air travel age group

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Travel statistics by age group (2023) // latest research.

• Bill Widmer
• Updated: June 14, 2023

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With the average worker taking 17.2 days of vacation per year and spending $3,500 to $6,000   per trip, there ‘s a lot of money in the travel industry. Millennials, in particular, travel 35 days a year and like to spend all their free time traveling.

Age is often a significant factor when it comes to making travel decisions.

Since each age group has its own unique set of needs and characteristics, each one is influenced and motivated in different ways. 

This report seeks to share insights on each age group and contains over 70 travel statistics.

See the Table of Contents below for an overview!

Table of Contents

Essential travel statistics by age group, which age group spends the most on leisure travel in the united states, what are the most popular travel destinations for different age demographics, what age group travels the most & how do they compare, what inspires baby boomers, gen xers, gen z & millennials to travel, how do different generations like to travel, what influences travel plans & booking habits.

• Most people who worked in America took a total of 17.2 days of vacation a year.
• 70% of Millennials preferred to stay in a hotel or motel during their travels.
• Those part of Gen Z use online travel agencies to plan and book their trips, and 43% of them stay for 29 days.
• The total amount spent by Baby Boomers on travel reached $157 billion last year.
• Millennials and those who belong to the Gen Z age group spend $60 a day on travel, averaging $3,500 spent while traveling.
• 35% of Millennials choose stay in luxury resorts when traveling.
• Social media factors into the vacation decisions of 90% of Gen Z travelers.
• Most Millennials take 35 vacation days a year and prefer to travel for all or most of the time they are not working.
• Gen X travels the least at 29 days , followed by Gen Z.
• 40% of Millennials and their friends are planning to travel in 2020.
• Most Gen Z travelers seek adventure during their trips.
• A quarter of people who belong to the Gen Z age group spent a quarter of their travel budget on flights.
• 83% of Millennials want all-inclusive vacation packages.
• More Millennials ( 77% ) use the entirety of their vacations for travel as opposed to 62% of Baby Boomers.

Travel statistics by age group indicate that Millennial travelers seem to be the most diverse traveler group in terms of socioeconomic status and with whom they travel. Those who travel alone, with friends, or with partners tend to take more adventurous trip packages. However, those with children prefer family-friendly leisure activities and are increasingly likely to bring their children along with them on vacation.

Generation Z is still young and is thus limited in terms of its spending power. The younger generation seems to want to make the most out of their trips, spending the most time abroad.

• 25% of Gen Z travel budgets are spent on air travel.
• The vast majority of those who belong to Gen X look for the best deals before booking a vacation.
• 57% of boomers determine their trips based on their budgets, compared to 81% of those who belong to Gen Z.
• Tours and sightseeing make up 13% of Gen X vacation budgets.
• Boomers spend at least $1,865 per person on summer vacation travel.
• Boomers spent a total of $6,600 or more on trips in 2019.
• A one-week vacation costs 56% of Millennials between $500 – $1,000.
• Millennials spend $1,373 per person as an average on summer vacation travel.
• Gen X spends the most on summer vacations, at  $2,628 .
• The age group most likely to borrow money to travel are Millennials.
• 1 in 3 Millennials are wealthy enough to afford to pay $5,000 or more on a vacation.
• Baby boomers spend the most overall, able to afford over $6,000 on a single vacation.

Baby boomers lead the way when it comes to spending on vacation. This ability to afford more on their travels comes from their financial strength and stability. Most boomers over the age of 53 no longer have children living with them at home. Many are nearing or have already reached retirement age, which means they have more time and money to spend on vacations.

However, Generation X is the group most likely to spend more on vacations. The reason may be due to their responsibilities as parents of children who are still in school. More family members and a high-traffic travel season, like spring break or summer vacation, mean additional expenses.

Generation Z is the most restricted when it comes to financing travel. Air tickets alone often account for a quarter or more of their total budget.

Although both domestic and international travel is popular, domestic travel remains the most accessible to all age groups, and the most cost-effective.

• 51% of both boomers and Gen Xers will go on domestic trips compared to 42% of Millennials.
• Millennials averaged 19% in their tendency for international travel.
• People from the UK above the age of 65 prefer to visit Portugal, Italy, Spain, and France.
• 12% of people who belong to the Generation X age group traveled outside of their countries in 2019.
• 46% of Gen Xers, 51% of those aged 25 to 34, and 43% of baby boomers forecast traveling to both international and domestic destinations in the coming year.
• A small minority ( 7% Millennials, 6% of Boomers and 3% of Gen Xers) will only travel internationally in the upcoming year.
• Baby boomers plan and book their trips months in advance, at a rate of 56% .
• Gen X is less likely to travel abroad as opposed to other generations.
• Gen Z preferred to visit Rio de Janeiro, Tokyo, Buenos Aires, San Francisco, and Sydney.

Since they are older, those who belong to Gen X and the boomer age groups are more likely to be able to afford an international and domestic trip. Only a small number of people from all age groups plan to travel only to international destinations in 2020, the largest group being Millennials at 7% , followed by boomers at 6% .

The youngest generation in these statistics, Gen Z, prefers to go to cities more than other groups and likes to visit well-known and accessible cities. The most organized in terms of trip planning and also considered more responsible are boomers. The vast majority of baby boomers book months in advance for a trip and are more likely to seek luxury accommodations.

• Baby boomers who take both international and domestic vacations total 42%.
• Millennials take the longest vacations and average 35 total days a year.
• Generation Z takes the second-longest vacations, numbering 29 days.
• Baby boomers are most likely to take 27 days off for travel.
• Generation X has the fewest vacation days, at 26 total.
• Baby boomers will likely take 4-5 trips in 2020.

Baby boomers, by far, are the group most likely to travel and be able to afford it comfortably. They are expected to travel an average of 4-5 times a year , both to national and international destinations. However, they do not stay on vacation the longest. That number belongs to Millennials, who take the most extended vacations abroad and use up most, if not all, of their vacation days on trips.

As for Generation Z, they hold the spot for the second-longest vacation times but spend little compared to Gen Xers. Gen Xers travel less frequently than Gen Z, but they spend more money and usually go on different types of vacations due to their tendency to have family accompanying them.

There are different types of travelers in the United States. Each one has unique needs and plans their trips based on their age and lifestyle.

• Self-discovery was cited as the #1 reason for travel by 45% of Millennials.
• Baby boomers who travel to visit loved ones total 56% .
• Half of all trips taken by Millennials are to see their families.
• Millennials are 13% more interested in visiting historical and cultural sites as opposed to other age groups.
• Most Millennials ( 83% ) prefer all-inclusive travel deals.
• Gen Z ( 40% ) and Millennials ( 47% ) like to take soothing vacations.
• People from the Gen Z age group mainly travel to visit family members at 56% .

Traveling is more than just sightseeing for the vast majority of people who expect their vacations to not only be enjoyable but memorable and bring them personal value. Being able to travel alone has several positive effects on people, such as broadening their world view. Furthermore, many people are motivated to find themselves while they rely entirely on themselves in a foreign country.

Millennials are most likely to seek options that give them the least amount of hassle and headaches as possible. Although they are not restricted to guided experiences, Millennials seem to want them to avoid any unforeseen issues along the way. 

An increasing percentage of the younger generations, specifically Gen Z and Millennials, are now opting to take vacations solely for relaxation purposes.

Depending on the distance, travelers have a wealth of options when it comes to choosing a mode of travel.

• 35% of Millennials prefer to have professional accommodation options like hotels.
• Most millennials ( 96% ) have no issues with solo travel.
• Baby boomers are most likely to go on vacation cruises, followed by Millennials and Gen Xers.
• Millennials are the group most likely to travel to a major city at 38% .
• 43% of those who are part of Gen X use a car to travel domestically.
• Millennials do 70% of hotel bookings.
• Since most Gen Xers have children, 70% take family-oriented trips.
• Millennials are most likely to take an unconventional vacation.
• A quarter of boomers extend their business trip stays to enjoy leisure time.
• Weekend trips are most popular with Gen X ( 16% ) followed by baby boomers ( 11% ) and 12% of those aged 25-34 (Millennials).
• It is estimated that 40% of Millennials will book a trip with friends in 2020.
• 3 out of 10 boomers choose cruises to go on vacation trips.
• Millennial parents with children below the age of 5 travel at a rate of 62% .

As the industries that cater to different travel experiences increase in number, people now have different options that range from short, one-day or weekend vacations to package deals on cruises that take them to several different countries or islands.

