekking due to broken moraines and watching out for any crevasse that can be life threatening. After overnight snowfall, all the crevasses gets closed from the top and you don't know when you are going to step on one of them. I eventually got into a state of trance while looking down and trekking for hours without stopping or talking. Every day, there would be only one break for 7-10 mins (at half link- as they call it ) during the entire trek. There were times when I had frost on my specs that I was wearing under my snow goggles when the strap of my bag would fall off the shoulder or the strap of my shoe ( double layer shoe called scarps weighing over 3 kgs) would start dancing, almost about to open at any time. In all such cases, I had to wait to get to the half link as stopping would mean stopping not just your own rope but all the ropes as we were made to walk in a line. 

The tents at each campsite were set up on a large block of ice covered with parachutes to avoid melting. After reaching the campsites each day, we would mostly remain inside our tents as it was too cold to be outside and walking around the camp was uncomfortable due to the uneven surface of the ice. My time was mostly spent reading a book “into thin air’ A Personal Account of the Mt.Everest Disaster in 1996 when eight climbers were killed and several others were stranded by a "rogue storm". Definitely, not a light read, however at some point in life, I do wish to scale the highest peak of the world Mt. Everest. The Book gives an insight of what all can go wrong and how one wrong decision taken at that altitude can be life threatening.

Journey to the Glacier was overwhelming, extraordinary and certainly a once in a lifetime experience as one cannot go there even if they want to. There was a sense of fulfillment when I held the tri color flag after reaching the Kumar Post. 

This journey has taught me how to stand tall and still be humble, it has taught me how to look down and walk up in life. Staying on the glacier for a few days made me realize how lucky we all are to be living at the sea level. For us it was an expedition, we went up there and came back, however, our soldiers stay there for months regardless of how tough it gets by each passing day. A Big big salute to the Indian army and the brave jawans who have sacrificed everything for the sake of the motherland.

The writing on the board of base camp HQ says "HERE GREAT COURAGE AND FORTITUDE IS THE NORM" and another one that will remain with me for the rest of my life

LAND SO BARREN AND MOUNTAINS SO HIGH THAT ONLY THE BEST OF FRIENDS OR WORST OF ENEMIES COME AND VISIT US.

Vamini Sethi, a banker by profession, biker by passion. Read more

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Hi Mam,I am trying to apply for the Siachen Trek from past two years, but I could not find the notifications in army websites.Could you please let me know how to apply , if possible for the year.Regards,Nikhilemail [email protected]

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Rajnath Singh meets Indian Army soldiers in Siachen: ‘It is the capital of…’

Rajnath singh visits siachen: the siachen glacier, situated about 20,000 feet within karakoram mountain range, is the world's highest battlefield..

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh visited the troops at Siachen Base Camp in Ladakh on Monday, April 22, interacting with the armed forces personnel stationed there. He paid homage to the “Bravehearts” by laying a wreath at the war memorial.

Addressing the troops, Rajnath Singh said, “I congratulate you for the way you protect the country at the world's highest battlefield, Siachen Glacier. The land of Siachen is not ordinary, it symbolises the country's sovereignty and perseverance. It embodies our national determination. While Delhi is our national capital, Mumbai is our economic capital, and Bengaluru is our technological capital, Siachen is the capital of valour and courage.”

In a video shared by news agency ANI, Singh stood alongside army personnel, chanting “Bharat Mata Ki Jai.” In another clip, he engaged with each army member, inquiring about their name, designation, and place of origin.

One of the personnel, Captain Suman, is set to be deployed at Kumar Post of Siachen Glacier on May 1. The ‘Bharat Mata Ki Jai’ echoes filled the air at Kumar's post at Siachen Glacier in Ladakh as jawans raised slogans following their interaction with the defence minister.

Earlier in the day, before departing from Delhi to Siachen, he took to X (formerly Twitter) and posted, “Leaving New Delhi for Siachen. Looking forward to interact with our courageous Armed Forces Personnel deployed there.”

The Siachen Glacier is situated in the eastern Karakoram range within the Himalayas.

Siachen base camp

The Siachen Glacier, situated at about 20,000 feet within the Karakoram mountain range, is the highest battle field in the world. Here, soldiers confront severe challenges such as frostbite and strong winds.

On April 13, the Indian Army commemorated its “40th year of presence at Siachen.” Officials said the force's operational capabilities have significantly enhanced, largely due to the improved infrastructure in the region over recent years.

