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The story behind the south african rebel tours.

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South Africa was banned from playing international cricket for a long time due to their pursuance of a the Apartheid policy.

In 1980s, it prompted them to lure players from other cricketing nations in organising rebel tours to South Africa. It wasn’t that difficult those days – the cricketers were paid peanuts.

So frustrated were many West Indies players in 1981 of not finding a place in their team, that they took part in the first ever rebel tour organised by South Africa. It was ironically captained by Alvin Kallicharan, who refused to take part in the 1977 Packers Series.

It made sense, as by 1981 he was past his peak, on the verge of retirement. He could not resist the temptation of $120,000 after tax offered by South Africa, a gargantuan amount at that time, especially when a starving West Indies Cricket board presiding over a bunch of talented cricketers not paid anywhere close to $120K.

More cricket: » Australian bowlers show the Kiwi attack how it’s done » Adam Voges, batting ugly but sitting pretty over Bradman » Can Adam Voges better The Don’s average? » New Zealand vs Australia: First Test – Day 4 cricket scores, live blog » Scorecard: New Zealand vs Australia first Test

A point to be noted that on this tour was that Colin Croft and Sylvester Clarke spearheaded the rebel attack. They were fast enough to force the Proteas batsmen to wear helmets for the first time.

In 1982, Graham Gooch lead an English rebel tour to South Africa. There was a veil of secrecy regarding the tour. Even the British press – which can smell a ripe fart from miles away – didn’t have a clue until their team landed in Johannesburg. It pretty much constituted the English Test 11, except Ian Botham, who supposedly refused to go on board. His reason was that he couldn’t think of making an eye contact with his English county buddy Vivian Richards had Botham participated in that rebel tour to an officially racist South Africa.

I read Graham Gooch’s autobiography Gooch in 1996, which I grabbed from a tiny bookstore in Liverpool. The book was an awesome read. As the skipper of that infamous tour, Gooch debunked this myth about Botham giving the South Africa rebel tour a miss.

He suggested Botham’s inability to make to the Tour had more to do with the amount of money he demanded from the South Africans, than his concern for his friendship with Richards.

But unlike the West Indians who were banned for lifeime, Gooch’s 12 – called ‘The Dirty Dozen Dicks’ by the British – were only banned for three years. When Gooch was back with a bang in 1985, another rebel tour lurked in the horizons in Australia. It was captained by Kim Hughes, the Aussie who just resigned from the captaincy after a bad series against the Windies.

Similar to the English board, the Australian board banned them for no more than three years.

In 1989, Mohinder (Jimmy) Amarnath was approached to captain an rebel tour of Indian cricketers. Roger Binny and Madan Lal were part of the team.

Amarnath was unceremoniously dropped from Indian squad as he called the BCCI selectors a “bunch of jokers”.

Amarnath and his team, who hardly any career left ahead of them, chickened out. They had nothing to lose, for a couple of years later in 1991 South Africa was welcomed back. The animosity related to Apartheid and the rebel tours was dumped to the dustbins of history.

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Rebel cricketers

Rebel tourists who followed the easy road to reconciliation

A ny England cricket tour of South Africa is a thing of wonder for those of us for whom the anti-apartheid movement was the defining political cause of our youths. At times during the 1980s it seemed like the fall of the National Party's regime would never happen as trade with the Republic continued virtually unhindered and the Gleneagles Agreement, discouraging sporting contact and competition, was regularly flouted by rugby union boards and unofficial cricket sides.

I remember listening to the speeches of Jesse Jackson and Trevor Huddleston in Trafalgar Square in November 1985 which inspired great hope and, like many consumers at the time, rigorously boycotting Cape produce and Barclays Bank, laughing uproariously at the pungent boldness of the Spitting Image song, I've Never Met a Nice South African, but feeling utterly deflated by the announcement of rebel tours made up of cricketers I respected and expected to have noblerinstincts.

The argument used by players such as Geoffrey Boycott, Graham Gooch and John Emburey in 1982 as they emerged after their cloak-and-dagger flight and slipped through customs at Johannesburg's Jan Smuts International Airport was that they had a fundamental duty to themselves and their families to earn a living, just as others were doing.

