bootstrap safari compatibility

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Mobile devices

Desktop browsers, internet explorer, overflow and scrolling, ios text fields and scrolling, navbar dropdowns, browser zooming.

Sticky :hover/:focus on mobile

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Browsers and devices.

Learn about the browsers and devices, from modern to told, that are supported by Bootstrap, including known quirks and bugs for each.

Supported browsers

Bootstrap supports the latest, stable releases of all major browsers and platforms. On Windows, we support Internet Explorer 10-11 / Microsoft Edge .

Alternative browsers which use the latest version of WebKit, Blink, or Gecko, whether directly or via the platform’s web view API, are not explicitly supported. However, Bootstrap should (in most cases) display and function correctly in these browsers as well. More specific support information is provided below.

Generally speaking, Bootstrap supports the latest versions of each major platform’s default browsers. Note that proxy browsers (such as Opera Mini, Opera Mobile’s Turbo mode, UC Browser Mini, Amazon Silk) are not supported.

Similarly, the latest versions of most desktop browsers are supported.

For Firefox, in addition to the latest normal stable release, we also support the latest Extended Support Release (ESR) version of Firefox.

Unofficially, Bootstrap should look and behave well enough in Chromium and Chrome for Linux, Firefox for Linux, and Internet Explorer 9, though they are not officially supported.

For a list of some of the browser bugs that Bootstrap has to grapple with, see our Wall of browser bugs .

Internet Explorer 10+ is supported; IE9 and down is not. Please be aware that some CSS3 properties and HTML5 elements are not fully supported in IE10, or require prefixed properties for full functionality. Visit Can I use… for details on browser support of CSS3 and HTML5 features.

If you require IE8-9 support, use Bootstrap 3. It’s the most stable version of our code and is still supported by our team for critical bugfixes and documentation changes. However, no new features will be added to it.

Modals and dropdowns on mobile

Support for overflow: hidden; on the <body> element is quite limited in iOS and Android. To that end, when you scroll past the top or bottom of a modal in either of those devices’ browsers, the <body> content will begin to scroll. See Chrome bug #175502 (fixed in Chrome v40) and WebKit bug #153852 .

As of iOS 9.2, while a modal is open, if the initial touch of a scroll gesture is within the boundary of a textual <input> or a <textarea> , the <body> content underneath the modal will be scrolled instead of the modal itself. See WebKit bug #153856 .

The .dropdown-backdrop element isn’t used on iOS in the nav because of the complexity of z-indexing. Thus, to close dropdowns in navbars, you must directly click the dropdown element (or any other element which will fire a click event in iOS ).

Page zooming inevitably presents rendering artifacts in some components, both in Bootstrap and the rest of the web. Depending on the issue, we may be able to fix it (search first and then open an issue if need be). However, we tend to ignore these as they often have no direct solution other than hacky workarounds.

Sticky :hover / :focus on mobile

Even though real hovering isn’t possible on most touchscreens, most mobile browsers emulate hovering support and make :hover “sticky”. In other words, :hover styles start applying after tapping an element and only stop applying after the user taps some other element. On mobile-first sites, this behavior is normally undesirable.

Bootstrap includes a workaround for this, although it is disabled by default. By setting $enable-hover-media-query to true when compiling from Sass, Bootstrap will use mq4-hover-shim to disable :hover styles in browsers that emulate hovering, thus preventing sticky :hover styles. There are some caveats to this workaround; see the shim’s documentation for details.

Even in some modern browsers, printing can be quirky.

As of Safari v8.0, use of the fixed-width .container class can cause Safari to use an unusually small font size when printing. See issue #14868 and WebKit bug #138192 for more details. One potential workaround is the following CSS:

Android stock browser

Out of the box, Android 4.1 (and even some newer releases apparently) ship with the Browser app as the default web browser of choice (as opposed to Chrome). Unfortunately, the Browser app has lots of bugs and inconsistencies with CSS in general.

On <select> elements, the Android stock browser will not display the side controls if there is a border-radius and/or border applied. (See this StackOverflow question for details.) Use the snippet of code below to remove the offending CSS and render the <select> as an unstyled element on the Android stock browser. The user agent sniffing avoids interference with Chrome, Safari, and Mozilla browsers.

Want to see an example? Check out this JS Bin demo.

In order to provide the best possible experience to old and buggy browsers, Bootstrap uses CSS browser hacks in several places to target special CSS to certain browser versions in order to work around bugs in the browsers themselves. These hacks understandably cause CSS validators to complain that they are invalid. In a couple places, we also use bleeding-edge CSS features that aren’t yet fully standardized, but these are used purely for progressive enhancement.

These validation warnings don’t matter in practice since the non-hacky portion of our CSS does fully validate and the hacky portions don’t interfere with the proper functioning of the non-hacky portion, hence why we deliberately ignore these particular warnings.

Our HTML docs likewise have some trivial and inconsequential HTML validation warnings due to our inclusion of a workaround for a certain Firefox bug .

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Supported browsers & devices

Supported browsers

MDBootstrap supports the latest, stable releases of all major browsers and platforms.

Alternative browsers that use the latest version of WebKit, Blink, or Gecko, whether directly or via the platform’s web view API, are not explicitly supported. However, MDBootstrap should (in most cases) display and function correctly in these browsers as well.

You can find our supported range of browsers and their versions in our .browserslistrc file:

.browserlistrc

We use Autoprefixer to handle intended browser support via CSS prefixes, which uses Browserslist to manage these browser versions. Consult their documentation for how to integrate these tools into your projects.

Mobile devices

Desktop browsers

Similarly, the latest versions of most desktop browsers are supported.

Internet Explorer

Internet Explorer is not supported. If you require Internet Explorer support, please use MDBootstrap v4.

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Bootstrap 5 — Browser Support and Customization

Post author By John Au-Yeung
Post date June 29, 2020
No Comments on Bootstrap 5 — Browser Support and Customization

Bootstrap 5 is in alpha when this is written and it’s subject to change.

Bootstrap is a popular UI library for any JavaScript apps.

In this article, we’ll look at how to customize and extend Bootstrap 5 features and browser and device support.

