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movement speed Movement Speed: A Quick Guide

By Bopper March 1, 2020 in Guides

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Quick Guide to Movement Speed

Some Info, Tips and Tricks to Traveling

Written: 1 Mar 2020

Updated: 2 Mar 2020

I’ve been looking a lot at travel powers lately and I have come across a few nuggets I wanted to share that I don’t think is common knowledge, but it should be. First I’ll give a short primer on what the base and max speed for each of the three movement types (Flying, Running, and Jumping…sorry, no teleport but I may revisit it), along with explaining the difference between a power providing “+X% to <Movement> Speed” versus “+X% Strength to <Movement> Speed”, then I’ll get into the fun stuff you can do with Flying, Running, and Jumping.

Base and Max Movement Speeds :

* In issue 18 the base flight speed was buffed by 50% to 21.48 mph.

+ The standard max flight speed is 58.63 mph, however there are powers (such as Afterburner) that can increase the max flight speed to as high as 87.95 mph.

What’s the difference between “+X% to Movement Speed” versus “+X% Strength to Movement Speed”? :

If you see a power or bonus that says “+X% to <Movement Speed>”, it means it is an increase from that movement type’s base speed. So, a +10% to Fly Speed would mean your total Fly Speed is increased by 2.148 mph (10% of Base Flight Speed).

If you see a power that says “+X% Strength to <Movement Speed>”, it means it enhances the effects of all your powers that improve that type of movement speed. For example, your base Jump Speed is 14.32 mph and you have the inherent power Hurdle which increases Jump Speed by +124.5% (+17.83 mph). If you have a power that grants “+20% Strength to Jump Speed”, then powers like Hurdle will have their +Jump Speed enhanced by 20%. In this case, you get to add an additional 124.5%*20% = +24.9% Jump Speed (+3.565 mph). It’s worth noting (foreshadowing) that the most a power can be enhanced by (strengthened) is +300%. That includes enhancements and strength bonuses.

What can you do with flying?

When it comes to flight, there is only 1 question you need to ask yourself…are you going to take Afterburner, or not?

If you say no to Afterburner , then you can either get Fly and instantly be at your max fly speed (58.63 mph) without enhancements, or you can pick Hover to achieve max fly speed (58.63 mph). How? By using Hover in combination with P2W’s Jet Pack and Steam Jump powers. It will cost you 100k influence to own both, but you must own both. Here’s why:

Steam Jump/Jump Pack (not enhanceable): +2,780% to jump height, +300% strength to fly speed (advertised as +273% strength to fly speed, but in game the numbers suggest it’s actually +300%). Also, both powers have up to 30 second durations with a 30 second base cooldown, but that cooldown recognizes global recharge bonuses, so typically it will recharge in 10-15 seconds. They are not mutually exclusive, so you can use them both at the same time to provide gapless coverage.

So, with Jump Pack and Steam Jump combined, you can max out the strength of all your fly powers permanently. With Hover and Swift, it does this:

Swift (Enhanceable): +35% to run speed, +13.65% to fly speed

Hover (Enhanceable): +50% to fly speed

Hover (Not Enhanceable): +50% to fly speed, -101% to fly speed (net: -51%)

There you have it, with just Hover, Swift, and Steam/Jump Pack you will surpass your max fly speed of 58.63 mph. No enhancements, no additional buffs/bonuses. Not to mention, Fly only provides a Magnitude 1 Fly, whereas Hover provides a Magnitude 4 Fly, so theoretically you should be harder to knock out of the sky.

If you say yes to Afterburner , then you will have initially increased your max flight speed by 14.32 mph (to 72.95 mph). This increase to max flight is enhanceable with a hard flight speed limit of 87.95 mph (+104.8% strength to Afterburner achieves this).

By taking Afterburner, you can still skip Fly and achieve the 65.205 mph with Hover shown above, plus add on any +fly speed bonuses/powers that your build may have. But let’s face it, that’s not why you get Afterburner. Instead, you take Hover, Fly and Afterburner, and you can 1 slot all of them if you like (Hover and Afterburner are good LotG mules, Fly is a good KB protection mule). Then with Steam/Jump Pack, Fly, and Afterburner, you will hit 87.95 mph easily.

Fly (Enhanceable): +136.5% to fly speed

Fly (Not Enhanceable): +80% to fly speed, +100% to fly speed, -101% to fly speed (net: +79%)

Afterburner (Enhanceable): +14.32 mph to max fly speed (capped at +29.32 mph)

So, there you have it; with no Flight Enhancements (it would be pointless since Jump Pack already maxes out the strength), we can hit an uncapped speed of 167.44 mph, unfortunately we are hard-capped at 87.95 mph. If Afterburner did not have a hard cap of 87.95, then this combo would increase the +max fly speed by 57.27 mph which would cap the flight speed max at 115.90 mph.