And there is little doubt that a cricketer's lot during the offseason back then was one of relatively meagre rewards. One thinks of the conversation between Emburey and Gooch reproduced by Simon Hughes in A Lot of Hard Yakka. The Middlesex spinner tells his old friend that he fancies a winter job in computers. "What you going to do?" said Gooch. "Paint 'em?"

So they took the money, channelled through South African Breweries but ostensibly from the Pretoria government, waited for their three-year bans from international cricket to end, and those who were young enough were welcomed back into the fold.

The Australian rebels, led by Kim Hughes in 1985-86 and 1986-87, also got off relatively scot-free. When he arrived in South Africa Hughes mouthed the usual platitudes about being "an ambassador for sport" and an "ambassador for humanity". Justifying his decision to play there by pointing to the South Africa XI's inclusion of the non-white Omar Henry, Hughes professed his belief that his tourists were genuinely making a difference.

Leaving aside the matter of whether such tokens of tolerance were anything more than the South Africa board's canny PR machine in full effect, it barely glossed over the fact that his principal motivation was the rancour he felt at the Australian board and the six-figurecheque.

The nearest I got to airing my disgust at one of the rebels was during a one-day international at the Sydney Cricket Ground in 1990. When Carl Rackemann came to field on the rope I could not pass up the opportunity to ask him whether his Krugerrands had made him happy. He didn't hear me above the din and in retrospect, given that he bought his father a tractor with the proceeds, I recognise they probably had.

The Sri Lanka and West Indies scratch sides fared less well and rehabilitation for the majority of those players who went to South Africa from 1982 to 1984 is still some way off, and ultimately possibly unachievable. When Viv Richards said "I would rather die than lay down my dignity" in condemnation of the tourists who accepted "honorary white" status, it was pretty clear that there was no way back.

But for others the road to acceptance has been remarkably obstacle-free. None more so than for Mike Gatting's team of two decades ago, three of whom – their captain, the double rebel Emburey and Paul Jarvis – were selected for the 1992-93 tour of India as soon as their bans had elapsed. The makeup of that squad caused outrage, particularly over the omission of David Gower, and I vividly remember the sense of injustice that Gower, who had remained loyal to his employers, was the fall guy to make way for Gatting in the rush to let bygones be bygones. Let's not forget either that David Graveney, who was the tour's manager as well as heading up the players' union, went on to become England's chairman of selectors.

Twenty years on from that last rebel tour it is as if history has been swept under the carpet. Whenever it is brought up there follows a waltz on the head of a pin from the protagonists who reject all notions of amorality and immorality. In the understandable desire for truth and reconciliation that characterised South Africa's evolution into a democracy, the English and Australian rebels seem to have benefitted from the reconciliation aspect without ever having really to face responsibility. They have been forgiven but what they did should never be forgotten.

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  • Abstract Former Australian cricket captain Graham Yallop confirmed yesterday that he had joined the rebel cricket tour of South Africa.
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The Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995), Thu 16 May 1985, Page 1 - Yallop joins rebel tour of S. Africa

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South African rebel tours

The South African rebel tours were a series of seven cricket tours staged between 1982 and 1990. They were known as the rebel tours because the international cricketing bodies banned South Africa from competitive international cricket throughout this period because of apartheid . As such the tours were organised and conducted in spite of the express disapproval of national cricket boards and governments, the International Cricket Conference and international organisations such as the United Nations . [1] The tours were the subject of enormous contemporaneous controversy and remain a sensitive topic throughout the cricket-playing world.

English XI, 1981–82

Arosa sri lanka, 1982–83, west indian tours, 1982–83 and 1983–84, australian tours, 1985–86 and 1986–87, english xi, 1989–90, south africa returns to international cricket, further reading, external links.