During “Operation Meghdoot” initiated on April 13, 1984, the Indian Army secured full control over the glacier.

In January of the previous year, Captain Shiva Chauhan, belonging to the Army's Corps of Engineers, was deployed to a frontline post in the Siachen Glacier. This marked the first operational deployment of a female Army officer on a pivotal battlefield.

Follow the latest breaking news and developments from India and around the world with Hindustan Times' newsdesk. From politics and policies to the economy and the environment, from local issues to national events and global affairs, we've got you covered. ...view detail

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Siachen civilian trek gives a taste of what our bravest soldiers go through in the world’s highest battlefield

The annual month-long siachen civilian trek 2016 is organised by the indian army’s adventure wing between august and september..

Abhimanyu Chakravorty ,

“It’s done,” she told the lady officer, as tears rolled down her cracked, red cheeks unfettered. A momentary shiver ran down her spine as they clasped each other in a joyous embrace. The flurry of emotions was, however, tempered with realism. And although familiar territory now, the journey back might not be the same experience.

Vamini Sethi, 31, was one of the few civilian participants to successfully complete the annual Siachen Civilian trek 2016 held in September this year. “It turned out to be far more difficult than my imagination. I expected some fun along the way, but it never got easy. The Army told us you’re not here to have fun, but understand how jawans stay in hardship,” says Sethi, a Mumbai -based banker who was one of the three women participants to finish the expedition along with 23 others.

The annual month-long Siachen Civilian trek 2016 is organised by the Indian Army’s Adventure Wing between August and September. The Indian Army decided to allow civilians to trek the glacier in 2007. Around 30-40 civilians are selected for this trek, along with personnel from the Defence Forces, Rashtriya Indian Military College and Rashtriya Military School cadets, media, and some trekkers recommended by the Indian Mountaineering Foundation. This is the only time when civilians can take part in an expedition to the world’s highest and coldest battlefield.

The selection criteria for the trek is tough. Out of over 2,000 applications from across India, only 17 civilians were selected, says Vamini. Interested participants send their applications addressed to the Indian Army’s Headquarters North High Command. Selection is done on a first-come-first-serve basis. Due to extreme weather conditions in Siachen, medical, physical and mental fitness are given prime importance. The application is then forwarded to Army’s Adventure Wing along with indemnity form and medical certificate. Applicants should be preferably below 45 years. “I first applied for the trek in 2013. Finally, I made it. While the applications were open to 40-year-olds, the Army also looked at a diverse group of people from various backgrounds. This year, nearly 80 per cent of applicants were less than 30 years of age,” informs Vamini.

WATCH VIDEO – Siachen Civilian Trek 2016

The 120-km trek (60 to and fro) commences from Leh in Ladakh. From here participants move to the Siachen Base Camp at 12,000 feet and move towards Kumar Post situated at 16,000 feet, the last post till where civilians are allowed. The entire distance of the expedition is around 60 km both ways and takes up to nine days to cover. The trek is also organised by the Army for the purpose of showing civilians the daily hardships of jawans serving the nation in the world’s coldest battlefield, where most casualties occur due to extreme weather than enemy bullets.

Stage 1: Reaching the Siachen Base Camp

Once the participants reach Leh, they are acclimitised to the low oxygen levels in Leh for seven days. The first three days are rest days and the participants are advised to drink plenty of water. Blood pressure and pulse rate are monitored daily by the Army. Between 6 and 9 am, they are all advised to go for long walks, and given commando-style full body training one after the other with very few breaks in between. Then they are given training for 11-12 days at the Siachen Base Camp (Stage 2). This is where they are taught to handle specialised mountaineering equipment and techniques to survive at high altitude. Here, they stay at Siachen Battle School, situated roughly at 12,000 feet. “At the base camp, we were given trekking equipment such as bulky 4-kg Scarpa ice shoes, ice axe, thick jackets, ropes etc. We were taught snowcraft, rockcraft and made to go on runs carrying 5-10 kg backpacks. Besides this, we had multiple sessions on tying 20 different variations of knots,” says Sethi.

“This is the scariest thing. You can be physically very fit, but medical conditions are not under your control. You can be sent back for this. I remember Colonel Hariharan telling us at the beginning that if we control our medical conditions, the Army will take care of our physical fitness. I didn’t come all this way here to go back home,” she says.

