what does trip level mean

Everything you need to know about State Department travel advisories

When traveling abroad, the top concern for many Americans is safety.

Whether it is due to ongoing conflict, special events such as the 2024 Paris Olympics , natural disasters like a volcano currently erupting in Iceland or an uptick in crime , conditions of countries can change rapidly, affecting both travelers and locals.

To help keep American travelers safe, the U.S. Department of State issues and maintains travel advisories for U.S. citizens based on current circumstances.

These advisories can be particularly helpful for first-time and younger travelers, though the agency encourages all people to review them for their desired destination ahead of travel.

What are travel advisories based on?

Although travel warnings originate from the State Department and live on its website , they are a joint effort between the State Department's Office of Overseas Citizens Services and U.S. consulates and embassies worldwide.

"We've got our diplomats and consular officers on the ground in all those places, who have more up-to-date information than anyone in Washington could have," said Angela Kerwin, deputy assistant secretary for Overseas Citizens Services, during a Zoom interview Thursday. "But we use a variety of information in order to look at the criteria that go into our travel advisories around the world."

In addition to crime reports, nongovernmental organization reports and those from international organizations such as the United Nations, the government considers nine risk factors in determining the level at which each country's advisory should be set:

C — Crime : Widespread violence or organized crime is present in areas of the country. Local law enforcement may have limited ability to respond to serious crimes.
T — Terrorism : Terrorist attacks have occurred and/or specific threats against civilians, groups or other targets may exist.
U — Civil Unrest : Political, economic, religious and/or ethnic instability exists and may cause violence, major disruptions and/or safety risks.
H — Health : Health risks, including current disease outbreaks or a crisis that disrupts a country's medical infrastructure. The issuance of a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Travel Health Notice may also be a factor.
N — Natural Disaster : A natural disaster, or its aftermath, poses danger.
E — Time-limited Event : Short-term events, such as elections, sporting events or other incidents that may pose safety risks.
K — Kidnapping or Hostage Taking : Criminal or terrorist individuals or groups have threatened to and/or have seized or detained and threatened to kill, injure or continue to detain individuals in order to compel a third party (including a governmental organization) to do or abstain from doing something as a condition of release.
D — Wrongful Detention : The risk of wrongful detention of U.S. nationals exists.
O — Other : Potential risks are not covered by previous risk indicators. Read the country's travel advisory for details.

Although the most recently added category, Wrongful Detention, only applies to a handful of countries, it's an important criterion for travelers to note when a country has detained a U.S. citizen without cause.

Level 1 to 4 tiered warning system

Based on that nine-rubric system, plus reports and input from U.S. consulates and embassies in these countries, the agency assigns each country a Level 1 to 4 tiered warning , with 1 being the lowest level, indicating relative safety, and 4 being the highest, meaning travelers should not visit.

Level 1: Exercise normal precautions

This is the lowest level a country can achieve, making it among the safest for Americans to visit. As with any travel, there is always some risk, so every country will always have at least a Level 1 advisory.

Level 2: Exercise increased caution

Under a Level 2 designation, a country has increased safety or security risks, but they likely won't preclude you from traveling there.

Level 3: Reconsider travel

A Level 3 advisory tells travelers to potentially defer trips to the country in question, as serious potential risks exist.

Level 4: Do not travel

The most serious advisories are Level 4 recommendations, which alert you to avoid travel to designated countries and areas due to a greater threat of potentially life-threatening risks and limited resources to help Americans.

What else to know about travel advisories

In addition to the State Department's general travel advisory, a country's information page will also provide any timely alerts from the corresponding U.S. embassy and/or consulate to consider.

There are also certain countries where the agency can provide "carve-outs" to communicate information related to specific areas or regions within a particular country.

"Perhaps the country itself is a Level 3 country, but there is one particular border area that has ongoing kinetic activity of some sort, and we'd say that would be a Level 4," Kerwin explained.

These carve-outs are most often found in Mexico , as the U.S. shares a border with the country and more Americans travel to Mexico for tourism than elsewhere.

"Mexico is a special case. We also have more U.S. consulates than we do in any other country in the world, and for that reason, we are able to provide state-by-state travel advisory levels in Mexico," Kerwin said. "[With] other countries around the world, [we] just simply don't have the ability to have that level of detail; the specificity is greater for Mexico."

Because data is the main source of information for crafting these advisories, not all alerts can be created equally.

"It is impossible to say that we can apply all nine criteria exactly the same in country A as we do in country B. You're going to have more statistical data of a reliable type for ... Germany than you would Chad," Kerwin explained. "So to compare the exact same report for Germany with the exact same report for Chad is not something that makes sense because it's generally not going to be available."

In those cases, the government relies on its embassies and consulates, which are present in most of these countries, to help inform its alerts.

"We've got people on the ground who are often best positioned to help us evaluate the number of kidnappings, the level of civil unrest, how many terrorist attacks reported or not reported," she said.

Note that a lack of readily available or accurate data doesn't make the country inherently riskier or more dangerous for travelers.

"It just means that we don't have the exact type of data that we would have in another country," Kerwin said. "We would have to rely more heavily on embassy reporting and our folks there, but it does not necessarily mean it is a more dangerous country."

Does a Level 4 alert mean I should avoid traveling there?

In short, the answer is yes.

At the time of publication, there were 19 countries with Level 4 alerts, per the State Department.

"These are the places we deem as the most dangerous for U.S. citizens to travel to, and we would really like U.S. citizens to look at other destinations," Kerwin said. In part, that's because of the limited consular or embassy services available in these places should an American need help.

"Every U.S. citizen gets to make up their own mind on where they want to travel. That's all we can do as a government," she continued. "If a U.S. citizen finds themselves in a situation where they need to travel to one of these countries for whatever reason, we would ask that they look at our travel advisories in advance, read our country information sheet. We would certainly recommend if we have a functioning embassy, that they save that information on their phone so they can contact the embassy if necessary."

But overall, travelers should avoid traveling to Level 4 countries if possible.

"Each of these Level 4 countries will tell you what our concerns are with these countries and [that] our criteria has been met," Kerwin said. "We believe it is quite dangerous to go there."

How often are State Department travel advisories updated?

When viewing a travel advisory, you'll note at the top the date it was last updated, as alerts are updated on a rolling basis.

Generally speaking, Level 4 and Level 3 alerts are updated at least once every six months, while Level 1 and Level 2 alerts are examined at least once per year, pending evolving circumstances.

"If something changes or some precipitating event, we would do it earlier as needed," Kerwin said.

For example, on Thursday, the U.S. Embassy in Reykjavik issued its own alert regarding a volcanic eruption in southwest Iceland that morning. When embassy alerts are issued for isolated events in a particular region of a country, it does not necessarily reflect the overall level of the country as a whole.

Despite the volcano warning, Iceland remained at Level 1 , as it has since July. If it had been a more widespread eruption affecting general European air travel, that would have prompted the agency to update the travel advisory as a whole.

"Right now, by sending out that security alert, we're saying stay away from the volcano, but if you wanna go have dinner in Reykjavik, follow our regular information we have on our travel advisory," Kerwin said.

That volcano alert also went out via the agency's Smart Traveler Enrollment Program , which sends relevant security updates from the nearest U.S. Consulate, and which Kerwin advised travelers to enroll in as another way to stay safe abroad.

"So anybody who is registered in STEP traveling to or who is living in Iceland would've gotten an email to say, 'Hey, be aware the volcano erupted again today, we're watching it closely; pay attention,'" she explained. "We have those various security alerts that we can send out at any time in a country based on late-breaking events."

Special events, such as the upcoming 2024 Paris Olympics, will also trigger additional and/or more frequent alerts.

"We will be paying special attention to that. We expect there will be a large number of U.S. citizens that are headed in that direction to cheer on our team, and we want to make sure that we are giving them the best information we can about their time when they're traveling," Kerwin said.

Other things to consider when traveling abroad

As with travel in general, the State Department advises Americans heading overseas to prepare in advance.

"We have a slogan we've been using, and I like it; it's called 'travel smart from the start,' and that starts even before you decide what destination," Kerwin said. That slogan applies to details like checking that you have enough validity on your passport (most countries require six months at the time of entry) and buying travel insurance.

Kerwin also advises procuring the contact information for the nearest U.S. government presence (i.e., the embassy or consulate) via the State Department's list of U.S. embassies and consulates .

"Jot down on paper, take a picture on your phone and save the U.S. Embassy/Consulate phone number or email address so you can get in contact with us if there's a problem," she said. "And always be aware of your surroundings ... a heightened level of awareness ... is important for travelers no matter where they're going."

Bottom line

With travel comes an inherent risk, and the government aims to help travelers remain safe domestically and abroad.

While the decision to travel is ultimately up to the traveler, these travel advisories should be taken seriously.

"Our goal is to always provide the best advice and information we can for U.S. citizens so they can make their decisions as to where they wish they travel," Kerwin said.

Therefore, heed these travel warnings from the State Department via U.S. embassies, consulates and the department's STEP program.

"The final thing — and this is an important one — is to have fun," Kerwin added. "Travel is fantastic — you get to see new cultures, and you get to experience new languages and beautiful countries and beautiful cities. We want U.S. citizens to travel and have fun on their adventures around the world."

GFCI Class A, B, C, D, E Meaning (With Its Trip Level)

It is not that difficult to understand why the NEC encourages consumers to use GFCIs. According to the Home Electrical Fires, electrical issues cause over 50,000 fires annually, killing hundreds of people and injuring thousands. Therefore, you already understand the important role GFCIs play. But what about the class? Does the GFCI class matter?

GFCI Class Meaning

According to NEC 210.8(B), class C, D, and E GFCIs respond to currents that exceed 20mA while their class A counterparts react to current leaks of 5mA or more.

This tells you everything you need to know about GFCI classes.

The class reveals the amount of electricity that has to leak for a particular GFCI device to respond.

An experienced engineer will identify the type of GFCI you need if you tell them the class. If you don’t know the class, they will scrutinize the needs of your applications and projects to figure out the appropriate GFCI class for your situation.

As you can see, the GFCI class is important. People don’t consider it because local retailers rarely mention it. They typically sell the same types of GFCIs to homeowners. This is because most residential areas use a similar GFCI receptacle.

As such, homeowners and their retailers do not have to consider the class of a GFCI. But if you have a complex project in an industrial setting, your contractor will introduce the GFCI class to the discussion.

Advantage Of Using Different Class GFCI

Class A responds to a ground fault of 6mA or more
Class B responds to a ground fault of 20mA or more
Class C is found in systems where the conductors are less than 300VAC
Class D is found in systems where at least one conductor is 300VAC to ground or more.
Class E GFCIs are similar to class D. The protected equipment has conventional equipment grounding.

Even with those descriptions, the advantage of knowing these classes won’t make sense to you if you don’t understand how GFCIs work.

These devices prevent electrocution by detecting the difference between the ingoing and outgoing current.

Electricity leaves the panel through the hot conductor and returns via the neutral line. The current between these two wires should balance. But if a malfunction occurs and the electricity escapes the wires to flow through water, the human body, or any other conductor, the GFCI will detect this development because the volume of current returning via the neutral line will change.

It will reduce, which is a bad thing. The GFCI will cut the power immediately to protect the user and their equipment. But that raises a question. How big can the difference be between the incoming and outgoing current for the GFCI to trip?

It only takes a current difference of 5mA for the GFCI to take action. On the surface, this is a good thing. The GFCI will shut the power in the outlet off before the current leak can kill you.

But that is only acceptable where ordinary household items are concerned. What if you have powerful devices in commercial settings that use more significant volumes of current?

Machines in factories produce larger current leaks even though a ground fault hasn’t occurred. If you have a conventional GFCI that trips in response to a 6mA difference, it will become a nuisance because factory machines will trigger the device incessantly.

People started looking for GFCIs that could accommodate high voltage applications decades ago. UL introduced tests to determine the viability of higher voltage GFCIs, but none of the available models could meet the organization’s requirements.

That is no longer the case. The market has plenty of class C, D, and E GFCIs that consumers can apply to 600V applications. They trip at a threshold of 20mA, which is low enough to protect workers from fatal shocks but not so low that it attracts nuisance tripping.

You don’t have to limit your selection to GFCIs that trip at 20mA. You can buy models with adjustable thresholds, especially if your objective is to protect devices instead of people. However, organizations like Underwriters Laboratories will not call those devices GFCIs.

Instead, they will use terms like ‘ Equipment Ground Fault Protection Devices .’ What does this mean? The class allows you to identify the right GFCI for every application.

The NEC is quite clear on this issue. Homeowners do not realize that the NEC expects them to use class A GFCIs in residential areas. People ignore the class because they don’t know its importance, which makes sense.

If you own a home, class A GFCIs are all that matters to you. You don’t have to concern yourself with class B GFCIs unless you want to apply the technology to swimming pool light fixtures.

But if you want to introduce GFCI technology to higher voltage applications, you must learn everything there is to know about GFCI classes. This is the only way to protect yourself and your equipment with the appropriate GFCI.

Different Classes of GFCI and Its Features

Class a gfci.

Class A GFCIs respond when the current leak exceeds 5mA. But They don’t respond if the current leak is 4mA or less. This prevents nuisance tripping.

Class A GFCIs prevent electrical shocks resulting from malfunctions and defective circuits. The manufacturer will label the GFCI accordingly.

How Does GFCI Of Class A Work?

The GFCI trips when it detects a current leak ranging from 4mA to 6mA. You will find them in outlets in kitchens, bathrooms, and other places that expose electrical equipment to water.

Class A GFCI Trip Level

The NEC puts GFCIs in the class A category if they trip when the current leakage is 4mA to 6mA. They expect consumers to add class A GFCIs to 15 and 20A receptacles in unfinished basements , kitchens , bathrooms, garages , and exterior locations.

Class B GFCI

Class B GFCI trips when the electrical imbalance exceeds 20mA.

You cannot categorize every device with a trip current of over 20mA under the class B banner. S c hneider Electric has mentioned that they have devices that trip at 30mA.

And yet, those devices do not meet class B requirements. This should encourage you to apply caution while buying GFCIs. If you cannot find the documentation explaining the GFCI’s class, don’t apply that GFCI until you consult an expert.

How Does GFCI of Class B Work?

A class B GFCI works just like any other GFCI. It protects equipment by tripping after detecting an imbalance in the circuit. But unlike class A GFCIs that trip when the ground fault current is between 4 and 6mA, class B GFCIs will only respond to an imbalance of more than 20mA.

Class B GFCI Trip level

Class B GFCIs trip when the ground fault current exceeds 20mA.

You were more likely to see class B GFCIs before the 1965 NEC was adopted. Consumers added them to underwater light fixtures in swimming pools. Class A GFCIs were not a viable option because of their sensitivity. They would trip incessantly.

Class A VS Class B GFCI

You find class A GFCIs in residential settings because they have a trip current of 4 to 6mA. They accommodate home appliances and devices with reasonable watt ratings.
You find class B GFCIs in settings with ground fault currents that exceed 20mA. A class A GFCI would repeatedly trip if you added the device to an application that needs class B GFCIs.

Class C GFCI

Class C trip when detecting an imbalance of 15 to 20mA. This is not the only requirement for a class C GFCI. Additionally, the circuit in question shouldn’t have any conductors that exceed 300V to the ground. The line-to-line voltage should be no more than 480V. Make sure the equipment in question has reliable grounding .

That 15 – 20mA range is above the ‘ let go threshold .’ Therefore, decent grounding is vital in case an unexpected malfunction occurs.

Many people place class B, C, D, and E GFCIs in the same category because they all have higher trip thresholds than class A GFCIs.

But you have to remember that these GFCIs have significant differences that affect how they are deployed.

With class D GFCIs, you can have at least one conductor on a circuit with more than 300V to the ground. You don’t want to use class C GFCIs on 600V systems.

Class D technology is the best option. Although, you also require reliable grounding.

Class E GFCIs offer highspeed tripping . You don’t need the same oversized ground people associate with class D GFCIs.

The importance of class B, C, D, and E GFCIs cannot be overstated. Class A GFCI trip currents are not fatal. You may not even notice them. But currents as high as 10mA can affect the muscles, causing involuntary contractions.

Higher currents will affect the victim’s breathing. Don’t be surprised if ventricular fibrillation occurs, stopping the heart and killing consumers that cannot be defibrillated quickly enough. The last thing you want is to match a GFCI class to the wrong application.

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GFCI Light(Red, Green, Yellow, Orange, No Light) Meaning
Open Ground GFCI Meaning – You Must Know

Stellar Jackson

One thought on “ GFCI Class A, B, C, D, E Meaning (With Its Trip Level) ”

Hi Seems you have been working intensively with GFCI. However the standards or the way to measure is in low frequency range (50 -300Hz – as i recall it). What about harmonics e.g from inverters (speed controlled compressors or pumps) where typically you see harmonics related to the switching frequency. Many GFCI models in the market today seems not to take care and will trip e.g at 3Khz by low current while characteristic of tripping curve is very non linear

Evaluating the U.S. Department of State Travel Advisory System

Many colleges and universities, including Northwestern, pay close attention U.S. Department of State (DOS) consular announcements, which are disseminated to the public to help assess travelers’ risks. It’s important for travelers to understand the different announcement types and sources.

The Consular Travel Advisory System

Under new DOS Travel Advisory system every country is assigned a color-coded risk rating from one to four, defined as:

Level 1 – Exercise Normal Precautions: This is the lowest advisory level for safety and security risk.
Level 2 – Exercise Increased Caution: Be aware of heightened risks to safety and security. The Department of State provides additional advice for travelers in these areas in the Travel Advisory.
Level 3 – Reconsider Travel: Avoid travel due to serious risks to safety and security. The Department of State provides additional advice for travelers in these areas in the Travel Advisory.
Level 4 – Do Not Travel: This is the highest advisory level due to greater likelihood of life-threatening risks. During an emergency, the U.S. government may have very limited ability to provide assistance. The Department of State advises that U.S. citizens not travel to the country or leave as soon as it is safe to do so. The Department of State provides additional advice for travelers in these areas in the Travel Advisory.