Until Olympic exclusion in 1964 and the D'Oliveira affair in 1968, only white athletes had been allowed to represent South Africa in international sport, a reflection of apartheid society in South Africa from 1948, and the social conventions prior to that time. [2]

In 1971, an international sports boycott was instituted against South Africa to voice global disapproval of their selection policies and apartheid in general. South Africa subsequently became a world sporting pariah, and were excluded from the Olympics , the FIFA World Cup , Test cricket , international rugby union and a host of other sports. [3]

The boycott effected measurable change on policy and opinion in sports selection – and cricket in particular. [4] In 1976, the South African Cricket Union (SACU) was created to administer the game in the republic on a multi-racial, meritocratic basis: so-called "normal" cricket. [5] However, this was insufficient to ensure South Africa's re-admission to international cricket. Inside the Republic, many non-whites resented "normal" cricket, which was seen as a feeble concession in the wider context of life under apartheid, and declined to take part. [6] Outside the Republic, three of the six ICC Full Members—India, Pakistan and the West Indies—flatly refused to countenance re-admission until apartheid itself was dismantled. [7]

After a decade of isolation, cricket in the Republic was weak: standards, attendances and child participation were all falling. Overseas, the game had been revolutionised by the World Cup and World Series Cricket , but isolation had deprived South Africa of these commercial and competitive engines. In 1979, Doug Insole , an English representative on the ICC , had told SACU's Ali Bacher : "Until apartheid goes, you can forget about getting back into world cricket." [8]

Bacher and SACU felt obliged to act to "keep the game alive in South Africa". [9] Since players were endangering their careers by breaking the boycott, SACU had to offer substantial sums to entice their targets. These rebels would play "unofficial" internationals against a Proteas team who considered themselves as strong as any team in world cricket, except the West Indies . [10] [ unreliable source? ] In the earliest rebel tours, Mike Procter and Peter Kirsten captained home teams featuring Barry Richards , Graeme Pollock , Clive Rice and Garth Le Roux . By their conclusion in 1990, many of them had retired and were replaced by the likes of Hansie Cronje and Allan Donald . [11]

The boycott movement opposed any such tours: they felt that engagement lent credibility and a propaganda coup to the National Party . But the SACU insisted that all funding came directly from commercial sponsorship, and that the tours would be conducted independently of government. Initially, at least, overseas opponents could not prove otherwise, while inside South Africa, non-white opposition, as under apartheid more generally, was barely heard due to restrictions on freedoms of press , speech and assembly . [12]

The first major tour was by an English team led by Graham Gooch in March 1982. Twelve cricketers, 11 of them with Test caps, had agreed in secret to make a one-month tour of the Republic. The news only broke when they arrived in Johannesburg. The players expected a brief public outcry and a slap on the wrist from the ICC. Instead they were the subject of global outrage among press and politicians, and labelled "the Dirty Dozen" in the Houses of Parliament . [13]

The reaction in South Africa could not have been more different. The government and white newspapers hailed the return of international cricket. Apart from Ian Botham , it was said, this was the full-strength England team. [14] Springbok colours were awarded to the home side in a series of three "Tests". There were also three "one-day internationals".

The on-field action "made a mockery of the immense off-field publicity". [15] The so-called South African Breweries XI were under-prepared and, with the exception of Gooch and Emburey, either past their best or fairly marginal members of the England side (in fact, Taylor and later call-ups Humpage and Sidebottom had not played a Test for England at the time, and Humpage never did play a Test at all). They were beaten by a South Africa team for whom the uncapped Jimmy Cook and Vintcent van der Bijl starred. The Proteas, captained by Mike Procter , won the "Test" series 1–0 and "ODI" series 3–0. [16]

The rebels, who numbered 15 after hiring three further players to cover injuries, all received three-year bans from international cricket. These suspensions ended the careers of more than half the squad including Geoffrey Boycott , the world's leading Test run-scorer at that time. Lever (1), Sidebottom (1), Taylor (2), Willey (6) and Larkins (7) each played a few more Tests, but only Gooch and Emburey had extensive Test careers afterwards (and indeed, both were later to captain England – Emburey for two tests in 1988 against the West Indies, having been a fixture in the side since his return in 1985: Gooch for the final test of that series, then later as the regular captain from the 1989–90 tour of the West Indies to the 1993 Ashes series, remaining as a player for two further years after that). Emburey, in fact, went on England's second rebel tour in 1989, served another three-year ban for it, and was selected again for some matches between 1992 and 1995, though no longer as a regular fixture in the side. [17]