One final note on Hover + Afterburner, it’s a pretty nifty defensive move and any movement speed set bonuses will still count. So, if you chase the Movement Speed set bonuses, just know every 7.5% is an extra +1.61 mph. If you can achieve +106% to Fly/Movement Speed bonuses, you could hit the 87.95 mph hard cap with just Hover and Afterburner. Chasing that number would be foolish, but it’s completely reasonable to get 5 of the +7.5% to Movement Speed bonuses (Performance Shifter, Gaussian, Aegis all get this with 2 slots). That number would boost your Fly Speed by 37.5% which equates to +8.05 mph. That gets you to 73.26 mph with Afterburner, Hover and Steam/Jump Pack.

Conclusion : Buy both Steam Jump and Jump Pack to maximize your flight speed without any enhancements. Also, don't take Fly if you don't have Afterburner.

What else can you do with flying?!?

I did a little more research and wanted to share what I found. For instance, Group Fly is panned as a bad power. Maybe it is, but it is a travel power and I figure I should at least share what it can do as well as what it can do with a Steam/Jump Pack. It's worth mentioning, Group Fly says in its short description that it does -ACC, yet when I look in the combat attributes there are no debuffs to To-Hit or Accuracy, so it must be a typo.

Group Fly (Enhanceable): 60 foot radius; 255 Max targets hit, +68.25% to fly speed

The combination of Steam/Jump Pack with Group Fly will result in granting you and your team max fly speed (58.63 mph). You can also use the Group Fly + Afterburner + Jump Pack combination to cap your fly speed at 87.95 mph, unfortunately when you activate Afterburner, the Fly effects are no longer given to your teammates. Consider this as an endurance hungry replacement for Fly, while providing some team utility (although it might be unwanted team utility at times). 

The P2W Vendor offers 6 variants of the same temporary fly power: Small Longbow Jetpack, Longbow Jetpack, LKT-1700 Rocket Pack, Jet Pack, Holiday Rocket Pack, and Goldbricker Rocket Pack. They each cost 50k influence for 30 minutes of flight usage. You can purchase up to 10 each for a total of 30 hours of usage (3 Million influence). These temporary powers do the following:

Jet Pack (not enhanceable): +136.5% to fly speed, +80% to fly speed (ignores buffs and enhancements), +100% to fly speed (ignores buffs and enhancements), -180% to fly speed (ignores buffs and enhancements).

As a net, this power is a +136.5% to fly speed that can be buffed, while the un-buffed portions are a net 0% to fly speed. The main difference between a Jet Pack (or variant) and Fly, is that Fly is maxed out at 58.63 mph right away, whereas a Jet Pack will come up just short (if no enhancements, buffs, nor set bonuses, then the fly speed is 53.73 mph). With minimal effort, we can reach the 58.63 mph capped fly speed.

There are only two reasons to consider taking a P2W Jet Pack (or variant). The first is to be able to fly at max speeds (58.63 mph) while not having to take the Fly pool (perhaps you took Leaping pool, now you can use Combat Jumping with Jet Pack to make a ghetto-Hover). The other reason to take a P2W Jet Pack is if you want to take Air Superiority from the Fly Pool and want Afterburner for ultra-max fly speed (87.95 mph), but can't afford to take 4 powers from the Fly Pool (Afterburner requires at least 2 powers from Air Superiority, Hover, and Fly). So the solution becomes taking Afterburner with a P2W Jet Pack to achieve your 87.95 mph ultra-max fly speed, while retaining Hover for general combat and Air Superiority for an attack. Let's look at how the numbers work for the P2W Jet Packs.

Here we show that Afterburner + Jump Pack + Jet Pack will equal the ultra-max fly speed of 87.95 mph, as its theoretical 150.47 mph is capped.

What can you do with running?

There are many run powers available to you that will buff your base run speed.

Sprint (Enhanceable): +50% to run speed

Sprint (ignores buffs and enhancements): +50% to run speed

Ninja/Beast Run (Free at P2W, not enhanceable): +140% to run speed, +137% to jump speed

Super Speed/Speed of Sound  (Enhanceable): +350% to run speed

Base Empowerment - Increase Run Speed : +20% to run speed  

To cap our run speed we need to achieve +546% to run speed (92.5/14.32). We can get there with minimal effort from Super Speed, as all you need is to put a Level 50 Run IO in Swift and Super Speed (350%+35%)*(100%+42.4%) = 385%*142.4% = +548.24% (92.8 mph, capped at 92.5 mph).