Additional country-specific information is provided in each advisory, including clearer, actionable steps for that travelers can take to mitigate risk. (See Risk Indicators below). The DOS will update the advisories as needed, based on changes to security and safety information.

Risk Indicators

By using established risk indicators, the Travel Advisories at levels 2-4 provide clear reasons for the level assigned:

E - Time-Limited Event: A short-term event, such as an election, sporting event or other incident that may post a safety risk.
C – Crime: Widespread violent or organized crime is present in areas of the country. Local law enforcement may have limited ability to respond to serious crimes.
T – Terrorism: Terrorist attacks have occurred and/or specific threats against civilians, groups, or other targets may exist.
U – Civil Unrest: Political, economic, religious, and/or ethnic instability exist and may cause violence, major disruptions, and/or safety risks.
N – Natural Disaster: A natural disaster, or its aftermath, poses danger.
H – Health: Health risks, including current disease outbreaks or a crisis that disrupts a country’s medical infrastructure, are present. The issuance of a Centers for Disease Control Travel Notice may be a factor.
K– Kidnapping or Hostage Taking : Criminal or terrorist individuals or groups have threatened to and / or have seized or detained and threatened to kill, injure or continue to detain individuals in order to compel a third party (including a governmental organization) to do or abstain from doing something as a condition of release.
D – Wrongful Detention: The risk of wrongful detention of U.S. nationals by a foreign government exists.
O – Other: There are potential risks not covered by previous risk indicators.

U.S. embassies and consulates will now issue Alerts to replace the Emergency Messages and Security Messages. Alerts will inform travelers of specific safety and security concerns in a country and will be labeled according to their issue: Security Alert; Health Alert; Weather Alert; or Demonstration Alert. Recent Alerts for a country appear below the Travel Advisory. Alerts can also be found on individual embassy or consulate websites.

Click here for an example of an embassy Alert message.

Additional Information

For an even more detailed description of these terms, please see the Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC) document, Understanding the Consular Travel Advisory System .

From Mild to Wild: The Five Mushroom Trip Levels Explained

For decades, psychonauts have used the five mushroom trip levels to relate their experiences on shrooms. Learn what the levels are and how to get to each one 🚀

Level 1: Threshold

Level 2: musem dose, level 3: the oracle, level 4: the abyss, level 5: cosmic convergence, how many mushrooms should i take for each trip level, 8-circut model of consciousness (tim leary & ralph metzner), 5-point quantitative potency scale (alexander shulgin & ann shulgin), meq & apz (research questionnaires), 1. can you experience more than one psychedelic trip level at the same time, 2. does set & setting affect mushroom trip levels, 3. how long do shroom trip levels last.

Describing a mushroom trip is more complex than we’d like to admit.

The rainbow fractal light language might make sense to the person undergoing the experience — but putting that experience into words others can understand is no small feat.

Terence Mckenna said it best — “It’s hard to English it.”

Despite this fact — we will do our best to describe each of the five mushroom trip levels (with the help of talented visual artists).

The Five “Levels” of the Psychedelic Experience

One can assume that in the early days of psychedelic use, trippy cave art was how we conveyed our trips to each other.

Since the advent of language and the reemergence of psychedelics into the English-speaking world, we have made some progress (but maybe less than one might expect) in communicating what the heck just happened after the mind-blowing experience of psychedelic mushrooms.

A system for classifying the intensity, known as the “Five Psychedelic Levels” and created by Graeme Carl, has caught on online. Classic online psychedelic hubs like Erowid and Shroomery have been sharing this system for some time.

The original PDF once existed for download (now defunct) on Hyperreal.org.

Since its creation, people have been sharing it extensively around the internet. The specifics of each level have developed as more language and perspectives around psychedelics have emerged.

Below is our adaptation of the original five levels for psilocybin mushroom trips.

Carl mentions this as a “mild stoning,” with light visuals, such as brighter colors or a slight glow. Other effects include mild euphoria and the potential for slight anxiety.

Unique perceptions of music might occur, such as a more expansive, captivating, or immersive quality to the sound.

This level would be above a microdose as the effects are fairly noticeable.

Colors brighten further, and gentle visuals like breathing walls, tracers, or patterns have more movement.

Closed-eye visuals (CEV) are possible but are light. Confusion, reminiscing, euphoria, or insight into one’s inner world may become more apparent at this level. Short-term memory might become a bit scrambled, and one becomes easily distracted.

Carl suggested that increased creativity is more apparent at this level, suggesting the brain “filters” out less sensory data.

Here the visuals become more striking. The world may look warped or curved, and kaleidoscopic fractals on surfaces or people can occur with greater complexity and movement. CEVs develop more depth and become a 3D, immersive experience.

Emotional content and personal insights may be more meaningful and the mystery of life fascinating. The perception of time changes and dilates.

Movement may become difficult, and bouts of laughter and giggles may become hard to control.

Visuals get intense. Objects may morph into other objects or appear completely alien. Fractals and synesthesia may become disorienting, and CEVs become another world to journey in.

Emotional and philosophical content become strongly amplified, and perhaps feelings become confusing and contradictory. Past experiences may resurface along with profound insights about self and life.

Time can become meaningless; one may have out-of-body experiences or perceive paranormal phenomena like telepathy.

This is a complete departure from everyday consensus reality. Sense ceases to function normally, and language or movement may be impossible.

This is the level of ego death, oneness with the universe or God, or non-dual state. One may meet other beings, aliens, gods, or ancestors.

Other labels include satori, enlightenment, or peak experience. Time does not exist.

The dose of mushrooms for each person to reach every trip level will be different. Knowing your and your friend’s sensitivity to psilocybin will help you shoot for a specific trip level. Also, every batch of magic mushrooms is different, so be sure to establish how potent your shrooms are.

No trip level is “better” than any other, and learning how to navigate each one has its place in a psychonaut’s life. The lower levels are great for getting comfortable with psychedelics, using psychedelics for creativity, or being social.

The higher doses might be helpful for psychedelic therapy and personal or spiritual exploration. If you are going higher, get comfortable with lower doses first and have a trip sitter you trust.

That said, here’s a rough guideline to reach each trip level with dried mushrooms:

Other Ways to Measure The Mushroom Experience

Here are some of the other popular scales and systems trying to categorize magic mushrooms and other psychedelic experiences:

Using the Tibetan Book of the Dead as a reference, Leary suggested traveling through “Three Bardos,” which are states between death and rebirth in Buddhism [1]. Later, Leary developed an 8-circuit model of consciousness that some apply to psychedelics in his book Info-Psychology [2].

The Shulgins, along with Peyton Jacob, developed a five-point “quantitative potency scale” to explore Shuglin’s many research chemical creations in PIHKAL: A Chemical Love Story [3]. Reports typically included the dose and narrative of the experience. The system uses (-, ±, +, ++, +++) with “-” having no effect and “+++” being a “peak” experience.

Researchers employ many different scales and rating systems, like the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ), the Altered States on Consciousness Questionnaire (APZ), and many methods to attempt to quantify psychedelics. These are far more technical and designed for use in research [4].

Mushroom Trip Level FAQS

If you still have questions, feel free to reach out to us at [email protected].

Yes, all the listed effects of each trip level are variable. The boundary between each level is not set in stone and is simply a rough guideline or reference point in the experience. It is nearly impossible to predict a psychedelic experience, and every trip can touch on several levels.

Set and setting affect every mushroom trip. Arriving at any given level is a combination of set, setting, and dose. A safe and comfortable setting is necessary for the higher levels, along with sound mental health and either a trip sitter or health professional present.

Each level can occur outside of the optimal setting, but navigating deeper states can require a level of surrender only achieved in the proper physical and mental space.

A typical shroom trip lasts about 6-8 hours , with the peak of the experience lasting an hour or two. One trip will likely pass through several different levels. For example, levels 1 and 2 for about an hour, perhaps peaking at 3 for another hour or two and slowly going back down through the levels over another few hours.

Whatever level you are in, despite the altered perfection of time, will probably only last a couple of hours.

Leary, T., Alpert, R., & Metzner, R. (2017). The psychedelic experience: A manual based on the Tibetan book of the dead . Citadel Press.
Leary, T. (1987). Info-psychology. Nova York: New Falcon .
Shulgin, A., & Shulgin, A. (1991). PiHKAL. Transform, Berkeley, p xxi .
Preller, K. H., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2018). Phenomenology, structure, and dynamic of psychedelic states. Behavioral neurobiology of psychedelic drugs , 221-256.

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Basics of Alarms and Trips

Alarm/Trip : Something happens—a signal peaks or falls—and you need to know. A limit alarm trip can trigger the response needed to maintain normal, and safe, operations.

A limit alarm trip monitors a process signal (such as one representing temperature, pressure, level or flow) and compares it against a preset limit. If the process signal moves to an undesirable high or low condition, the alarm activates a relay output to warn of trouble, provide on/off control or institute an emergency shutdown.

While limit alarm trips are best known as a sure way to activate a warning light, siren or bell when a process problem occurs, they are also called upon to do much more. In fact, today’s highly flexible and versatile alarm trips can be found working in a wide range of applications, under an impressive list of pseudonyms. Here are just some:

Table of Contents

“Hard” vs. “Soft” Alarms

Because they are hard-wired into the process and provide relay outputs, independent limit alarm trips are often referred to as “hard” alarms. This term differentiates a “hard” alarm trip from the software-implemented alarm (a “soft” alarm) which is found within a Distributed Control System (DCS) or a programmable logic controller (PLC).

Why Use “Hard” Alarms?

Most every plant performs alarm functions using “soft” alarms within their DCS or PLC. As such, some might argue that “hard” alarms are not necessary. However, “hard” alarm trips complement DCS and PLC systems by providing redundancy, simple control and critical safeguarding.

Because of the potential consequences to plant and personnel, “hard” alarm trips continue to be the accepted industry standard for a wide range of primary alarming functions, as well as for backup of DCS and PLC strategies in critical Emergency Shutdown (ESD) and Safety Related Systems (SRS).

“Soft” alarms can be susceptible to common-mode failures (such as failure of a computer-based system’s power supply, hardware or software) that could disable all of the “soft” alarms in the entire system. Therefore, “soft” alarms may be inappropriate for providing the degree of protection demanded for some critical applications, such as those found in Emergency Shutdown Systems (ESD) or Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS).

“Hard” alarms are not exposed to the adverse effects of a common-mode failure because they maintain complete independence from the DCS or PLC (Figure 2). “Hard” alarm trips distributed throughout a facility can be used to provide warnings and safety backup measures in the event of a common-mode failure. That’s why in critical and safety-related applications, the use of “hard” alarms is a requirement of many insurance companies.

Another good reason why “hard” alarms should be considered in place of, or to back up, “soft” alarms is that rather than intermittent scanning of individual points as is accomplished by a DCS or PLC, each “hard” alarm

provides continuous supervision of an individual process signal. In some fast-changing applications, the computer’s scanning speed or network throughput time may be inadequate. In addition, “hard” alarms are typically easier to set up, which eliminates potential programming errors. They are also less prone to failure, inadvertent changes and tampering.

Basic Limit Alarm Trip Functions

Anything from simple annunciation to shut down of an entire process can be handled by a limit alarm trip. An alarm trip accepts an input signal from a monitoring or control instrument, such as a signal transmitter or sensor.

When the monitored variable falls outside of a user-set “Trip” (also called “Set”) Point, the alarm trip activates one or more of its relay outputs. The relay(s) are typically used to control a warning light, annunciator, bell, pump, motor or a shutdown system.

In most units, once an alarm trips, it remains in an alarm condition until the process signal re-crosses the trip point and passes out of the deadband. An adjustable deadband makes it possible to increase or decrease this range, thus affecting what point the relay returns to its normal, non- alarm state.

Using this relatively simple “cause and effect” action, limit alarm trips can be economically used in a wide variety of basic and complex applications:

Warn of trouble by providing a “hard” alarm output when a process signal exceeds a high and/or low limit.
Create an independent emergency shutdown system to aver t undesirable situations in the event of a central power failure or DCS shutdown.
Provide redundant warning or shutdown capabilities to back-up and compensate for failure of DCS or PLC “soft” alarms.
For simple applications, replace over-complicated PLCs with alarm trips that are easier to set up and use.
Reliably and cost-effectively provide on/off control of pumps and motors in batching and similar applications.
Sense dangerous conditions and shutdown control equipment before it is damaged.
Monitor an input for a change in value, and trip an alarm when the input rate-of-change exceeds a selected rate, over a selected time period.

High and Low Limit Alarms

A high or low limit alarm is triggered when the value of the variable being measured exceeds a preset high or low alarm trip point (Figure 3).

This type of alarm trip monitors temperature, pressure, level, flow, position or status variables, and is typically used to warn of unwanted process conditions or to provide emergency shutdown.

Alarm Trips with Multiple Relay Outputs

A limit alarm trip can have one, two or even four relay outputs. Typically, each relay output can be set to respond to a different trip point. This would include any combination of high or low alarm trips, with different trip point settings for each. Some alarm trips also offer the option of setting the relay to trip if there is an input fault (such as a broken sensor), or to alert that there is a problem with the alarm trip itself (Figure 4).

The following examples describe how alarm trip points might be set for a dual output limit alarm trip. Of course, if thealarm trip had four relay outputs, any combination of these same trip options could be applied to the remaining two relays.

A status change (alarm condition) of a single high alarm occurs when the input rises above the trip point. The status will return to a non-alarm condition when the input falls below the deadband.

High/High Alarm

This alarm accepts one input, but has two high relays , each with its own trip point. When the input rises above Trip Point 1 (the lower trip point), the first set of contacts will change status merely to serve as a warning; however, should the input rise above Trip Point 2 (the higher trip point), the second set of contacts change status, which may initiate an emergency shutdown. With four relay outputs, you can provide three levels of warning and then an emergency shutdown (Figure 5).

A status change (alarm condition) of a single low alarm occurs when the input falls below the trip point. The status will return to a non-alarm condition when the input rises above the deadband. A typical application of a low alarm is warning of a low tank level to avert problems with a pump running dry.

Low/Low Alarm

A dual low alarm accepts one input, but has two relays, each with its own independent trip point. When the input falls below Trip Point 1, the first set of contacts will change status merely to serve as a warning. Should the input fall below Trip Point 2, the second set of contacts change status, possibility initiating a shutdown of the process.

The low/low alarm’s contacts will return to a non-alarm status when the signal rises above the lowest deadband. The low alarm’s contacts return to a non-alarm status when the input signal rises above the higher alarm deadband. A typical application includes monitoring the low extreme temperature of a cryogenic tank to avoid over-cooling.

High/Low Alarm

A dual high/low alarm accepts one input and has two relays, each with a separate trip point (Figure 3).

Rate-of-Change Alarm

Used to detect changes in the measured value in units per minute or second, a rate of change alarm monitors an input for a change in value with respect to time (Figure 6). The alarm is set to trip when the input rate-of-change exceeds a user-selected rate (Delta) over a user-selected time period (Delta Time).

Input Fault Alarm

On some alarm trips, you can set one or more of the relays to trip when an input is interrupted, such as in the instance of a sensor break. This provides an alert of a non-critical sensor break without causing a costly false shutdown.

Self-Diagnostic Alarm

Some limit alarm trips continuously monitor their own status during operation, and trip if they are not operating properly.

Average and Differential Alarms

An average limit alarm trips when the average of two or three input signals exceeds a pre-selected high or low trip point (Figure 7). A differential alarm trips when the difference between two input signals, such as two RTD temperature sensors, exceeds a specific value.

Window Alarm

The Window Alarm is activated when the process variable is outside of the low/high trip point ranges (Figure 8).

On/Off Control

A limit alarm trip can also be used as a simple on/off controller such as those required in level applications (pump/valve control) when filling or emptying a container or tank (Figure 9).

Alarm Trip Relay Responses

Normally open and normally closed.

Normal (or normally) means the relay is in the de-energized (or shelf) state. When in the de-energized state, a normally-open (NO) relay contact does not permit current to flow to the common (C), resulting in an open circuit (Figure 10).

When the relay is energized, there is a closed circuit between the NO and the C terminal. A normally-closed (NC) relay contact allows current to flow to the common (C) when the relay is in the normal (de-energized) state (Figure 11). When the relay is energized, there is an open circuit between the NC and the C terminal (Figure 12).

There are three common types of alarm relay configurations: Single-Pole/Single-Throw; Single-Pole/ Double-Throw; and Double-Pole/Double-Throw.

Single-Pole/Single-Throw (SPST)

A SPST has one pole (Figure 10). When the contact closes, it allows current to flow across the relay. If this relay is normally- open (NO), current only flows when the contact trips (energized). If the contact is configured normally-closed (NC), current will flow until the alarm trips (energizes). The choice of Normally-Open (NO) or Normally Closed (NC) is typically selectable.

Single-Pole/Double-Throw (SPDT)

A SPDT contact has one pole and sends the electrical path in one of two directions (Figure 11). By providing both the NO and NC contacts, this type of relay can be quickly wired for any application.

Double-Pole/Double-Throw (DPDT)

These give a single alarm trip two separate outputs from one relay (Figure 12). Both contacts on a DPDT change status at the same time. A DPDT relay make it possible for an alarm trip to perform two simultaneous functions. They are commonly used to annunciate and cause an action to occur, such as shutting off a valve or starting a blower.