  • Squad: Graham Gooch (captain), Dennis Amiss , Geoffrey Boycott , John Emburey , Mike Hendrick , Geoff Humpage , Alan Knott , Wayne Larkins , John Lever , Chris Old , Arnold Sidebottom , Les Taylor , Derek Underwood , Peter Willey , Bob Woolmer . [18] [19] Graham Dilley had pulled out of the tour before it got underway. [20]

Sri Lanka was a fledgling Test nation in 1982, playing their inaugural match against England at Colombo in February of that year. Bandula Warnapura 's side were beaten by seven wickets against an experienced visiting team and would fail to win four further Tests as the year progressed. [21]

Then in October it was announced that Warnapura was leading a 14-man rebel squad to South Africa. The team would be called Arosa Sri Lanka after the initials of their player manager Anthony Ralph Opatha and the host nation. The players were vehemently denounced across India , Pakistan and the Caribbean as well as in their homeland. [22]

For the second successive tour, white South Africa was forced to put on a brave front in acclaiming sporting triumph where there was none. A full-strength Sri Lankan team was some way off international competitiveness so it was little surprise that a makeshift rebel outfit was utterly humiliated, failing to win a single tour match. Now captained by Peter Kirsten of Western Province , South Africa comfortably won all four 'ODIs' and both 'Tests'. Lawrence Seeff , who replaced the injured Barry Richards , and Graeme Pollock made 188 and 197 respectively in the second 'Test' but protested that the matches could not be classed as international cricket. SACU, trying to protect the 'unofficial international' brand it had created, fined them for the admission. [23]

Life became very difficult for the Sri Lankans who were ostracised at home for a decision many called treasonous. All players received a lifetime ban from the Board of Control for Cricket in Sri Lanka . None played international cricket for the island again, although Aponso represented the Netherlands in the 1996 Cricket World Cup at the age of 43. [24]

  • Squad: Bandula Warnapura (captain), Flavian Aponso , Hemantha Devapriya , Lantra Fernando , Mahes Goonatilleke , Nirmal Hettiaratchi , Lalith Kaluperuma , Susantha Karunaratne , Bernard Perera , Anura Ranasinghe , Ajit de Silva , Bandula de Silva , Jeryl Woutersz , Tony Opatha (player/manager). [25] [ unreliable source? ]

The West Indian players were mainly talented understudies struggling to break into the great West Indian Test team of the period, or men past their prime as Test players. First-class cricketers in the West Indies were then poorly paid and the participants, many of whom had irregular or no employment in the off-season, received between US$100,000 and US$125,000 for the two tours. West Indies cricket was so strong that Clive Lloyd had little need for the likes of Lawrence Rowe , Collis King and Sylvester Clarke . Rowe has since stated that he and several other players were disillusioned with the West Indies Cricket Board for not selecting them despite good performances. [26]

The strength of Caribbean cricket was evidenced in the 'international' matches, where South Africa received their first real test. A fiercely contested four-week series in 1982–3 took 'unofficial internationals' to new heights, the Proteas winning the one-day series 4–2 while the 'Test' series was drawn 1–1. The dominant theme of the match-ups was West Indian fast bowling. Colin Croft was one of four World Cup winners in the party. Their pace battery, featuring Clarke, Croft, Stephenson, Bernard Julien and Ezra Moseley , terrified Proteas batsmen who were forced to wear helmets for the first time.