Supported Browsers

Bootstrap supports modern browsers including the latest version of Legacy Edge.

Alternative browsers that use the Webkit, Blink, or Gecko engines should also display properly.

Mobile Devices

Bootstrap support most modern Android devices.

Android browser and webview from Android 6 or later is also supporred.

Chrome and Firefox in Android are also supported

iOS Chrome, Firefox, and Safari are also supported.

Desktop Browsers

On Mac, Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Opera, and Safari are supported.

On Windows, Chrome, Firefox, Edge, and Opera are supported.

Internet Explorer

Internet Explorer is no longer supported in Bootstrap 5.

Modals and Dropdowns on Mobile

overflow: hidden on body support is limited in iOS and Android.

This means that we can still scroll even with the CSS applied to it in those platforms.

iOS Text Fields and Scrolling

Since iOS 9.2, while a modal is open, the initial touch of a scroll features with an input element or body underneath the modal will be scrolled instead of the modal itself.

Navbar Dropdowns

.dropdown-navbar element isn’t used in iOS in the nav because of complexity with z-index.

Browser Zooming

Zooming may show rendering artifacts on the page and there’s no clean solution for this at the moment.

We can import SASS modules from the Bootstrap package.

This way, we can extend the Bootstrap SASS code with our own code.

For example, we can write:

to include all Bootstrap styles.

We can also import them pieces one-by-one by writing:

Then we can override the values with our own code. For example, we can write:

We can modify the $theme-colors map with our own code by overriding the values of the variables.

And then they’ll override the values in the map.

We can add new values to the $theme-colors map.

to our $theme-colors map.

Remove from Map

We can remove a color from a map with the map-remove function.

We remove the info and light values from the $theme-colors map.

Bootstrap 5 dropped the color() , theme-color() , and gray() functions since those values are available as standalone variables.

For example, instead of using the theme-color("primary") to get the primary color value, we use $primary .

CSS Variables

Bootstrap includes many CSS variables that we can use in our app.

They include:

We can use these values for colors and fonts.

Bootstrap 5 supports most modern browsers.

Also, we can customize values in various ways.

We can create tables with React Bootstrap easily. First, we install React Bootstrap by running:…

We can use react-datepicker with Bootstrap easily. We should either use Reactstrap or React Bootstrap…

Bootstrap 5 is in alpha when this is written and it’s subject to change. Bootstrap…

By John Au-Yeung

Web developer specializing in React, Vue, and front end development.

Bootstrap 3 Tutorial

Bootstrap grids, bootstrap themes, bootstrap examples, bootstrap css ref, bootstrap js ref, bootstrap get started, what is bootstrap.

Bootstrap is a free front-end framework for faster and easier web development
Bootstrap includes HTML and CSS based design templates for typography, forms, buttons, tables, navigation, modals, image carousels and many other, as well as optional JavaScript plugins
Bootstrap also gives you the ability to easily create responsive designs

What is Responsive Web Design? Responsive web design is about creating web sites which automatically adjust themselves to look good on all devices, from small phones to large desktops.

Bootstrap Example

Bootstrap history.

Bootstrap was developed by Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton at Twitter, and released as an open source product in August 2011 on GitHub.

In June 2014 Bootstrap was the No.1 project on GitHub!

Why Use Bootstrap?

Advantages of Bootstrap:

Easy to use: Anybody with just basic knowledge of HTML and CSS can start using Bootstrap
Responsive features: Bootstrap's responsive CSS adjusts to phones, tablets, and desktops
Mobile-first approach: In Bootstrap 3, mobile-first styles are part of the core framework
Browser compatibility: Bootstrap is compatible with all modern browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Edge, Safari, and Opera)

Bootstrap Versions

This tutorial follows Bootstrap 3 , which was released in 2013. However, we also cover newer versions; Bootstrap 4 (released 2018) and Bootstrap 5 (released 2021) .

Bootstrap 5 is the newest version of Bootstrap ; with new components, faster stylesheets, more responsiveness etc. It supports the latest, stable releases of all major browsers and platforms. However, Internet Explorer 11 and down is not supported.

The main differences between Bootstrap 5 and Bootstrap 3 & 4, is that Bootstrap 5 has switched to JavaScript instead of jQuery .

Note: Bootstrap 3 and Bootstrap 4 is still supported by the team for critical bugfixes and documentation changes, and it is perfectly safe to continue to use them. However, new features will NOT be added to them.

Where to Get Bootstrap?

There are two ways to start using Bootstrap on your own web site.

Download Bootstrap from getbootstrap.com
Include Bootstrap from a CDN

Downloading Bootstrap

If you want to download and host Bootstrap yourself, go to getbootstrap.com , and follow the instructions there.

Bootstrap CDN

If you don't want to download and host Bootstrap yourself, you can include it from a CDN (Content Delivery Network).

MaxCDN provides CDN support for Bootstrap's CSS and JavaScript. You must also include jQuery:

One advantage of using the Bootstrap CDN: Many users already have downloaded Bootstrap from MaxCDN when visiting another site. As a result, it will be loaded from cache when they visit your site, which leads to faster loading time. Also, most CDN's will make sure that once a user requests a file from it, it will be served from the server closest to them, which also leads to faster loading time.

jQuery Bootstrap uses jQuery for JavaScript plugins (like modals, tooltips, etc). However, if you just use the CSS part of Bootstrap, you don't need jQuery.

Create First Web Page With Bootstrap

1. Add the HTML5 doctype

Bootstrap uses HTML elements and CSS properties that require the HTML5 doctype.

Always include the HTML5 doctype at the beginning of the page, along with the lang attribute and the correct character set:

2. Bootstrap 3 is mobile-first

Bootstrap 3 is designed to be responsive to mobile devices. Mobile-first styles are part of the core framework.

To ensure proper rendering and touch zooming, add the following <meta> tag inside the <head> element:

The width=device-width part sets the width of the page to follow the screen-width of the device (which will vary depending on the device).

The initial-scale=1 part sets the initial zoom level when the page is first loaded by the browser.

3. Containers

Bootstrap also requires a containing element to wrap site contents.