Air travel remains the most convenient, safe, and accessible mode of travel. Air travel is especially popular when it comes to international destinations.

In terms of where they prefer to stay, most travelers still use hotels, motels, and hostels for accommodation. These accommodations differ based on the nature of the trip since travelers on cruises sleep in their cabins.

Millennials and Gen Z are the leading groups when it comes to city-based trip experiences. While older travelers are looking for more exotic experiences, the groups who grew up with technology were more likely to seek modern forms of travel and accommodations.

• Only 1 in 10 Baby Boomers rely on social media to make travel-related decisions.
• Gen Z is the group most likely to be influenced by social media at 90% .
• 36% of Gen Z is influenced by social media when it comes to travel.
• More than half of those who belong to Gen X use online travel agents to book their travels ( 55% ).
• Boomers are the group second most likely to be influenced by travel ads, at 66% .
• The group that is most influenced by advertising is Millennials, at 72% .

Based on the age group, the use of social media, the internet, and advertisements in general are touted as the most effective ways to influence travel plans. The group that is least influenced by advertisements are Gen Z, while those who are most influenced are Millennials.

Another noteworthy trend is the reliance on online reviews and social media to motivate travel decisions. Those who have been raised alongside technology are more likely to resort to online resources when planning their travels. Boomers were least likely to be influenced by social media posts or internet advertisements that cater to travelers, as they spend less time online than younger generations.

Travel agents and travel agencies still book trips, although the process has been digitized. These agencies often advertise for their own deals, and older age groups are more likely to book through them than to do so themselves.

Therefore, based on age, financial stability, and lifestyle, travel decisions are influenced by a multitude of factors. Boomers remain the biggest travel spenders, and women are quickly topping the lists for solo and group travel. When it comes to travel, each generation does it, and they all have their own ways of booking and enjoying their vacations.

Sources: Skift , Groupstoday , Accessdevelopment , Businessinsider , AARP , Avanti , GlobeTrender , Groupaccommodation , Expedia

Other statistic pages:

• Travel Statistics by Age Group
• U.S. Tourism Statistics
• Solo Travel Statistics
• Female Travel Statistics
• Baby Boomer Travel Statistics
• Millennial Travel Statistics
• Car Accident Statistics
• Best Places to Travel (Poll)
• Digital Marketing Statistics
• Mobile Marketing Statistics
• Video Game Statistics

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The Generation Game: How Different Age Groups Have Different Booking Habits In US Aviation

A survey by the global travel data provider, OAG Aviation, has revealed marked generational differences when it comes to several aspects of air travel, including booking habits, sustainability, and the use of new technologies.

The April 2023 survey asked 2,000 travelers in North America about their travel habits, with their answers highlighting how passengers' loyalties and priorities change as they age. The results were broken down into four generations - Baby Boomers (those born between 1946-1964), Gen Xs (1965-1980), Millennials (1981-1996), and Gen Zs (1997-2012).

Diminishing brand loyalty

The preferred brands among the North American travelers questioned were American Airlines (28%), Delta Air Lines (24%), and United Airlines (17%). However, having a favorite airline does not mean that passengers will always remain loyal to that brand. 47% of Millennials have changed airline loyalty in the past year, compared to only 15% of Baby Boomers.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, the vast majority of younger generations are more cost-sensitive and are quite happy to switch airlines to find the best deal. At the same time, cost is the primary driver behind airline preference for just 47% of Baby Boomers. The rise of low-cost carriers has also had an impact, flooding the market with more competition and leaving airlines battling to retain existing customers and attract new ones.

What drives airline brand loyalty?

Frequent flyer programs and on-time performance are the top drivers of brand loyalty, although the results vary by generation. A quarter of all Baby Boomers place the highest value on an airline's frequent flyer program. Younger travelers, however, favor punctuality, with on-time performance being the number one reason for continued loyalty for 63% of Gen Zs, compared to just 25% of Baby Boomers. In fact, 91% of Gen Zs are inclined to select an airline based solely on its performance record.

In April 2023, Delta Air Lines was the most punctual carrier in the US, according to OAG's data, which could explain the airline's high loyalty ranking among travelers overall. Alaska Airlines came in second, followed by Sun Country Airlines in third place.

Embracing sustainability and new technologies

The environment has become a major consideration for younger flyers, with 20% of Millennials choosing more sustainable flight options where possible, compared to just 1% of Baby Boomers. More modern aircraft, such as the Airbus A350 , are often the most fuel-efficient, offering a greener choice for travelers.

Gen Zs and Millennials also tend to embrace new technologies more than Gen Xs and Baby Boomers, with many younger travelers relying on airline apps in the event of a disruption, while their older counterparts prefer more traditional methods of contact, such as by phone.

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As Millennials overtake Baby Boomers to become the largest generation in the US, and as Gen Zs increase their purchasing power, airlines will need to focus more on sustainability and punctuality and continue to be driven by new technologies to retain passengers. Traditional loyalty programs may well soon become a thing of the past.

Do you agree with the changing travel habits of different generations? Are there any surprises in OAG Aviation's survey results? What drives your loyalty to a particular airline brand? Share your thoughts by commenting below.

Source: OAG Aviation

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Travel Statistics by Age Group 2020-2021

• / Travel Statistics by Age Group

How Do Travel Trends do Travel Trends Differ Between Gen Z, Millennials, & Boomers? Discover Booking Habits, Spend & More!

How do travel trends vary with age? The data shows significant differences in the booking habits of individuals depending on age. Perhaps surprisingly, the demographics reported to have the most vacations is millennials with 35 days per year, that’s 6 more days than their predecessor of Gen Z at 29 days!

Vacations at all ages creates significant income towards the tourism industry, with baby boomers spending over $6,600 on their 2019 holidays and a third of millennials willing to spend $5000 or more on their travel a year. Budget as an influence on travel-making decisions seems to decrease the higher the age, this may be due to more financial stability with career progression. It may also be that the elder population doesn’t desire to have as exotic and financially-draining holidays with over half choosing to travel domestically. Conversely, millennials and Generation Z’s seek to visit new places as a means of relaxation with 83% millennials preferring all-inclusive and worry-free holidays. These have a higher cost so finding the cheaper deals would be even more important.   

TRAVEL TRENDS BY AGE DEMOGRAPHIC:

Those travelling over the age of 30 showed the largest increase in numbers from 2007, going up from 10% to 17%. Those aged between 23 to 30 however, saw a decline of a similar percentage.

The younger Gen Z’s and Millennials are the highest spenders when they travel. Calling themselves 'flashpackers' they spend around about $3,500 per trip and $60 a day.

Millennials make the most of their holiday - most taking an average of 35 days of vacation each year when the average

Followed closely by Gen  Z travellers, who travel 29 days each year. Gen X travels the least , as a result of work and family commitments.

American workers took 17.2 days of vacation in 2017.

Already, there are 40% of millennials planning to take a trip with friends within the next year.

Around 35% of millennials stay in upscale and luxury resorts and hotels.

Gen Z travellers want adventure , while millennials want comfort; 83% of millennials said they prefer all-inclusive and other worry-free vacations and 70% stayed in a hotel on their last trip.

90% of Gen Z say their international travel decisions are influenced by social media.

Gen Z spends about 25% of their budget o n flights.

43% of Generation Z use OTAs to plan trips and take an average of 29 days per year.

62% of baby boomers will use all or most of their annual leave earned at work versus 77% of millennials.

Boomers spend a whopping $157 billion on trips every year.

Quick Links: Navigate Our Statistic Topics

Which age group spends the most on leisure travel in the united states, what are the most popular travel destinations for different age demographics, what age group travels the most & how do they compare, what inspires baby boomers, gen xers, gen z & millennials to travel, how do different generations like to travel, what influences travel plans & booking habits, travel by age demographic: spending statistics.

Gen Z spent a quarter of their budget on flights.

93% of Gen X said they look for the best deals.

81% of Gen Z say budget is a factor for their booking decisions, compared to only 57% of baby boomers.

Gen Xers allocate 13% of their budget to tours/attractions.

Baby boomers spend an average of $1,865 on summer vacations.

They also plan on spending over $6,600 on their 2019 trips.

56% of travellers aged 25-34, spend $500-$1500 for a one-week trip, excluding airfare.

Vacationing millennials spend , on average, $1,373 on summer vacations.

Gen X spent an average of $2,628 on summer vacations.

Millennials are the most likely to go into debt for travel.