Now let’s assume we don’t want Super Speed (or its soon to be variant, Speed of Sound). What can we achieve with Ninja/Beast Run and the other available inherent powers?

Above I have slotted Swift and Sprint with a +5 Boosted Level 50 Run IO (+53%) and included a T4 Alpha incarnate (either Agility or Musculature) which will enhance our run powers by an extra 33% (86% in total).  The temp bonus shown comes from a Base Empowerment station which grants a +20% to run speed buff for 90 minutes of in-game time. In the end, we are far under the max run speed cap (72.5% of the cap). It’s decent, but it’s no super speed.

Things do get interesting if you have a +Special power, like Power Boost or Clarion Radial. The +Specials will include a +X% Strength to Run Speed, which means it will buff Swift, Sprint (the enhanceable portion), and Ninja/Beast Run. A */Energy Blaster can use Power Boost to increase the strength of their run speed by 78.672%. That would boost Swift, Sprint, and Ninja/Beast Run to do an extra 3.94 mph, 5.63 mph and 15.77 mph, respectively. That extra 25.34 mph will get you right near the run speed cap with 92.37 mph.

If you want to pursue taxing yourself for the sake of running fast without Super Speed, you can chase the five Gift of the Ancients: +7.5% Run Speed bonus, the easy to get five +7.5% Movement Speed set bonuses, and the soon to arrive Synapse’s Shock: +15% Run Speed bonus. That is a +90% run speed bonus, which equates to +12.87 mph. That will get you to 79.91 mph.

Conclusion : If you want to run as fast as possible, just get Super Speed. If you are good with running closer to max Jump Speed numbers, then Ninja/Beast Run with Sprint can get you close to that number (if you enhance, have a T4 Alpha, the Base Empowerment buff, and set bonuses).

What can you do with jumping?

There are some jump powers available to you that will buff your base jump speed.

Hurdle (Enhanceable): +124.5% to jump speed, +166.8% to jump height

Ninja/Beast Run (free at P2W, not enhanceable): +140% to run speed, +137% to jump speed

Super Jump/Mighty Leap (Enhanceable): +249% to jump speed, +2780% to jump height

Base Empowerment – Increase Jump Speed : +20% strength to jump speed/height

To cap our jump speed we need to achieve +446% to jump speed (78.18/14.32). We can get there with minimal effort from Super Jump, as all you need is to put a Level 50 Jump IO in Hurdle and Super Jump (249%+124.5%)*(100%+42.4%) = 373.5%*142.4% = +531.86% (90.47 mph, capped at 78.18 mph).

Now let’s assume we don’t want Super Jump (or its variant, Mighty Leap). What can we achieve with Ninja/Beast Run and the other available inherent powers?

Above I have slotted Hurdle with a +5 Boosted Level 50 Run IO (+53%) and included a T4 Alpha incarnate (either Agility or Spiritual) which will enhance our jump powers by an extra 33% (86% in total).  I also show a Base Empowerment temporary buff called Increased Jump Speed, which provides a +20% strength to jump speed for 90 minutes of in-game time. Here, we are so close to the cap for jump speed that set bonuses would likely put us over the 78.18 mph cap (4 of the 7.5% Movement Speed bonuses will do the trick).

Conclusion : You can replace Super Jump with Ninja/Beast Run with proper investment. You can cap your jump speed at 78.18 mph with the Base Empowerment temporary buff and a T4 Alpha that boosts jump speed. Even without the Alpha, you can get to 74.07 mph with five of the +7.5% to Movement Speed buffs and the temp buff. You’ll also notice it is easier (less investment) to go faster jumping as opposed to running (5 less enhancement boosts, no need to use Sprint). Also, use of the Steam/Jump Pack will help you reach the same jump heights as Super Jump.

• Get both Steam Jump and Jump Pack, and either Ninja Run or Beast Run
• If you want flight, decide if you want Afterburner or not.
• If you want Afterburner, get Fly (you will reach 87.95 mph, easily)
• If you don’t want Afterburner, don't take Fly (you will cap Hover at 58.63 mph, easily)
• If you want to run fast, take Super Speed. Otherwise, you can achieve approximately 75% of what Super Speed can do with a semi-invested build using Ninja/Beast Run and Sprint.
• If you want to jump fast, no need for Super Jump. You can cap your jump speed and height with Ninja/Beast Run and Steam/Jump Pack with investments. Even without a T4 Alpha, you can hit 95% of what Super Jump does with that same combo (74.07 mph vs. 78.18 mph).