Failsafe and Non-Failsafe

Configuring an alarm trip as either failsafe and non- failsafe is a primary safety consideration. In a safety application, the foremost concern should be the alarm trip’s action in the case of failure. An alarm trip with a relay that de-energizes if the input signal exceeds the trip point is called failsafe (Figure 16).

This unit’s relay is energized in the normal operating condition. As a result, should the power fail, this unit’s relay operates as if it were in the alarm condition (Figure 13). Failsafe relay action is chosen for the vast majority of alarming applications.

The other relay action is non-failsafe. This unit’s relay is de-energized when the input signal is in the normal condition (Figure 15) and energized when an alarm occurs. In this configuration, the alarm trip will not provide a warning if there is a power failure (Figure 14).Should a loss of power and alarm condition coincide, the alarm would go undetected.

Normally-Open/Normally Closed Combined with Failsafe/Non-Failsafe

The characteristics of Failsafe/Non-Failsafe and Normally- Open/Normally-Closed relay action can be integrated to provide specific alarming characteristics. To illustrate, consider an application where a light needs to be turned on when a high alarm trip point is reached.

If the SPDT relay is non-failsafe, it is de-energized when in normal state (Figure 15), and energized when in alarm state. Therefore, when the trip point is exceeded, the relay energizes and sends the contact from NC to NO, turning on the light. Note that the light has to be wired to the NO side of the contact so that when the high trip occurs, the relay energizes and the circuit will close between the NO and Common (C) terminals.

If the SPDT relay is failsafe, by definition it is energized when in normal state and de-energized when in alarm state. When the trip point is exceeded, the relay de- energizes and sends the contact from NO to NC (Figure16), turning on the light by completing the circuit between the NC and C terminals.

In this configuration, the light needs to be wired to the NC side of the contact. As stated earlier, this strategy is preferred because if power to the alarm trip is lost, an alarm is initiated to warn of trouble.

The alarm trip fires its relay at the trip point and the relay resets when the process variable reaches the deadband point. Without deadband, if the process variable was hovering and cycling above or below the trip point, the relay would be chattering on and off, leading to premature failure. By setting the deadband just one or two percent away from the trip point, you can avoid excessive relay wear (Figure 17).

A latching alarm is one where the relay cannot automatically reset. Once the relay trips, it remains in the alarm condition until an operator manually resets the relay (usually through a push button). Latching alarms are most commonly employed when you want to force an operator to acknowledge the alarm condition.

Contact Ratings and Precautions

The contact rating of relays used in alarm trips range from one to 10 amps. A typical annunciator requires only a higher amperage device, such as a pump, an interposing relay can be used. To avoid needlessly damaging relays, two precautions must be taken. First, never operate a contact higher than its rating, even if it is momentarily. The rating of the alarms trip’s relay should meet or

exceed the device it controls to insure reliable operations. Second, consider the implication of the load’s behavior. Capacitive loads create inrush current at the startup, which can damage a relay contact, while the arcing created by an inductive load can vaporize a relay contact. Motor loads can have inrush currents five to six times normal run current.

In many applications, a momentary over-range signal may not warrant an alarm trip. Some alarm trips can be set with an alarm response time delay that stops the alarm from going into an alarm condition unless the trip point has been exceeded for a specific time period (Figure 18). This can be used to stop false or premature alarms.

Transmitter Excitation

Some limit alarm trips offer the advantage of being able to provide 24Vdc power to a 2-wire (loop-powered) transmitter (Figure 19). This saves the cost of specifying and installing an additional instrument power supply.

Worldwide Safety Trend

Perhaps the most important role that “Hard” alarm trips will play in the future is their role in Safety Related applications.

In recent years, there has been a growing concern on improving the safety of process operations. Increased efforts to protect personnel, product, equipment and the environment stems from the possible threat of explosions, fires and toxic releases. Other interest is based on first hand accounts that improving safety and increasing reliability reduces costly downtime and production costs. These concerns led the IEC to issue standard IEC 61508 Functional Safety of Electrical/ Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety Related Systems.

Limit alarm trips are increasingly asked to play a role in Safety Related Systems (SRS) as primary alarm stategies, to back up “soft” PLC and DCS alarms, and in other especially critical applications such as those that require 2-out-of-3 voting strategies (Figure 20).

FMEDA Reports

To help companies implement Safety Related Systems (also called Safety Instrumented Systems or SIS), some limit alarm trips are available with Failure Modes, Effects and Diagnostic Analysis (FMEDA) reports. An FMEDA is a detailed circuit and performance evaluation that estimates the failure rates, failure modes, and diagnostic capability of a device. It includes both mathematical analysis and specific physical tests.

The results of the analysis include verifying the instrument’s predictable and repeatable failure mode(s), and determining its associated failure rates. It is employed by the instrument user to determine the suitability for use of a specific device in a safety related application.

As IEC 61508 gains popularity throughout the world, we can expect to see limit alarm trips, as well as most other process instrumentation, being specifically designed and approved to the IEC 61508 standard.

Avoid Nuisance Trips: 2-Out-of-3 Voting

Some processes are simply too important to rely on a single alarm trip to make a decision. For these, limit alarm trips can be can be used in a voting strategy.

For example, one plant engineer was using 3 temperature sensors to monitor the burn-off flame of an emissions flare stack. However, when the wind blew, the flame leaning away from the stack gives a false output signal. The solution was to change the strategy to rely on low readings from two sensors to indicate no flame in a 2-out- of-3 voting scheme. This ladder rung approach creates a “flame out circuit” only in the event that two of the three alarms are tripped. Using an alarm time delay with this strategy will also help prevent false trips (Figure 20).

Source: Moore Industries

6 thoughts on “Basics of Alarms and Trips”

You covered all topics in alarms of control systems. Thanks

Very informative.

The images are not loading…and plz provide a “print to pdf” version link.

Okay, I will check and update.

Dear friend,

The images are not loading.

thanks and regards

some time we found one transmitter utilize for two functionality, for control and ESD trip, my question is, in which standard we can find guidance clearly mention that 1 transmitter can not use for 2 functionality (for ESD trip and for controller input)

A level 1 from the US State Dept means that the destination is as safe as travel can ever be. There’s quite literally no “safer” level of destination. The simple call to exercise normal precautions means effectively that, you shouldn’t act like an oblivious tourist or do anything your parents wouldn’t be proud of.

Read as: if you go out trying to buy drugs at 2AM, you’ll probably get robbed or worse.

If you wear flashy jewelry for a night out in the worst part of town and start a fight, you guessed it again – you’ll probably get robbed. Think as logically while traveling as you do while taking care at home and you’ll be fine.

Level 2 State Department warnings are interesting. Know this: they do not mean “don’t travel”. They simply mean to be extra cautious.

Many countries you wouldn’t ever imagine to be on an increased travel warning list are featured in level 2 and in the grand scheme, are perfectly safe.

Think: Maldives, Italy, Turks & Caicos, Spain, United Kingdom, India and even the Bahamas. Yes, all of these have been, or are “level 2” or worse.

These are countries where there’s a slightly increased risk of terrorism or civil unrest. For example, the USA often fits a similar level to a level 2 warning on many other countries reciprocal travel lists.

When you see Level 2, just read “why” here , and register for free safety updates with STEP , the smart traveler program. STEP is a vital “step” for any traveler.

All US Level 3 Travel warnings should be read and considered very carefully.

The 3rd tier warnings don’t specifically say not to travel at all, but that you need to be abundantly careful, and potentially reconsider plans. These can be due to things like covid-19 outbreaks, security concerns or other unappealing woes.

And furthermore, they also mean that there are areas within the country which should entirely be avoided. For example, the warning may be specific to a certain region and not the entire country.

By reading the Level 3 U.S. Travel Advisory you’re able to read between the lines and make your own personal risk assessment. These warnings may also apply to countries where the U.S. government has limited diplomatic resources to help if you get in a pinch, which is an important consideration.

This one is simple. Level 4 US State Dept warnings could not be more simple or explicit: don’t travel.

These are places engulfed in war, famine, unrest or perilous health situations and danger and it’s the uncolored advice of the U.S. State Department that you should not go. If you do… you’re somewhat on your own.

In many cases, that doesn’t mean that you cannot go, but doing so puts you in grave danger and will likely secure you the beloved “SSSS” extra security status on many boarding passes to come.

Like all other warning levels, these are subject to change, so a country that’s level 4 now, might be level 1 at a later time.

Travel Is The Best, So Just Be Smart

A level 2 travel alert shouldn’t keep you from tasting Paella in Spain, wine in France or Pasta in Italy, let alone seeing the crystal blue waters of the Maldives or stunning beaches of Barbados in the Caribbean.

But it’s better to know that there are dangers, however large or small than not, and these alerts are designed to keep travelers informed and aware of potential issues to look out for, so that issues don’t happen at all.

Read them, follow them but don’t let them keep you from your dreams, unless they say not to go at all. Level 4 is not worth messing with, but everything else you can decide for yourself. Alerts change all the time, so registering for STEP is a great step in staying in the know…

Gilbert Ott

Gilbert Ott is an ever curious traveler and one of the world's leading travel experts. His adventures take him all over the globe, often spanning over 200,000 miles a year and his travel exploits are regularly... More by Gilbert Ott

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I had no idea what the specific things mean and generally I just avoided them, not even checked them before I traveled. But it seems that now that I understand them I can know when to go and when not to go. I remember going to Bosnia in the times of the war there and when I got back I’ve been told that the gov. told everyone not to go there under any circumstances. Well, I got back safely 😀

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As our government plans to issue a level 4 for most of the civilized world, despite vaccine roll outs it makes me wonder how much is political tit for tat

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I disagree w you. With so many countries at level 4 mainly due to COVID (even though many parts of the US are higher) I feel the warnings have lost all meaning. When Antarctica and Iceland were out at level 4 it was a joke! Obviously North Korea, Iran etc shouldn’t be traveled to but I have zero problem going to many of the level 4 locations and there are no restrictions- it is simply advisory. BTW have been to a few and have NEVER gotten the SSSS boarding pass so please quit trying to scare people.

I’d like to see the State Department with more tiers, there just isn’t enough gradation between Level 2 and 3. I’ve been to a number of Level 3 countries and much like anywhere you travel, there are good spots, bad spots and all points in between. Nicaragua is a Level 3 and was a wonderful trip with lovely people there (and a lot of European tourists but few Americans). Others have been spot on. Some are just absurd – how does Antarctica get a Level 2 when the population is penguins, a handful of scientists and a few hundred Chileans. I’ve been and the most dangerous thing is falling for you is falling into a crevice.

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What Does a US Travel Advisory Really Mean and Should You Travel?

Are you planning a trip and want to know how safe the destination is? Find out what a US travel advisory means and how you should prepare for your trip.

But, if you are traveling with a US passport, it is currently at the lowest level of “power” that it has been ( countries that will accept US passports without requiring visas for travel ). Also, if you are traveling with a US passport, there may be some places that you may want to be more concerned of than others. This is where the US travel advisory levels come in – but what do they mean?

What Does a US Travel Advisory Mean?

Link: Interactive Map from the State Department for US Travel Advisories

Put simply, before we dive into the 4 levels, US travel advisory levels are a way for the US State Department to issue warnings/concerns to travelers for visits to various countries. Every so often or when dangerous events occur, they will upgrade/downgrade these advisory levels to give travelers a better idea of any safety concerns that may be in place.

Keep this in mind – there are some people that may travel to a country with a Level 3 or 4 but that does not mean that you need to do that! Also, some countries may have a particular level assignment but that does not mean you need to be scared off just because of that. Like with many things, do your research and decide what you feel comfortable with. I am not going to tell you what to do! 🙂

Courtesy Shutterstock

Below are the descriptions that the US State Department gives for each travel advisory level. I will also include a sample of well-known countries that are currently on each travel advisory level ( as of October 10, 2019 ).

US Travel Advisory Level 1

Exercise Normal Precautions: This is the lowest advisory level for safety and security risk. There is some risk in any international travel. Conditions in other countries may differ from those in the United States and may change at any time.

Some Countries on the US Travel Advisory Level 1 List

US Travel Advisory Level 2

Exercise Increased Caution: Be aware of heightened risks to safety and security. The Department of State provides additional advice for travelers in these areas in the Travel Advisory. Conditions in any country may change at any time.

Some Countries on the US Travel Advisory Level 2 List

South Africa
Sierra Leone

US Travel Advisory Level 3

Reconsider Travel: Avoid travel due to serious risks to safety and security. The Department of State provides additional advice for travelers in these areas in the Travel Advisory. Conditions in any country may change at any time.

Some Countries on the US Travel Advisory Level 3 List

US Travel Advisory Level 4

Do Not Travel: This is the highest advisory level due to greater likelihood of life-threatening risks. During an emergency, the U.S. government may have very limited ability to provide assistance. The Department of State advises that U.S. citizens not travel to the country or to leave as soon as it is safe to do so. The Department of State provides additional advice for travelers in these areas in the Travel Advisory. Conditions in any country may change at any time.

North Korea
Afghanistan

Note – Most of the countries on the Level 4 list were updated on the same day, April 9, 2019.

What Do These Lists Mean in Actual Travel?

You may have noticed that there were a couple of European countries ( and actually more ) on the Level 2 list. This means to “exercise caution.” Why were these countries given this destination and does it mean that you have cause for concern if you plan to visit these countries?

Fortunately, the US State Department gives us even more information for each country. To research a particular country for the safety level, click this link to go to the US State Department country page .

Once you select your country, you will want to look at the header for that country for the code that says why it was assigned that level. Here are the different codes that they use (the following from this State Department webpage ):

Risk Indicators

Travel Advisories at Levels 2-4 contain clear reasons for the level assigned, using established risk indicators and specific advice to U.S. citizens who choose to travel there. These are:

C – Crime: Widespread violent or organized crime is present in areas of the country. Local law enforcement may have limited ability to respond to serious crimes.
T – Terrorism: Terrorist attacks have occurred and/or specific threats against civilians, groups, or other targets may exist.
U – Civil Unrest: Political, economic, religious, and/or ethnic instability exists and may cause violence, major disruptions, and/or safety risks.
H – Health: Health risks, including current disease outbreaks or a crisis that disrupts a country’s medical infrastructure, are present. The issuance of a Centers for Disease Control Travel Notice may also be a factor.
N – Natural Disaster: A natural disaster, or its aftermath, poses danger.
E – Time-limited Event: Short-term event, such as elections, sporting events, or other incidents that may pose safety risks.
O – Other: There are potential risks not covered by previous risk indicators. Read the country’s Travel Advisory for details.
K – Kidnapping or Hostage Taking: Criminal or terrorist individuals or groups have threatened to and/or have seized or detained and threatened to kill, injure or continue to detain individuals in order to compel a third party (including a governmental organization) to do or abstain from doing something as a condition of release.

So, in an example of France , here is what we see:

That “T” and “U” mean that the caution warning is in place due to Terrorism and Civil Unrest. The page, updated on April 1, 2019, gives detailed information about what to be careful for and where is best to avoid.

Areas of the Country

Remember that parts of the country may be just fine but it could be certain cities or areas that are causing the entire country to get that particular travel advisory designation.

Let’s take Honduras for an example. I known many people who have traveled there and they have had no issues come up. Does that mean you should? No! But, I do want to point this part out – the US says that this Level 3 country should not have the Gracias a Dios Department area traveled to due to crime. There are many areas of high crime in Honduras, but this area is especially heavy with crime.

Steps You Should Take When Traveling

Before you travel to a country, particularly a Level 3 or 4 country, check out this US State Department list about Travel to High-Risk Areas . It is incredibly important to be as well-informed as possible before making such trips.

Next, make sure you enroll in STEP , the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program, before taking off on your trip. This will enable you to receive any and all e-mail updates in regards to the countries you are visiting ( and even close proximity countries ) as well as notifying the US Embassy of your presence in the country in case of emergency. It also gives your family a way to be in touch with you if something goes wrong.

Finally, be aware when traveling. Think about things like the jewelry you wear, where you keep your valuables and your passport, who you are talking to, what streets you are on, gathering places to avoid, etc. Many problems can be avoided if you simply exercise some caution in your travels.

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3.4: Trip Generation

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David Levinson et al.
Associate Professor (Engineering) via Wikipedia

Trip Generation is the first step in the conventional four-step transportation forecasting process (followed by Destination Choice, Mode Choice, and Route Choice), widely used for forecasting travel demands. It predicts the number of trips originating in or destined for a particular traffic analysis zone.

Every trip has two ends, and we need to know where both of them are. The first part is determining how many trips originate in a zone and the second part is how many trips are destined for a zone. Because land use can be divided into two broad category (residential and non-residential) we have models that are household based and non-household based (e.g. a function of number of jobs or retail activity).

For the residential side of things, trip generation is thought of as a function of the social and economic attributes of households (households and housing units are very similar measures, but sometimes housing units have no households, and sometimes they contain multiple households, clearly housing units are easier to measure, and those are often used instead for models, it is important to be clear which assumption you are using).

At the level of the traffic analysis zone, the language is that of land uses "producing" or attracting trips, where by assumption trips are "produced" by households and "attracted" to non-households. Production and attractions differ from origins and destinations. Trips are produced by households even when they are returning home (that is, when the household is a destination). Again it is important to be clear what assumptions you are using.

People engage in activities, these activities are the "purpose" of the trip. Major activities are home, work, shop, school, eating out, socializing, recreating, and serving passengers (picking up and dropping off). There are numerous other activities that people engage on a less than daily or even weekly basis, such as going to the doctor, banking, etc. Often less frequent categories are dropped and lumped into the catchall "Other".

Every trip has two ends, an origin and a destination. Trips are categorized by purposes , the activity undertaken at a destination location.