A third of millennials are willing to spend $5000 or more on vacation.

Those aged 55-75   planned to spend $6000+ on vacations in 2018.

Which age group spends the most on leisure travel in the United States? Millennials are most likely to get into debt to discover new places. The younger and potentially lower-earning age groups don’t let budget affect their vacation time. However, money is more of an obstacle for the younger demographic when it comes to planning where and what their vacation consists of; 81% of Gen Z’s say budget is a factor in their travel decisions, compared to 57% of boomers. Travellers of all ages are looking to spend their money wisely, with 93% of Gen X looking for the best deals when booking trips. There is no denying that a lot of money is spent travelling, with boomers planning to spend around $6,600 this year on vacations and a third of millennials willing to spend more than $5000.

Sources :  Skift , Groupstoday , Accessdevelopment, Businessinsider, AARP

TRAVEL DESTINATION TRENDS BY AGE GROUP

Just  12%  of those between 40-54 (Gen X)  travelled internationally  in the last year.

19%  of those aged 23-38 holidayed outside their own country.

12% of Gen X holidayed outside own country.

56% of those between 55-75  already decided on a destination for the following year.

The city most young travellers wanted to visit was Rio de Janeiro, followed by Tokyo, Sydney, Buenos Aires, and San Francisco.

51% of millennials, 46% of Gen Xers and 43% of boomers expect to visit  both domestic and international destinations.

42% of millennials, 51% of Gen Xers, and 51% of boomers expect to visit only domestic destinations.

7% of millennials, 3% of Gen Xers and 6% of boomers expect to visit only international destinations.

France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal are the most attractive destinations for Brits over the age of 65.

The statistics show that destinations by age differ as millennials are more commonly holidaying outside their home country than Gen X, at 19% compared to 12%. This may be due to Gen Xers having less time and finances to organise vacations. Additionally, boomers vs millennials trends show that a higher percentage of boomers expect to take domestic holidays over international, compared to the younger demographics. This may be due to millennials wanting to explore more exotic and culturally rich destinations. 

The most attractive destinations for the over 65’s in Britain are the nearby European countries of France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. This may be due to the shorter travel times and the destinations being more accommodating for tourists with multilingual staff, easily accessible activities and a wide range of cuisines to pick from.  

Sources :  Skift , Groupstoday , Accessdevelopment, Avanti

TRAVEL TRENDS BY GENERATION: FREQUENCY OF TRAVEL

Generation Z has an average of 29 vacation days per year.

Millennials have an average of 35 vacation days a year.

Generation X has an average of 26 vacation days per year.

Boomers between 55-75 have an average of  27 vacation days  a year.

Generation X accounts for one out of every three leisure travellers and will average between three and four trips this year.

55-75-year-olds plan to have four or five trips in the next year.

42% of baby boomers plan on both domestic and international vacations.

What age group travels the most? Millennials between 23-38 seem to be the age group that travels the most with an average of 35 vacation days a year. This may be more than their younger alternatives of Gen Z’s (7-22) at 29 days as they may have more financial stability and would not have to juggle travelling with their education or with parents. B oomers and Gen Xers may have fewer vacation days due to more commitments, both with families, work and finances. However, despite these barriers, baby boomers still plan to have four to five trips in the next year with 42% planning both domestic and international trips. 

Sources :  Skift , Groupstoday , Accessdevelopment, AARP

TRAVEL STATISTICS BY AGE: REASONS PEOPLE TRAVEL

83% of millennials said they prefer all-inclusive and other worry-free vacations.

56% of Gen Z travel to visit family.

50% of millennial travel is visiting family.

57% of baby boomers travel to visit family and friends.

Millennials are 13% more likely to visit a destination with cultural or historical significance compared to the general population.

47% of millennials and 40% of Gen Z vacation to relax and avoid stress.

45% of millennials travel to learn more about themselves.

These trends suggest that millennials are more likely to visit new places to ‘learn more about themselves’ than they are to visit family whereas over half of the Gen Z and baby boomers travel to visit family and friends. The higher proportion of millennials travelling to experience culture and history than the wider population suggests that they are more interested in experiencing something new and finding out about historical events over their elders.

With almost half of the millennials wanting to learn more about themselves, this indicates they see international travel as an opportunity to gain perspective on their day-to-day lives and take time out for themselves with 83% of millennials opting for all-inclusive and worry-free vacations.

Sources :  Skift , Accessdevelopment, AARP

TYPE OF TRAVEL & ACCOMMODATION STATISTICS

70% of millennials stay in hotels.

43% of Gen Xers travel by car.

40% of millennials will take a vacation with their friends in the next year.

62% of millennial parents are vacationing with kids under the age of 5.

Roughly 35% of millennials prefer upscale and luxury hotels/resorts.

96% of millennials are likely to travel solo.

19% of millennials have been or are likely to go on a cruise , compared with 9% of Gen X and 41% of the older baby boomer population.

30% of boomers take a cruise for their vacation.

38% of millennials are likely to visit a major metropolitan city in the next year.

Quick weekend getaways are popular with 16% Gen Xers, 11% boomers, 12% millennials.

25% of boomers extend business trips for leisure time.

Millennials are more likely to go on ‘off the beaten track’ holidays than the wider population.

70% of Gen Xers say vacations are family orientated and are likely to go on more child-friendly holidays.

Millennials seem to stick out as the age group that travels most frequently and looks for the most authentic and culturally-rich experiences. Generation X has more responsibilities, such as children and work, so subsequently, their habits adjust to accommodate those needs. They may travel to child-friendly destinations where there are lots of facilities and attractions for children to keep them entertained.

Cruises are popular with the older generation as they are a great way to see a range of different destinations without having to organise much of the trip yourself. It is a good option for the elder generations who may have mobility issues whereas millennials are more likely to stay in upscale and luxury resorts or take ‘off the beaten track’ holidays. 

Sources :  Skift ,  Accessdevelopment, AARP , Globetrender

TRAVEL STATISTICS BY AGE GROUP: DECISION MAKING & BOOKINGS

90% of Gen Z travel decisions are made by social media.

72% of millennial's travel decisions can be influenced by advertising.

55% of Gen X book through an OTA.

66% of boomers are influenced by ads with informative content.

36% of Gen Z have chosen where to vacation after seeing postings about the destination on social media.

10% of baby boomers are influenced by social media in planning their vacations.

When it comes to millennials vs. baby boomers, there is no denying social media and technology play a big part in booking decisions. Gen Z is most susceptible to being influenced by social media as 90% of their travel decisions are made from what they see online, compared to only 10% of baby boomers. Advertisements with informative content are more influential for baby boomers, perhaps because they offer more practical information compared to social media posts, which tend to contain more inspirational visual imagery. Millennials who have experienced both traditional advertising and new technology, are influenced by both types of media.

Sources :  Groupaccommodation , Expedia , Skift

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Attitudes of ageing passengers to air travel since the coronavirus pandemic

Affiliation.

• 1 University of Westminster, 35 Marylebone Road, London, NW1 5LS, UK.
• PMID: 32834691
• PMCID: PMC7341823
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101865

The coronavirus pandemic has had a devastating impact on the demand for air transport. One passenger segment that has received relatively little attention is ageing passengers (defined as aged 65+), in spite of the fact that this group has been disproportionately affected by COVID-19, and in recent years has been viewed as a potential growth market. Therefore, the aim of this brief paper is to analyse the attitudes of ageing passengers by assessing air travel plans in the next 12 months, examining the factors influencing future flying decisions, and investigating the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on perceived risks and experiences associated with flying. The findings show that over 60% of ageing passengers are planning to travel by air in the next 12 months, although the nature of their trips may change. Factors such as flexible ticket booking and quarantine rules do not appear to be key drivers affecting travel decisions and within the different stages of the air journey, getting to/from the airport is perceived as the safest stage. The findings suggest that there are various COVID-19 implications for airlines and airports serving this market segment, ranging from the use of self-service technology, the generation of commercial/ancillary revenues and the design of surface access policies.

Keywords: 65+age group; Ageing passengers; Air travel; COVID-19; Coronavirus.

© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Global Significance

Air Travel More Accessible in 2017, According to Latest Air Travelers in America Report

February 20, 2018

Nearly 50 percent of Americans flew on an airline in 2017, up from just 25 percent in 1977

  Americans of all age groups and income levels, except top earners, took more air trips in 2017 than 2016

Download 2018 Air Travelers in America Presentation

View Ipsos Top Line Findings

WASHINGTON, February 20, 2018 – With 2017 extending the safest period in aviation history, Airlines for America (A4A), the industry trade organization for the leading U.S. airlines , found in its annual commissioned survey that Americans are continuing to take to the skies in record numbers. In 2017, 48 percent of Americans flew on an airline and 88 percent had taken a commercial flight in their lifetime, according to the Air Travelers in America report, conducted by Ipsos Public Affairs. Comparatively, in 1977, just 25 percent of Americans had taken a flight that year and only 63 percent had flown in their lifetime.

Also on the rise: annual trips by age group and household income. Every age group and household income level, except for those who earned over $150,000, reported taking more trips in 2017 than in 2016. The biggest leap came from those in households earning $75,000-$99,999, who took an average of 5.1 trips in 2017—up from 3.4 in 2016.

Among 2017 flyers, 71 percent of all trips were taken for personal reasons, up from 2016 and 2015, reflecting both an improving economy and the increasing availability of affordable, accessible airfare options for the average American and their family. According to the survey, 2017 flyers took an average of 5.3 flights in 2017, including 2.6 for personal leisure purposes.

Down slightly from 2016, 81 percent of travelers reported being satisfied with their overall air travel experience and for the third consecutive year, just 1 percent reported being “very dissatisfied.” Of the remainder, 13 percent were “neutral,” and 4 percent were “somewhat dissatisfied.” Passengers noted particular satisfaction with ongoing advancements in the check-in process, with an average rating of 4.07 out of a possible 5, thanks to airline investments in app and website development and airport kiosks.

The online survey of more than 5,000 American adults, conducted in January 2018 by Ipsos Public Affairs , explored who was traveling by air, why, where and how often. In addition to rating various aspects of their 2017 experience, business and personal flyers alike were asked to indicate their participation in frequent flyer and Trusted Traveler programs as well as their methods and criteria for shopping for and booking flights, getting to the airport, checking in and length of stay at destination.

“Airlines continue to adapt to a highly price-sensitive American public by ensuring that passengers of all income levels can choose the services and price points that meet their individual needs, making air travel affordable and accessible to everyone,” said A4A Vice President and Chief Economist John Heimlich. “The strides airlines are making to improve the flight experience—from varying fares that can fit any budget, in-flight entertainment options, gourmet food offerings and advancements in technology, both on the ground and in the air— are resonating with customers and leading to more Americans traveling more often by air.”

“The democratization of U.S. air travel is continuing, according to the latest data we collected for Airlines for America,” said Chris Jackson, Vice President of Ipsos Public Affairs. “In this year’s survey we found that almost half, 48 percent, of Americans flew in 2017, and the large majority of those trips, 71 percent, were for personal reasons. Compared to air travel of a generation ago that was heavily focused on those traveling for business, this shows that Americans view air travel as widely available and accessible and a principal form of intercity and international transportation.”

Travelers continued to be satisfied with their flight experience in 2017

Flying continues to be an extremely accessible and affordable mode of transportation, with the average American adult taking 2.5 airline trips in 2017. When asked about their flights throughout 2017, 85 percent said all or most of their flights were satisfactory. Those enrolled in a Trusted Traveler Program (TSA Pre✓® or Global Entry) reported 86 percent satisfaction when thinking about their overall experience with air travel, including 49 percent who were “very satisfied.”

Passengers were most satisfied with the process of checking in for their flights, followed by shopping and purchasing a ticket, the boarding process, reliability of on-time departures and arrivals, getting through security and awaiting checked baggage upon arrival.

Affordability of airfare is most important factor to leisure travelers

When selecting which airline to fly, leisure travelers value affordability above everything else, followed by flight schedules, reliability of on-time departure and arrival, airline seat comfort, customer service, airline frequent flier programs, quality of in-flight amenities, and environmental responsibility. Business travelers also value affordability, but not as much as their preferred airline frequent flyer program and flight schedules. In 2017, 38 percent of passengers reported flying at least once from an airport not closest to their home or office. Of those choosing an airport other than the one closest to their home or office, 33 percent were willing to travel up to an hour for the best price; 12 percent were willing to travel up to 2 hours.

It’s a great time to fly, as evidenced by the highly competitive state of the industry, allowing travelers to select fares and à la carte amenities that fit their needs. 76 percent of people surveyed find the airline industry to be as or more competitive than it was five years ago.

Download the 2018 Air Travelers in America Presentation and view Ipsos top line findings.

About the survey

The Air Travelers in America survey was conducted Jan. 8 -17, 2018 as an online survey of 5,046 members of the American general public, age 18+ by Ipsos Public Affairs on behalf of Airlines for America.

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• Driving and road transport
• National Travel Survey: 2021
• Department for Transport

National Travel Survey 2021: Trips by purpose, age and sex

Published 31 August 2022

Applies to England

© Crown copyright 2022

This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected] .

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This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/national-travel-survey-2021/national-travel-survey-2021-trips-by-purpose-age-and-sex

About this release

The National Travel Survey (NTS) is a household survey of personal travel by residents of England travelling within Great Britain, from data collected via interviews and a seven-day travel diary, which enables analysis of patterns and trends. This release covers the main findings from these travel behaviours during 2021. The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic from March 2020, has had a substantial impact on travel trends in 2020 and 2021 and has affected the operation of this survey.

Fieldwork for the NTS 2021 survey continued to be impacted by the coronavirus restrictions from March 2020, with data collection combining the approach used in 2020 with interviews being conducted via telephone (push-to-telephone approach) instead of face-to-face, and to increase response rates, doorstep recruitment by trained interviewers with interviews being conducted over the telephone (knock-to-nudge approach).

Response rates to the survey in 2021 were halfway between 2019 levels (14,356 individuals) and 2020 levels (6,239 individuals) with 9,971 individuals participating in the survey, an increase of 60% compared to 2020, but a decrease of 31% compared to 2019. Consequently, caution is needed when interpreting these results for 2020 and 2021 as they are likely to be less representative of residents of England compared to previous years. Please see our technical note for more details.

Trends in trips and miles travelled by purpose

Chart 23: Trips per person per year by selected purposes: England, 2002 to 2021 (NTS0403)

During 2021, fewer pandemic-related restrictions were placed on personal travel, and patterns of travel started to return towards pre-pandemic trends. There was an increase in trip rates (average trips per person) for many purposes compared to 2020, however, day trips and ‘other including just walk’ trips decreased from their all-time high in 2020, as trips for the purposes of commuting, education, personal business and visiting friends at home increased.

The most common trip purpose in 2021 was for shopping, however, there were fewer trips for this purpose in 2021 compared to earlier years. There were 133 shopping trips per person in 2021, a 6% decrease compared to 2020 (141 trips per person) and a decrease of 26% compared to 2019 (181 trips per person).

Although day trips and other including just walk trips decreased in 2021 compared to 2020, the levels remain higher than pre-pandemic levels seen in 2019. From 2002 to 2019, day trips increased very slightly from 23 trips per person to 32 trips per person, followed by a large increase in 2020 to 45 trips per person, and dropping to 36 trips per person in 2021. Other including just walk was the second most common trip purpose in 2021. From 2002 to 2019, these types of trip had shown a gradual increase from 41 to 61 trips per person, followed by a sharp increase in 2020 to 114 trips per person, then a decrease in 2021 to 106 trips per person (a decrease of 7% compared to 2020, however, an increase of 74% compared to 2019).

Commuting was the third most common trip purpose in 2021 with 100 trips per person, a 9% increase compared to 2020 (91 trips per person) but 29% less than in 2019 (140 trips per person). This could reflect the increase in working from home and hybrid working during this time. There was an increase in education trips in 2021 to 50 trips per person, a 10% increase on 2020 (46 trips per person), however, 25% less than in 2019 (68 trips per person).

Day trips and other including just walk trips

Day trips include trips for pleasure (not otherwise classified as social or entertainment) within a single day and other including just walk trips include walking trips for pleasure or exercise along public highways, including taking the dog for a walk and jogging.

Chart 24: Miles travelled per person per year by selected purposes: England, 2002 to 2021 (NTS0403)

There were similar trends observed in average miles travelled as average number of trips by trip purpose in 2021. The longest distance travelled was for commuting with 817 miles per person in 2021, similar to levels observed in 2020 (799 miles per person), however, 36% less than levels in 2019 (1,276 miles per person). The second largest distance travelled on average was for the purpose of visiting friends at home, with 695 miles per person in 2021, an increase of 3% compared to 2020 (674 miles per person), but 20% less than in 2019 (872 miles per person). Average miles travelled for education increased in 2021 to 142 miles per person, an increase of 17% compared to 2020 (121 miles per person), but this was a decrease of 32% compared to 2019 (210 miles per person).