Possible Future Topics:

Below are some possible future updates to this guide. I have information on them, but I think most of the teleportation information has already been covered and well known, while the P2W powers are not going to be very popular as they lock out your power tray. I might speak to the P2W powers with the caveat that they should just be supplemental (like a non-flyer takes a fly travel power, or a non-speedster/jumper takes the animal travel power):

• Incorporating Teleportation (but I don’t think it’s in much demand)
• Teleporting Tips (Enter Base with Passcode Macros, P2W Teleporters, etc)
• P2W’s other Travel Powers (Void Skiff and variants, Coyote/Panther)

Revision History:

1 March 2020: Initial Version

2 March 2020: Added a new section " What else can you do with fly?!? ", which covers Group Fly and the Temp Fly Powers from P2W

PPM Information Guide               Survivability Tool                   Interface DoT Procs Guide

Time Manipulation Guide               Bopper Builds                         +HP/+Regen Proc Cheat Sheet

Super Pack Drop Percentages       Recharge Guide                       Base Empowerment: Temp Powers

Bopper's Tools & Formulas                              Mids' Reborn                        

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Table: How Much Speed is Added with Set Bonuses

Notice, Fly Speed gets more of a speed boost given its 1.5x base speed, while Jump Height’s base is so small that these bonuses have practically no effect.

Table: How Much Speed is Added with Base Empowerment

+20% indicates the buff is to Strength of <Movement Speed>, whereas the +2.86 is the result from a +20% increase in base Run Speed

How to Calculate Speed Total

I touched on this in the guide, but I was never explicit on how exactly I calculate total speed. If you are interested in knowing how, hopefully this information will help. The formulas I use are:

What do these formulas mean, exactly? The StrengthTotal represents all of your sources for "+X% strength to <movement speed>". So Jump Pack provides a +300% strength to Fly Speed, and Increase Fly Speed provides a +20% strength to Fly Speed. So if we wanted to calculate Total Fly Speed, our StrengthTotal would be 480% (400%*120%=480%, where the base 100% is baked into that number. Also this example is a moot point as any power buffed over 400% will be capped at 400%).

The PowerTotal represents all of your powers that boost your <movement speed>. It includes any enhancements that those powers have (if the power is enhanceable) and any strength boosts (if the power accepts outside buffs). Each power cannot exceed 400% of its base effectiveness (+300% boost), which is why the min(*) function is applied to each. *Note, if a power doesn't take enhancements, you use 0% as its enhancement. If a power does not accept outside buffs, you replace StrengthTotal with the base 100%.*

The BonusTotal is a summation of all your speed boosts that don't come from powers. This would include temporary buffs like the Base Empowerment's Increased Run Speed, or set bonuses like "+7.5% to movement speed".

Finally, you add your Base 100% with the PowerTotal and BonusTotal, then multiply that by your Base Speed.

Let's do an example where we calculate the fly speed for a */Energy Manipulation Blaster using Power Boost and Hover. We will assume the following parameters:

Base : 21.48 mph

Swift : +13.65% to Fly Speed (enhanced by a Level 50 Flight IO, +42.4%)

Hover : +50% to Fly Speed (enhanceable), +50% to Fly Speed (ignores buffs and enhancements), -101% to Fly Speed (ignores buffs and enhancements). No Flight enhancement slotted.

Power Boost : +78.672% Strength to Fly Speed

Base Empowerment - Increase Fly Speed : +20% Strength to Fly Speed

Set Bonuses : Four +7.5% to Movement Speed, One +6% to Movement Speed

All I can say is 'thank you' for this an all of the other resources you've put together.  This is definitely useful and something to consider on certain builds that would like to squeeze an extra power in.

One suggestion, if you're looking to build this out further, is to include a section discussing the effect of various 'built in' movement speed buffs in power sets.  For example, how does the math change for Super Reflexes or VEATs?  How many siphon speeds would cap you for the various setups above?   Just a thought.  

4 hours ago, Omega-202 said: All I can say is 'thank you' for this an all of the other resources you've put together.  This is definitely useful and something to consider on certain builds that would like to squeeze an extra power in.   One suggestion, if you're looking to build this out further, is to include a section discussing the effect of various 'built in' movement speed buffs in power sets.  For example, how does the math change for Super Reflexes or VEATs?  How many siphon speeds would cap you for the various setups above?   Just a thought.  

Thank you for the kind words. When I get time, I can probably add a few examples. Overall, it's a fairly simple formula, you just need to keep track of what improves the base speed versus what enhances the speed powers (which are powers that improve on the base speed). That's a mouthful, I know.

I'm typing this on my phone, so apologies on the lack of structure, but the basic formula would be:

Speed = BaseSpeed * (1 + P1*min(100% + Enhance1% + Strength1%, 300%) + P2*min(100% + Enhance2% + Strength2%, 300%) + ... PN*min(100% + EnhanceN% + StrengthN%)  Edit: I realized calculations for Strength are multiplicative, not additive, so I tweaked the formula to bake in the 100% Base value. I have added a post (3rd one) that details how to properly calculate this.