Siachen training tougher than last year

There’s another reason why the Army made this year’s training stricter and tougher than last year. Vamini explains that in 2015 lot of participants quit halfway through the trek due to physical fitness issues and many of them had to be evacuated using a chopper as there was no other way of bringing them down. “So this year the training was planned in such a way that if anyone wanted to quit, they should quit during the training itself and not while climbing up, as evacuations by chopper in that zone is always dangerous due to bad weather and remote terrain,” she adds.

Stage 2: Siachen Base Camp

While at the Siachen Base Camp, Vamini says, they were asked to wear the 4-kg Scarpa trekking shoes at all times, even while going to the toilet. This was to ensure participants get used to the equipment. But here was a challenge that almost made her cry. The smallest of things can become the biggest impediment. “For the uninitiated, the shoe is quite heavy and initially hits your shin repeatedly. Imagine wearing that shoe for the entire day, even for going to the loo. After a point I just couldn’t bear the pain and was almost about to back out. Never imagined a pair of shoe can do this to you. But I didn’t quit. I took painkillers and carried on.”

The stay at Leh and Siachen Base Camp are very different. At Leh, it’s a little relaxing and more about getting used to the climate, but at the Siachen Base Camp, which is located at the mouth of Nubra river, the environment is spartan. Over the past few years, the Army has done a good job at sustaining troops at high altitude, as a result casualties have come down. One can also see helicopters whirring in regular intervals to maintain constant vigil.

Given the hostile weather conditions and terrain, the participants had to undergo rigorous training for 21 days before they could proceed further. “This year the Army had made the training tougher and stricter than last year so they could judge our mental ability. They were judging us throughout. People were missing out on these training sessions because of its difficulty. One of my fellow participant told me during the training “Looks like they’ve forgotten we are civilians not commandos”. But this year, the dropouts were more due to medical conditions such as chilblain, low blood pressure, insulin spike etc, not age or physical conditions primarily.”

Stage 3: North Pullu (15,300 feet)- Final Stage

This is the final stage before the participants embark on the trek. To observe how their bodies were responding to high altitude, the Army made the participants walk with and without load (5-7.5 km) alternatively for three days in a row. Besides, they were given instructions by rope instructors on the practical aspects of the expedition and how to prevent medical problems in high altitude areas. One wouldn’t feel the altitude at first, but when participants were asked to walk on an incline, exhaustion and breathlessness set in fast.

Lectures were also conducted by the training team on how to take care of other members in a group as they shared some of their prior mountaineering experiences with them. This was a testing time for everyone. The training team would inform the participants that they are being monitored. This added to their anxiety about not making it to the final list. “This was the most difficult part of the training because oxygen is very less at North Pullu. A lot of people took breaks in between because of blood pressure issues and blisters. One said he can’t do it any more, while four others were eventually dropped by the Army because of medical issues at this stage. Finally, 28 people started the trek from 36.”

North Pullu is a transit camp, so it doesn’t have the comforts of a base camp. But even then, Vamini says, the Army went out of their way to make them feel comfortable. “It’s not that once you reach the camp you’re comfortable. The camps were all set up on lumps of ice. So they were all very uneven and tricky. Moving around the glacier was so painful. Can’t imagine how soldiers who are posted here for months stay in such conditions.”

At North Pullu, for the first time, Vamini’s resolve to carry on with the trek began to crumble when she momentarily thought of evacuation due to hamstring issues. “When the last civilian woman left the camp due to childblain, I was already very exhausted and I thought the trek hadn’t even started. I felt alone at this moment. This along with shin pain and hamstring problems got me extremely worried. I thought I might just need an evacuation.”

The officer in charge, however, insisted she take injections lest the injury gets worse. “I refused. Instead, I persisted and somehow managed to walk till Camp 2. Overnight, I applied mustard oil on tired muscles and slept. The next morning, luckily the pain had subsided and I decided to go ahead.”

Given the extreme weather, everything here is a big challenge. The helicopters are, therefore, a big lifeline for the armed forces here. Weather is the only thing that determines the level of activity. So the main aim is to airdrop supplies when the weather is clear.

But here’s the catch: When the skies are clear in summers, helicopters can carry lesser load. The harsh intensity of the sun makes the air lighter. In winters, the choppers can carry more load, but then the weather conditions are so bad it makes flying nearly impossible. For jawans stationed here, there are crippling challenges such as blizzards at 100-150 knots (185-275 km/hr) and sub-zero temperatures that go below minus 55 degrees Celcius. Extreme cold also causes life-threatening high-altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPO), a medical condition where fluid accumulates in the lungs. This is one of the main causes of death on Siachen glacier.

