community based tourism bali

Critical Perspectives on International Planning

Community-based Tourism (CBT) in Bali

Community-based Tourism (CBT) as Alternative Development in Bali

By Naomi Nelson

Introduction

Bali, like other international mass tourism locations, faces a classic tourist dilemma: tourism relies on culture, but tourism is also a threat to culture. However, Bali presents a unique approach to addressing this dilemma by using cultural performances as tourist attractions, thus allowing traditions to prosper while fostering the local arts. By self-determining what tourism means to them and their culture, the Balinese have developed a clear boundary to separate what they do for themselves from what they do for tourists, using the tourist audience as a way to preserve their social fabric and revitalize their cultural traditions. This community-based tourism (CBT) approach was codified in the Bali Master Plan following the “Seminar on Cultural Tourism in Bali” in 1971, which was convened by the regional government and Balinese agencies for tourism, religion, and culture (Picard, 1990, 42). In this way, Balinese authorities profit from a controlled tourist development while allowing the local population to participate and benefit from the tourist trade.

For example, the trademark Balinese dances serve as both tourist entertainment and creative excellence and are the epitome of artistry for locals. “In the temple we ask for a blessing, and at a hotel we ask for money” (Picard, 1990, 37). Bali’s dance is simultaneously an offering to the gods and amusement for tourists. Dance specialists are both theater and ritual savants for Balinese people, which is a different view of performing arts from that of Western culture. The renowned dances are extravagant displays of history and values experienced both by tourists and by locals, who watch or participate in the performance. The performances usually take place during dinner either in the home village of the troupes or in the international hotels where tourists are staying (Picard, 1990, 47). These dances are sometimes different from dances performed in temples for Balinese people, which serve as rituals and are not for tourist consumption. This separation allows natives to keep something for themselves, which is not the case in traditional mass tourism.

Bali’s alternative tourism approach represents a movement away from Eurocentric political thought and modernity to benefit all members of Balinese society (Gudynas, 2011, 446). Western culture’s mass tourism is based on a quick and cheap resort experience at the expense of the environment, often presented as all-inclusive packages during the time of year most convenient for vacationers. Alternatives to traditional tourism must therefore emphasize culturally and environmentally sustainable strategies. The movement of “slow tourism,” which is exemplified by Bali’s approach to tourism, emphasizes indigenous contributions and control and is as an example of alternative, decolonial development within an intercultural environment. “Slow Tourism,” as Conway argues, “can serve as the promotional identity under which quality offerings, community-level, and local participatory initiatives, and island-specific alternative tourisms can be marketed and supported” (Conway, 339). This method promotes well-being based on moral and ethical principles that are often forgotten in more escapist approaches to tourism. Bali allows tourists to experience their culture in a slow, respectful way beyond Western modernity.

Bali’s success in developing community-based tourism can also be understood through Shamsuddina’s 2008 concept of “place attachment,” which refers to the relationship between people and places that are created through continually experiencing a specific geography. Bali’s approach to tourism provides tourists with a personal experience of Balinese culture in the physical location of their vacation, thus fostering bonds between residents and tourists. At the same time, community-based slow tourism also supports residents’ place attachment and strengthens communities’ self-governance by allowing the Balinese local communities to become active participants in framing the problems associated with tourism and developing solutions (Numbogu et al., 2018). By centering residents’ voices, self-governance through such strategies as CBT also fosters civic participation and strengthens the communities’ ability to accomplish their own goals without the government’s lead or intervention.

Blackstock explains that traditional CBT “centres on the involvement of the host community in planning and maintaining tourism development in order to create a more sustainable industry” (Blackstock, 2005, 39).  Bali takes this model one step further by drawing on residents’ place attachment as a means to support their cultural identity via tourism.  By using place attachment as an alternative to mass tourism, Bali creates a form of CBT that is informed by a community development ethos, which helps ensure that tourism enhances rather than destroys their communities (Blackstock, 2005, 46).

Implications

Tourism is often viewed as an opportunity to experience new places or cultures, but it can also be understood as a means of prioritizing tourists with capital over the people who live in exoticized places, and especially in small islands such as Bali. This phenomenon can be explained by David Harvey’s theory of accumulation by dispossession, which is based on Marx’s concept of primitive accumulation. Accumulation by dispossession (ABD) includes many “predatory processes that lead to loss for some and the accumulation of capital by others” (Schmid, 2015, 115). Dispossession can be defined as the lack of consent, violent appropriations of land and property, monopolistic practices, displacement, and policing of space in exchange for economic development. This theory of loss can explain the formative periods of tourism, including the mid-18th century Grand Tour Era’s elitist mobility, the mass tourism of 20th-century post-industrial revolution’s Mobility Era’s, and the current postmodern era of alternative tourism. Planning, through its colonial empirical practices, has thus played a key role in the promotion of tourism and the displacement of already marginalized small island communities.