So you look at all the powers that buff up your speed, factor in any enhancements and strength bonuses, make sure you cap it at +300% (400% total), then you're done. I'll probably use the reserved section to do a step by step example that shows how to calculate it.

Very cool, though Hover has a speed cap that I don't see mentioned here. I tried out a build that should have had me hovering at the Fly speed cap, but alas, no joy, I was slower than my (modified)Sprint speed still.

Hmm, this is a great thing because I've wanted to make my toons have as close to SS as possible, without needing to get it. It looks like I can get by with Ninja run if I also happen to add in a few movement speed buffs along the way. 

Mainly because I'll build toons as tight as possible dropping travel powers, this is a good way for me to chase after having similar speed, albeit I don't know if I'd give up slots for the sake of it solely, but it'd be fun for toons where I don't try to minmax as hard.

2 minutes ago, CosmicDreamShade said: Very cool, though Hover has a speed cap that I don't see mentioned here. I tried out a build that should have had me hovering at the Fly speed cap, but alas, no joy, I was slower than my (modified)Sprint speed still.

Hover and Fly (and other flight powers) all use the same Flight Speed cap of 58.63 mph (if no Afterburner)

I am curious about Group Fly with Afterburner and Jump Pack. I'll try to test it tonight, but looking at the numbers Group Fly provides a +68.25% to Fly Speed. If Jump Pack can be active with Group Fly, you should be able to reach speeds of 21.48*(1 + 4*0.6825)=80.12 mph (capped at 58.63 mph if Afterburner is not active).

Anyone know if that is the case? If so, I'll add it to the guide.

27 minutes ago, Bopper said: Hover and Fly (and other flight powers) all use the same Flight Speed cap of 58.63 mph (if no Afterburner)

I thought that too, I made and slotted a Psi/Electric Brute who should have been at the flight cap in Hover, however, there was a penalty applied that capped my hover speed somewhere in the 30s

4 minutes ago, CosmicDreamShade said: I thought that too, I made and slotted a Psi/Electric Brute who should have been at the flight cap in Hover, however, there was a penalty applied that capped my hover speed somewhere in the 30s  

It's worth noting that if you are monitoring your flight speed in Combat Attributes, the total speed is correct, but all the sub-components are lying to you. They fail to include the 1.5x modifier that fly gets. So you might be seeing that. If you like, take a picture of what you're seeing and I can maybe see what's going on.

53 minutes ago, Bopper said: It's worth noting that if you are monitoring your flight speed in Combat Attributes, the total speed is correct, but all the sub-components are lying to you. They fail to include the 1.5x modifier that fly gets. So you might be seeing that. If you like, take a picture of what you're seeing and I can maybe see what's going on.

When I get a chance I will respec a build and use generic Fly IOs to get the same speed... But what I had (in game actual flight speed, not theory crafting) was capped at 35ish (not entirely sure) and there was a combat attribute red, negative number under Hover that when highlighted said something like, "max Hover speed reached" or somesuch.

@CosmicDreamShade

I would really like to see that. I have tested the use of Hover with Jump Pack and raced someone with Fly, and we were going the same speed. You should not need to slot any Flight IOs to hit 58.63 mph. 

In combat Attributes you will typically see 3 Hover attributes: the one that is enhance able (50%), the one that is unenhanceable (50%) and another one that is unenhanceable (-101%). The unenhanceable ones will show at a 7.16 mph and -14.46 mph, while the top Hover (enhanceable) will change depending on how it is enhanced. If you use Jump Pack (or Steam Jump), it will show at 28.64 mph.

Keep in mind, I am giving you the numbers that you will see in the Combat Attributes window. Their true speed is 1.5x whatever it's showing.

Fly Speed Test

Buffs: Frequent Commuter (+15% to Fly Speed), Base Empowerment: Increase Fly Speed (+20% Strength to Fly Speed) No enhancements, no set bonuses

26 sec: Fly (58.63 mph) 46 sec: Hover (30.15 mph) 1m 01s: Hover + Jump Pack (58.63 mph) 1m 15s: Fly + Jump Pack (58.63 mph) 1m 29s: Transition from Fly to Hover (no change in Flight Speed) 1m 45s: Hover + Afterburner (30.15 mph) 1m 57s: Fly + AB (75.81 mph) 2m 09s: Fly + AB + Jump Pack (87.95 mph) 2m 23s: Hover + AB + Jump Pack (68.43 mph)

The Frequent Commuter's +15% to flyspeed translates to +3.22 mph (Attributes shows the 2.15 mph, erroneously)

The Base Empowerment's +20% Strength to flyspeed makes Afterburner cap at 75.81 mph instead of 72.95 mph. That's because 58.63 + 14.32*1.20 = 75.81 mph

Also, I tested Group Fly. Group Fly + Jump Pack = max flight speed for team (58.63 mph) . However, Group Fly + Afterburner causes the Group Fly to not work (teammates lose flight). 