The frantic first series, again organised in secret and conducted on the hoof, set up a fierce battle when the West Indians returned for a full tour the following season. Clarke was by now the dominant player on either side, claiming four five-wicket hauls in the 2–1 'Test' series win. The West Indian XI also won the one-day series 4–2, helped slightly by the Proteas weakening: Barry Richards and Vince van der Bijl retired in 1983, and Mike Procter , 36, played only a single 'one-day' international over both tours. [27] Henry Fotheringham , Ken McEwan , Rupert Hanley , Dave Richardson and Mandy Yachad made their debuts for South Africa. Clive Rice was handed the captaincy for the 3rd and 4th "Tests" after the sacking of Peter Kirsten for the 'ODI' series defeat. Kirsten maintained his place in the team and top scored in the next match. Graham Gooch played against the West Indies team during both tours as a member of a South African provincial side.

The improvement in the on-field action was in strict contrast to the off-field environment. South Africa stood permanently on the brink of civil war as PW Botha 's brutal government repressed the black majority and excluded them from a new 'multi-racial' parliament. This oppression was met with violent reprisals while the rebels were controversial figures in the townships that had worshipped West Indian cricketers only to see them collaborating with the apartheid enemy. [28]

The participants received a life ban from Caribbean cricket in 1983. In many instances, they were ostracised socially and professionally, such was the hostility toward players that complied with the South African apartheid system. [29] [30] [31] In contrast, the players commented on a warm reception from both blacks and whites in South Africa and the tour may have been a positive influence on relations between races. It was one of the few occasions when white and black people had played sport together in South Africa. The players' bans were lifted in 1989 (although Monte Lynch appeared in ODI's for England a year earlier against the touring West Indians) but the only tour member who played for West Indies again was Moseley, at the age of 32 (two tests in the 1989–90 home series against England: though he did not take many wickets, his appearance was chiefly notable for breaking Graham Gooch's hand, forcing Gooch – now England's captain – to miss the remainder of the series). Franklyn Stephenson and Clarke had very successful first-class careers in South African and English domestic cricket: and Stephenson in particular could perhaps be thought unlucky not to be given a chance in Test cricket, given the precedent set by Moseley's selection and the fact that his performances in the English county championship had been nothing short of spectacular.

A fierce battle raged – and continues to rage [32] – over the morality of the West Indian tours.

  • 1982–3 squad: Lawrence Rowe (captain), Richard Austin , Herbert Chang , Sylvester Clarke , Colin Croft , Alvin Greenidge , Bernard Julien , Alvin Kallicharran , Collis King , Everton Mattis , Ezra Moseley , David Murray , Derick Parry , Franklyn Stephenson , Emmerson Trotman , Ray Wynter , Albert Padmore (player/manager). [33] [ unreliable source? ]
  • 1983–4 squad: Lawrence Rowe (captain), Hartley Alleyne , Faoud Bacchus , Sylvester Clarke , Colin Croft , Alvin Greenidge , Bernard Julien , Alvin Kallicharran , Collis King , Monte Lynch , Everton Mattis , Ezra Moseley , David Murray , Derick Parry , Franklyn Stephenson , Emmerson Trotman , Albert Padmore (player/manager). [34] [ unreliable source? ]

The tours by the Australians were led by former Test captain Kim Hughes , with South Africa winning both "Test" series 1 – 0. The squad included several players who represented Australia at Test level, such as fast bowlers Terry Alderman , Rodney Hogg and Carl Rackemann , spinners Trevor Hohns and Tom Hogan opening batsman John Dyson and Steve Smith , weakening the official Australian Test side by depriving it of several of its best players. [35] The tour prompted Australian prime minister Bob Hawke to call the group "traitors" and in retrospect has been called "one of the most painful and traumatic moments in Australian cricket history." [36]

Hughes accused the Australian Cricket Board of fostering dissatisfaction among the players, making recruitment for the rebel tours easy. [37] Hughes did return to Sheffield Shield cricket in 1988 but never played international cricket again and later returned to South Africa to play for Natal . However, Alderman, Hohns and Rackemann returned to represent Australia in later series, starting in 1989. Wessels—a South African by birth, who had been playing for Australia only because of the international ban on South African sport—returned to his native country, playing and captaining for South Africa on their readmission to Test cricket, and later became the first person to score official Test centuries for two nations.