There are two container classes to choose from:

The .container class provides a responsive fixed width container
The .container-fluid class provides a full width container , spanning the entire width of the viewport

Two Basic Bootstrap Pages

The following example shows the code for a basic Bootstrap page (with a responsive fixed width container):

The following example shows the code for a basic Bootstrap page (with a full width container):

COLOR PICKER

Contact Sales

If you want to use W3Schools services as an educational institution, team or enterprise, send us an e-mail: [email protected]

Report Error

If you want to report an error, or if you want to make a suggestion, send us an e-mail: [email protected]

Getting started

An overview of Bootstrap, how to download and use, basic templates and examples, and more.

Bootstrap at NC State

Bootstrap has a few easy ways to quickly get started, each one appealing to a different skill level and use case. Read through to see what suits your particular needs.

NC State Bootstrap

The Bootstrap CSS and JavaScript code are hosted from a central NC State repository. Source code can be found on GitHub . Any issues or questions about the NC State flavor of Bootstrap can be submitted through GitHub or by emailing [email protected] .

Basic template

Start with this basic HTML template. We hope you'll use the many CSS styles and components within the NC State flavored Bootstrap to help you create an on-brand website.

Copy the HTML below to begin working with a minimal Bootstrap document.

Stay up to date on the development of the NC State flavor of Bootstrap and reach out to the community with these helpful resources.

Read and subscribe to NC State Web Developers listserv .
Submit pull requests or track issues on the NC State Bootstrap GitHub repo .

You can also email [email protected] with any questions, bugs, or suggestions.

Disabling responsiveness

Bootstrap automatically adapts your pages for various screen sizes. Here's how to disable this feature so your page works like in this non-responsive example .

Steps to disable page responsiveness

Omit the viewport <meta> mentioned in the CSS docs
Override the width on the .container for each grid tier with a single width, for example width: 970px !important; Be sure that this comes after the default Bootstrap CSS. You can optionally avoid the !important with media queries or some selector-fu.
If using navbars, remove all navbar collapsing and expanding behavior.
For grid layouts, use .col-xs-* classes in addition to, or in place of, the medium/large ones. Don't worry, the extra-small device grid scales to all resolutions.

You'll still need Respond.js for IE8 (since our media queries are still there and need to be processed). This disables the "mobile site" aspects of Bootstrap.

Bootstrap template with responsiveness disabled

We've applied these steps to an example. Read its source code to see the specific changes implemented.

View non-responsive example

Migrating from v2.x to v3.x

Looking to migrate from an older version of Bootstrap to v3.x? Check out our migration guide .

Browser and device support

Bootstrap is built to work best in the latest desktop and mobile browsers, meaning older browsers might display differently styled, though fully functional, renderings of certain components.

Supported browsers

Specifically, we support the latest versions of the following browsers and platforms:

Unofficially, Bootstrap should look and behave well enough in Chromium and Chrome for Linux, Firefox for Linux, and Internet Explorer 7, though they are not officially supported.

Internet Explorer 8 and 9

Internet Explorer 8 and 9 are also supported, however, please be aware that some CSS3 properties and HTML5 elements are not fully supported by these browsers. In addition, Internet Explorer 8 requires the use of Respond.js to enable media query support.

Visit Can I use... for details on browser support of CSS3 and HTML5 features.

Internet Explorer 8 and Respond.js

Beware of the following caveats when using Respond.js in your development and production environments for Internet Explorer 8.

Respond.js and cross-domain CSS

Using Respond.js with CSS hosted on a different (sub)domain (for example, on a CDN) requires some additional setup. See the Respond.js docs for details.

Respond.js and file://

Due to browser security rules, Respond.js doesn't work with pages viewed via the file:// protocol (like when opening a local HTML file). To test responsive features in IE8, view your pages over HTTP(S). See the Respond.js docs for details.

Respond.js and @import

Respond.js doesn't work with CSS that's referenced via @import . In particular, some Drupal configurations are known to use @import . See the Respond.js docs for details.

Internet Explorer 8 and box-sizing

IE8 does not fully support box-sizing: border-box; when combined with min-width , max-width , min-height , or max-height . For that reason, as of v3.0.1, we no longer use max-width on .container s.

IE Compatibility modes

Bootstrap is not supported in the old Internet Explorer compatibility modes. To be sure you're using the latest rendering mode for IE, consider including the appropriate <meta> tag in your pages:

Confirm the document mode by opening the debugging tools: press F12 and check the "Document Mode".

This tag is included in all Bootstrap's documentation and examples to ensure the best rendering possible in each supported version of Internet Explorer.

See this StackOverflow question for more information.

Internet Explorer 10 in Windows 8 and Windows Phone 8

Internet Explorer 10 doesn't differentiate device width from viewport width , and thus doesn't properly apply the media queries in Bootstrap's CSS. Normally you'd just add a quick snippet of CSS to fix this:

However, this doesn't work for devices running Windows Phone 8 versions older than Update 3 (a.k.a. GDR3) , as it causes such devices to show a mostly desktop view instead of narrow "phone" view. To address this, you'll need to include the following CSS and JavaScript to work around the bug .

For more information and usage guidelines, read Windows Phone 8 and Device-Width .

As a heads up, we include this in the Bootstrap docs as an example.

Safari percent rounding

As of Safari v6.1 for OS X and Safari for iOS v7.0.1, Safari's rendering engine has some trouble with the number of decimal places used in our .col-*-1 grid classes. So if you have 12 individual grid columns, you'll notice that they come up short compared to other rows of columns. We can't do much here ( see #9282 ) but you do have some options:

Add .pull-right to your last grid column to get the hard-right alignment
Tweak your percentages manually to get the perfect rounding for Safari (more difficult than the first option)

We'll keep an eye on this though and update our code if we have an easy solution.

Modals, navbars, and virtual keyboards

Overflow and scrolling

Support for overflow: hidden on the <body> element is quite limited in iOS and Android. To that end, when you scroll past the top or bottom of a modal in either of those devices' browsers, the <body> content will begin to scroll.