Whenever I get time, I'll update the guide to include Group Fly. If the biggest gripe about Group Fly was that it was slow, Steam/Jump Pack would alleviate those concerns. However, I think there are other concerns with Group Fly...no? At the very least, it's another 1 slot wonder with the Jump Packs.

Bopper, you are a god! This is the answer to everything I ever wanted in terms of making flying faster and when in a mission to zoom around with Hover instead of being left behind by everyone else.

Triple kudos!

- Simple guide for newcomers . - Money making included among other things.

- Tanker Fire Armor: the Turtle, the Allrounder, the Dragon, and compilation of Fire Armor builds.

- Tanker Stone Armor: beginner friendly (near) immortal Tanker for leveling/end-game and Stone Armor framework.

- Brute Rad/Stone and compilation of Brute Stone Armor builds.

1 hour ago, Sovera said: Bopper, you are a god! This is the answer to everything I ever wanted in terms of making flying faster and when in a mission to zoom around with Hover instead of being left behind by everyone else.   Triple kudos!

I'm glad it works for you! Just an FYI, there's a nuisance bug with the jump packs. If you run it the full 30 seconds, the jump pack can become disabled and it won't return until you zone or relogin. So be vigilant in making sure you toggle the inactive pack on, and detoggle the active one prior to the 30 seconds expires (to keep the fly buff seamless). Personally, my build tends to recharge the packs in 10-15 seconds so I just toggle them whenever off cooldown.

1 hour ago, Bopper said: I'm glad it works for you! Just an FYI, there's a nuisance bug with the jump packs. If you run it the full 30 seconds, the jump pack can become disabled and it won't return until you zone or relogin. So be vigilant in making sure you toggle the inactive pack on, and detoggle the active one prior to the 30 seconds expires (to keep the fly buff seamless). Personally, my build tends to recharge the packs in 10-15 seconds so I just toggle them whenever off cooldown.

I actually returned to mention this. I tried and everything worked fine, but as you said once one pack ran out both greyed and didn't come back until I zoned. With your work around I can prevent that. Is there anything you cannot do?!

7 hours ago, Sovera said: Is there anything you cannot do?!

Finding time to actually play the game lol.

thanks for the guide very helpfull 😄

• 1 month later

How would you slot those for max speed, using Hover, Group Fly and Afterburner? Max speed is the preference, but better inherent defense with hover vs defense slotted perma-fly sounds like it could be a tasty change. Thanks so much for all the data and effort in sharing your findings.

4 minutes ago, VividMuse said: How would you slot those for max speed, using Hover, Group Fly and Afterburner? Max speed is the preference, but better inherent defense with hover vs defense slotted perma-fly sounds like it could be a tasty change. Thanks so much for all the data and effort in sharing your findings.

Personally, I would not add any enhancement slots to any of those powers (they're one-slot wonders in my opinion). Hover and Afterburner would get a LotG + Recharge, and Group Fly would get either a KB protection IO (Zephyr) or a Slow Resistance IO (Winter). From there, I can achieve the following with Jump Pack and Steam Jump:

Hover + Steam/Jump = max fly speed (58.63 mph).

Group Fly + Afterburner + Steam/Jump = max capped fly speed (87.95 mph). This is for you only...teammates lose Group Fly when you activate Afterburner (affect self only)

Hover + Afterburner + Steam/Jump = something faster than 58.63 mph, but less than 87.95 mph. Can only affect self, but you'll have good defenses while both are active

Group Fly + Steam/Jump = teammates all go 58.63 mph.

Many thanks!

thunderforce

I've just made a discovery. At first I thought I was losing my mind, but I've tested it on both live and beta. Speed caps change with level.

It didn't use to be this way (see  https://paragonwiki.com/wiki/Travel_Powers which quite blithely tells you it's 58.63 mph at level 1) but it's super easy to demonstrate - be a character who's not level 50 and turn on Fly. (If on the beta server, you can use /levelupxp to put your level up and down and watch your flight speed change in Combat Attributes. At low levels, Super Jump hits a (lower) cap unaugmented - 55.27 mph at level 4. It's harder to demonstrate with Super Speed, but take it and be a level 22 character with one +3 SO in it - capped at 76.46.