Observed trip making from the Twin Cities (2000-2001) Travel Behavior Inventory by Gender

Some observations:

Men and women behave differently on average, splitting responsibilities within households, and engaging in different activities,
Most trips are not work trips, though work trips are important because of their peaked nature (and because they tend to be longer in both distance and travel time),
The vast majority of trips are not people going to (or from) work.

People engage in activities in sequence, and may chain their trips. In the Figure below, the trip-maker is traveling from home to work to shop to eating out and then returning home.

Specifying Models

How do we predict how many trips will be generated by a zone? The number of trips originating from or destined to a purpose in a zone are described by trip rates (a cross-classification by age or demographics is often used) or equations. First, we need to identify what we think the relevant variables are.

The total number of trips leaving or returning to homes in a zone may be described as a function of:

\[T_h = f(housing \text{ }units, household \text{ }size, age, income, accessibility, vehicle \text{ }ownership)\]

Home-End Trips are sometimes functions of:

Housing Units
Household Size
Accessibility
Vehicle Ownership
Other Home-Based Elements

At the work-end of work trips, the number of trips generated might be a function as below:

\[T_w=f(jobs(area \text{ }of \text{ } space \text{ } by \text{ } type, occupancy \text{ } rate\]

Work-End Trips are sometimes functions of:

Area of Workspace
Occupancy Rate
Other Job-Related Elements

Similarly shopping trips depend on a number of factors:

\[T_s = f(number \text{ }of \text{ }retail \text{ }workers, type \text{ }of \text{ }retail, area, location, competition)\]

Shop-End Trips are sometimes functions of:

Number of Retail Workers
Type of Retail Available
Area of Retail Available
Competition
Other Retail-Related Elements

A forecasting activity conducted by planners or economists, such as one based on the concept of economic base analysis, provides aggregate measures of population and activity growth. Land use forecasting distributes forecast changes in activities across traffic zones.

Estimating Models

Which is more accurate: the data or the average? The problem with averages (or aggregates) is that every individual’s trip-making pattern is different.

To estimate trip generation at the home end, a cross-classification model can be used. This is basically constructing a table where the rows and columns have different attributes, and each cell in the table shows a predicted number of trips, this is generally derived directly from data.

In the example cross-classification model: The dependent variable is trips per person. The independent variables are dwelling type (single or multiple family), household size (1, 2, 3, 4, or 5+ persons per household), and person age.

The figure below shows a typical example of how trips vary by age in both single-family and multi-family residence types.

The figure below shows a moving average.

Non-home-end

The trip generation rates for both “work” and “other” trip ends can be developed using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression (a statistical technique for fitting curves to minimize the sum of squared errors (the difference between predicted and actual value) relating trips to employment by type and population characteristics.

The variables used in estimating trip rates for the work-end are Employment in Offices ($E_{off}$), Retail ($E_{ret}$), and Other ($E_{oth}$)

A typical form of the equation can be expressed as:

\[T_{D,k}=a_1E_{off,k}+a_2E_{oth,k}+a_3E_{ret,k}\]

$T_{D,k}$ - Person trips attracted per worker in Zone k
$E_{off,i}$ - office employment in the ith zone
$E_{oth,i}$ - other employment in the ith zone
$E_{ret,i}$- retail employment in the ith zone
$a_1,a_2,a_3$ - model coefficients

Normalization

For each trip purpose (e.g. home to work trips), the number of trips originating at home must equal the number of trips destined for work. Two distinct models may give two results. There are several techniques for dealing with this problem. One can either assume one model is correct and adjust the other, or split the difference.

It is necessary to ensure that the total number of trip origins equals the total number of trip destinations, since each trip interchange by definition must have two trip ends.

The rates developed for the home end are assumed to be most accurate,

The basic equation for normalization:

\[T'_{D,j}=T_{D,j} \dfrac{ \displaystyle \sum{i=1}^I T_{O,i}}{\displaystyle \sum{j=1}^J T_{TD,j}}\]

Sample Problems

Planners have estimated the following models for the AM Peak Hour

$T_{O,i}=1.5*H_i$

$T_{D,j}=(1.5*E_{off,j})+(1*E_{oth,j})+(0.5*E_{ret,j})$

$T_{O,i}$ = Person Trips Originating in Zone $i$

$T_{D,j}$ = Person Trips Destined for Zone $j$

$H_i$ = Number of Households in Zone $i$

You are also given the following data

A. What are the number of person trips originating in and destined for each city?

B. Normalize the number of person trips so that the number of person trip origins = the number of person trip destinations. Assume the model for person trip origins is more accurate.

Solution to Trip Generation Problem Part A

\[T'_{D,j}=T_{D,j} \dfrac{ \displaystyle \sum{i=1}^I T_{O,i}}{\displaystyle \sum{j=1}^J T_{TD,j}}=>T_{D,j} \dfrac{37500}{36750}=T_{D,j}*1.0204\]

Solution to Trip Generation Problem Part B

Modelers have estimated that the number of trips leaving Rivertown ($T_O$) is a function of the number of households (H) and the number of jobs (J), and the number of trips arriving in Marcytown ($T_D$) is also a function of the number of households and number of jobs.

$T_O=1H+0.1J;R^2=0.9$

$T_D=0.1H+1J;R^2=0.5$

Assuming all trips originate in Rivertown and are destined for Marcytown and:

Rivertown: 30000 H, 5000 J

Marcytown: 6000 H, 29000 J

Determine the number of trips originating in Rivertown and the number destined for Marcytown according to the model.

Which number of origins or destinations is more accurate? Why?

T_Rivertown =T_O ; T_O= 1(30000) + 0.1(5000) = 30500 trips

T_(MarcyTown)=T_D ; T_D= 0.1(6000) + 1(29000) = 29600 trips

Origins(T_{Rivertown}) because of the goodness of fit measure of the Statistical model (R^2=0.9).

Modelers have estimated that in the AM peak hour, the number of trip origins (T_O) is a function of the number of households (H) and the number of jobs (J), and the number of trip destinations (T_D) is also a function of the number of households and number of jobs.

$T_O=1.0H+0.1J;R^2=0.9$

Suburbia: 30000 H, 5000 J

Urbia: 6000 H, 29000 J

1) Determine the number of trips originating in and destined for Suburbia and for Urbia according to the model.

2) Does this result make sense? Normalize the result to improve its accuracy and sensibility?

$f(t_{ij})=t_{ij}^{-2}$

$T_{O,i}$ - Person trips originating in Zone i
$T_{D,j}$ - Person Trips destined for Zone j
$T_{O,i'}$ - Normalized Person trips originating in Zone i
$T_{D,j'}$ - Normalized Person Trips destined for Zone j
$T_h$ - Person trips generated at home end (typically morning origins, afternoon destinations)
$T_w$ - Person trips generated at work end (typically afternoon origins, morning destinations)
$T_s$ - Person trips generated at shop end
$H_i$ - Number of Households in Zone i
$E_{off,k}$ - office employment in Zone k
$E_{ret,k}$ - retail employment in Zone k
$E_{oth,k}$ - other employment in Zone k
$B_n$ - model coefficients

Abbreviations

H2W - Home to work
W2H - Work to home
W2O - Work to other
O2W - Other to work
H2O - Home to other
O2H - Other to home
O2O - Other to other
HBO - Home based other (includes H2O, O2H)
HBW - Home based work (H2W, W2H)
NHB - Non-home based (O2W, W2O, O2O)

External Exercises

Use the ADAM software at the STREET website and try Assignment #1 to learn how changes in analysis zone characteristics generate additional trips on the network.

Additional Problems

the start and end time (to the nearest minute)
start and end location of each trip,
primary mode you took (drive alone, car driver with passenger, car passenger, bus, LRT, walk, bike, motorcycle, taxi, Zipcar, other). (use the codes provided)
purpose (to work, return home, work related business, shopping, family/personal business, school, church, medical/dental, vacation, visit friends or relatives, other social recreational, other) (use the codes provided)
if you traveled with anyone else, and if so whether they lived in your household or not.

Bonus: Email your professor at the end of everyday with a detailed log of your travel diary. (+5 points on the first exam)

Are number of destinations always less than origins?
Pose 5 hypotheses about factors that affect work, non-work trips? How do these factors affect accuracy, and thus normalization?
What is the acceptable level of error?
Describe one variable used in trip generation and how it affects the model.
What is the basic equation for normalization?
Which of these models (home-end, work-end) are assumed to be more accurate? Why is it important to normalize trip generation models
What are the different trip purposes/types trip generation?
Why is it difficult to know who is traveling when?
What share of trips during peak afternoon peak periods are work to home (>50%, <50%?), why?
What does ORIO abbreviate?
What types of employees (ORIO) are more likely to travel from work to home in the evening peak
What does the trip rate tell us about various parts of the population?
What does the “T-statistic” value tell us about the trip rate estimation?
Why might afternoon work to home trips be more or less than morning home to work trips? Why might the percent of trips be different?
Define frequency.
Why do individuals > 65 years of age make fewer work to home trips?
Solve the following problem. You have the following trip generation model:

\[Trips=B_1Off+B_2Ind+B_3Ret\]

And you are given the following coefficients derived from a regression model.

If there are 600 office employees, 300 industrial employees, and 200 retail employees, how many trips are going from work to home?

UponArriving

US Travel Advisories: What Do They Mean? [2020]

Have you ever seen a news article or read something about the government issuing a travel advisory for a specific country? Do you know what those travel advisories mean and what you should do about them?

In this article, I will talk about the new system that the US Department of State uses to issue travel advisories . I’ll go through the different advisory levels and types of threats, and I also will talk about how you can register for alerts and make it easier for the government and your family to contact you in the event of an emergency.

Table of Contents

What are US travel advisories?

Travel advisories are advisories issued by the US Department of State that are meant to inform you about the current risk levels for traveling to specific destinations. There are currently four different levels of advisories that are issued and these advisories are based on specific potential risks, such as crime or terrorism.

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How to check for travel advisories

You can find the current travel advisories issued by the US Department of State here .

The easiest way to search for travel advisories is to simply enter the name of the country into the search bar. You can also sort the chart found on that page by name, advisory level, or by the last update.

I recommend utilizing the search bar because if you click on a country directly from the chart, you will only be able to view the travel advisory. However if you pull up the country via the search bar you can see a lot of additional information about that country, such as alerts, country facts, US government building contact details, and other important information.

Below, I will go into detail about these different levels of advisories and talk about the different types of risks that you might want to investigate.

Travel advisory warning system

In January 2018, the US Department of State issued a new type of warning system including four different levels to travel advisories.

Level one: Exercise normal precautions

Level two: exercise increased caution, level three: reconsider travel, level four: do not travel.

These warning levels will be based on the following potential threats:

C – Crime:

Widespread violent or organized crime is present in areas of the country. Local law enforcement may have limited ability to respond to serious crimes.

T – Terrorism:

Terrorist attacks have occurred and/or specific threats against civilians, groups, or other targets may exist.

U – Civil Unrest:

Political, economic, religious, and/or ethnic instability exists and may cause violence, major disruptions, and/or safety risks.

H – Health:

Health risks, including current disease outbreaks or a crisis that disrupts a country’s medical infrastructure, are present. The issuance of a Centers for Disease Control Travel Notice may be a factor.

N – Natural Disaster:

A natural disaster, or its aftermath, poses danger.

E – Time-limited Event:

A short-term event, such as an election, sporting event, or other incident that may pose a safety risk.

O – Other:

There are potential risks not covered by previous risk indicators. Read the country’s Travel Advisory for details.

Below, I will discuss each of the advisory tiers and give you some examples of what kind of risks you can expect.

Travel advisory levels

This is the lowest security level and it includes many countries that you would probably feel very safe traveling in such as: Canada, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Costa Rica and many others. There are also some countries you may not expect to see on the list like: Barbados, Liberia, Botswana, Granada, Morocco and others.

Being on the level one list obviously doesn’t mean that bad things or unexpected attacks won’t happen in those countries but it just means that you do not need to be on a heightened level of alert.

For level two, you need to be aware of heightened risks to safety and security. Countries that fall into this list include: the Maldives, Egypt, India, France, Belgium, United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Jamaica, Belize, China, and others.

Another country is Mexico. They are on the list due to crime and the department states that, “Violent crime, such as homicide, kidnapping, carjacking, and robbery, is widespread.”

The advisory mentions specific areas within Mexico to avoid In these include:

Colima state due to crime.
Guerrero state due to crime.
Michoacán state due to crime.
Sinaloa state due to crime.
Tamaulipas state due to crime.

Not every region is on the same warning level. For example, here are some of the different warning levels for different regions.

Aguascalientes state – Level 2: Exercise Increased Caution
Baja California state – Level 2: Exercise Increased Caution
Chihuahua state – Level 3: Reconsider Travel
Colima state – Level 4: Do Not Travel

So Mexico actually has three different levels of warnings. This is why it is very important to check on the specific warning levels for where you are going to be within a country. Even in smaller countries, the level of danger can vary dramatically in different parts of the region.

The US Department of State states to avoid travel due to serious risks to safety and security for level three countries. An example of a level three country is Turkey. They made the level three list due to terrorism and arbitrary detentions.

There is also a level four warning warning for certain parts of the country including the provinces of Hatay, Kilis, Gaziantep, Sanliurfa, Sirnak, Diyarbakir, Van, Siirt, Mus, Mardin, Batman, Bingol, Tunceli, Hakkari, and Bitlis.

This is the highest advisory level due to greater likelihood of life-threatening risks. During an emergency, the U.S. government may have very limited ability to provide assistance. The Department of State advises that U.S. citizens not travel to the country or leave as soon as it is safe to do so.

These are very dangerous places like South Sudan, where even journalists are targets and civil unrest is widespread.

Here’s what the Department of State has to say about South Sudan:

Violent crime, such as carjackings, shootings, ambushes, assaults, robberies, and kidnappings is common throughout South Sudan, including Juba. Foreign nationals have been the victims of rape, sexual assault, armed robberies, and other violent crimes. Armed conflict is ongoing throughout the country and includes fighting between various political and ethnic groups, and weapons are readily available to the population. In addition, cattle raids occur throughout the country and often lead to violence. Reporting in South Sudan without the proper documentation from the South Sudanese Media Authority is considered illegal, and any journalistic work there is very dangerous. J ournalists regularly report being harassed in South Sudan, and many have been killed while covering the conflict in South Sudan.

My personal take

Personally, I would try to avoid any destinations with a warning level above two. I would consider visiting places with warning levels at three if the specific city or region I was going to was well removed from the danger zone and research suggested that there would not be any issues with passports, visas, etc. However, I would not want to venture to a level four destination because even if you can avoid danger it can get tricky getting out of those countries.

I once worked in immigration law and I remember seeing cases where people were simply at the wrong place at the wrong time during civil demonstrations and riots. As a result, they were detained and then a long and tiring process began to clear their name and get them out the country. So my advice would be to steer clear of those areas that would have potential uprisings.

Department of State’s Worldwide Caution

The Department of State also issues a worldwide warning . They encourage US citizens to “maintain a high level of vigilance and practice good situational awareness when traveling abroad.”

They specifically warned about threats at the following places:

high-profile public events (sporting contests, political rallies, demonstrations, holiday events, celebratory gatherings, etc.)
hotels, clubs, and restaurants
places of worship
shopping malls and markets
tourism infrastructure
public transportation systems

Unfortunately, those are pretty much the same types of places where incidents happen on our own turf in the US, so in reality it is just a good idea to be vigilant wherever you go in today’s world.

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Travel advisory map

There is a very helpful travel advisory map that you can use. You can easily see the advisory level for each country based on the color it is filled in with.

Another very helpful tool is that you can see the location for government facilities located within that country.

These include the following:

Consulate General
Consular Agent
Consular Section
U.S. Protecting Power

Typically, as a tourist the Embassy can help you but you are most likely going to visit the Consulate, Consulate General, or a Consular Agent/Section to resolve your issues. These Consulate offices typically have normal business hours such as being open from 8am to 5pm. If something ever happened outside of those hours, you will need to call a duty officer.

The after-hours duty officer will be able to help you with anything that is considered an emergency. For example, if you need to leave the country ASAP or are in danger then they can help you out. However, if you simply just misplaced a passport or something like that you will likely have to wait until the Consulate offices open up.

Research the local consulate office for the phone number to the duty officer number close to you.

STEP registration

The Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) is a free service to allow U.S. citizens and nationals traveling and living abroad to register/enroll their trip with the nearest U.S. Embassy or Consulate.

With this you can receive important information from the Embassy about safety conditions in your destination country. So if you are planning on visiting a destination, you can sign up for notifications and always be updated when things are changing country.

You can also make it easier for the U.S. Embassy contact you in an emergency, whether natural disaster, civil unrest, or family emergency.

So even if you are not visiting a dangerous country, it could still be worth it to sign-up for this program because there could be some sort of a natural disaster or something happening with a family emergency.

If you have family members who constantly worry about you when you go traveling internationally, this is a great way to make them feel better.

Find out more about this program here .

It is always a good idea to check on the latest advisories for any countries that you are thinking about visiting or moving to. But make sure that you do more than just check the warning levels in that you look into the specific details on why there are advisories and What regions are most affected by them.

It’s also a good idea to check the map to see where local government buildings will be and to sign up for the STEP program to make it easier for people to contact you and for you to stay up-to-date.

Daniel Gillaspia is the Founder of UponArriving.com and the credit card app, WalletFlo . He is a former attorney turned travel expert covering destinations along with TSA, airline, and hotel policies. Since 2014, his content has been featured in publications such as National Geographic, Smithsonian Magazine, and CNBC. Read my bio .

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Travel advice explained.