On the first Australian tour, 1985–86 , fast bowlers Hugh Page and Corrie van Zyl made their debuts for South Africa. During the second tour in 1986–87 , batsman Brian Whitfield and spinner Omar Henry who became the second non-white player to represent South Africa, and two future stars, all-rounder Brian McMillan and fast bowler Allan Donald made their South African debuts. Kepler Wessels played for the Australian team on their second tour.

South Africa won both 'Test' series 1–0, both 'ODI' series and a 'day-night' series. However, the on-field action could never escape the shadow of apartheid. Newspaper revelations in January 1986 [38] revealed what non-white leaders in South Africa and anti-apartheid campaigners worldwide had been claiming for years: the tours were not funded by business, as Ali Bacher and SACU had always insisted, but by the apartheid government through enormous tax breaks. [39]

  • 1985–6 squad: Kim Hughes (captain), Terry Alderman , John Dyson , Peter Faulkner , Mike Haysman , Tom Hogan , Rodney Hogg , Trevor Hohns , John Maguire , Rod McCurdy , Carl Rackemann , Steve Rixon , Greg Shipperd , Steve Smith , Mick Taylor , Graham Yallop . [40] [ unreliable source? ]
  • 1986–7 squad: Kim Hughes (captain), Terry Alderman , John Dyson , Peter Faulkner , Mike Haysman , Tom Hogan , Rodney Hogg , Trevor Hohns , John Maguire , Rod McCurdy , Carl Rackemann , Steve Rixon , Greg Shipperd , Steve Smith , Mick Taylor , Kepler Wessels , Graham Yallop . [41] [ unreliable source? ]

In 1990, the final tour was led by former England captain Mike Gatting . The team included former and contemporary England players such as batsmen Tim Robinson , Bill Athey and Chris Broad , wicketkeeper Bruce French , and the fast bowlers Paul Jarvis , Graham Dilley and Neil Foster .

Kepler Wessels returned to represent the land of his birth. Roy Pienaar , Dave Rundle and Richard Snell made their debuts for South Africa. Jimmy Cook was appointed as South African captain and Allan Donald took 8 wickets for 59 in the match. South Africa went on to win the only 'Test'. [42] England lost the limited overs series 3 – 1. [43]

Most of the squad did not play for England again. Gatting served a three-year ban from Test cricket before his recall to the England side for the tour of India and Sri Lanka in 1992 – 93, along with John Emburey and Paul Jarvis . Emburey made both rebel tours and served two suspensions. Foster subsequently played a solitary Test, against Australia at Lord's in 1993, as did Alan Wells (against the West Indies in 1995). Matthew Maynard played three more tests, two in the 1993 Ashes and one in the following tour of the West Indies.

The squad for the rebel tour was announced during the fourth Test of the 1989 Ashes series in England. Players in the squad were not considered for the rest of the series, which allowed future long-term England players, batsman Michael Atherton and fast bowler Devon Malcolm , an opportunity to make their England debuts.

The tour was a financial disaster as it coincided with the "unbanning" of the African National Congress and the release from prison of Nelson Mandela . As South Africa began the dismantling of apartheid, Ali Bacher was surprised at the scale of the mass demonstrations against the tour as previous rebel tours had passed smoothly in the country. [44] The second tour scheduled for 1990–91 was cancelled.

  • Squad: Mike Gatting (captain), Bill Athey , Kim Barnett , Chris Broad , Chris Cowdrey , Graham Dilley , Richard Ellison , John Emburey , Neil Foster , Bruce French , Paul Jarvis , Matthew Maynard , Tim Robinson , Greg Thomas , Alan Wells , David Graveney (player/manager). [45]

Thirty-one players were selected to play for South Africa in the 19 Rebel "Tests". Vintcent van der Bijl , Rupert Hanley , Denys Hobson , Kevin McKenzie , Alan Kourie , Brian Whitfield , Kenny Watson , Roy Pienaar , Hugh Page , Ray Jennings , Henry Fotheringham , Lawrence Seeff , Stephen Jefferies , Ken McEwan and Garth Le Roux all retired or were beyond their prime before official international cricket resumed for South Africa. Before isolation, Graeme Pollock (23 Tests), Mike Procter (7 Tests) and Barry Richards (4 Tests) had played official Test cricket.