Soldiers are provided with specialised multilayered clothing that prevents excessive sweating. But then there have been cases of sweat becoming ice inside gloves and shoes, causing frostbites. Since 1984, the Army has lost 879 lives on the glacier, including the 10 who perished in an avalanche in February this year.

From North Pullu, the participants headed back to the Siachen Base Camp from where the trek will proceed to Kumar Post situated roughly at 16,000 feet.

This is the breakup for the final trek:

Base Camp – Camp 1: 12km Camp 1 – Camp 2: 14 km Camp 2 – Camp 3: 16 km Camp 3 – Kumar Post: 18 km

The excitement for the final leg was palpable amongst trekkers as this is what they have been preparing for the past three weeks. As the journey through the glacier to Kumar Post began, they were all roped up with each other trekking across the harsh terrain, through moraines, snow and deep crevasses.

“We had to trek at the speed of the leading rope member and in our rope, it was a military cadet. I did find myself struggling to match up to his speed at that altitude with limited oxygen. Unlike all the other treks that I have done before, this one didn’t give me a chance to look around as we had to constantly look down while trekking due to broken moraines and crevasses that can be life threatening,” she says.

Kumar Post is named after former Indian Army’s High Altitude Warfare School’s commanding officer Colonel Narendra Kumar. He was instrumental in leading Operation Meghdoot in 1984. This is what secured all of Siachen glacier for India. Prior to this, it was unoccupied and undemarcated area. A ceasefire went into effect in 2003, since then the area has been largely peaceful.

Troops usually serve for between 1 and 3 months at one post, and move between high-altitude posts and back. Jawans are trained at the Siachen Battle School, and undergo acclimatisation schedules before being inducted. Camp 1, 2 and 3 are transit points for soldiers deployed in forward posts. They usually have a few jawans and porters stationed here. The actual posts where jawans are stationed are located at 18,000 feet and above. Bana Post is the highest on the glacier at 22,000 feet, while Indira Col is the highest point on the glacier that India controls. It must be mentioned that posts beyond 20,000 feet are held by India alone. It gives India strategic height advantage that comes from holding a higher position. This enables India to pre-empt any move by Pakistan.

After an overnight snowfall, all the crevasses get covered from top making it difficult to identify them. The risk of falling into one is always high. As such, Vamini says: “I eventually got into a state of trance while looking down and trekking for hours without stopping or talking. Every day, there would be only one break for 7-10 mins (at half link- as they call it ) during the entire trek.”

There was an additional challenge here. If one person stopped mid-way for some reason, the entire chain of people had to halt. This meant more time taken to reach the final destination and problems in coordination and logistics. The Army training prepares you in such a way that such conditions don’t arise. But in most cases though, it’s the small issues that are a hindrance. “There were times when I had frost on the spectacles I was wearing under my snow goggles. In such cases, I had to wait to get to the half link as stopping would mean stopping not just your own rope but all the ropes as we were made to walk in a line,” she adds.

The trek to Camp 3 was exhausting as the team went on to Kumar Post, where the terrain was mostly flat. The toughest bit was the climb to Kumar Post which is situated on a block of ice. Once they finally reached the post, Vamini asked a soldier about the life up here in such punishing conditions. Several thoughtful minutes later, the jawan gave her a disarming smile that somehow belied the hardships they endure at Siachen.

In hindsight, Vamini says, the journey has taught her to stand tall and still be humble. “For us it was an expedition, we went up there and came back. But our soldiers stay there for months regardless of how tough it gets. A big salute to the Indian Army and the brave jawans who have sacrificed everything for the sake of the motherland.”

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Indian soldier breaks glass ceiling on glacial battlefield

Captain shiva chauhan has become the indian army’s first female soldier on the 4,700m high siachen glacier in the himalayas.

Rescuers searching for survivors after an avalanche on Siachen glacier in India’s Himalayan Kashmir region. Ten soldiers were buried when an avalanche hit their outpost on February 3rd, 2021. Photograph: EPA/Indian defence ministry

The Indian army has deployed its first female soldier to the 4,700m high Siachen glacier in the Himalayas – also known as the world’s highest battlefield.

On Tuesday the army tweeted that following her posting on the 76km glacier, also claimed by India’s neighbouring nuclear rival Pakistan, Capt Shiva Chauhan from the engineering corps had “broken the glass ceiling”.