Average miles travelled for day trips decreased the most, by 22% to 379 miles per person in 2021 compared to 488 miles per person in 2020, this is also a decrease of 13% compared to 2019 (435 miles per person). Miles travelled for other including just walk trips was at an all-time high in 2020 with 125 miles per person, this has since decreased to 111 miles per person in 2021, which was a decrease of 11% compared to 2020. However, this remains 91% higher than levels seen in 2019 (58 miles per person).

The third longest distance travelled was for shopping with 466 miles per person in 2021, this is a decrease of 10% compared to 2020 (520 miles per person), and a decrease of 33% compared to 2019 (700 miles per person).

The largest decrease in average miles travelled in 2021 compared to pre-pandemic levels in 2019 was for the purpose of business which includes personal trips in the course of work and includes all work trips by people with no usual place of work (for example, site workers) and those who work at or from home. Average distance travelled for business trips decreased by 63% compared to 2019 to 204 miles per person in 2021, this was also a decrease of 19% compared to 2020 (253 miles per person).

Trends in trips by sex and age

Chart 25: Average trips made, and miles travelled per person per year by sex: England, 2021 (NTS0601)

In 2021, males made 9% fewer trips (719 trips per person) than females (793 trips per person) but travelled 14% further (4,609 miles per person by males, as opposed to 4,055 miles per person by females). This partly reflects differences in the type of trips made and the mode of travel used, with males making fewer trips but travelling longer distances by car (14% more miles on average), more trips and travelling further by cycling (308% more miles on average or 4 times more) and shorter and fewer trips by walking (7% less miles on average) than females in 2021. Females made more shopping trips which tend to be relatively short, whereas males made more commuting and business trips which tend to be longer.

Chart 26: Proportion of trips per person per year, by sex, age and mode: England, 2021 (NTS0601)

In 2021, the majority of trips made by males and females were by car, which accounted for more than half of trips by males and females of all ages, except for 17 to 20 year olds (42% for males and 49% for females). The proportion of trips made by males as car drivers was greater than that of females for all age groups apart from those aged 17 to 20 where the proportion is the same. This may reflect differences in access to cars as well as different trip purposes. The proportion of trips made by walking was greater for females than for males, apart from those aged 17 to 20 where the proportion of walking trips for males was 34% compared to 24% for females, and the age group 40 to 49 where the proportion of walking trips for males was 33% compared to 32% by females. For both males and females, those aged 0 to 16 had the highest proportion of walking trips, with 34% and 38% respectively, both higher than the overall average. The proportion of trips made by bus was highest for the 17 to 20 years age group for both males and females, with 9% and 15% respectively.

Chart 27: Proportion of trips per person per year, by sex, age, and purpose: England, 2021 (NTS0611)

The reasons why people travel differ for males and females of different ages. In 2021, the largest proportion of trips were for shopping, with 17% of trips being for shopping purposes by males and 18% by females. For both males and females, people aged 70+ completed the most shopping trips and this is the age group where the highest proportion of their trips was for the purpose of shopping, with 34% of trips by males and 32% of trips by females.

The proportion of trips for commuting was greater for males than for females in 2021, with the age group of 21 to 29 showing the highest proportion of trips for this purpose for both males and females with 30% and 23% respectively. The proportion of trips for commuting was similar to the proportion of trips for shopping by males, but for females, lower than the proportion of shopping and other including just walk.

In 2021, the second largest proportion of trips for females was for the purpose of other including just walk with 15% of trips being for this purpose. This purpose was the third largest for males (with commuting being the second largest), with 13% of trips being for this purpose. The age group of 70+ had shown the highest proportion of trips being for this purpose for both males and females with 16% and 19% respectively.

Amongst those aged 0 to 16, the highest proportion of trips was for education, at 34% for both males and females. For both males and females aged 17 to 20, 18% of trips were for education purposes.

Background information

The 2021 National Travel Survey (NTS) is the latest in a series of household surveys of personal travel by residents of England travelling within Great Britain, from data collected via interviews and a seven-day travel diary. The NTS is part of a continuous survey that began in 1988, following ad-hoc surveys from the 1960s, which enables analysis of patterns and trends.

Some key uses of the data include describing patterns, for example how different groups of people travel, monitoring trends in travel, including sustainable modes; assessing the potential equality impacts of different groups; and contributing to the evaluation of policies.

We always welcome feedback to help ensure that the survey meets the needs of users, and any feedback provided will help inform the future design and development of the survey. If you have any feedback, please email [email protected] .

Have your say in influencing future NTS regularly published content through this short user consultation survey!

The NTS statistics team are conducting a review of our publication to better meet users’ needs. This short survey invites NTS users to provide details of how NTS data are used, help us understand whether we can safely discontinue some publication content, and whether other information collected within the NTS questionnaire or travel diary would be useful to have regularly published. The information collected from this survey will form evidence for the discontinuation or the addition of regular published NTS statistics.

Please complete this short survey , which should take around 10 minutes to complete, for your chance to influence future NTS publication content.

National Statistics

These statistics are designated as National Statistics. National Statistics are produced to high professional standards as set out in the Code of Practice for Statistics. The Code of Practice for Statistics plays an essential role in ensuring that statistics published by government inspire the public confidence through demonstrating trustworthiness and providing high-quality statistics. These statistics were designated as National Statistics in July 2011. The continued designation was confirmed in September 2018.

Further information about these statistics is available, including:

• National Travel Survey statistics: data tables
• National Travel Survey statistics: notes and definitions
• National Travel Survey statistics: guidance and quality information
• National Travel Survey statistics: future developments

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Air travel during pregnancy and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes as gestational age and weight at birth: A retrospective study among 284,069 women in Israel between the years 2000 to 2016

Hila shalev ram.

1 Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel

Netanella Miller

2 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

3 Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel

Yael Shalev Rosental

Gabriel chodick.

4 Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel

Associated Data

Data cannot be shared publicly as it's computerized private data of a large health organization in Israel. Data are available from the Ethics Committee Bait Balev Medical Center Institutional Review Board for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data. Contact information for the Ethics Committee- li.gro.cam@o_regeirk .

The American College of Gynecology (ACOG) recommendation does not limit air travel during pregnancy, yet the evidence for air travel effect on adverse pregnancy outcomes is limited and debatable. Study objectives were to examine the association between air travel during pregnancy and preterm birth together with decreased birth weight.

Study design

A retrospective cohort study.

The study evaluated 628,292 women who gave birth to singleton infants from 9/2000 to 9/2016 and classified them into “air travel during pregnancy” or not, based on flight insurance as proxy. Multiple linear regression models were utilized to examine the relationship between air travel during pregnancy and newborn's gestational age and birth weight, while accounting for socioeconomic status, diabetes, high-risk pregnancies, and smoking.

A total of 41,677 (6.6%) births of women who air traveled during pregnancy was included, and 586,615 (93.4%) births of women who did not. Air travel during pregnancy was associated with a statistically significant (p<0.0001) but negligible increase in birth weight (9 gr. 95% CI: 4.8 to 14.5 gr.) and gestational age (0.36 days. 95% CI: 0.24–0.48).

The study results provide no evidence that air travel during pregnancy is related to adverse effects on gestational age or birth weight. These findings corroborate the current recommendations of ACOG.

Introduction

Worldwide, air travel has grown steadily over the years with the number of travelers mounting from one billion in 1990 to four billion in 2017[ 1 ]. Due to this increase, it is necessary to relate to potential health hazards associated with air travel, including adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women.

The notion that air travel may affect the course of pregnancy is based on environmental changes during the flight. In an average commercial flight at about 35,000 ft, the cabin pressure decreases from atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg to about 560 mmHg. Consequently, oxygen saturation drops, during both long and short flights in all age groups, to a mean saturation of 90–93% in a healthy population and as low as 80% in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases[ 2 , 3 ]. Fibrinolytic activity is reduced by the relative hypoxia in the cabin and leads to a release of vein wall relaxing factors[ 4 ], that might enhance venous stasis. Moreover, even in normal pregnancies, uterine artery blood flow, which can help compensate for the altered blood flow at altitude, was found to be reduced during flights[ 5 ]. Therefore, the effect of cabin pressurization, especially in complicated pregnancies with compromised uteroplacental blood flow is concerning.