When travelling overseas, it's your responsibility to take care of your safety and wellbeing. Our travel advice will help you understand the risks and what you can do to avoid or handle difficulties.

This page explains:

our travel advisories for destinations and our general advice
how we develop and update our travel advisories
what each advice level means in travel advisories .

Don't expect the Australian Government to be able to get you out of trouble during your travels. Read the Consular Services Charter for what we can and can't do to help you overseas.

Smartraveller travel advice

Australians love to travel internationally, and many of us live abroad. To help Australians avoid difficulties overseas, we offer advice on a variety of travel-related topics.

This includes publishing official travel advisories and advice to help you avoid problems while overseas. Our travel advice helps Australian travellers make informed decisions.

Travel advisories

We maintain travel advisories for 178 destinations, assigning an overall advice level to each. The advice levels reflect the risks for Australian travellers in each destination.

We continually review and update our travel advice based on credible information. Each travel advisory provides destination-specific information about:

local contacts.

It's your responsibility to be informed about all the destinations you're visiting, including those you’re transiting through. This includes understanding risks and planning for your safety . It's also your responsibility to stay informed throughout your travels in case circumstances change.

Travel advice for other destinations

We don't publish travel advisories for countries and territories with very few Australian travellers and/or where the risks are low.

We regularly review whether travel advisories are needed for these destinations. Our consular partners in Canada , the United Kingdom or the United States also publish destination travel advice that you may wish to read.

General travel advice

We prepare and publish general advice on a range of travel topics. Our advice helps Australians to be informed and prepared before they go. It also helps Australians to stay safe while overseas.

See our general advice for before you go and while you're away . Also see our advice on what to do if you're overseas and things go wrong .

How we develop travel advisories

We frequently review our travel advisories. However, we don't change them for all issues and incidents.

We update travel advisories if there are new or increased risks to Australians. This can be in response to new developments, such as credible intelligence reporting, major protests or unrest , new entry requirements or a natural disaster .

Our advisories are an objective assessment of the risks Australians face overseas. They're not influenced by diplomatic, political or commercial considerations. In our travel advice, we adhere to the principle that there is no difference in information about security and other risks provided to Australian travellers and Australian government employees.

Sometimes advisories are updated with new information without changing the level of advice. If we judge that the risk for Australians hasn't changed, we won't change the advice level.

If we change the advice level, it's usually because of a specific event or changes to local circumstances. When we change it, we'll state this in the 'Latest update' section at the top of the travel advisory page.

We use a range of information sources in our travel advisories. These include:

Australian diplomatic missions overseas
threat assessments produced by ASIO's National Threat Assessment Centre
analysis of common problems Australians experience overseas
intelligence from our consular partners in the US, UK, NZ and Canada
information from other government agencies, such as the Department of Health
media and open-source reporting
feedback from travellers.

If a travel advisory hasn't been updated for several months, it's not out of date. There's just been no need to update it.

What does 'advice level' mean?

We assign each destination an official advice level of 1, 2, 3 or 4. These levels reflect the risk for average Australian travellers to this country. For each level, we provide advice to help Australians avoid or reduce the risks.

A higher advice level means higher risk. The levels are:

Level 1 - Exercise normal safety precautions
Level 2 - Exercise a high degree of caution
Level 3 - Reconsider your need to travel
Level 4 - Do not travel .

It's important to read and understand the advice level for each country you're travelling to or through. The advice level can affect your safety and your travel insurance .

Where to find the advice level for your destination

Every travel advisory displays an overall advice level for the country. The advice level is shown on the bar at the top of the travel advisory . The advice level is also shown by the colour on the country map.

Sometimes regions or cities within the country have different levels. This can be because of specific risks or safety concerns. We publish this in the travel advisory on the page and on the map.

Changes to advice levels

It's your responsibility to keep informed about any changes to the advice level. If it increases, take extra precautions and consider the advice carefully.

Subscribe to get an email when we update the travel advice for your destinations. You can also subscribe for news updates.
Follow Smartraveller on Facebook , X and Instagram to get updates on social media. You can also follow the social media accounts of your nearest Australian mission for local information and advice.

Read our information for each advice level to understand the risks. Take the right precautions before you go and while you're away .

Travel insurance and advice levels

Before booking travel and purchasing travel insurance , ensure you're aware of and comfortable with the advice level for your destination . Some policies will only allow you to cancel for safety reasons if the advice level increases after you've bought your policy.

If the advice level hasn't changed, most travel insurers won't cover your cancellation costs if you decide not to go for safety reasons.

If the travel advice level is raised to ' Level 3: Reconsider your need to travel ' or ' Level 4: Do not travel ' and you want to cancel your trip, contact your insurer. Find out if you can make a claim to cover cancellation costs or changes to your itineraries.

Each travel insurance company will be different. Check with yours directly.

Many insurance policies still won't cover any COVID-related claims. Check the inclusions carefully before you purchase.

Level 1: Exercise normal safety precautions

Use common sense and look out for suspicious behaviour, as you would in Australia.

At level 1, the security environment is similar to that of a large Australian city.

This doesn't mean the local situation will be the same as in Australia. Laws and social customs could differ significantly. You could face terrorist attacks , civil unrest , violent crime or unique health threats. But overall, the risks are not greater than those you'd face in an Australian city.

If you travel to a location with an advice level of 1, it's your responsibility to:

monitor the media and other sources for changes to local travelling conditions, safety, health situation and security concerns
be aware of local differences and, as appropriate, take similar precautions to those you would take in Australia
check entry, testing and vaccination requirements before you travel and check you have appropriate records.

Keep in mind that being in an unfamiliar location without your support mechanisms always creates additional challenges, even if the local environment is similar to Australia.

Level 2: Exercise a high degree of caution

Pay close attention to your personal security and the current health situation. Monitor the media for new and existing risks.

At level 2, there are more or higher risks than what you would typically find in a large Australian city. We're not saying 'don't go' to this location. But you should do your research and take extra precautions.

The level may reflect a weak law-and-order system, where violent crime is common. The destination may lack some key public services, such as a responsive police force.

In some cases, there may be a risk that the security environment could change with little warning. This level may also reflect a passing event, such as political unrest or a short-term increase in a location's domestic terrorism level.

If you travel to a location with an advice level of 2, it's your responsibility to follow all the advice for level 1, as well as the following.

Before you go

Research the health situation and services available for your destination’s entry requirements and any local restrictions on movement, events and gatherings.
Understand the basics of the political and security situation.
any dangerous areas of a city
types of crimes
risky modes of transport
specific precautions for women or LGBTQIA+ travellers
any behaviour that may offend or break the law.
Check your travel insurance policy and coverage, particularly if there is a travel disruption or a change in travel advice.

While you're away

Monitor the health risks in your location and keep track of any changes to restrictions.
Maintain good hygiene and physical distancing when interacting with other people.
Stay in contact with your airline operator or travel provider for changes and updates.
Be aware of religious holidays or days of national significance. Terrorists have launched attacks on these occasions.
Understand the safety of public transport options.
Plan your daily movements and vary your routines and travel routes.
Avoid known flashpoints, including protest areas.
Don't wander into unknown areas.
Avoid or minimise your time at places that terrorists may target.
Leave an area at the first sign of unrest or if you feel uneasy.
Be aware of building exits and always know the safe places you can access if you feel threatened.
Take notice of the people around you and their behaviour. Be aware that you may misinterpret some behaviour in an unfamiliar cultural setting.
When discussing your plans, avoid sharing details that others may overhear.
Be cautious about the information you share on social media.
Refuse unexpected packages or offers.

Level 3: Reconsider your need to travel

Avoid non-essential travel. Do your research and check that your insurer will cover you. If you do travel, take extra precautions to protect yourself from security and health risks.

At level 3, there are serious and potentially life-threatening risks. This can make the destination unsafe for tourism and unsuitable for most travellers. This could be due to:

an ongoing threat of terrorism or kidnapping
travel disruptions
frequent incidents of violent crime
ongoing civil unrest
widespread infectious disease
other safety risks.

Think seriously about your need to travel to these places. This may mean postponing non-essential travel or choosing a less risky destination.

If you decide to travel, it's your responsibility to reduce your risks and stay safe. The Australian Government is limited in how and when it can help if you get into trouble. Conditions may change at any time. Be prepared for an extended stay or significant disruptions to travel.

These countries often have an unpredictable security environment. We may temporarily assign this advice level when there's been a major incident. This could include a natural disaster , terrorist attack , civil unrest or global pandemic that has made the destination too risky for most travellers.

Our advice levels also apply to Australian officials travelling overseas. Officials must undertake a detailed security risk assessment before travelling to these areas. They may have to adopt specific protective security measures.

If travelling to a destination with an advice level of 3, follow all the advice for levels 1 and 2, as well as the following before you go and when you get there.

Research the political and security situation from a variety of sources before booking. Understand the risks. Check the news and social media and understand what's going on.
Check your travel insurance policy carefully. It may not cover travel to 'reconsider your need to travel' destinations.
Understand the health situation and risks for your destination, entry requirements and any local restrictions on movement, events and gatherings due to health risks.
Research the health services available. Services may be strained and not be the same as you would receive in Australia.
Pre-book accommodation in safe areas with appropriate security.
Get local advice on your itinerary. Follow advice on areas to avoid.
Minimise time spent in airports by scheduling direct flights if possible. Avoid stopovers in high-risk airports.
Stay as short a time as possible. Eliminate unnecessary activities .
Think carefully about your security at your hotel and getting around. Organise tailored security arrangements and prepare contingency plans.
Ask your tour operator about their safety record and security arrangements. This includes safety equipment, extra security, emergency plans and evacuation procedures.
Regularly review your security arrangements. The threat environment could change at short notice.
Have an up-to-date will and enduring power of attorney in case you die . Designate appropriate insurance and beneficiaries.
Be aware of the health risks for your location.
Pre-plan your travel routes. Have contingency plans in place.
Be prepared to change your plans in response to evolving threats.
Avoid potential terrorism targets. Know what to do in the event of a terrorist attack .
Stay alert and always be aware of your environment. Look out for suspicious activity or items, and report anything of concern to local authorities.
Don't discuss travel plans with strangers. Never share personal information with people asking questions without good reason.
Don't discuss your plans or risk management strategies where they might be overheard by others.
Don't share information about your travel arrangements on social media.

How to minimise your exposure to risks

Avoid travelling alone, especially after dark and on long trips.
Minimise travelling by foot. Be vigilant in public areas.
Before getting into a vehicle, check it for anything suspicious.
Make sure any vehicles you use are in good working order and have enough fuel to get you out of unexpected trouble.
When driving , keep your car doors locked and your windows up.
Watch for people following you. Be ready to take evasive action.
Avoid using public transport. Only use trusted private transport.
Check the safety record of your travel service providers. Always use available safety equipment, even if others don't.
Never take something across a border for someone else. You could be arrested or jailed if it contains something illegal, such as drugs .
Don't meet strangers in your hotel room or unknown or remote places.

Make contingency arrangements

Wherever you are, have a plan of action in case the environment becomes unsafe.
Be prepared to change your plans at short notice. This could include changing meetings or activities to less prominent areas or less dangerous days.
Always carry a charged phone. Save local emergency contact details in it.
Tell a trusted person where you're going and when you plan to return. Discuss and agree on what action they should take if you don't return at the planned time.
Maintain contingency kits. Include medical supplies, food, water and fuel. This can help sustain you through any period of heightened unrest.
Carry provisions with you when getting around .

In the event of a crisis , departure options may be severely limited. You're responsible for ensuring you can depart independently and that your travel documentation is up to date. Don't expect the Australian Government to organise your departure. See the Consular Services Charter to understand how and when we can help.

Level 4: Do not travel

If you're already in this location, you should consider leaving if it's safe to do so. If you do travel, get professional security advice. Your travel insurance policy might be void. The Australian Government may not be able to help you.

At level 4, your health and safety are at extreme risk. This may be because of a high threat of terrorist attack , conflict, violent social unres t, widespread infectious disease or critical levels of violent crime. It could be a combination of risks.

If you travel to this location, you're at a high risk of death , imprisonment , kidnapping or serious injury.

If you get into trouble, the Australian Government may be unable to help. In most cases, our ability to provide consular assistance in these destinations is extremely limited.

Any travel by Australian officials to 'Do not travel' locations is subject to high-level approval and is based on a rigorous risk assessment.

You should not travel to this location. If you travel to this location despite our advice, you should note that you may be unable to leave the location quickly if your circumstances change. If you're already in a 'Do not travel' area, consider leaving if it's safe to do so. If, despite our advice, you decide to travel to a location with a travel advice level of 4, it's your responsibility to follow all the advice for levels 1, 2 and 3, as well as the following.

Check your travel insurance . Most standard policies won't cover you for 'Do not travel' destinations.
Consider your security. Get independent, professional security advice. You may need to hire personal protection.
Have robust risk management measures in place. This includes a detailed emergency management plan.
Understand that you could die . Make sure you have an up to date will and enduring power of attorney. Designate appropriate insurance beneficiaries.

It's your responsibility to take care of your security. The Australian Government can't provide security assistance or advice.

Exercise extreme caution.
Follow the advice of your personal protection service.

If you die overseas in a 'do not travel' destination, it's unlikely your travel insurance will cover you. Your family will be left to deal with your death. This includes organising your funeral and bringing back your remains. They may also have to resolve legal or financial issues in the destination and in Australia.

Read the travel advice for all the destinations you're travelling to, and through.
Read our general travel advice and tips before you go .
Read the Consular Services Charter for what the Australian Government can and can't do to help you overseas.
Contact the Consular Emergency Centre if you're overseas and need urgent help .
Read the guides for travellers , including the travel insurance buying guide (CHOICE).

Before you travel

On the road.

After your trip

What is and isn't included in the price shown online for my trip?

The price you see on the Trafalgar website is per person based on two guests sharing a room. Solo pricing can be found in the first step of the booking process, once you have selected your departure. What's included in this price:

Breakfast daily and some evening meals as described in the trip itinerary
All porterage and restaurant gratuities
All hotel tips, charges and local taxes
Sightseeing and activities as described in your itinerary

Airport transfers depend on your destination, please see Airport Transfers for more information What isn't included in this price:

Flights. These can be added during the booking process.
Extra hotel nights for before and after your trip. These can be added during the booking process.
Optional experiences. These can be booked and paid for during your trip.
Travel insurance. This can be added during the booking process. For more information on travel insurance, please see our Travel Insurance page

Can I book flights through Trafalgar?

Yes. Flights are not included in the trip price but you can add flights during the booking process once you've selected a departure for your trip.

Can I book extra hotel nights before or after my trip through Trafalgar?

Yes, you can book extra hotel nights through Trafalgar. Many guests like to give themselves a little more time in a destination before or after their trip.

Additional hotel nights can be added to your booking during the online booking process, simply select your departure date to begin the process. If you have booked through a Travel Agent, please reach out to them and they will add the extra nights to your reservation. If you've booked directly through Trafalgar, you can add additional hotel nights through the MyTrafalgar portal. Alternatively, please Contact Us and we will be happy to add these extra nights for you. Please note: All hotels are subject to availability.

Where can I find solo pricing?

The price displayed on our trip pages is for a twin room. To check the solo price for a trip, select Continue on the departure of your choice and view the price and availability of solo rooms in the next step. You can check the cost and availability of solo pricing from the itinerary page of your chosen trip. Once you've selected your trip and departure date, select 'Continue' to select your room type and check pricing/availability. If you see the message that the room is 'on request', this means the departure has limited single-room availability. In this instance, we will need to request the single allocation.

Please Contact Us if you need any further assistance. If you're a Travel Agent, you can see all pricing and availability in our Travel Agent Portal (TAP) .

How much are your deposits and when is full payment due?

Our trip deposit amount and full payment due date depend on your trip level. You can check the trip level for your trip using our trip level document. Our deposit amounts and full payment due dates are as follows: Level 1 - $200 Deposit, full payment due 60 days before departure Level 2 - $350 Deposit, full payment due 90 days before departure Level 3 - $500 Deposit, full payment due 120 days before departure All payment dates and amounts are also on your invoice. Please note, deposit and full payment terms may vary for special offers.

Are airport transfers included?

Trafalgar offers complimentary airport transfers for many trips but inclusion depends on your destination. For more information, please visit Airport Transfers .

+/- Expand all

What is a definite departure and when will my trip become definite?

When viewing Dates and Prices for your trip, you'll see some departure dates shown as 'Definite Departure'. A definite departure has reached a minimum number of guests booked and that particular departure will therefore definitely run barring any extraordinary circumstances. The number of guests booked can fluctuate, so we can't show exact numbers. However, departures are regularly updated to show as definite. You can still go ahead and book a departure not yet marked as definite and in the scenario, this departure doesn't meet the minimum number of guests you will be offered the best alternative dates or a full refund of any payment made. We will contact you if there are any changes to your departure -definite or otherwise - that you should be aware of.

What does it mean if a departure says Call Us. And what does On Request mean?

A departure listed as Call Us on the website is almost full and availability will need to be confirmed with our Travel Advisors. If you select a departure and then receive a message saying that the departure is On Request, this means availability is limited. You will still be able to complete your booking request but your place won't be confirmed immediately. General tour requests usually take 24 – 72 hours to get confirmation. It is highly likely that your place on an On Request tour will be confirmed. If you have selected additional hotel nights and the hotel is listed as On Request, the time to confirm this can vary. We aim to get requests answered in 24 – 72 hours. If your request is taking longer than expected please know we will contact you as soon as possible.

What age range is classed as a child when booking with Trafalgar?

To book a child on to a Trafalgar tour, the child must be aged between 5 and 17 years at the time of travel.

If I need to correct, or add my middle name to a booking, how can I do this?