Winter temperatures average minus 60 degrees on the disputed glacier, and are accompanied by an even more formidable windchill factor.

“We are extremely proud of Shiva,” Capt Chauhan’s mother Anjali told the Indian Express from her hometown of Udaipur in western Rajasthan state. “She has always been a person with a positive attitude.”

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Her sister Shabnam said her soldier sibling’s tenacity and single-mindedness had led to her “scripting history” by being the first woman to be posted to Siachen, just two years after being commissioned into the army.

A high-altitude cyclist and mountaineer, Capt Chauhan underwent arduous training at the Siachen Battle School, where she received instruction in ice wall-climbing and avalanche and crevasse rescue and survival techniques, which are essential on the glacier.

While on the Siachen for her three-month tenure, Capt Chauhan, who is serving with hundreds of male colleagues in her brigade, will be required to undertake numerous combat engineering tasks in the harsh terrain.

The glacier was occupied by India in 1984, in a move fiercely contested by Pakistan, and for several years the rival armies traded artillery and small arms fire until a ceasefire in 2003.

“Soldiers in Siachen battle the environment more than the enemy,” said retired Maj Gen A P Singh, who was formerly in charge of providing logistics to army personnel deployed on the glacier. Other than the freezing cold, which even in summer averages minus 20 degrees, he said they faced constant breathing problems, frostbite and the danger of loss of limbs and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Others who have served on Siachen said walking even a few steps on the glacier was daunting, with numerous soldiers routinely suffering high-altitude pulmonary and cerebral oedema and hypothermia-related disorders. Soldiers also face the prospect of enduring serious sunburn from scorching ultraviolet rays in Siachen’s rarefied mountainous atmosphere.

Since 1984 more than 900 Indian soldiers have died on Siachen due to climatic conditions, but in recent years the army’s overall infrastructure on the glacier has improved considerably, making existence on the inhospitable slopes relatively more tenable.

Pakistan controls the Saltoro Ridge, west of Siachen, and maintains posts some 1,000m below India’s positions, rendering its army’s position less gruelling.

The two countries, who have fought four wars since independence 75 years ago, came close to agreements on demilitarising Siachen three times, the last being in 2006, but mutual suspicion and mistrust scuttled them all.

Rahul Bedi is a contributor to The Irish Times based in New Delhi

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Walkthrough The Life Of Indian Army In Siachen

Bestseller Books For Your preparation

The life Of Indian Army In Siachen

The life of Indian Army in Siachen glacier. The Siachen glacier demarcates central Asia from the Indian subcontinent, and separates Pakistan from China in the region. The Saltoro Ridge of the Siachin glacier serves as a divide that prevents direct linking of PoK with China, stopping them to develop geographical military linkages in the area. Siachen also serves as a watchtower for India to keep a deep watch on Gilgit and Baltistan regions of Pakistan. Let us see the hardship that army jawans and officers have to face defending the position from Pakistan.

• The Siachen Glacier is in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalayas where the Line of Control between India and Pakistan passes.
• At 76 km (47 mi) long, it is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second-longest in the world’s non-polar areas.
• The average winter snowfall is more than 1000 cm (35 ft), and temperatures can dip to −50 °C (−58 °F).

Dispute with Pakistan

• Both India and Pakistan claim sovereignty over the entire Siachen region.
• US and Pakistani maps in the 1970s and 1980s consistently showed a dotted line known as the  Line of Control to the Karakoram Pass, which India believed to be a cartographic error and in violation of the Shimla Agreement.
• In 1984, India launched Operation Meghdoot, a military operation that gave India control over all of the Siachen Glacier, including its tributaries.
• Our Indian army has been guarding this post since then. 

Life in Siachen  

• Before being deployed to Siachen, soldiers undergo rigorous training at the Siachen Battle School, located near the base camp, and get acclimatised to the conditions.
• They learn rock-climbing and how to handle ice walls as well as negotiate crevasses. Rigorous medical check-ups are held, and soldiers suffering from high blood pressure or suspected cardiac ailments left out.
• The enemy at Siachen is not so much an entity armed with rifles and guns across the Actual Ground Position Line.
• No fire has been exchanged between Indians and Pakistanis in more than a dozen years.
• Nature, the atmosphere, snow, mountains, and the isolation, the mind, and one’s own body is the primary factor which poses a problem over here.
• Most of the soldiers die due to harsh weather condition in Siachen then with the enemy bullets.
• The temperature falls to -50 to -60 degree during winters.
• At such low-temperature problems like frostbite i.e. touching the steel or even gun trigger or barrel with bare hands will result in frostbite or even amputation.
• Not only this at the height of 5400meters soldiers end up suffering from a loss in appetite, hearing loss, memory loss, sleep deprivation, speech problem.
• DRDO has developed a hospital specifically maintained to treat all the issue caused due to a great height.