Virtual keyboards

Also, note that if you're using inputs in your modal or navbar, iOS has a rendering bug that doesn't update the position of fixed elements when the virtual keyboard is triggered. A few workarounds for this include transforming your elements to position: absolute or invoking a timer on focus to try to correct the positioning manually. This is not handled by Bootstrap, so it is up to you to decide which solution is best for your application.

Navbar Dropdowns

The .dropdown-backdrop element isn't used on iOS in the nav because of the complexity of z-indexing. Thus, to close dropdowns in navbars, you must directly click the dropdown element (or any other element which will fire a click event in iOS).

Browser zooming

Printer viewports

Even in some modern browsers, printing can be quirky. In particular, as of Chrome v32 and regardless of margin settings, Chrome uses a viewport width significantly narrower than the physical paper size when resolving media queries while printing a webpage. This can result in Bootstrap's extra-small grid being unexpectedly activated when printing. See #12078 for some details. Suggested workarounds:

Embrace the extra-small grid and make sure your page looks acceptable under it.
Customize the values of the @screen-* Less variables so that your printer paper is considered larger than extra-small.
Add custom media queries to change the grid size breakpoints for print media only.
Android stock browser

Select menus

On <select> elements, the Android stock browser will not display the side controls if there is a border-radius and/or border applied. Use the snippet of code below to remove the offending CSS and render the <select> as an unstyled element on the Android stock browser. The user agent sniffing avoids interference with Chrome, Safari, and Mozilla browsers.

Want to see an example? Check out this JS Bin demo.

Third party support

While we don't officially support any third party plugins or add-ons, we do offer some useful advice to help avoid potential issues in your projects.

Some third party software, including Google Maps and Google Custom Search Engine, conflict with Bootstrap due to * { box-sizing: border-box; } , a rule which makes it so padding does not affect the final computed width of an element. Learn more about box model and sizing at CSS Tricks .

Depending on the context, you may override as-needed (Option 1) or reset the box-sizing for entire regions (Option 2).

Accessibility

Bootstrap follows common web standards and can help create sites that are accessible to those using AT .

Web pages and applications must be designed to accessibility standards. Bootstrap can assist you in meeting some of those needs automatically; however, additional manual work may be necessary. To check your site for accessibility you can submit it to the NC State Accessibility Scan , or you can refer to the Accessibility Handbook for tutorials on accessible Web design.

For questions, please contact [email protected] .

License FAQs

Bootstrap is released under the MIT license and is copyright 2017 Twitter. The NC State flavor of Bootstrap is created and maintained by NC State University Communications. Boiled down to smaller chunks, it can be described with the following conditions.

It requires you to:

Include the license and copyright notice in your works

It permits you to:

Freely download and use Bootstrap, in whole or in part, for personal, private, company internal, or commercial purposes
Use Bootstrap in packages or distributions that you create
Modify the source code
Grant a sublicense to modify and distribute Bootstrap to third parties not included in the license

It forbids you to:

Hold the authors and license owners liable for damages as Bootstrap is provided without warranty
Hold the creators or copyright holders of Bootstrap liable
Redistribute any piece of Bootstrap without proper attribution
Use any marks owned by Twitter in any way that might state or imply that Twitter endorses your distribution
Use any marks owned by Twitter in any way that might state or imply that you created the Twitter software in question

Bootstrap 5: Handling Cross-Browser Compatibility Issues

Common Cross-Browser Issues with Bootstrap 5

Despite the advancements in web standards, browsers interpret CSS and HTML differently. This means that a feature or layout that looks perfect in one browser might break in another. Some common issues include:

Alignment and spacing inconsistencies
Variations in font rendering
Different interpretations of CSS3 properties
JavaScript execution discrepancies

Strategies for Ensuring Compatibility

To address these issues, developers should employ several strategies:

Normalize CSS: Use a reset or normalize stylesheet to reduce browser inconsistencies.
Prefixed CSS Properties: Utilize tools like Autoprefixer to add vendor prefixes automatically.
Feature Detection: Implement feature detection with Modernizr to tailor experiences based on browser capabilities.
Polyfills: Where necessary, use polyfills to emulate missing features.
Cross-Browser Testing: Regularly test your site on different browsers and devices.

Bootstrap 5 Specific Tips

In the context of Bootstrap 5, here are additional tips to consider:

Use the provided CSS Custom Properties: Bootstrap 5 introduces custom properties that can be overridden for customization and compatibility.
Responsive Classes: Leverage Bootstrap's responsive utility classes to ensure layouts adapt across devices.

Troubleshooting with Browser Developer Tools

Browsers come equipped with developer tools that are invaluable for debugging compatibility issues. These tools allow you to inspect elements, modify CSS on-the-fly, and view JavaScript logs. By using these tools, you can quickly identify and resolve problems specific to each browser.

Code Example: Resolving a Flexbox Issue

This snippet ensures that flex containers work across different browser versions by providing fallbacks.

The Role of Professional Developers

Tackling cross-browser compatibility can be complex, which is why many businesses opt to hire bootstrap developers who specialize in creating robust solutions that work across all platforms. A skilled developer will save time and reduce headaches by preemptively addressing potential issues during development.

If you're interested in enhancing this article or becoming a contributing author, we'd love to hear from you.

Please contact Sasha at [email protected] to discuss the opportunity further or to inquire about adding a direct link to your resource. We welcome your collaboration and contributions!

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Supported browsers

Browsers and devices.

Learn about the browsers and devices, from modern to old, that are supported by Bootstrap Table, including known quirks and bugs for each.

Bootstrap Table supports the latest, stable releases of all major browsers and platforms. On Windows, we support Internet Explorer 10-11 / Microsoft Edge .

Alternative browsers which use the latest version of WebKit, Blink, or Gecko, whether directly or via the platform’s web view API, are not explicitly supported. However, Bootstrap Table should (in most cases) display and function correctly in these browsers. More specific support information is provided below.

You can find our supported range of browsers and their versions in our .browserslistrc file :

Because Bootstrap Table is designed for Bootstrap, we will try to be consistent with Bootstrap in browsers and devices compatibility. You can check out the browsers-devices of Bootstrap for more detail.

Getting started

An overview of Bootstrap, how to download and use, basic templates and examples, and more.