Despite the plausible impact of environmental and physiological changes during a flight on pregnancy, and consequently on adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm delivery or low birth weight, data regarding this issue are scarce and controversial. A few studies found a significantly increased risk of preterm birth [ 6 , 7 ] and lower weight at birth[ 6 ] among women who have air traveled during pregnancy, while other studies have suggested no effect[ 8 – 10 ]. However, these studies, were limited in size, restricted to populations with predisposing factors, or lacked an adjustment for important confounding factors.

Despite the inconclusive literature, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ (ACOG) stated in their last update, that in the absence of obstetric or medical complications, air travel is safe [ 11 ]. This recommendation is not supported by high-level evidence. The present analysis was conducted in order to fill the gap of direct, well-powered studies on the association between flying during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes, namely low gestational age at birth and low birth weight.

Materials & methods

Study population.

This study was conducted using the computerized data of Maccabi healthcare services, a 2.3 million patient integrated care organization in Israel, which covers 22–25% of the pregnant population in Israel[ 12 ]. The study protocol has been reviewed and approved by the Bait Balev Medical Center Institutional Review Board with document number 0026-18-BBL. Ethics committee waived the requirement for informed consent as this was a retrospective study. All data was fully anonymized before analysis.

Maccabi healthcare services’ female members, who gave birth during the study observation period—2000 through 2016, were eligible for analysis. Stillbirths, births under gestational age of 24 weeks and women who had multiple gestations were excluded, leaving 717,551 women who met eligibility criteria. Out of those, 89,259 (12.4%) were excluded due to, missing data on gestational age or birth weight, leaving 628,292 observations in the final cohort. Approximately 97% of the 20.1 million air travels per year in Israel are international[ 13 ]. The travel insurance rates in Israel are about 95% according to the Israel consumers council[ 14 ] as in other well-developed countries, such as Australia, in which the travel insurance rates are 92%[ 15 ]. Furthermore, domestic air travels in Israel, which do not require health insurance, are relatively short (up to 45 min). The cooperation between “Maccabi healthcare services” with “Clal Insurance Enterprises Holdings Ltd”, one of the largest insurance companies in Israel (which provides discounted flight insurance for Maccabi healthcare members), assisted in accessing women who air traveled by air. Data regarding insurance policy purchases among the study population have been collected. In order to detect if a woman traveled by air during pregnancy, each policy day of inbound and outbound flights were obtained.

Study outcomes and other study variables

Adverse pregnancy outcomes, including low birth weight and low gestational age at birth, were the primary outcomes of interest. These variables were analyzed as continuous variables and also as binary variables (for low birth weight under 2500 grams and for gestational age under 37 weeks). Data regarding date of birth, gestational week at birth and birth-weight were extracted from the Maccabi healthcare services database since this information is routinely provided to Maccabi healthcare services by the Israeli Ministry of Health.

“ High-risk” pregnancies were identified through “Maccabi healthcare services” computer database of women diagnosed as "high-risk” pregnancy. Women with “high-risk" pregnancies are diagnosed in ‘Maccabi Healthcare Services’ computerized database if the pregnancy threatens the health or life of the mother or her fetus. This includes women with e xisting health conditions , such as high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney diseases; or a history of recurrent pregnancy loss[ 16 ], preterm birth, or other problems with previous pregnancy. Pregnancies with medical conditions that occur during pregnancy such as intrauterine growth restriction of the fetus, recurrent bleeding, placenta previa and gestational diabetes of pregnancy are also diagnosed as “high-risk” pregnancies. Other collected data included the number of siblings, gestational age at delivery, diagnosis of pre-gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, and pre-gestational diabetes were taken from electronic health records and were diagnosed by the assignment of the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes. Also, data regarding fertility treatments, including in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and non-IVF fertility treatments, were obtained. Smoking status and socio-economic status were derived directly from the electronic health records for the participants. The level of socioeconomic status (SES) was assessed according to the poverty index of the child's address enumeration area, as defined by the 2008 national census [ 17 ]. The poverty index is based on several parameters, including household income, educational qualifications, crowding, material conditions, and car ownership, census of population, and housing. SES levels range between 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest). In this study, SES below four was considered as low SES, SES between 4 to 7 was considered medium SES, and SES between 8 to 10 was considered as high SES.

Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics were used to assess the distribution of variables; continuous variables were summarized as mean values with standard deviations, and categorical variables were summarized as counts and percentages. To ensure that pregnancy outcomes during the study period were most likely not constituted with an external cause, the multivariant analysis included known risk factors that affect preterm labor and weight at birth such as age, high-risk pregnancies, fertility treatments, smoking, socioeconomic status, number of siblings, and pre-eclampsia. Several multivariable analyses with birth weight in grams and gestational age at birth in days, as continuous variables were performed by multiple linear regression modeling, estimated by using ordinary least squares. Low birth weight (under 2,500 gram) and preterm birth (under 37 weeks), as binary dependent variables, were also examined and analyzed by logistic regression (presented in Tables G and H in S1 Appendix ) .

Other measurements of exposure were examined, including the effect of the number of flights and timing of flights by trimesters during the index pregnancy (presented in Tables D-F in S1 Appendix ) . “Exposure time” is the potential number of weeks that a pregnant woman might undertake air travel. Women who have experienced preterm birth, had shorter exposure times, which could have had an impact on the results. Thus, we conducted another analysis ( presented in Tables B and C in S1 Appendix ), which was limited to women who air-traveled before a gestational age of 32 weeks and gave birth after 32 weeks, meaning that each woman had a 32 week “exposure time”. The same analysis was done for 34 weeks as well.

The threshold for statistical significance was P < 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM-SPSS' GLM (general linear model) procedure (IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY).

A total of 628,292 live births was included in the study. Among the study population, 6.6% air traveled during pregnancy. Compared to unexposed pregnancies, women who did air travel during pregnancy were older (31.8±4.8years vs. 30.1±5.4 years) and of higher SES level (7.1±1.7 vs. 5.8 ±2.0). Furthermore, women who air traveled had higher prevalence of high-risk pregnancies (10.5% vs. 7.6%) gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (7.7% vs. 6.3%) and fertility treatments (including IVF) (8.8% vs. 5.8%) than the unexposed group, but lower rates of smoking during pregnancy (4.4% vs. 5.9%) (p<0.0001 for these variables, Table 1 ) .

During the study period, the proportion of women who air traveled during pregnancy has increased between the years 2000 and 2014, particularly among higher SES groups ( Fig 1 ) . As presented in Fig 2 , the majority of women that air traveled during the second trimester, with a growing proportion traveling as late as mid-third trimester. Air travel during pregnancy was associated with neglectable effects on gestational age (39+0 ±1.6 weeks in air travel group vs 39+1 ±1.7 weeks in control group, p-value <0.0001) and weight at birth ( 3263 ±477 grams in air travel group vs 3269±492 grams in control group, p-value = 0.01) ( see Table A in S1 Appendix ).

In a multivariable model for weight at birth, air travel during pregnancy was associated with a statistically significant yet clinically neglectable increase of 9 grams (95% CI:4.8–14.5, p-value <0.0001). Maternal gestational diabetes mellitus and siblings were associated with increased birth weight as well, while a negative association was calculated for high-risk pregnancies, pre-eclampsia, smoking, and fertility treatments ( Table 2 ). Similarly, in the multivariable model for gestational age at birth, air travel during pregnancy was associated with a minimal increase of 0.36 days (95%CI:0.24–0.48, p-value <0.0001). The most significant association was calculated for high-risk pregnancies, with a decrease of more than eight days. All other variables decreased the gestational age differently ( Table 3 ).

Additionally, frequency of air travels per pregnancy, timing of the flight during pregnancy (first, second or third trimester), analysis for preterm birth (under 37 weeks) and low birth weight (under 2,500 gram) as dependent categorial variables, and analysis of which we removed the effect of "exposure time" on pregnancy outcomes were examined by multivariable models. All analyses have shown similar results (see Tables B-E in S1 Appendix ).

Principal findings of the study

In this observational retrospective cohort study of over 628 thousand live births, a statistically significant but clinically neglectable difference in birth weight and gestational age was found between women who air traveled during pregnancy and women who did not. The clinically non-significant results were consistent across specified subgroups and different timing of exposure. Moreover, the study showed a rise in air travels during pregnancy and a correlation to socio-demographical status. Women of a high SES flew more during pregnancy than women of a lower SES. Also, the data reveals that most flights occur during the second trimester.