• We all know how vital is oxygen for survival whereas in Siachen only about 10% of oxygen in plains.
• Kerosene as a fuel act as a saviour which help in cooking food, lighting up of shelter, burning wood to keep warm, melting snow for drinking water but it has to be used carefully to make it last until next supply comes.
• While they bathe inside the pre-fabricated snow huts, crevasses usually serve as toilets, with a ladder leading down into them.
• When the soldier moves out they tie themselves to each other so that they do not get drifted due to weather change.
• Every post has a nursing attendant, and every company has a doctor as A doctor is a big psychological factor.
• When troops know there’s a doctor around, they feel reassured.
• With everyone wearing the same clothes, eating the same food and sleeping in the same shared shelter, the line between an officer and a jawan is skinny.
• Ten to 11 soldiers, including the officer in command of the post, generally share one fibreglass shelter. That keeps the morale up.

• Soldiers are allowed one call a week home. Most remote posts have a satellite phone, and the calls are put through by an operator.
• Siachen glacier ribbon is awarded to those who serve in the saltoro range.
• The ribbon is dull-grey-white strip reflecting the cold and unforgiving terrain conquered by men.

The Siachen War Memorial has been constructed at the Siachen Base Camp in the fond remembrance of all martyrs who have made supreme sacrifice for the ‘Izzat and Glory’ during Operation Meghdoot. ‘Quartered in snow, silent remain, when the bugle calls, they shall rise and march again’ are the wordings inscribed on the top of first wall, which aptly describes the brave soldiers who laid down their lives for the honour of motherland.

So wonderfully presented article, how do they move from base camp to glaciers, where do they eat? Is this place higher than the mount Everest? Please spare some time to reply.

Thanks and Regards

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• Defence minister visits Siachen to assess on-ground security situation at world’s highest battlefield

Post the aerial reconnaissance, the Defence minister landed at a forward post at an altitude of 15,100 feet, and was given a detailed brief on the operational readiness in the Siachen Glacier and the prevalent security situation.

• Online Bureau ,
• Published On Apr 22, 2024 at 03:58 PM IST

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Maps from a German bookstore started the race to Siachen Glacier

I t is widely known that the Siachen Glacier region caught the attention of the Indian military planners only around 1978 when Colonel Narendra ‘Bull’ Kumar’s attention was drawn to it by two German explorers, Volker Stallbohm and Jaroslav Poncar and he flagged it to the higher authorities. Incidentally, both Stallbohm and Poncar had explored Siachen from the Pakistani side in the summer of 1978 with Wolfgang Kohl and Major Asad Raza.

While Kumar and Lt. General ML Chibber’s accounts detailing the Indian interest in Siachen are well known, Poncar and Stallbohm give fresh insights into their own fascination with the region and their interactions with Kumar on the subject.

“After the Indus expedition of 1975 with Bull and others, the DC Leh, Mahmood Rahman suggested that we paddle down the Nubra from its source i.e the Siachen Glacier. However, that did not happen as Nubra Valley was in a totally restricted area,” recalls Poncar.

He went back home and read more about the glacier and the explorations of Tom Longstaff, Fanny and William Workman, and Giotto Dainelli in the region and started thinking about an expedition.

“In the summer of 1976, we were back in Zanskar and I again met Bull. When I suggested exploring Siachen, the longest glacier in the world, he rejected the idea saying there is no adventure in walking on long glaciers,” he added.

The year was 1977. By this time Stallbohm was infected with mountain fever from the two trips to the Western Himalayas and started searching for peaks to explore in the Eastern Karakorams when his eyes fell on the Mamostong Kangri, a peak above 7,000 mtrs lying on the eastern flank of the Siachen Glacier and easily accessible via the Nubra Valley. Excited at the prospect of a fresh ascent, both the explorers started planning another trip to India.