If your booking is tour only (no internal or international air through Trafalgar), please email us at [email protected] with the details of the change. If your booking has internal flights as part of the tour or international flights, please call us to speak to one our reservation agents. Any name changes are subject to airline rules and fees.

Can I change my date and/or trip at any time?

Trafalgar guests can book with confidence. You're free to change your travel plans up until your final payment is due. If you are within the cancellation period, additional charges will apply. All changes are subject to differences in rates and availability. This policy only applies to your Trafalgar trip, airlines will have different policies and costs. Please note: Additional amendment fees may be incurred.

What happens if I can't go on my trip?

For bookings made through a Travel Agent, please contact the agent if you're unable to travel. If you booked directly with Trafalgar, please Contact Us. For trips departing within 24 hours, please call us using the phone number on the website.

Can I book a triple room?

Triple room bookings are available on the majority of our tours, suitable for 2 adults and 1 child. When booking your trip, we define a child as somebody aged 17 or under. A triple room is not recommended for 3 adults, as the third bed is often a rollaway, which may not be comfortable for an adult. If you're on a trip as a family of 5 (2 adults and 3 children), then you would require 1 triple room (for 1 adult and 2 children), and 1 double room (1 adult and 1 child).

Flights and transfers

Are flights included in the trip price.

No. Flights are not included in the trip cost shown on our website but you can add flights to your booking during the booking process (subject to availability). Simply select your desired departure and click Continue to start building your trip package.

Yes. Flights are not included in the trip price but you can add flights during the booking process. Ask your agent to book flights through Trafalgar as part of your booking. Or select Continue on your preferred departure on the trip page and add flights during the online booking process.

What airport information do I need to know?

Your departure Generally, check-in times require guests to arrive at the airport a minimum of two hours before a domestic flight and three hours before an international flight. Please allow enough time to get to your flight – be aware that during busy travel periods or at airports with heightened security, you may experience longer queues. Airport check-in All guests including children must have a machine-readable passport valid for six months after your trip return date along with any applicable visas. When you travel internationally, you are responsible for ensuring you have the correct documents to enter and pass through any countries during your trip, and then make your way back home. Airport security Before flying, you will go through airport security. Restrictions on what you can take on board and in hand luggage vary from time to time and from country to country, so we recommend you read the latest security advice before traveling. Please remember that although all airports must adhere to relevant aviation security requirements, security procedures may vary from airport to airport. More information can be found on the website of the airport you are flying from.

How can I add transfers to my booking?

We’ll be happy to arrange airport transfers for your booking. If you have booked through a travel agent, please reach out to them, and they will contact us and arrange it.

If you have booked directly with us, you can add transfers once flight details have been added. Do this by going to MyTrafalgar and clicking on the Extras Tab.

If you are a Travel Agent Partner, please visit TAP to add the details under the Extras Tab

Some transfers may require you to contact us to book. If this is required please Contact Us and we will be happy to add these extra for you.

How do I find transfer times and information?

For transfer times and all other information regarding airport transfers, please see Airport Transfers .

If your booking is trip only (no internal or international air through Trafalgar), please email us at [email protected] with the details of the change. If your booking has internal flights as part of the trip or international flights, please call us to speak to one our reservation agents. Any name changes are subject to airline rules and fees.

If my flights were booked through Trafalgar and the flight times change, do I need to do anything?

No. If your flights were booked through Trafalgar then we will notify you or your Travel Agent of any schedule changes. Sometimes the airline will notify you at the same time they notify us. Rest assured, we will contact you if required.

If I booked my own flights and the flight times change, what will happen to my Trafalgar airport transfers?

If you've booked your flights independently and provided flight details for a Trafalgar airport transfer then please Contact Us to let us know about the change. Please ensure you have received a confirmation from Trafalgar reconfirming your transfers, particularly if your departure is in the near future. Transfers are not available in all destinations, please see Airport Transfers for more information. The ability to amend transfers will also vary across destinations. We will do our best to make any adjustments, however, if we are unable to confirm please make your own way to the start hotel.

If flights are booked with Trafalgar, are my airline seats guaranteed?

Airline seats are not guaranteed. Some airlines will allow us to pre request seats in advance, where others will offer advance purchase seating once airline tickets are issued. Most airlines will allow guests to allocate seats at time of check in for flight(s). All seating availability and allocation is subject to the airlines terms and conditions.

Extra hotel nights

Yes, you can book extra hotel nights through Trafalgar. Many guests like to give themselves a little more time in a destination before or after their trip. If you haven't booked a trip yet Additional hotel nights can be added to your booking during the online booking process, simply select your departure date and follow the booking steps. If you are booking through a Travel Agent, they can add your extra hotel nights during the booking process too. If you have already booked your trip Don't worry, you can still add extra hotel nights even if you've already booked. If you've booked through a Travel Agent, please reach out to them and they will add the extra nights to your reservation. If you've booked directly through Trafalgar, you can add additional hotel nights through the MyTrafalgar portal. Travel Agent Partners, please log in to TAP where you can add these. Alternatively, please Contact Us and we will be happy to add these extra nights for you. Please note: All hotels are subject to availability.

If I book the same hotel before or after my trip, will I be in the same room as my trip?

The hotel will do their best to keep you in the same room, however this can't be guaranteed. Should you need to change rooms, the hotel will typically let you know at the time of check in.

Is breakfast included when I book extra nights before or after my trip with Trafalgar?

This will vary depending on the hotel. When you receive your travel documents on the MyTrafalgar portal, your hotel booking will show whether breakfast is included.

Solo Travel

What are my room options as a solo traveler.

As a solo traveler you can choose between two room options. Solo room share: You will be matched with another guest of the same gender in a twin room. This option does not incur any solo supplement. This option is not available on trips in Asia, Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean. Solo room: If you prefer more space, you can opt for a solo room. This option will incur a solo supplement. Solo rooms depend on availability.

What is the solo room share?

Europe, North & South America, Australia & New Zealand trips If you’d rather not incur an additional expense, consider our solo room share option. We’ll accommodate you with a fellow guest of the same gender, on a twin-bed basis. Asia, Africa & Eastern Mediterranean Please note the solo room share option is not available on our Asia, Africa & Eastern Mediterranean trips.

What is the single traveler supplement?

If you prefer the privacy of your own room, you can opt for a solo room. This option incurs a single traveler supplement. The cost will depend on the trip and departure date. To find out the cost of a solo room, select Continue on the departure of your choice and then select the solo room option. On many departures, you can enjoy single room upgrades or reduced single supplements.

Please Contact Us if you need any further assistance. If you're a Travel Agent, you can see all pricing and availability in our Travel Agent Portal (TAP) .

Group bookings

Can i book a group trip.

We offer enticing discounts when you travel with Trafalgar in a group. Secure between 9-48 places on a set departure and enjoy great benefits. Find out more about our Group Travel Benefits.

Can I book a custom trip for a group?

Yes. If you're traveling a group of 10 or more then you can get in touch with us about arranging a Custom Trip .

How do I use my past guest discount?

If you've traveled with us or one of our TTC Family of brands (including Costsaver, Insight Vacations and Luxury Gold) before then you are automatically a member of our Global Tour Rewards program and entitled to a 5% discount of your next trip. This discount will be applied during the booking process. Simply select your preferred departure and Continue. You will be asked to provide details of your previous trips with Trafalgar or another TTC brand, including the trip name and month and year of travel. If you don't have this information available then please Contact Us .

I've signed up to your newsletter, how do I use my travel credit?

When you sign up to the newsletter you'll receive a special code to claim your travel credit. Please see Terms and Conditions for more information.

Is there a discount for group bookings?

If you're booking for a group of 9+ you may be eligible for a discount of 5% per person. For more details see Group Travel.

How can I make a payment towards my booking?

How you make your payment depends on how you booked your trip. If you booked with a Travel Agent, you will need to contact your agent and make payments through them. If you booked directly with us, you can pay via our website by signing up/logging into MyTrafalgar. You'll just need your name and booking reference (for example B123456). Alternatively, you can contact us via chat or email at [email protected] and we will send you a one-time secure payment link to make a payment. If needed our reservations team is available to take payment over the phone. Please note that we are experiencing higher-than-normal wait times. If you are a Travel Agent, you can also make payments directly in our system using our Travel Agent Portal (TAP) . You can also view invoices within TAP.

What payment methods can I use?

We accept credit/debit card payments (Visa, MasterCard) and PayPal.

Our trip deposit amount and full payment due date depends on your trip level. You can check the trip level for your trip , which vary according to when you booked and when your trip departs.

For bookings made after 15 August 2023 for tours departing on or after 1 April 2024 please see the relevant Booking Conditions and Trip Deposit Levels.

Or for bookings made before 15 August or departing before 1 April 2024 please see the relevant Booking Conditions and Trip Deposit Levels.

All payment dates and amounts are also on your invoice. Please note, deposit and full payment terms may vary for special offers.

Is the trip deposit refundable once I have paid?

Once you have placed a deposit on a vacation, your deposit amount is non-refundable. However, we appreciate that plans can change, and we do offer our deposit protection. This deposit protection allows you to use your base deposit of $200 towards a future vacation within the next 5 years. All you have to do is contact us via chat, email [email protected] . or speak with one of our agents to provide the details of your reservation.

How do I gift my Travel Credits to somebody?

If you would like to give someone your travel credit all you need to do is send us an email to [email protected] . Please include:

Original booking number
Name of the new guest
New booking number

Trafalgar will then reach out to verify and move everything over as requested.

After your tour

Read general information regarding your journey, travel documents and airport protocol, as well as some top tips from our expert Travel Directors to help you travel with real ease.

From luggage and packing to travel documents and insurance tips, these insights will ensure a seamless and enjoyable travel experience with Trafalgar.

Read up on our wellbeing protovol, optional experiences, sustainable travel tips and more, so you can experience your Trafalgar tour with real ease.

Staying in touch with your Trafalgar travel buddies, exclusive discounts for past guests and more - read up on our After Your Trafalgar Tour advice.

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ELECTRICAL CLASSROOM

A complete Electrical Engineering portal

MCB Trip Curves – B, C, D, K, and Z trip curves

MCB (Miniature circuit breaker) is a re-settable device designed to protect a circuit from short circuits and overcurrents. The trip curve of an MCB (B, C, D, K, and Z curves) tells us about the trip current rating of Miniature Circuit breakers. The trip current rating is the minimum current at which the MCB will trip instantaneously. It is required that the trip current must persist for 0.1s.

Class B trip curve

Class c trip curve, class d trip curve, class k trip curve, class z trip curve, class a trip curve, importance of mcb trip curve types, trip curves for other circuit breakers.

The MCB trip curves, also known as I-t tripping characteristic consist of two sections viz, overload section and short circuit section. Overload section describes the trip time required for various levels of overload currents and the short circuit section describes the instantaneous trip current level of MCB.

Read More: Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) – Principle of operation

The MCB with class B trip characteristics trips instantaneously when the current flowing through it reaches between 3 to 5 times the rated current. These MCBs are suitable for cable protection.

MCB with class C trip characteristics trips instantaneously when the current flowing through it reaches between 5 to 10 times the rated current. Suitable Domestic and residential applications and electromagnetic starting loads with medium starting currents.

MCB with class D trip characteristics trips instantaneously when the current flowing through it reaches between Above 10(excluding 10) to 20 times the rated current. Suitable for inductive and motor loads with high starting currents.

MCB with class K trip characteristics trips instantaneously when the current flowing through it reaches between 8 to 12 times the rated current. Suitable for inductive and motor loads with high inrush currents.

MCB with class Z trip characteristics trips instantaneously when the current flowing through it reaches between 2 to 3 times the rated current. These types of MCBs are highly sensitive to short circuits and are used for the protection of highly sensitive devices such as semiconductor devices.

MCB with class A trip characteristics trips instantaneously when the current flowing through it reaches between 2 to 3 times the rated current. Like Class Z MCBs, these are also highly sensitive to short circuits and are used for the protection of semiconductor devices.

MCBs with trip curve class B and trip curve class C is the most commonly used ones. MCBs with Class C trip curves can be found in the lighting power distribution boards in residential and commercial buildings. It trips as soon as the current rises between 5 to 10 times its rated current. Class B MCBs are used in the protection of electronic devices such as PLC, DC power supplies, etc. in control panels. It trips as soon as the current rises between 3 to 5 times its rated current.

In some applications, frequent current peaks occur for a very short period (100ms to 2s). For such applications, class Z-type MCBs shall be used. Class Z-type MCBs are used in circuits with semiconductor devices.

It is important to choose an appropriate MCB current rating and trip curve in order to safeguard the circuit from damage during faults. Hence it is necessary to calculate the short circuit current and inrush current before choosing an appropriate MCB rating. If the chosen MCB rating is much higher than required, then it may not trip in the event of a fault. Similarly, if the MCB is underrated, then it may cause nuisance trips, for example even the starting currents or inrush currents may trip the MCB.

External selection tool: https://new.abb.com/low-voltage/solutions/selectivity/tools-support/curves

All circuit breakers, such as MCCB, ACB, VCB, etc have their own trip characteristics. The only thing is that may not follow the categorization as that of MCB. Also, the circuit breaker curve types are not the same for all types of circuit breakers. It varies from one circuit breaker type to the other and depends on many design factors.

Learn more about MCB:

What is an MCB?
Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) – Principle of operation
What is kA rating of MCB and MCCB?

Related Articles: 1. Difference between MCB and MCCB 2. Difference between contactors and relays 3. Difference between Soft Starters and VFDs 4. Difference between MCCB and RCCB 5. Difference between MCB and RCBO 6. Difference between RCCB and RCBO 7. Difference between MPCB and MCCB

27 thoughts on “MCB Trip Curves – B, C, D, K, and Z trip curves”

Very good explanation. I understood the concept. Thank you.

Thank you, Mr. Sanket. Kindly browse through our articles. Please subscribe or follow us on twitter/facebook for instant updates.

Thankhs google team good explace thanks again

Very good mcb make , what Amps load trip make

Very good. Nice explain.. Good job

Explanation is good but your second paragraph doesn’t match the charts. It looks like it is the B-curve that trips between 3-5 times its rated current, and C-curve that trips between 5-10 times its rated current.

Very good, thanks

very good …..thanks

Thanks very much

Very good explanation

Is this curves is applicable to Rccb ?

No. These curves are applicable for mcbs only.

Thanks for your information

The information about mcb is very useful and helpful for a technician, many many thanks for sharing your information.

Great information, I got to know a few more details out of what I wanted to know.

Which type is better choice for UPS protection?

The explanations are very good but in the video is a mistake at minute 0.38. The short circuit sections with the overload section are reversed.

Good for selection of MCB’s

On the c type Mcb on the time curves at a short circuit fault current at 220amp it shows dis connection at 6/7seconds are you saying that disconnection will be instant at this current or 6/7 seconds.

I use B-curve in my home when short circuit occured in the appliace MCB tripped but my appliance burned. My appliance lead wires were shorted by a metal piece was lying on it.I thought MCB could have protected but not. And I also headed big noise of it.

Sorry to hear that. This could be because the MCB was oversized: Much higher than the rated current of the appliance or the MCB could be faulty. We suggest you replace it with a new one. Make sure that you are choosing the right one.

Thanks for sharing such an informative article about MCB.

sir Type C is used for average current load. Type B and C are the most commonly used in DBs. Tripping of MCB Type C is 5-10 times higher than normal. eg: if a 6A mcb put in acircuit , the rated current is 6 A , then how ever the type c mcb with stand 5 to 10 times higherr than normal .

hello, what about the CL curve mcb, because in my home installation I used the cl4 code on the mcb

Perhaps you are referring to product name of the MCB and not its trip curve.

The information is quite educative. Thank you so much

What is a Toilet Trip Lever?

The trip lever of a toilet is actually house inside the tank, usually on whichever side the handle is on. This lever is used as a “trip” mechanism, to action the flush valve . This piece, along with the handle, initiates the flushing action. Trip levers are metal or plastic pieces that attach themselves to the flush valve or flapper piece with a chain or a clip component.

Toilet Trip Lever: What is it? What does it look like?

The best thing about trip levers, is that they tend to be universal to handles. When a handle breaks, a universal handle can often be purchased to seamlessly fit onto the trip lever. However, if the handle on the toilet is a specific style (front-mount, side-mount- or angular), you will likely have to buy a specific trip lever to match the area the handle is on. Trip levers are also quite simple to replace. To replace a broken trip lever, you can detach the flapper chain/clip, and then reconnect the new trip lever to the handle and clip.

It's Good to Share Toilets!

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Price Ranges for $, $$, $$$, & $$$$ on Restaurant listings - Tripadvisor Support Forum

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Price Ranges for $, $$, $$$, & $$$$ on Restaurant listings

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A thread that was closed in 2013 never received a response from the Tripadvisor staff. Can someone who works for Tripadvisor provide a help link or something that details what these price ranges actually are according to Tripadvisor?

>>Can someone who works for TripAdvisor...<<

From the information “sticky” at the top of this forum, titled “PLEASE READ: How to use this forum”

“Please note that while we read all of the feedback posted here, we usually do not comment on ideas or answer questions on this forum.”

Best Regards

Also, here is a current thread on the subject: https://www.tripadvisor.com/ShowTopic-g1-i12104-k10620761-Restaurant_Price_Classifications-Help_us_make_TripAdvisor_better.html

The prices are a rough guide as determined by your fellow TripAdvisor users, this being a user-led website. Naturally we are a contrary lot so this can never be any more than the roughest of guides.

If you want to know what the actual prices are, click on the link to the restaurant's own website (a restaurant cannot be featured if it does not have a publicly accessible website).