However, tourism could be made more sustainable by decolonial approaches such as Bali’s CBT, which prioritizes self-governance, place attachment, and slow theories. Bali allows tourists to live like a local and invites them to bring those experiences home. Islands that want to plan for more sustainable tourism could use these approaches to redefine what it means to travel to another country, sustainably and respectfully without imposing a cost on local environments or indigenous identities. Community-based tourism and collective action challenge the many dispossessing power relations associated with the dominant tourist practices in urban development.

Children Learning Legong Bapang Saba Dance, Bali Indonesia by Adam Cohn. See Source Here .

“Wali” sacred dance performed by Balinese dancers. See Source Here .

Crowd of tourists surrounding Balinese performers during sunset. See Source Here .

Intergenerational Balinese performers. See Source Here.  

Balinese temple. See Source Here .

Power in community-based tourism: empowerment and partnership in Bali

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Research output : Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

• community-based tourism
• empowerment
• partnerships
• collaboration

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• 10.1080/09669582.2020.1838527

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• empowerment Earth & Environmental Sciences 100%
• Community-based Business & Economics 85%
• Empowerment Business & Economics 74%
• tourism Earth & Environmental Sciences 68%
• tourism development Earth & Environmental Sciences 56%
• Tourism Business & Economics 51%
• Tourism Development Business & Economics 44%
• Residents Business & Economics 26%

T1 - Power in community-based tourism

T2 - empowerment and partnership in Bali

AU - Dolezal, Claudia

AU - Novelli, Marina

PY - 2020/10/30

Y1 - 2020/10/30

N2 - In a tourism industry historically dominated by outside influences, theisland of Bali has striven for greater local resident involvement.Community-based tourism (CBT) has thereby become an increasinglypreferred tourism development approach rooted in promises of moreinclusive opportunities for community empowerment, a notion reflectedin the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Drawing upon SDG17– Partnerships for the Goals – and specifically focusing on SDG17.9 –Capacity building, SDG17.14 – Enhancing policy coherence for sustainabledevelopment, and SDG17.16 and SDG17.17 – Multi-stakeholder partnerships,this paper investigates the “social empowerment” that results frominteractions between CBT actors, and the factors that support or hinderresidents’ empowerment through CBT in rural Bali. This paper presentsempirical evidence from an ethnographic study in three villages at differentstages of tourism development. Through a generative conceptualisationof power, embedded in the rather hierarchical Balinese socio-culturalcontext, this paper contributes new understandings of empowermentin CBT, particularly the extent to which partnerships and collaborationscreate spaces for residents’ empowerment and greater inclusion forsustainable CBT development, in line with Agenda 2030.

AB - In a tourism industry historically dominated by outside influences, theisland of Bali has striven for greater local resident involvement.Community-based tourism (CBT) has thereby become an increasinglypreferred tourism development approach rooted in promises of moreinclusive opportunities for community empowerment, a notion reflectedin the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Drawing upon SDG17– Partnerships for the Goals – and specifically focusing on SDG17.9 –Capacity building, SDG17.14 – Enhancing policy coherence for sustainabledevelopment, and SDG17.16 and SDG17.17 – Multi-stakeholder partnerships,this paper investigates the “social empowerment” that results frominteractions between CBT actors, and the factors that support or hinderresidents’ empowerment through CBT in rural Bali. This paper presentsempirical evidence from an ethnographic study in three villages at differentstages of tourism development. Through a generative conceptualisationof power, embedded in the rather hierarchical Balinese socio-culturalcontext, this paper contributes new understandings of empowermentin CBT, particularly the extent to which partnerships and collaborationscreate spaces for residents’ empowerment and greater inclusion forsustainable CBT development, in line with Agenda 2030.