‘I went to the Gleumes Geobuchhandlung—a geographic bookstore in Cologne (now closed) and bought some maps of the region compiled by the AMS (American Map Service) in 1953 (Scale: 1:250,000) as part of the U 502 Topographic Series titled India and Pakistan and published in 1955. The Chulung Sheet (NI 43-4), Leh Sheet (NI 43-8) and Shyok Sheet (NI 44-5) were readily available and I gave them to Stallbohm who quickly drew up a route description to Mamostong as well as Saser Kangri using all the three sheets,” remembers Poncar.

Volker flew to Delhi with the plans and met Sheikh Abdullah and Kumar in the summer of 1977. The explorers thought their support for the Mamostong Expedition would help them get permission easily.

“I met Bull in 1977 and gave him the map to explain the route for the proposed expedition. I brought the US Army Service map and most of the references to Siachen are in the Chulung Sheet. The project came to nothing, but the map in the hands of Bull probably became the basis for the imminent conquest of the Siachen Glacier by the Indian Army,” rues Stallbohm.

Also read: Many good reasons to demilitarise Siachen. But India-Pakistan ties too torn to allow it

Marking of LoC

In all accounts attributed to Kumar, there is a reference to some map (s) given to him by the Germans in which the Line of Control has been extended to the Karakoram Pass and the region incorrectly depicted on the Pakistani side. When this author interacted with Kumar and probed him on the subject, Kumar vividly recalled the Indus Expedition, his association with the Germans, and his meeting with Stallbohm. He also recalled coming across maps showing a line going towards the Karakoram Pass and handing everything to the Director of Military Operations. However, he did not remember which specific map(s) he handed over to the DMO or the contents of the map(s) given to him by Stallbohm. Now both Poncar and Stallbohm confirm that it is the route map to Mamostong Kangri with the Chulung Sheet (showing Mamostong on the Chulung sheet).

The map handed over by Stallbohm to Kumar does not have any line demarcating the boundaries between India and Pakistan. “I don’t know what Kumar did with our map. Maybe it triggered his interest in the region and he started his own search discovering some other maps which extended the control line to the Karakoram Pass. Whatever it was, it was his own conclusion and our maps had nothing to do with it,” says Poncar.

Stallbohm confirms that in the map he gave Kumar most parts of Siachen are on the Chulung Sheet, and there are no annotations, remarks, or demarcation lines of any kind between India and Pakistan. “So, I do not know how Kumar could use it or some mystery about the American map to justify his incursion. All other subsequent affirmations are the sole responsibility of Kumar,” he says.

What emerges from research thus far is that Kumar being a mountaineer, was fascinated with the maps of the region given to him by Stallbohm as he had never seen them before. With the idea of an ascent planted in his mind, these maps in his hand acted as a catalyst for further probes into the mountaineering activity taking place in the region. Probably during the course of this search, he dug out details of various expeditions coming into the region from the Pakistani side and also discovered maps extending the control line to the Karakoram Pass.

Agitated about permissions being given by Pakistan while no such permissions were given in India, and alarmed by the spate of mountaineering activity and extension of the control line in some maps, he approached then DMO Major General ML Chibber with all the information around January 1978. Once all facts were ascertained and appreciated by the DMO, an Indian reaction was naturally imminent and it came in the form of a reconnaissance mission to Teram Kangri under Kumar, which landed on the glacier in 1978—within three months of the German expedition.

Since all these events occurred in close succession, it appears that while recalling the facts many years later, Kumar inadvertently attributed the cartographic error to the map given by Stallbohm when notably during this period there were several maps in circulation which visually extended the LoC to the Karakoram Pass by joining these two points in a straight line. These included, inter alia, some US State Department maps of Jammu and Kashmir, US Tactical Pilotage Chart TPC-G7D complied in 1967, US Operational Navigation Chart ONC G-7 of 1974 and maps in some popular Atlases, any of which could have caught Kumar’s eye while making his enquiries and passed on further.

Today though both Stallbohm and Poncar regret meeting Kumar, handing him the maps and inadvertently drawing his attention to Siachen, thankfully for India, Kumar’s curiosity, his timely sharing of all the information with the top brass and its correct assessment by them enabled the Indian army to pre-empt Pakistan from occupying it by launching Operation Meghdoot on 13 April 1984.

The writer is an independent researcher and author of ‘Meghdoot: The Beginning of the Coldest War’. This article is based on his personal interviews and online interactions with Colonel Narendra ‘Bull’ Kumar, Volker Stallbohm and Jaroslav Poncar. Views are personal.

(Edited by Theres Sudeep)