It seems like this might be worth mentioning.

Homecoming Wiki   - please use it (because it reflects the game in 2020 not 2012) and edit it (because there is lots to do)

Things to do in City of Heroes, sorted by level.    Things to do in City of Villains, sorted by level.    Things only Incarnates can do in City of X.

Why were you kicked from your cross-alignment team? A guide.    A starting alignment flowchart   Travel power opinions

Get rid of the sidekick level malus and the 5-level exemplar power grace.

28 minutes ago, thunderforce said: I've just made a discovery. At first I thought I was losing my mind, but I've tested it on both live and beta. Speed caps change with level.   It didn't use to be this way (see  https://paragonwiki.com/wiki/Travel_Powers which quite blithely tells you it's 58.63 mph at level 1) but it's super easy to demonstrate - be a character who's not level 50 and turn on Fly. (If on the beta server, you can use /levelupxp to put your level up and down and watch your flight speed change in Combat Attributes. At low levels, Super Jump hits a (lower) cap unaugmented - 55.27 mph at level 4. It's harder to demonstrate with Super Speed, but take it and be a level 22 character with one +3 SO in it - capped at 76.46.   It seems like this might be worth mentioning.

Thanks, I will look into it. It certainly would be worth mentioning. I know many of the travel powers have a speed component that scales based on level, but i did not look to see if the speed caps did as well. 

Not sure if these numbers are correct, but the archived TopDoc guide shows the following.

Fly Cap (fps) = 54.5 + LVL*0.63

Run Cap (fps) = 93.67 + LVL*0.84

Jump Cap: not tested.

The above numbers are in feet per second. The conversion is 21 fps = 14.3181818 mph.

Using your Jump test, I suspect the cap is

Jump Cap (fps) =  78.16 + LVL*0.73

When I get time I'll verify those numbers

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The Cities With the Fastest and Slowest Traffic in the World

A nine-mile trip from the airport in Dhaka, the bustling capital of Bangladesh, to Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed Park, near downtown, can take as long as 55 minutes, according to Google Maps.

A trip of the same distance in Flint, Michigan, from the airport to the Sloan Museum of Discovery, takes about nine minutes.

While we might expect a slower drive in a metropolitan area of 20 million vs. a regional city of just 400,000, the difference in travel time isn’t due just to traffic or congestion, according to a new study that measures traffic speed around the world. Even at midnight, with few cars on the road, the trip in Dhaka—the slowest city in the world—is still 30 minutes, or three times as long as the trip in Flint, the world’s fastest.

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According to the study, published as a working paper by the National Bureau of Economic Research, the speed of travel in a city is only partially related to the amount of traffic on its roads. Other factors, such as the layout and quality of a city’s roads and natural obstacles like hills and rivers, play a significant role in how fast cars can drive. As a result, the study’s authors make a distinction between travel speed, a measure unaffected by traffic, and congestion, which is the interaction of speed and traffic.

“The slowest cities aren’t necessarily the most congested, and most congested aren’t the slowest,” says Prottoy Akbar, an economist at Aalto University in Finland and the lead author of the paper.

Akbar and his fellow researchers used data from Google Maps to analyze traffic in more than 1,000 global cities with populations over 300,000. Their data set excluded China and South Korea, because the app can’t collect data in those countries, while a few other cities, like Pyongyang, North Korea, were dropped because of unreliable data. They devised representative trips travelers would take in those cities—a commute from downtown to residential neighborhoods, for example, and or trips along the periphery from a home to a restaurant—and in 2019 ran millions of trips on the app, at different times of day and week. In India, for example, they collected data for 66 million trips; in the U.S. it was 57 million.

After crunching all that data, they found the biggest predictor of travel time in any given city isn’t the size or age of the city, but the wealth of the country in which it’s located.

The fastest cities, according to the paper, are almost all mid-sized municipalities in the U.S.—like Flint, Memphis, and Wichita, Kans.—where highways are wide and plentiful. Of the 100 fastest cities in the world, 86 are in the U.S., including 19 of the top 20 (the exception is Windsor, Ontario, across the Canadian border from Detroit). Even relatively poor cities in wealthy countries are fast.

The slowest cities, like Dhaka, Lagos, and Manila, are almost all in the developing world where infrastructure hasn’t kept up with population. 

“All cities with the fastest speed or uncongested speed are in rich countries, and all the slowest cities are in poor countries,” the authors write. 

Congestion, however, is less straightforward. The most congested cities come from a range of rich, poor, and middle-income cities, and while they include urban centers in the developing world like Bogata and Mexico City, they also include New York City and London. What they all have in common is size: very large cities, unsurprisingly, have more cars on the road.