Bootstrap (currently v3.3.6) has a few easy ways to quickly get started, each one appealing to a different skill level and use case. Read through to see what suits your particular needs.

Compiled and minified CSS, JavaScript, and fonts. No docs or original source files are included.

Download Bootstrap

Source code

Source Less, JavaScript, and font files, along with our docs. Requires a Less compiler and some setup.

Download source

Bootstrap ported from Less to Sass for easy inclusion in Rails, Compass, or Sass-only projects.

Download Sass

Bootstrap CDN

The folks over at MaxCDN graciously provide CDN support for Bootstrap's CSS and JavaScript. Just use these Bootstrap CDN links.

Install with Bower

You can also install and manage Bootstrap's Less, CSS, JavaScript, and fonts using Bower :

Install with npm

You can also install Bootstrap using npm :

require('bootstrap') will load all of Bootstrap's jQuery plugins onto the jQuery object. The bootstrap module itself does not export anything. You can manually load Bootstrap's jQuery plugins individually by loading the /js/*.js files under the package's top-level directory.

Bootstrap's package.json contains some additional metadata under the following keys:

less - path to Bootstrap's main Less source file
style - path to Bootstrap's non-minified CSS that's been precompiled using the default settings (no customization)

Install with Composer

You can also install and manage Bootstrap's Less, CSS, JavaScript, and fonts using Composer :

Autoprefixer required for Less/Sass

Bootstrap uses Autoprefixer to deal with CSS vendor prefixes . If you're compiling Bootstrap from its Less/Sass source and not using our Gruntfile, you'll need to integrate Autoprefixer into your build process yourself. If you're using precompiled Bootstrap or using our Gruntfile, you don't need to worry about this because Autoprefixer is already integrated into our Gruntfile.

What's included

Bootstrap is downloadable in two forms, within which you'll find the following directories and files, logically grouping common resources and providing both compiled and minified variations.

jQuery required

Please note that all JavaScript plugins require jQuery to be included, as shown in the starter template . Consult our bower.json to see which versions of jQuery are supported.

Precompiled Bootstrap

Once downloaded, unzip the compressed folder to see the structure of (the compiled) Bootstrap. You'll see something like this:

This is the most basic form of Bootstrap: precompiled files for quick drop-in usage in nearly any web project. We provide compiled CSS and JS ( bootstrap.* ), as well as compiled and minified CSS and JS ( bootstrap.min.* ). CSS source maps ( bootstrap.*.map ) are available for use with certain browsers' developer tools. Fonts from Glyphicons are included, as is the optional Bootstrap theme.

Bootstrap source code

The Bootstrap source code download includes the precompiled CSS, JavaScript, and font assets, along with source Less, JavaScript, and documentation. More specifically, it includes the following and more:

The less/ , js/ , and fonts/ are the source code for our CSS, JS, and icon fonts (respectively). The dist/ folder includes everything listed in the precompiled download section above. The docs/ folder includes the source code for our documentation, and examples/ of Bootstrap usage. Beyond that, any other included file provides support for packages, license information, and development.

Compiling CSS and JavaScript

Bootstrap uses Grunt for its build system, with convenient methods for working with the framework. It's how we compile our code, run tests, and more.

Installing Grunt

To install Grunt, you must first download and install node.js (which includes npm). npm stands for node packaged modules and is a way to manage development dependencies through node.js.

Install grunt-cli globally with npm install -g grunt-cli .
Navigate to the root /bootstrap/ directory, then run npm install . npm will look at the package.json file and automatically install the necessary local dependencies listed there.

When completed, you'll be able to run the various Grunt commands provided from the command line.

Available Grunt commands

grunt dist (Just compile CSS and JavaScript)

Regenerates the /dist/ directory with compiled and minified CSS and JavaScript files. As a Bootstrap user, this is normally the command you want.

grunt watch (Watch)

Watches the Less source files and automatically recompiles them to CSS whenever you save a change.

grunt test (Run tests)

Runs JSHint and runs the QUnit tests headlessly in PhantomJS .

grunt docs (Build & test the docs assets)

Builds and tests CSS, JavaScript, and other assets which are used when running the documentation locally via jekyll serve .

grunt (Build absolutely everything and run tests)

Compiles and minifies CSS and JavaScript, builds the documentation website, runs the HTML5 validator against the docs, regenerates the Customizer assets, and more. Requires Jekyll . Usually only necessary if you're hacking on Bootstrap itself.

Troubleshooting

Should you encounter problems with installing dependencies or running Grunt commands, first delete the /node_modules/ directory generated by npm. Then, rerun npm install .

Basic template

Start with this basic HTML template, or modify these examples . We hope you'll customize our templates and examples, adapting them to suit your needs.

Copy the HTML below to begin working with a minimal Bootstrap document.

Build on the basic template above with Bootstrap's many components. We encourage you to customize and adapt Bootstrap to suit your individual project's needs.

Get the source code for every example below by downloading the Bootstrap repository . Examples can be found in the docs/examples/ directory.

Using the framework

Starter template

Nothing but the basics: compiled CSS and JavaScript along with a container.

Bootstrap theme

Load the optional Bootstrap theme for a visually enhanced experience.

Multiple examples of grid layouts with all four tiers, nesting, and more.

Build around the jumbotron with a navbar and some basic grid columns.

Narrow jumbotron

Build a more custom page by narrowing the default container and jumbotron.

Navbars in action

Super basic template that includes the navbar along with some additional content.

Static top navbar

Super basic template with a static top navbar along with some additional content.

Fixed navbar

Super basic template with a fixed top navbar along with some additional content.

Custom components

A one-page template for building simple and beautiful home pages.

Customize the navbar and carousel, then add some new components.

Simple two-column blog layout with custom navigation, header, and type.

Basic structure for an admin dashboard with fixed sidebar and navbar.

Sign-in page

Custom form layout and design for a simple sign in form.

Justified nav

Create a custom navbar with justified links. Heads up! Not too Safari friendly.

Sticky footer

Attach a footer to the bottom of the viewport when the content is shorter than it.

Sticky footer with navbar

Attach a footer to the bottom of the viewport with a fixed navbar at the top.