Results of the study in the context of other observations

This large cohort study supports the findings of a smaller study on 222 singleton pregnancies women[ 8 ], which did not find a correlation between air travel during pregnancy and preterm birth. However, except for a small cohort, this study did not take into account important confounders such as smoking, GDM, fertility treatments, and socioeconomic differences. Another retrospective cohort study which compared pregnancy outcomes between 3,693 flight attendants to all other births in Norway [ 9 ], found that the risk of low birth weight was lower for the female cabin attendants than for the referents, and suggested no increased risk of preterm birth. This study did not consider important confounders as well.

However, a study conducted by Chibber et al. on 992 pregnant women [ 6 ], found that air travel was significantly associated with increased risk of preterm birth between 34 and 37 weeks (adjusted odds ratio 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2, 1.8). The dramatic differences between exposed and unexposed women in birth-weights (2684 ± 481 g vs. 3481 ± 703 g) as well as in gestational age at birth (36.1 ± 0.8 vs. 39.2 ± 2.1) and significant racial differences raise concerns regarding residual confounders which were not considered. Our finding of which most women fly during the second trimester could be explained by ACOG’s official recommendation, which claims that the most common obstetric emergencies occur in the first and third trimesters[ 11 ] and also by the limitations of insurance companies for pregnant women[ 18 ].

Strengths and limitations

The main strengths of this study include: (1) the sample size, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the largest ever used, (2) the accurate information obtained on many risk factors that may affect gestational age and birth weight, which provided the ability to conduct appropriate statistical analysis, (3) the consistency of the results when analyses were stratified for gestational age at birth, frequency of air travel, or timing of the flight during pregnancy, (4) some of this study’s results reinforce its reliability, by demonstrating well known negative effects on gestational age and birth weight of high-risk pregnancies, pre-eclampsia, smoking during pregnancy and fertility treatments and positive effect on weight at birth in women with GDM [ 19 – 23 ].

Although this study was conducted on a large and diverse database, unfortunately not all the essential information was available. For example, information about destinations and flight length. However, according to the Ben Gurion annual report[ 13 ], the vast majority (83%) of the flights taken, was to destinations with flight duration of between 2 to 6 hours, while 4% were under 2 hours and the rest (13%) are over 6 hours [ 24 ]. Thus, we can carefully assume that our dataset includes a range of about 6 hours for over 80% of the flights. We believe, that if there was an effect of short air travel (up to 6 hours), assuming they are the vast majority of flights during pregnancy, on gestational age or weight of birth, we would have seen a difference between the groups in the multiple analysis. Yet, we cannot claim based on this data, that air travel is safe for a long duration of flights (More than 6 hours). Another limitation is that domestic air travel in Israel, which is relatively short (up to 45 min) and does not require health insurance, was classified as non-travelers supposing they didn’t fly international. Moreover, it can be assumed that some women purchased their flight health insurance via other insurance companies rather than ‘Clal’ or did not buy flying insurance at all. However, members of ‘Maccabi’ get a discounted flight insurance through ‘Clal’ and therefore it is likely that a significant portion of women bought their insurance through ‘Clal’. We assume that the proportion of women that did not buy insurance at all or bought an insurance through ‘Clal’ and did not fly is negligible in such big cohorts. Another limitation of our study is that women with high-risk pregnancies who flew during a pregnancy had fetuses of a higher birth weight which may result in self-selection bias.

Implications for research

Given the raise of pregnant women air travelling, and the various factors that may adversely affect birth outcomes during flights (cabin pressurization[ 2 , 3 ] and maternal physiological changes[ 25 , 26 ], other pregnancy adverse events such as pregnancy loss, thromboembolism, and newborn's health should be investigated in similarly large and unselected cohorts. Moreover, the effect of long air travel (more than 6 hours) should be thoroughly investigated.

To conclude, the statistically significant difference in birth weight and gestational age between women who air traveled during pregnancy and women who did not was clinically neglectable. These small effects of flights on gestational age and birthweight are reassuring for pregnant women and their clinicians to fly during pregnancy, especially for short flights, and provide concrete statistical evidence in line with and corroborating the current recommendations of ACOG. Data are needed for a wider range of flight durations, including long flights.

Supporting information

S1 appendix, funding statement.

The authors received no specific funding for this work.

Data Availability

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— Igor Volk, a Soviet-era cosmonaut whose only spaceflight in 1984 was intended to prepare him to fly Russia's space shuttle Buran before it was canceled, died on Tuesday (Jan. 3). He was 79. Volk's death was reported on the website for the Russian city of Zhukovsky, where the cosmonaut was an honorary citizen. "[Volk] was a representative of the legendary generation of cosmonauts," the city officials wrote on Zhukovskiy.ru . "He will remain in our memory as an outstanding personality, an extraordinary man and a highly skilled, courageous test cosmonaut, who made a contributions to the exploration of outer space and to the knowledge of the mysteries of the universe." Roscosmos, Russia's federal space corporation, confirmed Volk's death in a post to its Facebook page.

Selected in July 1977 among the first group of civilian test pilots for the Buran, the Soviet Union's answer to the U.S. space shuttle, Volk passed basic cosmonaut training and qualified for a spaceflight assignment in 1980. Volk might have then waited for a mission on board the winged orbiter — a flight that would ultimately never come — were it not for an aborted space station docking three years earlier. In the wake of a two-man, all-rookie Soyuz crew failing to dock to the Salyut 6 station, a new rule was instituted by the Soviet space program that every crew had to include at least one person who had previously flown into space. As such, Volk was initially named to fly with Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyov to the Salyut 7 space station in 1983, to provide him the experience needed to lead the first flight of the Buran. Another failed docking mission however, resulted in Kizim and Solovyov being reassigned to a later launch and Volk being added to the Soyuz T-12 mission crew with Vladimir Dzhanibekov and Svetlana Savitskaya, the latter being the world's second woman to fly into space making her second spaceflight. Volk, Dzhanibekov and Savitskaya launched on July 17, 1984 from Russia's Baikonur Cosmodrome (now located in Kazakhstan). During the Soyuz T-12 mission, the seventh crewed flight to visit Salyut 7, Savitskaya became the first woman to go out on a spacewalk, beating NASA astronaut Kathy Sullivan by three months.

Volk returned to Earth with his two crewmates on July 29, 1984, logging a total of 11 days, 19 hours and 14 minutes in space. Soon after he landed, Volk boarded a Tu-154LL Buran training aircraft and flew an approach following the same flight path the orbiter would on its return from space, touching down at Zhukovsky Air Base near Moscow. The flight demonstrated that a cosmonaut still readjusting to gravity could safely fly the shuttle to a landing, though Volk, nor any other cosmonaut, would have the opportunity to conduct that real re-entry from space. Igor Petrovich Volk was born in Kharkiv, now the second- largest city in Ukraine, on April 12, 1937, 24 years to the day before cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin would become the first human to fly into space and 44 years to the day before the first launch of NASA's space shuttle. A pilot in the Soviet Air Force and graduate of Kirovograd Military Aviation School in 1956, Volk received his degree in engineering from the Moscow Aviation Institute in 1969. He then went to work as a civilian test pilot at the Gromov Flight Research Institute, flying jets, including the MiG-21, MiG-25 and Su-27, as well as a single flight in the "Lapot," an atmospheric test vehicle for the never-realized MiG-105 "Spiral" space plane. After his Soyuz T-12 mission, Volk continued to prepare for a Buran mission by piloting 13 flights of the analog version of the shuttle, the OK-GLI, between November 1985 and April 1988. His last approach and landing flight marked the 25th and last flight for the vehicle, which is now on display at the Technik Museum Speyer in Germany.

The Buran only launched to space once, without a crew, in 1988, before the program was canceled in 1993. "Energiya-Buran is the most powerful space vehicle the world has ever seen, and, had it been given the chance to fully develop, it would have been of great benefit to the people of the Soviet Union and, indeed, the world," Volk wrote in his foreword to the 2007 book "Energiya-Buran" by Bart Hendrickx and Bert Vis. "It didn't get that chance, but the political, and to some extent, economical situation, were not ideal." In 1995, Volk left the cosmonaut corps to become director of the flight test center at the MM Gromov Flight Research Institute in Zhukovsky, a position he held until he retired in 2002. For his service to the country's space program, Volk was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin in June 1984. Volk is survived by his wife, Valentina, and two daughters, Marina and Irina.