They do not correspond to actual numbers. These are « relative » measures which mean different things in various part of the world as the cost of food can very quite a bit from one country to the next.

At best, the $ - $$$$ descriptions are a very, very rough guide only.

$$ = $11 - $30

Helllo Juan V in post #6

And where in the world is your scale relevant, please?

To give some examples from my perspective and experience....

Assuming you mean US $ then 30$ wouldn’t buy me an appetiser and a few olives in my favourite restaurant, much less a main course ( entree) or anything else to follow..

1$ wouldn’t buy me a bag of crisps ( potato chips) from the local neighbourhood store.

Please let us know how your scale has been arrived at.

$$$ = $30+ ??? I wish!

I think you've illustrated perfectly why these scales ar enot very helpful, Juan. I suspect you come from somehwere in the world where meals are cheaper than they are in the US.

I'm assuming that you are referring to USD rather than AUD, CAD or some other type of dollars, and that is also something that isn't particularly useful to those in other countries with different currencies.

Michael Kowalski

Michael Kowalski, Director of Product Communications at Xenial - Cloud Based Restaurant Management (2017-present)

Answered Aug 23, 2018 · Author has 152 answers and 148.1k answer views

When you’re looking for a restaurant, you want to know what kind of food it has, the quality of the food and the cost. Cost is measured in dollars, not in how formal or casual the setting is.

So, $, $$, $$$ and $$$$ will refer to the cost per person for the average meal - excluding drinks and tip/tax.

The problem is the inadequacy of the $$$$ rating, so let’s set up some ranges.

Let’s place $ in the range of $1-$10; $$ in the range of $11-$20; $$$ in the range of $21-$30; and $$$$ in the range of $31+ per person.

Please Share this!!!

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SCRAM – Reactor Trip

A reactor “ SCRAM ” (or “ reactor trip ”) is the rapid insertion or fall of the control rods into the core to stop the fission chain reaction. At PWRs, all control rods are usually inserted within two to four seconds. Control rods are an important safety and control system of nuclear reactors, and their prompt action and prompt response to the reactor are indispensable. Control rods are used for maintaining the desired state of chain reaction within a nuclear reactor (i.e., subcritical state , critical state , supercritical state ). Reactor Trip System (RTS), which actuates a reactor trip, is a part of a Reactor Protection System (RPS).

In a pressurized water reactor, the control rods are inserted (dropped) from the top of the reactor vessel into the core. In a boiling water reactor, the control rods are inserted from the bottom of the reactor vessel into the core.

A reactor is considered shut down when it is subcritical and sufficient shutdown reactivity exists, so there is no immediate probability of secondary criticality. Despite the chain reaction being quickly broken down, all of the fissions in the core are not stopped. There are always neutrons in the core, and therefore residual fissioning occurs. On the other hand, the amount of heat generated due to the residual fissions (initiated by source neutrons) which are not stopped, and the decay heat is much less than that which can be removed by the plant systems.

SCRAM from Hot Zero Power

Assume a reactor trip from hot zero power (from “ zero power criticality ”). The power decrease, in this case, does not influence the criticality (k eff ) . In this case, the reactivity of the multiplying system becomes quickly negative and higher than β (i.e., that ρ is negative and ρ ≪ β).

The rate at which the reactor fission rate decays immediately following the shutdown is similar for all reactors, provided a large amount of negative reactivity is inserted. After a large negative reactivity addition, the neutron level undergoes a rapid decrease of about two decades ( prompt drop ) until it is at the production level of delayed neutrons.

But even if it were possible to insert an infinite negative reactivity, the neutron flux would not immediately fall to zero. Prompt neutrons will be absorbed almost immediately. It is consistent with the prompt drop formula. Therefore the resulting neutron flux will be:

Obviously, the neutron flux cannot drop below the value βn 1 . The real values are much higher. The integral worth of all control and emergency rods (PWRs) is, for example -9000pcm . It is equal to ρ = -9000/600 = -15 β = -0.09 . ( β= 600pcm = 0.006 )

For this negative reactivity, the prompt drop is equal to:

n 2 /n 1 = 0.006/(0.006+0.09)= 0.063

which is about ten times higher than in the case of an infinite negative reactivity insertion.

There is an exception to this behavior, and it is a SCRAM of a heavy water reactor . In a heavy water reactor, the photoneutron source is extremely large after shutdown due to the amount of deuterium in the moderator and many high energy gammas from short-lived fission product decay. This high gamma flux from short-lived fission products will decrease rapidly after shutdown . The photoneutron source is large enough to significantly impact the neutron population immediately after shutdown. The photoneutron source results in flux levels decreasing more slowly so that a heavy water reactor will have a significantly larger negative reactor period after a shutdown.

SCRAM from Hot Full Power

For power reactors , the reactor can behave differently at power conditions due to the presence of reactivity feedback . Power reactors are initially started from hot standby mode (the subcritical state at 0% of rated power) to power operation mode (100% of rated power) by withdrawing control rods and boron dilution from the primary source coolant. During the reactor startup and up to about 1% of rated power, the reactor kinetics is exponential as in a zero-power reactor. This is due to the fact all temperature reactivity effects are minimal.

The temperature reactivity effects play a very important role during further power increase from about 1% up to 100% of rated power. As the neutron population increases, the fuel and the moderator increase their temperature , which results in a decrease in reactivity of the reactor (almost all reactors are designed to have the temperature coefficients negative ). The total amount of feedback reactivity that must be offset by control rod withdrawal or boron dilution during the power increase is known as the power defect . The power defects for PWRs , graphite-moderated reactors and sodium-cooled fast reactors are:

about 2500pcm for PWRs,
about 800pcm for graphite-moderated reactors
about 500pcm for sodium-cooled fast reactors

See also: Operational factors that affect the multiplication in PWRs

This exactly but in the opposite direction acts after a reactor trip ( SCRAM ) from the Hot Full Power state (HFP). It is logical as power defects act against power increase, they also act against power decrease . When reactor power is decreased quickly , as in the case of reactor trip , power defect causes a positive reactivity insertion, and the initial rod insertion must be sufficient to make the reactor safe subcritical . Similarly, as in the HZP state, the integral worth of all control and emergency rods (PWRs) is, for example -9000pcm. It is equal to ρ = -9000/600 = -15 β = -0.09 . ( β= 600pcm = 0.006 ). Also, in this case, a prompt drop occurs. The prompt drop is quicker than the deaccumulation of heat from fuel pellets. For this negative reactivity, the prompt drop is equal to:

n 2 /n 1 = 0.006/(0.006+0.09)=0.063

but the subsequent power decrease is strongly influenced by changes in core (fuel and moderator) temperatures. After reaching stable temperature, the neutron flux may continue to fall (when subcritical) according to the stable period. Obviously, if the power defect for PWRs is about 2500pcm (about 4 βeff), the control rods must weigh more than 2500pcm to achieve the subcritical condition . The control rods must weigh more than 2500pcm plus the value of SDM (SHUTDOWN MARGIN) to ensure the safe subcritical condition . The total weight of control rods is design-specific, but, for example, it may reach about 6000 to 9000pcm. To ensure that the control rods can safely shut down the reactor , they must be maintained above a minimum rod height (rods insertion limits) specified in the technical specifications.

J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1983).
J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1.
W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1.
Glasstone, Sesonske. Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering, Springer; 4th edition, 1994, ISBN: 978-0412985317
W.S.C. Williams. Nuclear and Particle Physics. Clarendon Press; 1 edition, 1991, ISBN: 978-0198520467
G.R.Keepin. Physics of Nuclear Kinetics. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co; 1st edition, 1965
Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988.
U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. January 1993.

Advanced Reactor Physics:

K. O. Ott, W. A. Bezella, Introductory Nuclear Reactor Statics, American Nuclear Society, Revised edition (1989), 1989, ISBN: 0-894-48033-2.
K. O. Ott, R. J. Neuhold, Introductory Nuclear Reactor Dynamics, American Nuclear Society, 1985, ISBN: 0-894-48029-4.
D. L. Hetrick, Dynamics of Nuclear Reactors, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 0-894-48453-2.
E. E. Lewis, W. F. Miller, Computational Methods of Neutron Transport, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 0-894-48452-4.

Reactor Dynamics

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Taking Sustainable Travel To New Levels

November 16, 2022

Booking.com has unveiled an array of new product features in celebration of the one year anniversary of its Travel Sustainable program, introduced in 2021 to provide travellers with transparent and credible information to make more mindful choices for their trips.

With the ongoing aim to recognize the efforts of properties to operate more sustainably and to provide travellers with consistent and easy-to-understand information, the company is introducing three distinct badge levels to the Travel Sustainable program.

Aligned to the principle that reputable, third-party certification remains the gold standard in the industry, the new levels to the Travel Sustainable program provide even better visibility and recognition for currently uncertified properties that are taking steps to operate more responsibly with regards to their environmental and local community impact.

The levels help illustrate a clearer pathway for accommodations to work towards eventual certification, especially those that might be at an earlier stage in their sustainability journey. The aim is to also help encourage and incentivize more accommodations to continue making progress towards that goal.

For travellers, the new badge levels being introduced to Booking.com’s Travel Sustainable program have been designed to more clearly demonstrate a broader spectrum of where different accommodations stand on their individual sustainability journeys, as well as the specific measures they are implementing. The enhanced structure will also more clearly highlight those accommodations that have made outstanding commitments and investments on this front to achieve one of more than 40 recognized ecolabels and certifications.

The new badge levels for Travel Sustainable are as follows:

Level 1 — This new entry-level designation for the Travel Sustainable badge indicates that a property has implemented some impactful sustainability practices. This Level 1 badge will soon show up with one leaf and includes a full display of all practices that have been implemented.

Level 2 — Accommodations receiving the Level 2 version of the Travel Sustainable badge have made considerable investments and efforts to implement impactful sustainability practices. The Level 2 badge will soon show up with two leaves and includes a full display of all practices that have been implemented.

Level 3 — The Level 3 Travel Sustainable badge is reserved for those accommodations that have made large investments and efforts to implement impactful sustainability practices, but have not yet achieved an official third-party certification yet. The Level 3 badge will soon show up with three leaves and includes a full display of all practices that have been implemented.

Certified properties — Accommodations that have made huge commitments towards sustainability, including the additional effort and investment to achieve one of 40+ credible third-party certifications, receive the highest level of recognition as part of the Travel Sustainable program.

These accommodations are recognized with a certified badge, including the name of their certification. In addition to those certifications officially approved by the Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC), Green Tourism and the EU Ecolabel, the list of third-party certifications automatically qualified for this highest level of the Travel Sustainable program now also includes Green Seal, Nordic Swan Ecolabel, Green Hospitality Ecolabel, Ibex Fairstay, Fair Trade Tourism, LEED and Edge.

With the introduction of these new levels, 400,000+ accommodations on Booking.com, including more than 3,000 in Canada, are now being recognized for their efforts to operate more sustainably.

The new Travel Sustainable badge levels have already been introduced and communicated to Booking.com’s accommodation partners globally and will start to appear on the Booking.com website and app over the coming weeks, with refreshed visuals to clearly distinguish the new levels of the program.

A new search filter for fully electric and hybrid rental cars is now live across the Booking.com app and website, making it easier to find more sustainable ground transport options for your next road trip, with hybrid vehicles and fully electric options available in 60 countries. As more rental car providers around the world expand their fleets with these more sustainable alternatives, inventory and availability is expected to increase over the coming year.

As part of Booking.com’s new partnership with climate tech company CHOOOSE, carbon emissions data for accommodation bookings in Europe will be displayed for the first time on the platform in an effort to both understand where and how to present this information so it is useful for customers in their decision-making process. The aim is also to explore how to best integrate offsetting options as part of the booking process in an understandable and seamless way. The new features will first go live for accommodation options in Europe, with the intent to expand globally.

Similarly, together with CHOOOSE and in line with the aviation framework developed together with the Travalyst Coalition, Booking.com will also start providing information about the carbon emissions associated with flight options on the platform. The total carbon emissions footprint for a selected flight will start to be shown on the flight details page over the coming weeks. The option to sort flight searches based on this carbon emissions data will be introduced in 2023.

Danielle D’Silva, Head of Sustainability at Booking.com, said that: “As we optimize and develop our Travel Sustainable program further, our ambition is to continue making it easier for everyone to make more sustainable choices for their next trip.”

D’Silva continued: “We’re examining every part of the trip on our platform and actively looking for ways to provide more information to travellers in a credible and trusted way. Whether it’s an apartment for a weekend getaway, an electric car for their upcoming road trip or carbon emissions data about a flight, our aim is to nudge our customers and partners towards these more responsible options and do our part to ensure a healthier future for our planet and industry.”

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What does pre patch mean? What is the difference between starting now and on 5/20?

Pre patch adds the cataclysm systems, but you are stuck at level 80.

You have all the cataclysm specs, race/class combos, worgen and goblins. You can learn archeology. The old world has also changed to the new state.

Before today, you could not create a goblin and level it up.

Today, you can create a goblin and start to level to 80.

5/20 you can level your goblin from 80-85.

Having only this and FF14 as references, it seems a common practice to put out one final patch before the expansion to introduce the changes that the expansion’s going to have. It gives you time to get used to any changes that might be happening, play around with new systems, all the while getting ready for the new content. That way, you don’t really have to feel like you’ve gotta cram it in all at once, you can take your time with it.

With this, it should actually put everything into the game already, however we won’t be able to access the new 80+ zones until they unlock on the 20th.

No you can’t as of an hour ago Archaeology is not enabled on the PTR and on the Beta at the beginning it was not on until the leveling zones were unlocked.

That is really dumb, as they previously stated that we could.

Cataclysm Classic Pre-Expansion Patch

The Cataclysm Classic pre-expansion patch ushers in the shattering of Azeroth and the changed landscape in Kalimdor and the Eastern Kingdoms, a variety of systems changes along with new class and race combinations, and the new Worgen and Goblin races. Players can also begin learning the new Archaeology profession, use Reforging to upgrade your gear, and more.

New Player Races: Goblin and Worgen
New Race and Class Combinations
Leveling Updates: Level through a changed landscape in Kalimdor and the Eastern Kingdoms from level 1 through 60.
Class Updates: New Talents, Trees, spells and More
New Profession: Archaeology
New Feature: Transmog Collection
Updated Character and Gear Stats

What’s Inside Cataclysm Classic

With the launch of Cataclysm Classic on May 20, players will begin their journey from level 80 to 85 through new zones, new dungeons and raids, engage in PvP combat in Tol Barad, and delve further into the mysteries of the Darkmoon Faire on Darkmoon Island.

7 New Zones: Mount Hyjal, Vash’jir, Twilight Highlands, Uldum, Deepholm, Kezan, and Gilneas.
9 New Dungeons**:** Blackrock Caverns, Throne of the Tides, Vortex Pinnacle, The Stonecore, The Lost City of Tol’vir, The Halls of Origination, Grim Batol, Deadmines, Shadowfang Keep
Dungeon Journal Introduced
3 New Raid Dungeons: Throne of the Four Winds, Blackwing Descent, and Bastion of Twilight
Boss Based Raid Lock system: Allowing players to do either the 10 or 25-player raid version of each boss in the same week. Lockouts are based on individual boss.
Tol Barad PvP Zone
Darkmoon Island: Discover the mysteries Silas Darkmoon has in store for you.
Flying in Eastern Kingdoms and Kalimdor

Yeah it’s also in the patch notes, everywhere that it’s been mentioned has it placed in pre-patch.

Yeah It stinks but all indicators are it won’t be there.

I’m confused, are you reading the same patch notes everyone else is reading? It literally says " New Profession: Archaeology " in the Pre-Expansion Patch…just because it wasn’t on the PTR, doesn’t mean we won’t get it later today.

It also sadly doesn’t mean it won’t take until 5/14 to get. Anything is possible. People kept saying the dev builds were far more advanced than what was on PTR or Beta, but that remains to be seen.

Here is what really bothers me. Why wouldn’t they enable archeology as of pre-patch so people can start gathering frags. Like we know everyone will be busy leveling at 5/20 and its likely a kiss good-bye to Zinrokh if we don’t start gathering frags right now.

The indicators you made up in your brain instead of the official patch notes?

The patch IS cataclysm. They just won’t open the new zones or levels yet. Wrath is officially gone. The next time you log in, you’ll be in cataclysm.

No. I have been in the Beta since the first wave where we tested the leveling experience emulating pre patch.

The PTR came out last week a once again no archeology. One trainer had it available in Dalaran and they removed it.

So based on that, I am assuming it wont be there. I could be wrong.

Its fake news. I hope its there but I won’t be surprised if its not. Most blue posts about cata have just been full of wrong information.

That will be extremely frustrating should they not let us start solving artifacts today. Like what? are they gonna force us to not level a second toon on the week of 5/20 and go back to farm arch frags? or are they nerfing Zinrokh and dwarven staff so they are no longer superiorly powerful?

No lies detected

You get the new talent and glyph and ability setup. Lots of the critters are changed or even removed and then become battlepets later on in MoP. And the world gets changed.

All armour functions as though it is plate so that it takes equal damage from all weapon types apart from Casters who still deal full damage to you. Hunters get focus in there, pets stay forever no matter what.

Glyph system is changed a lot. One talent ever other level starting at level 10. So you get 41 talent points once at level 85.

Then you do the tripping the rifsts stuff for Cata and can get the Twighlight Cultist mantel set. I still have mine from orignal Cata. I kept it all that time. It is grey level gear. So be careful as many of the auto sell addons out there can sell it to a vendor without you knowing. I have it mogged now to one of my Dragonflight toons.

And Deathwing, you hear him speak, then the zone lights on fire, then you die. And you got to deal with some Horde faction leader drama in there as well.