Experiments

Non-responsive Bootstrap

Easily disable the responsiveness of Bootstrap per our docs .

Build a toggleable off-canvas navigation menu for use with Bootstrap.

Bootlint is the official Bootstrap HTML linter tool. It automatically checks for several common HTML mistakes in webpages that are using Bootstrap in a fairly "vanilla" way. Vanilla Bootstrap's components/widgets require their parts of the DOM to conform to certain structures. Bootlint checks that instances of Bootstrap components have correctly-structured HTML. Consider adding Bootlint to your Bootstrap web development toolchain so that none of the common mistakes slow down your project's development.

Stay up to date on the development of Bootstrap and reach out to the community with these helpful resources.

Read and subscribe to The Official Bootstrap Blog .
Chat with fellow Bootstrappers using IRC in the irc.freenode.net server, in the ##bootstrap channel .
For help using Bootstrap, ask on StackOverflow using the tag twitter-bootstrap-3 .
Developers should use the keyword bootstrap on packages which modify or add to the functionality of Bootstrap when distributing through npm or similar delivery mechanisms for maximum discoverability.
Find inspiring examples of people building with Bootstrap at the Bootstrap Expo .

You can also follow @getbootstrap on Twitter for the latest gossip and awesome music videos.

Disabling responsiveness

Bootstrap automatically adapts your pages for various screen sizes. Here's how to disable this feature so your page works like this non-responsive example .

Steps to disable page responsiveness

Omit the viewport <meta> mentioned in the CSS docs
Override the width on the .container for each grid tier with a single width, for example width: 970px !important; Be sure that this comes after the default Bootstrap CSS. You can optionally avoid the !important with media queries or some selector-fu.
If using navbars, remove all navbar collapsing and expanding behavior.
For grid layouts, use .col-xs-* classes in addition to, or in place of, the medium/large ones. Don't worry, the extra-small device grid scales to all resolutions.

You'll still need Respond.js for IE8 (since our media queries are still there and need to be processed). This disables the "mobile site" aspects of Bootstrap.

Bootstrap template with responsiveness disabled

We've applied these steps to an example. Read its source code to see the specific changes implemented.

View non-responsive example

Migrating from v2.x to v3.x

Looking to migrate from an older version of Bootstrap to v3.x? Check out our migration guide .

Browser and device support

Bootstrap is built to work best in the latest desktop and mobile browsers, meaning older browsers might display differently styled, though fully functional, renderings of certain components.

Supported browsers

Specifically, we support the latest versions of the following browsers and platforms. On Windows, we support Internet Explorer 8-11 . More specific support information is provided below.

Unofficially, Bootstrap should look and behave well enough in Chromium and Chrome for Linux, Firefox for Linux, and Internet Explorer 7, though they are not officially supported.

For a list of some of the browser bugs that Bootstrap has to grapple with, see our Wall of browser bugs .

Internet Explorer 8 and 9

Visit Can I use... for details on browser support of CSS3 and HTML5 features.

Internet Explorer 8 and Respond.js

Beware of the following caveats when using Respond.js in your development and production environments for Internet Explorer 8.

Respond.js and cross-domain CSS

Using Respond.js with CSS hosted on a different (sub)domain (for example, on a CDN) requires some additional setup. See the Respond.js docs for details.

Respond.js and file://

Respond.js and @import

Respond.js doesn't work with CSS that's referenced via @import . In particular, some Drupal configurations are known to use @import . See the Respond.js docs for details.

Internet Explorer 8 and box-sizing

IE8 does not fully support box-sizing: border-box; when combined with min-width , max-width , min-height , or max-height . For that reason, as of v3.0.1, we no longer use max-width on .container s.

Internet Explorer 8 and @font-face

IE8 has some issues with @font-face when combined with :before . Bootstrap uses that combination with its Glyphicons. If a page is cached, and loaded without the mouse over the window (i.e. hit the refresh button or load something in an iframe) then the page gets rendered before the font loads. Hovering over the page (body) will show some of the icons and hovering over the remaining icons will show those as well. See issue #13863 for details.

IE Compatibility modes

Bootstrap is not supported in the old Internet Explorer compatibility modes. To be sure you're using the latest rendering mode for IE, consider including the appropriate <meta> tag in your pages:

Confirm the document mode by opening the debugging tools: press F12 and check the "Document Mode".

This tag is included in all of Bootstrap's documentation and examples to ensure the best rendering possible in each supported version of Internet Explorer.

See this StackOverflow question for more information.

Internet Explorer 10 in Windows 8 and Windows Phone 8

For more information and usage guidelines, read Windows Phone 8 and Device-Width .

As a heads up, we include this in all of Bootstrap's documentation and examples as a demonstration.

Safari percent rounding

The rendering engine of versions of Safari prior to v7.1 for OS X and Safari for iOS v8.0 had some trouble with the number of decimal places used in our .col-*-1 grid classes. So if you had 12 individual grid columns, you'd notice that they came up short compared to other rows of columns. Besides upgrading Safari/iOS, you have some options for workarounds:

Add .pull-right to your last grid column to get the hard-right alignment
Tweak your percentages manually to get the perfect rounding for Safari (more difficult than the first option)
Modals, navbars, and virtual keyboards

Overflow and scrolling

Virtual keyboards

Also, note that if you're using a fixed navbar or using inputs within a modal, iOS has a rendering bug that doesn't update the position of fixed elements when the virtual keyboard is triggered. A few workarounds for this include transforming your elements to position: absolute or invoking a timer on focus to try to correct the positioning manually. This is not handled by Bootstrap, so it is up to you to decide which solution is best for your application.

Navbar Dropdowns

Browser zooming

Sticky :hover / :focus on mobile

Even though real hovering isn't possible on most touchscreens, most mobile browsers emulate hovering support and make :hover "sticky". In other words, :hover styles start applying after tapping an element and only stop applying after the user taps some other element. This can cause Bootstrap's :hover states to become unwantedly "stuck" on such browsers. Some mobile browsers also make :focus similarly sticky. There is currently no simple workaround for these issues other than removing such styles entirely.