KW - community-based tourism

KW - empowerment

KW - partnerships

KW - collaboration

U2 - 10.1080/09669582.2020.1838527

DO - 10.1080/09669582.2020.1838527

M3 - Article

SN - 0966-9582

JO - Journal of Sustainable Tourism

JF - Journal of Sustainable Tourism

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Impacts of Tourism in Ubud Bali Indonesia: a community-based tourism perspective

N M Ernawati 1 , N M Sudarmini 1 and N M R Sukmawati 1

Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd Journal of Physics: Conference Series , Volume 953 , The 2nd International Joint Conference on Science and Technology (IJCST) 2017 27–28 September 2017, Bali, Indonesia Citation N M Ernawati et al 2018 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 953 012078 DOI 10.1088/1742-6596/953/1/012078

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1 Politeknik Negeri Bali, address: Jalan Kampus Bukit Jimbaran, Badung, Bali, Indonesia - 80364

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The impact of tourism is vital to be assessed to measure the results of the development, in order to maximize the benefits gained from tourism. Academics are encouraged to conduct research on this field. This study aims to identify the impact of tourism in Ubud tourist destination, Bali, Indonesia. It is a quantitative method, study using survey method, and Factor analysis, Frequency and Mean analyses as analytical tools. The impact of tourism is assessed against impact measurement instrument developed by Koster and Randall. The study used a sample of 170 respondents consisting of teenagers, productive age population, and senior citizens of Ubud. The result of the Average analysis shows that the impact of tourism in Ubud in general lies at 1.9 which indicates that the people are agreed that the impact of tourism in Ubud is positive. Factor analysis classified the impacts of tourism based on the positive or negative influences inflicted on society. Further, the four Factors extracted show: Factor 1 indicates areas of the most obvious positive impact, Factor 4 lies the issues, wherein the community members disagree that tourism effects Ubud positively. It is expected that the analysis of tourism impacts at Ubud could be used as an input by tourism stakeholders in developing a plan for future tourism in Ubud tourist destination, and to anticipate and mitigate the undesirable impacts that may occur and in order to maximise the positive results from tourism.

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Community-Based And Spiritual Tourism Is Putting This Bali Village On The Map

Posted on Published: May 12, 2023

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Aan Village in Bali is investing huge sums of money in improving the infrastructure of the area to help boost tourism. The small village tourism project is managed by the local community.

Last year the village came together to create the Aan Village secret waterfall tourism experience; now, they are investing in spiritual tourism opportunities.

Aan Village is located in the heart of Klungkung Regency. Bali is divided into nine administrative regencies.

Klungkung Regency covers a small pocket of the southeastern side of mainland Bali and the islands of Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nusa Ceningan. The village is ideally placed as a tourism destination, situated exactly an hour from the heart of Ubud.

The community is investing IDR 165,267,000 (USD 8886) into infrastructural improvements around the Pesiraman Temple at the heart of the village .

The structural developments will redirect the holy water source to allow for more activities to take place at the temple, such as melukat ceremonies.

@kristinlestari59 Healing time #bali #melukat #ceremony #fyp ♬ Gamelan Bali Indonesia Thailand(955210) – Kei

The work on the temple was formally inaugurated by the Klungkung Regent I Nyoman Suwirta, who laid the first stone for the Tirta Pelukatan Pesiraman.

At the ceremonial event, Regent Suwirta said, “Hopefully, the potential in Aan Village can be managed as well as possible so that it can help the economy of the people of Aan Village and its surroundings.”

The laying of the first stone for the Tirta Pelukatan Pesiraman was a prestigious occasion attended by key stakeholders from the regency and surrounding villages. The project will be completed within the next four months. For now, however, there is still plenty for tourists to explore at Aan Village.

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The development of tourism villages in Bali is a key focus point for tourism stakeholders on the island this year.

This is bringing about really incredible opportunities for tourists to get to experience Balinese culture at a deeper level and to experience more off-the-beaten-track (and often more authentic) destinations. It all comes as a bit to more evenly spread tourism around the island of Bali.

Aan Village is really paving the way in terms of community-led tourism initiatives in Bali.

Iconic tourism villages like Penglipuran Village remain as popular as ever, but it is the community-initiated approach employed by Aan Village which is really setting the destination apart from the rest.

@buketkarakurt1 We tour the inside of the cleanest village houses in the world😍🇮🇩 📍Penglipuran Village, Bali, Indonesia #indonesia #bali #balinese #clean #village #penglipuran #penglipuranbali #fypシ #indonesiatiktok #balilife #balivillage #balitravel #traveler #travelerreel #balireel ♬ France Accordion Swing – MIZUSATO Masaki

In August 2022, Aan Village celebrated the formal opening of the Aan Secret Waterfall experience . The series of three fast-flowing waterfalls had been used for hundreds of years as a source of fresh water and as a route to connect to neighboring villages.