And the questing system changes to force you into having to quest the exact same way everytime you go out to quest, so each and every toon that you level ever by questing…it will be exactly the same each and everytime. You can no longer chose your order of your quests in Cata.

You can fly in all of Azeroth now.

Not in prepatch.

Today has taught me a valuable lesson.

Many people do not read things very closely.

Oh dang. . I would actually like Cata if it didn’t destroy the old world. They should have allowed us to use the time travel stuff to see the zone exactly the way that it was. And why RBGs? I was so against that last time Cata came out as well.

Watch CBS News

Federal Reserve holds rates steady. Here's what that means for your money.

By Aimee Picchi

Edited By Anne Marie Lee

Updated on: May 1, 2024 / 4:24 PM EDT / CBS News

Federal Reserve officials said they are leaving their benchmark rate untouched, noting that progress in taming U.S. inflation has stalled.

The Fed on Wednesday said it is keeping the federal funds rate in a range of 5.25% to 5.5%, the same level it has held since the central bank's July 2023 meeting , which is its highest level in more than 20 years. Economists had largely expected the decision given that inflation had ticked upward in the first three months of 2024.

Fed Chairman Jerome Powell has repeatedly said the central bank prefers to keep rates high until inflation retreats to about 2% on an annual basis, rather than risking cutting too early and fueling another round of price spikes. Despite the Fed's flurry of interest rate hikes, inflation remains stubbornly high, with March prices rising 3.5% from a year earlier, fueled by higher housing and gasoline prices.

In a press conference to discuss the central bank's decision, Powell stressed that he's confident inflation will recede to the Fed's target of 2%, although the economy is taking longer to reach that point than policy makers previously expected. Powell also sought to tamp down any concerns the Fed could reverse course in response to persistent inflation, saying it is "unlikely the next policy rate move will be a hike. "

Fewer interest rate cuts?

Powell demurred when asked if the Fed continues to cut rates three times in 2024, as it had indicated earlier this year . Instead, he responded that Fed officials need to feel more confident before they move to ease borrowing costs.

"We said today that we didn't see progress [on inflation] in the first quarter, and I've said that it appears then it'll take longer for us to reach that point," he said, adding, "I don't know how long it'll take."

Wall Street traders now envision just a single rate cut this year to the Fed's benchmark rate. That compares with their expectations at year start that the Fed could cut rates as much as six times in 2024.

In its Wednesday statement, the Fed reiterated that it won't cut rates "until it has gained greater confidence that inflation is moving sustainably toward 2%."

"Patience is the watchword now for the Fed and the risk of fewer or no rate cuts this year is growing," Brian Coulton, Fitch Ratings' chief economist, wrote in an email after the Fed decision. "[T]he risk of failing to get inflation down on a sustained basis seems to be rising as each week goes by."

He added, "The statement explicitly recognizes the recent deterioration in inflation dynamics," noting that inflation has edged up by some measures in recent months and an uptick in wages during the first quarter, which could boost prices.

What does the rate decision mean for your money?

Expect to continue to pay high rates to borrow money, noted Jacob Channel, senior economist at LendingTree.

Mortgage rates are likely to remain above 7%, at least in the near term, he added. Credit card rates, which are at record highs , are sure to remain elevated, he noted.

"Across the board, it's all expensive," Channel said. "The interest rate on a credit card will make the interest rate on a mortgage look minuscule by comparison."

On the bright side, savers are likely to continue to find higher-interest savings accounts, with some offering yields above 5%, according to Ken Tumin, banking expert at DepositAccounts.com. Certificates of deposit and other savings vehicles can also offer robust rates.

— The Associated Press contributed to this report.

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Aimee Picchi is the associate managing editor for CBS MoneyWatch, where she covers business and personal finance. She previously worked at Bloomberg News and has written for national news outlets including USA Today and Consumer Reports.

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Gordon Monson: With the hiring of Chris Burgess, BYU basketball has turned Utah basketball into a soap opera

As the cougars rise, craig smith’s utes appear to be in trouble..

(Bethany Baker | The Salt Lake Tribune) Utah Utes assistant coach Chris Burgess reacts as the Utah Utes players storm the court after defeating the Brigham Young Cougars at the Jon M. Huntsman Center in Salt Lake City on Saturday, Dec. 9, 2023.

What you hear in the background now, ladies and gentlemen, is the dramatic organ chords playing the opening theme music for the latest episode of … da-da-dum, “As the Disappointment Turns.”

The show’s star is Chris Burgess, the latest character in our story who is turning and returning the … what, the favor? The fervor? The frenzy? The furor? The freakout?

The f-something or other.

Let’s all take a deep breath here and ready, set, go …

When the LDS high school basketball star who infamously spurned BYU back in the day, leading to then-coach Roger Reid informing him that he, a teenaged prep player from Southern California, was disappointing millions of Mormons, and then he reported to the press that Reid said that, all hell broke loose. Reid was subsequently fired for a variety of reasons, and Utah fans got a good laugh out of not just that, but the fact that the Cougars went on that season to win just one game. BYU basketball was in shambles.

That was just the beginning.

Thereafter, the player-coach chronology went like this: Burgess, the Duke player turned Utah player turned BYU assistant turned Utah assistant turned BYU assistant, again, recently came back to Provo to coach under new Cougar head coach Kevin Young, who agreed to leave as top assistant for the Phoenix Suns to coach BYU basketball on account of a seven-year, $30 million contract. That departure lit a fuse under Utah fans, probably the sons and daughters of the fans who got a kick out of the turmoil Burgess caused long ago at BYU, and now leading to an explosion of concern a generation later over a possible Ute basketball collapse.

Did we get that straight?

Da-da-dum. I think we did.

Either way, as was predicted in this corner when Young was hired, Burgess was happy to come back to BYU, where dollars and attitudes about what to pay coaches are nowhere near as tight as they used to be. And as a result, Burgess has now made millions of Mormons, at least the ones who are Cougar hoop fans, the opposite of disappointed, leaving that adjective in the lap of Utah fans.

A strange turn — return — of events.

It was easy to guess that if BYU was willing to allow such a heavy contract to be given to Young, an up-and-coming NBA coach on an impressive rise, and Young was willing to accept it, there must have been assurances extended to Young that he also would be empowered to hire quality college assistants. Somewhat unfamiliar with the college game, Young needed help. Burgess was one of the first names that came to mind, a solid coach with local knowledge who can recruit. The boxes were checked and the hire was made.

What was celebrated at BYU unsurprisingly went boom-boom-kaboom at Utah.

The Utes had and have made slow progress under Craig Smith over the past three seasons, nothing spectacular, just sort of a steady lurch forward, but already Utah fans have grumbled about the climb that’s more a crawl than a charge. Next thing, this offseason, after a load of decently talented players used up their eligibility, guard Deivon Smith, a legitimate star, announced that he was entering the transfer portal, followed by Keba Keita. Utah’s roster at present looks like the sails on an old sloop that has suffered cannon fire.

Also, assistant coach DeMarlo Slocum bailed to join former Utah State coach Danny Sprinkle and his new staff at Washington. Now, Burgess bolts, disappointing not millions, but whatever paltry number that’s left of Ute b-ball fans, a total that seems to be shrinking and shrinking some more.

The fact that Utah under any circumstance couldn’t hang onto Burgess is particularly telling, especially since he’s heading to instate — and suddenly Big 12 — rival BYU, the school he had left just two years back. This time, the Ute alum had whispered to those close to him that he’d be all in on a move back to Provo to assist Young and to get in on a new gush of competitive momentum and money, energy and excitement at BYU.

While the Utes have played in front of sparse crowds at the Huntsman Center, the Cougars have been rocking and rolling in front of large crowds at the Marriott Center. Whatever BYU was selling, Burgess was buying.

So it is that the kid who embarrassed a BYU coach — or made a coach think he was embarrassed, made a coach think millions of the faithful were let down by him — a quarter of a century ago is now a man who has emboldened a BYU coach, while, at the same time, if not embarrassing Utah basketball, disappointing it, making it feel anything but steady and secure.

“As the Disappointment Turns.” Stay tuned for what next week’s episode brings.

Editor’s note • This story is available to Salt Lake Tribune subscribers only. Thank you for supporting local journalism.

Donate to the newsroom now. The Salt Lake Tribune, Inc. is a 501(c)(3) public charity and contributions are tax deductible

Weber State University takes Utah nurse to next level in life, career.

Decoding health insurance: your casual guide to finding the perfect plan, modern storage solutions: harnessing the power of shipping containers, utah’s roster is decimated, byu remains intact, usu has work to do — diving into basketball rosters as the transfer portal closes, opinion: as university faculty and administrators, we should be mentoring — not vilifying — student protestors, utah’s ski resorts will see a foot of snow in last ‘significant’ snow of the season ... maybe, featured local savings.

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Level 3 - Reconsider Travel: Avoid travel due to serious risks to safety and security. The Department of State provides additional advice for travelers in these areas in the Travel Advisory. Level 4 - Do Not Travel: This is the highest advisory level due to greater likelihood of life-threatening risks. During an emergency, the U.S ...
From Mild to Wild: The Five Mushroom Trip Levels Explained
If you are going higher, get comfortable with lower doses first and have a trip sitter you trust. That said, here's a rough guideline to reach each trip level with dried mushrooms: Level 1 - "Threshold". 0.5 - 1 gram. Level 2 - "Musem Dose". 1 - 2 grams. Level 3 - "The Oracle". 2 - 3 grams. Level 4 - "The Abyss".
Basics of Alarms and Trips
Basics of Alarms and Trips. Alarm/Trip : Something happens—a signal peaks or falls—and you need to know. A limit alarm trip can trigger the response needed to maintain normal, and safe, operations. A limit alarm trip monitors a process signal (such as one representing temperature, pressure, level or flow) and compares it against a preset limit.
6 Adjustable Tripping Settings of a Circuit Breaker You MUST ...
Short-time pickup is adjustable from 1.5 to 10 times the trip unit ampere setting (Ir). For example, a 1000 ampere frame can be adjusted to trip anywhere from 1500 to 10,000 amps. The switch also has an "OFF" position to eliminate short-time pickup and short-time delay. Short-time pickup used for selective tripping.
PDF Travel Advisory Update
A: In March 2021, we updated the COVID-19 framework used to assign COVID-19 Travel Advisory levels to be based primarily on CDC's science-based data points. We also take into account testing availability in-country and travel prohibitions for U.S. citizens. Q: How can U.S. citizens stay up-to-date on evolving situations abroad? A: We ...
What Does A U.S. State Department Travel Advisory Actually Mean?
Level 1. A level 1 from the US State Dept means that the destination is as safe as travel can ever be. There's quite literally no "safer" level of destination. The simple call to exercise normal precautions means effectively that, you shouldn't act like an oblivious tourist or do anything your parents wouldn't be proud of.
What Does a US Travel Advisory Really Mean and Should You Travel?
US Travel Advisory Level 1. Exercise Normal Precautions: This is the lowest advisory level for safety and security risk. There is some risk in any international travel. Conditions in other countries may differ from those in the United States and may change at any time.
Here's What Travel Advisories Mean for Your International Trip
The U.S. Department of State assigns a number (1-4) to every country in the world to define the level of precaution necessary when traveling to the destination. Here is a breakdown of each advisory level and what it means for your trip: A level 1 advisory is the lowest travel advisory level a country can have.
3.4: Trip Generation
Trip Generation is the first step in the conventional four-step transportation forecasting process (followed by Destination Choice, Mode Choice, and Route Choice), widely used for forecasting travel demands. It predicts the number of trips originating in or destined for a particular traffic analysis zone. ... At the level of the traffic ...
US Travel Advisories: What Do They Mean? [2020]
In January 2018, the US Department of State issued a new type of warning system including four different levels to travel advisories. Level one: Exercise normal precautions. Level two: Exercise increased caution. Level three: Reconsider travel. Level four: Do not travel. These warning levels will be based on the following potential threats:
How a Level 3 Travel Advisory Affects Your Travel Plans
How a Level 3 Travel Advisory Affects Your Travel Plans | AMA Travel. Other AMA Services. Welcome, Guest. Traveller. Knowing the difference between travel advisories is the first step in making informed decisions about your travel plans. Here's everything you need to know!
Travel advice explained
What does 'advice level' mean? We assign each destination an official advice level of 1, 2, 3 or 4. These levels reflect the risk for average Australian travellers to this country. ... Do not travel' and you want to cancel your trip, contact your insurer. Find out if you can make a claim to cover cancellation costs or changes to your itineraries.
What Does Travel Advisory Mean?
What does a Level 4 travel advisory mean? A Level 4 travel advisory means that you should avoid all travel to the country. When a country is assigned a Level 4, the risks are deemed too high to travel safely within its borders. Travel Advisory & Trip Insurance. Now that you know a bit more about travel advisories, you might be wondering if ...
What to Know Before You Book with Trafalgar Travel
Our trip deposit amount and full payment due date depend on your trip level. You can check the trip level for your trip using our trip level document. Our deposit amounts and full payment due dates are as follows: Level 1 - $200 Deposit, full payment due 60 days before departure Level 2 - $350 Deposit, full payment due 90 days before departure
MCB Trip Curves
The trip curve of an MCB (B, C, D, K, and Z curves) tells us about the trip current rating of Miniature Circuit breakers. The trip current rating is the minimum current at which the MCB will trip instantaneously. It is required that the trip current must persist for 0.1s. Table of contents. Definition.
Trip generation
Trip generation is the first step in the conventional four-step transportation forecasting process used for forecasting travel demands. It predicts the number of trips originating in or destined for a particular traffic analysis zone (TAZ). Trip generation analysis focuses on residences and residential trip generation is thought of as a function of the social and economic attributes of households.
What is the meaning of a "trip angle" in a level sensor?
1. What does trip angle mean in the context of slope / level sensors / inclinometers? You might want to expand your question to include what sort of application or problem you're trying to solve. Right now it sounds almost like a sensitivity? I.e. the sensor won't register a change in inclination/angle until it reaches the 'trip angle'.
What is a Toilet Trip Lever : What does it do?
The trip lever of a toilet is actually house inside the tank, usually on whichever side the handle is on. This lever is used as a "trip" mechanism, to action the flush valve. This piece, along with the handle, initiates the flushing action. Trip levers are metal or plastic pieces that attach themselves to the flush valve or flapper piece ...
Price Ranges for $, $$, $$$, & $$$$ on Restaurant listings
965 reviews. 606 helpful votes. 4. Re: Price Ranges for $, $$, $$$, & $$$$ on Restaurant listings. 6 years ago. They do not correspond to actual numbers. These are « relative » measures which mean different things in various part of the world as the cost of food can very quite a bit from one country to the next.
SCRAM
SCRAM from Hot Zero Power. Assume a reactor trip from hot zero power (from "zero power criticality").The power decrease, in this case, does not influence the criticality (k eff).In this case, the reactivity of the multiplying system becomes quickly negative and higher than β (i.e., that ρ is negative and ρ ≪ β).. The rate at which the reactor fission rate decays immediately following ...
What does trip mean?
CSA. Nov 7, 2012. #2. Trip generally refers to an unplanned, uncontrolled, "emergency" shutdown of a machine or process or piece of equipment. For example, if an excessive high vibration is detected on a piece of rotating equipment, it's customary to "trip" that piece of equipment by immediately interrupting or shutting off the flow of energy ...
Taking Sustainable Travel To New Levels
Level 1 — This new entry-level designation for the Travel Sustainable badge indicates that a property has implemented some impactful sustainability practices. This Level 1 badge will soon show up with one leaf and includes a full display of all practices that have been implemented. Level 2 — Accommodations receiving the Level 2 version of ...
What does the Trip Class 10, Class 20 and Class 30 mean for overload
Issue: Meaning of Trip Classes for overload relays. Product Line: NEMA Overload Relays Environment: North American Products Resolution: The trip class means that at 600% (6 times) of the maximum thermal current rating (or 600% of the actual dial setting on adjustable overloads) the Class 10 will trip in 10 seconds or less, Class 20 will trip in 20 seconds or less, and Class 30 will trip in 30 ...
Hit And Run Tourism: What Does It Mean To 'Visit' A Country?
Hit and run tourism is at pre-pandemic levels but there is some consensus around what it means to visit a country and sites can take action to reduce this phenomena.
What does pre patch mean? What is the difference between starting now
What does pre patch mean? What is the difference between starting now ... ... Loading
Federal Reserve holds rates steady. Here's what that means for your
The Fed on Wednesday said it is keeping the federal funds rate in a range of 5.25% to 5.5%, the same level it has held since the central bank's July 2023 meeting, which is its highest level in ...
What does Chris Burgess' move to BYU mean for Runnin' Utes basketball?
Burgess was one of the first names that came to mind, a solid coach with local knowledge who can recruit. The boxes were checked and the hire was made. What was celebrated at BYU unsurprisingly ...

Everything you need to know about State Department travel advisories

What are travel advisories based on?

Level 1 to 4 tiered warning system

Level 1: Exercise normal precautions

Level 2: Exercise increased caution

Level 3: Reconsider travel

Level 4: Do not travel

What else to know about travel advisories

Does a Level 4 alert mean I should avoid traveling there?

How often are State Department travel advisories updated?

Other things to consider when traveling abroad

Bottom line

GFCI Class A, B, C, D, E Meaning (With Its Trip Level)

GFCI Class Meaning

Advantage Of Using Different Class GFCI

Different Classes of GFCI and Its Features

How Does GFCI Of Class A Work?

Class A GFCI Trip Level

Class B GFCI

How Does GFCI of Class B Work?

Class B GFCI Trip level

Class A VS Class B GFCI

Class C GFCI

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Basics of Alarms and Trips

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What Does A U.S. State Department Travel Advisory Actually Mean?

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