Even in some modern browsers, printing can be quirky.

In particular, as of Chrome v32 and regardless of margin settings, Chrome uses a viewport width significantly narrower than the physical paper size when resolving media queries while printing a webpage. This can result in Bootstrap's extra-small grid being unexpectedly activated when printing. See #12078 for some details. Suggested workarounds:

Embrace the extra-small grid and make sure your page looks acceptable under it.
Customize the values of the @screen-* Less variables so that your printer paper is considered larger than extra-small.
Add custom media queries to change the grid size breakpoints for print media only.

Also, as of Safari v8.0, fixed-width .container s can cause Safari to use an unusually small font size when printing. See #14868 for more details. One potential workaround for this is adding the following CSS:

Android stock browser

Select menus

Want to see an example? Check out this JS Bin demo.

In order to provide the best possible experience to old and buggy browsers, Bootstrap uses CSS browser hacks in several places to target special CSS to certain browser versions in order to work around bugs in the browsers themselves. These hacks understandably cause CSS validators to complain that they are invalid. In a couple places, we also use bleeding-edge CSS features that aren't yet fully standardized, but these are used purely for progressive enhancement.

These validation warnings don't matter in practice since the non-hacky portion of our CSS does fully validate and the hacky portions don't interfere with the proper functioning of the non-hacky portion, hence why we deliberately ignore these particular warnings.

Our HTML docs likewise have some trivial and inconsequential HTML validation warnings due to our inclusion of a workaround for a certain Firefox bug .

Third party support

While we don't officially support any third party plugins or add-ons, we do offer some useful advice to help avoid potential issues in your projects.

Depending on the context, you may override as-needed (Option 1) or reset the box-sizing for entire regions (Option 2).

Accessibility

Bootstrap follows common web standards and—with minimal extra effort—can be used to create sites that are accessible to those using AT .

Skip navigation

If your navigation contains many links and comes before the main content in the DOM, add a Skip to main content link before the navigation (for a simple explanation, see this A11Y Project article on skip navigation links ). Using the .sr-only class will visually hide the skip link, and the .sr-only-focusable class will ensure that the link becomes visible once focused (for sighted keyboard users).

Due to long-standing shortcomings/bugs in Chrome (see issue 262171 in the Chromium bug tracker ) and Internet Explorer (see this article on in-page links and focus order ), you will need to make sure that the target of your skip link is at least programmatically focusable by adding tabindex="-1" .

In addition, you may want to explicitly suppress a visible focus indication on the target (particularly as Chrome currently also sets focus on elements with tabindex="-1" when they are clicked with the mouse) with #content:focus { outline: none; } .

Note that this bug will also affect any other in-page links your site may be using, rendering them useless for keyboard users. You may consider adding a similar stop-gap fix to all other named anchors / fragment identifiers that act as link targets.

Nested headings

When nesting headings ( <h1> - <h6> ), your primary document header should be an <h1> . Subsequent headings should make logical use of <h2> - <h6> such that screen readers can construct a table of contents for your pages.

Learn more at HTML CodeSniffer and Penn State's AccessAbility .

Color contrast

Currently, some of the default color combinations available in Bootstrap (such as the various styled button classes, some of the code highlighting colors used for basic code blocks , the .bg-primary contextual background helper class, and the default link color when used on a white background) have a low contrast ratio (below the recommended ratio of 4.5:1 ). This can cause problems to users with low vision or who are color blind. These default colors may need to be modified to increase their contrast and legibility.

Additional resources

"HTML Codesniffer" bookmarklet for identifying accessibility issues
Chrome's Accessibility Developer Tools extension
The A11Y Project
MDN accessibility documentation
License FAQs

It requires you to:

Keep the license and copyright notice included in Bootstrap's CSS and JavaScript files when you use them in your works

It permits you to:

Freely download and use Bootstrap, in whole or in part, for personal, private, company internal, or commercial purposes
Use Bootstrap in packages or distributions that you create
Modify the source code
Grant a sublicense to modify and distribute Bootstrap to third parties not included in the license

It forbids you to:

Hold the authors and license owners liable for damages as Bootstrap is provided without warranty
Hold the creators or copyright holders of Bootstrap liable
Redistribute any piece of Bootstrap without proper attribution
Use any marks owned by Twitter in any way that might state or imply that Twitter endorses your distribution
Use any marks owned by Twitter in any way that might state or imply that you created the Twitter software in question

IMAGES

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Bootstrap 5 Browser Compatibility
Mastering Bootstrap Carousel: A Complete Guide to Great Design
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VIDEO