South Africa resumed official international cricket in 1991 with a short tour of India , and participation in the 1992 Cricket World Cup in Australia and New Zealand. Clive Rice (3), Corrie van Zyl (2), Dave Rundle (2) and Mandy Yachad (1), only played in official ODIs for South Africa. Being in the twilight of their careers, Jimmy Cook played 3 Tests and 6 ODIs, Peter Kirsten 12 Tests and 40 ODIs, Adrian Kuiper 1 Test and 25 ODIs and Omar Henry 3 Tests and 3 ODIs.

However, Allan Donald , 72 Tests and 164 ODIs, Brian McMillan 38 Tests and 78 ODIs and Dave Richardson 42 Tests and 122 ODIs, became the backbone of the new Protea outfit, and to a lesser extent, Richard Snell who played in 5 Tests and 42 ODIs. Kepler Wessels became captain of the team and played in 16 Tests and 55 ODIs for South Africa. During the years of isolation, Wessels played for Australia in 24 Tests and 54 ODIs.

An additional eleven players were selected to play for South Africa in Rebel 'ODIs' without playing in a Rebel 'Test'. Of these, Daryll Cullinan (70 Tests and 138 ODIs), Fanie de Villiers (18 Tests and 83 ODIs) and Mark Rushmere (1 Test and 4 ODIs) played both official Test and ODI matches once South Africa returned to international cricket. Eric Simons (23 ODIs) and Tim Shaw (9 ODIs) only played official ODIs. Robert Armitage , Robert Bentley , Lee Barnard , Anton Ferreira , Brett Matthews and Trevor Madsen did not play official international cricket.

All of the matches played during the rebel tours were granted first-class status, which was subsequently withdrawn by the International Cricket Council in 1993. As of August 2007 [ update ] , the ICC is reviewing the status of all matches played in South Africa between 1961 and 1991, including those played during the rebel tours, with a view to restoring first-class status to some matches. [46]

  • Rugby union and apartheid
  • Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era
  • SuperSport Series