Suit Up: 50 Years of Spacewalks

Simple Flying

Faa authorization bill advances with more atc staff & no raise to pilot retirement age.

The FAA reauthorization act, with over 1,000 pages, covers many changes within the regulator for the next five fiscal years.

• Two committees reached agreement on a bipartisan FAA reauthorization bill.
• The new reauthorization act does not raise the mandatory pilot retirement.
• The act also proposes staffing standards for air traffic control and mandates fee-free family seating on commercial flights.

The Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee and House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee jointly stated that they have reached a final agreement on the bipartisan bill to reauthorize the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).

Need for decisive action

The statement read that now more than ever, the regulator needs strong and decisive direction from the country’s lawmakers, which would ensure that the aviation system in the United States maintains its gold standard. As such, the senators and representatives had reached a deal to do that, added the statement.

“The American people deserve nothing less than the safest and most efficient aerospace system in the world, and to that end, our bill provides critical safety enhancements, grows America’s aviation workforce, invests in infrastructure at airports of all sizes, sets clear priorities for advancing innovative aviation solutions, improves the flying public’s travel experience, and ensures a healthy general aviation sector for years to come.”

Joe Biden, the current President of the US, signed the ‘Airport and Airway Extension Act of 2024’ in March 2024, which extended the FAA’s authorization through May 10. At the time, The White House’s statement explained that in addition to funding for the FAA, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Department of Justice (DOJ) also received money to “mitigate credible threats posed by unmanned aircraft systems to covered facilities and assets.”

US House Votes For Extension Of FAA Reauthorization

Mandatory pilot retirement age staying at 65.

However, the new bill, aptly named the ‘FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024,’ will still have to pass the Senate and the House of Representatives and be signed by Biden before it comes into effect. According to the bill’s text, the regulator would be funded through the fiscal year 2028.

The full ‘FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024’ text can be found here . The over 1,000-page-long bill includes some important amendments, including the fact that the mandatory pilot retirement age will stay at 65 if the bill is signed into law.

The Air Line Pilots Association, International (ALPA) has been a strong advocate against raising the mandatory retirement age for pilots. The Board of Directors of the union, elected by pilots represented by ALPA, has presented an advocacy page where they unanimously affirmed ALPA’s opposition to the notion that pilots would be mandated to retire at 67 instead of the current limit of 65.

The FAA Doesn't Want The Mandatory Pilot Retirement Age To Be Increased

25-hour cockpit voice recorder (cvr).

Another important highlight of the bill is section 366, which will introduce the requirement for newly manufactured aircraft to be equipped with 25-hour cockpit voice recorders (CVR), a significant improvement compared to the two-hour CVRs that commercial aircraft in the US are equipped with right now.

According to the FAA’s notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) that would require 25-hour CVRs on commercial aircraft in the US, published in December 2023, the European Union Safety Agency (EASA) and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) already mandate the CVR to record at least 25 hours of conversations inside the cockpit. The regulation in the EU went into effect on January 1, 2021, resulting in all aircraft with a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of at least 60,000 pounds (27,000 kilograms) having a CVR that was capable of storing 25 hours of recordings from the cockpit.

“ICAO noted that extending the recording duration of CVRs was necessary to cover the longest flight duration, including pre- and postflight activities, delays, and the time required to secure the recordings.”

NTSB Pushes FAA To Require 25 Hours Of Storage For Voice Recorders

Another highlight-worthy section was 437, which aims to ensure that the air traffic control and management workforce is sufficiently staffed. Meanwhile, section 516 mandates that no later than 180 days after the enactment of the act, the FAA would issue an NPRM to propose a policy to mandate airlines to introduce fee-free family seating on commercial flights.

Which US Carriers Offer Family Seating & Priority Family Boarding?

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Cheap flights to Elektrostal ( VKO)

Get started finding a cheap flight to Elektrostal on Expedia by either choosing a deal on this page or entering into the search bar your travel dates, origin airport, and whether you want roundtrip or one-way airfare. You can filter for flexibility, number of stops, airline, and departure/arrival times to find the best flight for you.

We recommend using the ‘Flexible Dates’ calendar at the top of the page to see the price of plane tickets on the surrounding dates. This allows you to pick the cheapest days to fly if your trip allows flexibility and score cheap flight deals to Elektrostal.

Roundtrip prices range from $977 - $1,397, and one-ways to Elektrostal start as low as $560.

Be aware that choosing a non-stop flight can sometimes be more expensive while saving you time. And routes with connections may be available at a cheaper rate.

Airlines that fly to Elektrostal ( VKO)

You have several options for which airline you choose to travel with to Elektrostal. There are 10 airlines flying into VKO: Qatar Airways, Uzbekistan Airways, Sichuan Airlines, Egyptair. 

Cheap plane tickets may be available from different airlines at different times and with unique terms. It’s best to understand the details of each airline’s offer before judging its value.

For example, if you plan to check a bag or bring a carry-on, check whether the cheap airfare deal includes a baggage allowance. If not, verify whether the baggage fee is higher than the difference of other airline plane ticket deals offering free checked/carry-on baggage in exchange for a slightly higher airfare. 

Additionally, your preferred frequent flyer membership programs may influence your choice of cheap airline. Expedia allows you to enter your membership numbers during checkout to earn points from your airline and Expedia Rewards—all while getting a great deal and planning all your travel in one online platform.

Find the best deals

At Expedia, we source many flight deals from multiple providers, so you can easily find the best deals that are right for you. A great strategy for getting the best deals can be to make sure you book and travel at the optimal times. Airfare to Elektrostal (VKO) varies throughout the year based on seasonal demand. You’ll see the lowest rates for roundtrips to VKO in September and in August for one-ways.

Cancellation & flexibility

To change or cancel eligible flights, go to ‘My Trips’ and navigate to your itinerary. If you booked within the last 24-hours, you might be able to cancel your flight for free. Learn more about flight changes or cancellations from our customer service portal . Some plane tickets are available with no change fees, which you can filter for during your search.

Frequently asked questions

• The trick to having an amazing flight experience is to pack ahead. So, let’s start with the essentials: passport, official ID, cash and daily medications. Next, bring items that’ll help keep you entertained, like your laptop or a good book. It’s also smart to bring your chargers, a comfy neck pillow and a pair of earphones. And of course, be sure to toss in toiletries like a toothbrush, cleansing wipes and a clean T-shirt.
• While the list of banned items can differ between airlines, the general rule to follow is avoid carrying anything sharp, flammable or explosive. This includes things like screwdrivers, pocket knives, spray paint and flares. Sporting equipment like hockey sticks, and objects that could harm passengers, such as pepper spray and firearms, aren’t allowed in the cabin either.
• The answer to a comfortable flight can be as simple as your choice of clothing. Prepare for changes in temperature by bringing layers. This will keep you nice and warm if the cabin starts to cool down. Shoes like stilettos, flip flops and lace-up boots are best left in your suitcase. Even though they may be your favorites, go for flat, closed-toed footwear like slip-ons. Your feet will thank you for it.
• A condition by the name of DVT (deep vein thrombosis) is a potential risk on long-haul flights. It results from blood clotting due to inactivity and poor circulation. Walking up and down the aisle and doing leg and foot exercises in your seat is a great way to prevent this from happening. Wearing a good pair of compression tights or socks can also help.
• Your travel documents and ID will need to be presented to security personnel. Have them close by to avoid fumbling around for them.
• Your coat, belt, keys and other items in your pocket, like your earphones, will need to go on a tray through the X-ray machine. Make your life easier by removing them before your turn.
• For just a few minutes, you’ll have to unplug from the digital world. Your phone, laptop and any other electronic devices also need to be sent through the scanner.
• Remove liquids and gels from your hand luggage. They often need to be sent through the X-ray machine separately. Each product should be no larger than 3.4 ounces (100 milliliters) and everything must fit inside a single quart-size (one liter), clear zip-lock bag.
• There’s a possibility that you’ll be required to take your shoes off for scanning, so wearing slip-on sneakers is always a clever idea.
• Airlines won’t allow any sharp objects in the cabin. If you need to bring these kinds of items, pack them safely in your checked luggage.

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Airline share of Americans flying with JetBlue 2023, by age

Share of americans who flew with jetblue for domestic or foreign travel in the last 12 months as of december 2023, by age.

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January 2024

United States

January to December 2023

2,779 respondents

18-64 years

respondents who booked a flight

Panel survey

Multiple answers were possible. During the survey, the question was phrased as follows: "Which of these airlines have you booked a flight from in the past 12 months?"

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