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Botswana tourism operators' and policy makers' perceptions and responses to climate change

2018, Matkailututkimus

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Kaitano Dube , Lazarus Chapungu

Tourism industry is one of the fastest growing industries globally, with an economic contribution that is unquestionable in both developed and developing countries. However, the growth in tourism is also associated with a growth in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the tourism value chain, worsening the disaster of climate change. The tourism industry is dependent on the climate in many settings. To understand the current and future of the tourism industry, in the context of climate change, it is critical to understand the perceptions, knowledge and attitude of the tourism industry's main stakeholders, the tourists. This paper examines the stated aspects in the context of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. The study made use of an online survey, involving 155 tourists across the world, and secondary data. Analysis of data was done using QuestionPro analytics, Microsoft Excel ToolPak and Content Analysis. The results show that tourists are increasingly becoming more knowledgeable about climate change disaster. However, some practices and actions by tourists contribute towards the build-up of GHG emissions that drive climate change disaster. Tourists felt that climate change was worsened by ignorance, lack of education and poor global political leadership. Tourists believe that climate change is a threat to the water flow in the Okavango Delta, which has a negative effect on flora and fauna, as evidenced by the decline in birdlife species and other animal populations over the years. The study recommends increased environmental awareness interventions among tourism role players to foster greater climate resilience and more research to cover the knowledge gaps.

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Nature-based tourism is dependent on natural capital. However, this natural capital is under threat due to global climate change. The effects of climate change are predicted to result in changes in the quantity and quality of natural capital leading to reduction in ecosystem integrity and resilience as well as loss of biodiversity. This situation makes nature-based tourism highly vulnerable since it relies largely on climate and weather to maintain its natural resource base. Subsequently, nature-based tourism is arguably susceptible to global climate change because of its heavy reliance on the environment in many destinations for their attractiveness. This requires adaptation measures to be put in place by affected parties in order to cope with or reduce the effects of climate change on the tourism business as well as to safeguard the industry’s contribution to the growth of national economies. This study aims to determine the possible impacts of climate change on Botswana’s tourism...

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A NATIONAL TOURISM STRATEGY AND MASTER PLAN FOR BOTSWANA

The Government of Botswana wishes to review and update its national tourism development strategy to build upon the Tourism Policy of 2021. As a result, the Botswana government has embarked on a plan to produce a national tourism master plan and tourism Strategy by July 2022.

Tourism is recognized as one of Botswana’s key growth sectors capable not only of generating valuable foreign revenues and providing substantial employment, especially in rural areas, but also able to act as a catalyst of socio-economic change.

‘Tourism’ is the term used to describe the travels of people to a place outside their normal environment, for any purpose (business, leisure or personal, including visiting friends or relatives, medical, study etc.) and not directly connected with their everyday employment or activity. As a result, when people undertake this travel, they are categorized as ¨visitors¨.

In Botswana, the tourism sector has come to be seen as over-reliant on the high value/low impact approach that has created a valuable international reputation for sensitive wildlife and environmental conservation but resulted in a low average length-of-stay among foreign visitors and a lack of product diversity. One of the key objectives in tourism development therefore is to diversify the product offering to attract a broader diversity of markets, increase the average length of stay and expenditure, create more jobs and provide better opportunities for local communities to share in the economic benefits of tourism.

The production of national tourism master plan and tourism Strategy has resulted in the UNWTO which is contracted to undertake countrywide research consultative process. The consultations involve a wide range of public and private sector stakeholders in Gaborone and across the country, in person or remotely.

It also involves desk research into all available statistical data, research studies, tourism strategies, legislation, and other relevant documentation. It also a regular consultation with the Department of Tourism and her colleagues. There was an extensive field trip to all main tourist areas, involving interviews with local officials and stakeholders, including Tsabong, Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Tswapong Hills (Moremi Gorge), Selebi-Phikwe, Tuli Block, Francistown, Nata, Makgadikgadi Pans National Park, Maun, Moremi Game Reserve, Okavango Delta, Panhandle (Shakawe, Mohembo Bridge, Tsodilo Hills) and Ghanzi. Similarly, the Chobe District had been explored in detail for the Kasane-Kazungula Master Plan project. The UNWTO also visited several community trusts and community tourism projects in rural areas consulting them on the proposed national tourism master plan and tourism Strategy. A full day consultation workshop in Maun and Gaborone with local/regional tourism and hospitality stakeholders were conducted. Finally, written surveys of private sector stakeholders were also received.

The provisional recommendations take heed of national strategic objectives, namely product and market diversification, the need for greater citizen and local community engagement and the desire to grow the domestic leisure market. These sit alongside the ever-present goals of how to increase foreign revenues and create more jobs while protecting and conserving Botswana’s invaluable natural and cultural assets. It is from this background that the UNWTO team of ten (10) consultants should produce the Botswana Tourism Master Plan and Tourism Strategy by July 2022.

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The Mokoro is a common type of canoe used to move around in the Okavango Delta's shallow waters. Oarsmen stand in the stern and push with a pole. Traditionally, Mokoros are dug-out from trunks of a large straight tree, like ebony or kigelia.

Old Palapye is a significant multicultural historical site containing artefacts from the Middle Stone Age, the Late Stone Age, and the Early Iron Age. In contemporary times, the village became the 19th century capital of the Bangwato (led by Khama III), who occupied the area from 1889-1902.

There are groups of people and organizations promoting indigenous crafts, newly introduced crafts or western art forms. Their products can be purchased in curio, craft, gift shops and malls in Gaborone, Francistown, Maun and Kasane and at safari camps in the Okavango and Chobe regions.

As more and more cultural tourism options are offered, you will be charmed by the people of Botswana, visiting their villages and experiencing first-hand their rich cultural heritage. But perhaps most of all, Botswana’s greatest gift is its ability to put us in touch with our natural selves.

The gateway to Chobe National Park, Kasane is an essential point of debarkation for the nearby Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe and Livingstone in Zambia and Namibia's Caprivi Strip.

One of the most sought after wilderness destinations in the world, the Okavango Delta gives entrance to the spectacle of wild Africa such as dreams are made of – the heart-stopping excitement of big game viewing, the supreme tranquility and serenity of an untouched delta, and evocative scenes of extraordinary natural beauty.

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