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  • ↑ Pg 35–71, Peter May, The Rebel Tours: Cricket's Crisis of Conscience , 2009
  • ↑ Pg 10–54, Douglas Booth, The Race Game: Sport and Politics in South Africa , 1998.
  • ↑ Pg 99, Booth, 1998
  • ↑ Pg 223–5, André Odendaal , The African Game , 2003
  • ↑ Pg 225, Odendaal, 2003
  • ↑ Pg 54, May 2009
  • ↑ Pg 175, Rodney Hartman, Ali: The Life of Ali Bacher , 2004.
  • ↑ "Rebels take a step too far" . Cricinfo.com. 1 January 1970 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • ↑ "The Conquerors: The greatest ever?" . wordpress.com. 3 November 2009 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • ↑ May 2009
  • ↑ Pg 55, May 2009
  • ↑ Pg 71–108, May 2009
  • ↑ Pg 39, Mike Procter with Pat Murphy, South Africa: The Years of Isolation , 1994
  • ↑ Peter May and Tristan Holme, SPIN Magazine, November 2009
  • ↑ "Rebel England XI in South Africa 1980–1981" . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • ↑ Pg 98, May 2009
  • ↑ "The Rebel Tours" . WordPress.com . 9 October 2009 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • ↑ "The Dirty Dozen" . ESPN Cricinfo . 14 November 2009 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 .
  • ↑ "Rob Steen on Graham Dilley" . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • ↑ "Sri Lanka's Test record 1982" . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • ↑ "Dilmah Cricket Network 'Rewind to Sri Lanka's rebel tour' " . cricinfo.com. 24 February 2005 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • ↑ pg 131 May 2009
  • ↑ " 'Rebel with a grouse'," . The Indian Express . 22 August 1997 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . [ permanent dead link ]
  • ↑ "The Rebel Tours" . wordpress.com. 10 October 2009 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • ↑ Mcdonald, Michelle (12 April 2011). " "Yagga" Rowe tackles apartheid, part 3" . Caribbeancricket.com . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • ↑ Pg 138–98, May 2009.
  • ↑ Sky Sports, Out of the Wilderness Part 2 , August 2008.
  • ↑ Sam Coates and Charles Bremner (21 October 2011). "Michael Atherton, 'Richard Austin: the fallen West Indies star' " . The Times . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • ↑ "Robert Craddock, 'Rebels still live in shame, despair" . The Herald Sun . 14 April 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • ↑ Pg 120, Michael Holding and Tony Cozier , Whispering Death: The Life and Times of Michael Holding , 1993
  • ↑ "The unforgiven" . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • ↑ "The Rebel Tours" . wordpress.com. 11 October 2009 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • ↑ "The Rebel Tours" . wordpress.com. 12 October 2009 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • ↑ Cricinfo.com: Australian XI in South Africa 1985 – 86 tour statistics. [ dead link ]
  • ↑ "Rebels—the '85 South Africa tour" . The Age . 10 December 2005 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • ↑ "The crying game" . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • ↑ 'Taxpayers hit for six!', Business Day, 20 January 1986.
  • ↑ Pg 221–3, May 2009; pg 184–5, Hartman, 2004; Pg 147, Booth, 1998; Pg 133–4, Mihir Bose, Sporting Colours, 1994.
  • ↑ "The Rebel Tours" . wordpress.com. 13 October 2009 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • ↑ "Scorecard" . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • ↑ "England XI in South Africa 1989–90" . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • ↑ Weaver, Paul (11 January 2010). "English rebels who ignored apartheid cause still show a lack of shame" . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 August 2019 .
  • ↑ " 'Rebels' to sue South Africa board" . BBC Sport . 3 January 2003 . Retrieved 1 August 2019 .
  • ↑ "Rebel tours to South Africa may get ICC recognition" . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 25 October 2011 .
  • Ashley Gray, The Unforgiven: Mercenaries or Missionaries? , Pitch Publishing, 2020.
  • Peter May, The Rebel Tours: Cricket's Crisis of Conscience , SportsBooks, 2009.
  • Rodney Hartman, Ali: The Life of Ali Bacher , Penguin, 2004.
  • Mihir Bose , Sporting Colours: Sport and Politics in South Africa , Robson Books, 1994.
  • Mike Procter with Pat Murphy , South Africa: the years of isolation , Queen Anne Press, 1994, ISBN   1852915404 .
  • Chris Harte, Two Tours and Pollock , Sports Marketing, 1988
  • Chris Harte and Warwick Hadfield, Cricket Rebels , QB Books, 1985
  • Article on the West Indian rebels from The Courier-Mail
  • Article on the West Indies rebel tours from Cricinfo
  • Interview with Ali Bacher and players about the 1989 England rebel tour from Cricinfo
  • Interview with Lawrence Rowe that includes discussion of the rebel tours from Caribbeancricket.com
  • The Rebel Tours author archive from WordPress.com

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Aust XI vs W Province , at Cape Town , , Dec 21 1985 - Cricket Stats

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'Prime minister Hawke called us traitors'

The Australian rebel tour to South Africa had its share of controversy, but it also sparked the emergence of future stars from both countries

The 16 Aussies who went to South Africa

The squad that toured a country under apartheid in 1985-86 played some quality, hard-fought cricket, but at what cost?

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Cricketers have often had to choose between cash and country. For some, like Rod McCurdy, it was a choice that raised many questions about what might have been

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    The 30th anniversary of the first Australian rebel cricket tour of apartheid-ridden South Africa passed with barely a mention, but former Test fast bowler Mike Whitney's rejection of a king's ...

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  20. South African rebel tours

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  21. SAfXI vs AUSXI Cricket Scorecard, , 1st Match at Durban, December 26

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  22. From rebel tours to comm box, South Africa remains constant ...

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  23. 1985 Cricket Stats

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