But, in recent years, the forest area around the waterfalls had become clogged with waste, some of which was created by the village, and some of which had traveled downstream from further inland.

Led by project leader Nyoman Dira, the community came together to clean up the area. Once pristine, the community worked together to create a tourism program that has been delighting visitors for nearly a year.

As a result of the community’s hard work and dedication, they were also given a ministerial grant to further invest in the small infrastructural improvements needed to ensure the tourism experience is as positive as can be. Renovations were made to the jungle walkway to make the journey to the waterfalls safer for visitors.

Aan Secret Waterfall is a must-visit in Bali, and with more investment coming into the community, tourists can be sure that the experience will continue to go from strength to strength.

What is clear is that community will continue to be at the heart of the tourism development in Aan Village, giving tourists a truly authentic Balinese adventure.

The community of Aan Village is ticking all the right boxes for sustainable tourism development in Bali. Late last year, the Indonesian Minster for Tourism and Creative Economies, Sandiaga Uno, said that the 2023 tourism targets would be met with the promotion of sustainable and spiritual tourism.

He explained, “[these targets] can be achieved if the focus is on two strengths, namely nature and culture. In addition, tourists with a special interest in ecotourism, spiritual tourism, and religious tourism”.

Taking part in a traditional Balinese water purification ceremony, also known as a melukat ritual, remains one of the most popular spiritual experiences for tourists in Bali.

The most popular destination to take part in a melukat ritual is Tirta Empul Temple, close to Ubud, though there are dozens of temples throughout the island to undergo the cleansing process.

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Sunday 14th of May 2023

Good for them. Keep it clean, it will work.

Friday 12th of May 2023

Every village with more than two houses should be on map 🤣

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Alleviating poverty through community-based tourism: Evidence from Batur Natural Hot Spring Water – Bali

2019, African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure

Bali has many rich natural resources to be developed as tourism sites and attractions supporting the major cultural attractions as stipulated in the state rules. The research explores the significance of Batur Natural Hot Spring Water as one of nature-based tourism sites in Bali in enriching tourist experiences where they can be relaxed while engaging with an authentic and natural atmosphere, healing numerous diseases traditionally and alleviating the poverty of the locals. Current national and regional tourism policies are analysed against this backdrop, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with the management of the site, local people and tourists in order to comprehend the way the management works to prepare and serve a convenient tourism site for relaxing, healing as well as empowering and alleviating the poverty of the local people.

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The Evolution of Bali’s Tourism Industry: Sustainable Initiatives and Future Prospects

Introduction

As Bali’s renowned tourism industry evolves, sustainability has become a focal point, reshaping the way visitors experience this tropical paradise. In this post, we’ll delve deeper into the latest sustainable tourism initiatives in Bali and forecast their impact on the future of travel in the region.

Sustainable Tourism in Bali: Current Trends

Bali is witnessing a significant shift towards sustainable tourism. This includes eco-friendly accommodations like the Green Village in Ubud, which offers a unique experience with its bamboo architecture and focus on green living. Additionally, Bali’s plastic-free zones, particularly in areas like Ubud and Canggu, are testament to the island’s commitment to environmental preservation. The coral reef restoration project in Amed is another significant effort, involving local communities and organizations to rehabilitate marine life.

Community-Based Tourism: Empowering Local Communities

Community-based tourism is gaining momentum in Bali. A prime example is the Tenganan Village in Karangasem, where visitors can experience the traditional Balinese way of life and purchase authentic crafts directly from the artisans. Another noteworthy initiative is the Jatiluwih Rice Terraces, a UNESCO World Heritage site, offering tourists a glimpse into Bali’s agricultural heritage while supporting local farmers.

Future Prospects: Balancing Growth and Sustainability

Looking ahead, Bali faces the challenge of balancing tourism growth with environmental sustainability. The development of sustainable tourism models will be crucial to accommodate increasing tourist numbers without compromising the island’s natural and cultural assets. Sustainable transport options and renewable energy sources will play a key role in this balance.

Bali’s tourism industry is at a pivotal point, with sustainability at its core. These initiatives not only enhance the visitor experience but also ensure the preservation of Bali’s natural beauty and cultural heritage for future generations. As we navigate this exciting journey, the potential for a more responsible and sustainable tourism model in Bali is immense.

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