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COMMENTS

Browsers and devices · Bootstrap
Generally speaking, Bootstrap supports the latest versions of each major platform's default browsers. Note that proxy browsers (such as Opera Mini, Opera Mobile's Turbo mode, UC Browser Mini, Amazon Silk) are not supported. Chrome. Firefox. Safari. Android Browser & WebView. Microsoft Edge. Android.
Browsers and devices · Bootstrap
Generally speaking, Bootstrap supports the latest versions of each major platform's default browsers. Note that proxy browsers (such as Opera Mini, Opera Mobile's Turbo mode, UC Browser Mini, Amazon Silk) are not supported. Chrome. Firefox. Safari. Android Browser & WebView. Microsoft Edge. Android.
Supported browsers & devices
Generally speaking, Bootstrap supports the latest versions of each major platform's default browsers. Note that proxy browsers (such as Opera Mini, Opera Mobile's Turbo mode, UC Browser Mini, Amazon Silk) are not supported. Chrome. Firefox. Safari. Android Browser & WebView. Android. Supported.
Bootstrap 4 browser support version
1. As at 18 avril 2020, based on statistic information from statcounter.com on usage of browser versions, I calculate that 96.9% of users will be able to navigate a bootstrap 4 website. If Yandex browser 20.2 and 20.3 are compatible, it adds 1.2%, thus making a 98.0% compatibility. - Paul Noon. Apr 18, 2020 at 8:16.
Getting started · Bootstrap 3.0.0 Documentation
An overview of Bootstrap, how to download and use, basic templates and examples, and more. ... Safari (Mac and iOS only, as Windows has more or less been discontinued) Firefox (Mac, Windows) ... IE Compatibility modes. Bootstrap is not supported in the old Internet Explorer compatibility modes.
Bootstrap 5
Bootstrap 5 — Browser Support and Customization. Bootstrap 5 is in alpha when this is written and it's subject to change. Bootstrap is a popular UI library for any JavaScript apps. In this article, we'll look at how to customize and extend Bootstrap 5 features and browser and device support.
Bootstrap Get Started
Browser compatibility: Bootstrap is compatible with all modern browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Edge, Safari, and Opera) Bootstrap Versions. This tutorial follows Bootstrap 3, which was released in 2013. However, we also cover newer versions; Bootstrap 4 (released 2018) and Bootstrap 5 (released 2021).
Getting started · Bootstrap
IE Compatibility modes. Bootstrap is not supported in the old Internet Explorer compatibility modes. ... As of Safari v6.1 for OS X and Safari for iOS v7.0.1, Safari's rendering engine has some trouble with the number of decimal places used in our .col-*-1 grid classes. So if you have 12 individual grid columns, you'll notice that they come up ...
Bootstrap 5: Handling Cross-Browser Compatibility Issues
This is where Bootstrap, as a powerful front-end framework, makes a significant impact. With the release of Bootstrap 5, developers have at their disposal an array of tools and components designed for building responsive sites. However, cross-browser compatibility issues can still arise, and it's crucial to know how to handle them effectively.
Getting started · Bootstrap 3.0.3 Documentation
IE Compatibility modes. Bootstrap is not supported in the old Internet Explorer compatibility modes. ... As a heads up, we include this in the Bootstrap docs as an example. Safari percent rounding. As of Safari v6.1 for OS X and Safari for iOS v7.0.1, ...
Accessibility · Bootstrap v5.0
Reduced motion. Bootstrap includes support for the prefers-reduced-motion media feature.In browsers/environments that allow the user to specify their preference for reduced motion, most CSS transition effects in Bootstrap (for instance, when a modal dialog is opened or closed, or the sliding animation in carousels) will be disabled, and meaningful animations (such as spinners) will be slowed down.
What Is Bootstrap: A Beginner's Guide to Bootstrap
Bootstrap is a powerful tool that lets you quickly build attractive websites that look great on desktops, phones, and tablets. While there are some definite disadvantages to Bootstrap, in many cases, the benefits of website responsiveness, wide compatibility, and saved time will outweigh the cons. You can even eliminate the biggest drawbacks ...
Getting started · Bootstrap 3.2.0 Documentation
IE Compatibility modes. Bootstrap is not supported in the old Internet Explorer compatibility modes. ... Safari percent rounding. As of Safari v7.0.1 for OS X and Safari for iOS v7.0.1, Safari's rendering engine has some trouble with the number of decimal places used in our .col-*-1 grid classes. So if you have 12 individual grid columns, you ...
Browsers and devices · Bootstrap Table
Supported browsers. Bootstrap Table supports the latest, stable releases of all major browsers and platforms. On Windows, we support Internet Explorer 10-11 / Microsoft Edge. Alternative browsers which use the latest version of WebKit, Blink, or Gecko, whether directly or via the platform's web view API, are not explicitly supported.
Getting started · Bootstrap 3.3.6 Documentation
IE Compatibility modes. Bootstrap is not supported in the old Internet Explorer compatibility modes. To be sure you're using the latest rendering mode for IE, ... Also, as of Safari v8.0, fixed-width .containers can cause Safari to use an unusually small font size when printing.
Bootstrap versions and browser compatibility
I have been looking around a bit, but I cannot find a clear answer for the following: is there a link where different bootstrap versions are paired to the corresponding supported browser versions? For example: Bootstrap 1.1 supports IE 6 and up, Chrome, FF, ... Bootstrap 2.1 supports IE 7 and up, Chrome, FF, ...
Bootstrap · The most popular HTML, CSS, and JS library in the world
Build and extend in real-time with CSS variables. Bootstrap 5 is evolving with each release to better utilize CSS variables for global theme styles, individual components, and even utilities. We provide dozens of variables for colors, font styles, and more at a :root level for use anywhere. On components and utilities, CSS variables are scoped ...
What versions of IE supported by bootstrap?
Bootstrap is a popular framework for creating responsive web design, but what versions of Internet Explorer are compatible with it? Find out the answer from the experts on Stack Overflow, the largest and most trusted online community for developers. Learn how to use Bootstrap with IE and troubleshoot common issues.

Mobile devices

Select menu

Supported browsers

Modals and dropdowns on mobile

Sticky :hover / :focus on mobile

Android stock browser

Supported browsers & devices

Access restricted

Bootstrap 5 — Browser Support and Customization

Supported Browsers

Mobile Devices

Desktop Browsers

Internet Explorer

Modals and Dropdowns on Mobile

iOS Text Fields and Scrolling

Navbar Dropdowns

Browser Zooming

Remove from Map

CSS Variables

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Downloading Bootstrap

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Two Basic Bootstrap Pages

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Steps to disable page responsiveness

Bootstrap template with responsiveness disabled

Migrating from v2.x to v3.x

Browser and device support

Internet Explorer 8 and 9

Internet Explorer 8 and Respond.js

Respond.js and cross-domain CSS

Respond.js and file://

Respond.js and @import

Internet Explorer 8 and box-sizing

Internet Explorer 10 in Windows 8 and Windows Phone 8

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Virtual keyboards

Navbar Dropdowns

Select menus

It requires you to:

It permits you to:

It forbids you to:

Bootstrap 5: Handling Cross-Browser Compatibility Issues

Common Cross-Browser Issues with Bootstrap 5

Strategies for Ensuring Compatibility

Bootstrap 5 Specific Tips

Troubleshooting with Browser Developer Tools

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Getting started

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What's included

jQuery required

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Bootstrap source code

Compiling CSS and JavaScript

grunt dist (Just compile CSS and JavaScript)

grunt watch (Watch)

grunt test (Run tests)

grunt docs (Build & test the docs assets)

grunt (Build absolutely everything and run tests)

Starter template