But it’s also possible to be a congested city with relatively fast travel speed, Akbar says. Nashville, Austin, Tampa, Houston, and Atlanta are among the 25% most congested cities in the world, but are all in the top 10% for travel time.

A major takeaway from the study, Akbar says, is that different cities need different prescriptions to improve travel times. In Dhaka, where Akbar grew up, the municipal government spent a lot of energy trying to reduce the numbers of cars on the road, regulating things like the hours restaurants could be open and banning slower vehicles like bicycle rickshaws from highways . But “that just means that you could, at best, make the speeds in the middle of the day look like speeds in the middle of the night,” he said. “Those sort of adjustments can only help so far.”

Often, Akbar says, city planners in developing countries will rely on traffic studies commissioned for cities in countries like the U.S. and France, where the needs and solutions may be much different.

He also notes that fast travel doesn’t necessarily make a city more attractive or desirable, and it could be a result of over-investment in infrastructure relative to its needs. Flint, the fastest city in the world, has lost half of its population since 1950 . “The fastest city in the world is not the city to envy,” he says.

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Distance Calculator Between Cities for Precise Driving Distances

Efficiently find the distance between cities, including driving distances, estimated travel times, and detailed route maps for any journey in the USA, from cross-country adventures to short drives.

This distance calculator, covering the United States, North America, and worldwide, simplifies your travel planning. Enter your start and end points in the "From" and "To" fields — accepting city names, addresses, or GPS coordinates — and click "Calculate" to get started.

Customize your journey with "Fuel consumption" and "Fuel price" for cost estimates, and use the crosshair icon for map selections. Dive into "Advanced options" to add stops or adjust speeds, tailoring the trip to your pace and ensuring accurate travel time predictions.

Driving Distance Between Two Cities: US Route Examples

• Distance from Dallas to Houston
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Route Planner for Estimating Distance Between Two Points

Family Vacation Planning : Families planning summer vacations can use the distance calculator to plan their route, estimate fuel costs based on their car's fuel consumption, and calculate budget needs, ensuring a cost-effective and enjoyable journey.

Business Travel Optimization : Professionals can plot the most efficient routes for their business trips, incorporating distance calculations to manage time effectively and budget for travel expenses accurately.

Logistics and Freight Management : Long-haul truckers and freight forwarders can utilize the tool to map out routes between cities, estimate mileage, and calculate transportation costs based on company tariffs, optimizing delivery schedules and pricing.

Meeting Halfway : Friends living in different cities can find a central meeting point by calculating the halfway distance between their locations, making it easier to arrange reunions and share new adventures together.

Explore Functions of the City-to-City Distance Calculator

City distances evolve annually with the construction of new roads, highways, and bridges.

Our online Distance Between Cities Calculator complements your preferred GPS navigator by allowing you to map out your route in advance, while your GPS assists during the drive.

The calculator utilizes OSM data and incorporates key Google Maps functionalities, including:

• Viewing distances and routes on a map for a comprehensive journey overview.
• Interactive map features like zoom, drag-and-drop, and full-screen mode.
• Route customization by adjusting markers directly on the map or adding stops via addresses.
• Distance calculations in either kilometers or miles, with unit preferences adjustable in the menu.

Exclusive features of our calculator include:

• The ability to print, save as PDF/PNG, or export routes to GIS and GPS formats such as GPX, KML, and GeoJSON .
• A route scheme offering a sequence of cities and timing for passing intermediate cities, an efficient alternative to detailed turn-by-turn directions for long distances.
• Fuel cost estimation adaptable to various fuel types. Just input your vehicle's fuel efficiency.
• Capability to generate distance matrices, savable in Excel format, for comprehensive planning.

USA, North America, and Worldwide Coverage

This service measures the distance between cities around the world and is available in several languages:

• English ca.drivebestway.com Canada Mileage Calculator
• Spanish www.mejoresrutas.com Traza tu ruta por México
• Portuguese www.melhoresrotas.com Calculadora de distância entre cidades do Brasil
• English au.drivebestway.com Aussie Distance Calculator
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• Spanish es.mejoresrutas.com Calcular ruta entre ciudades españolas
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• Spanish us.mejoresrutas.com Calcular distancia entre ciudades de EE. UU.
• Spanish cl.mejoresrutas.com Calcular km entre ciudades chilenas
• Spanish pe.mejoresrutas.com Distancia entre dos puntos en Perú
• Spanish ve.mejoresrutas.com Distancia entre dos puntos en Venezuela
• Spanish br.mejoresrutas.com Distancia entre ciudades brasileñas
• Portuguese pt.melhoresrotas.com Calculadora de distância entre cidades em Portugal
• French www.bonnesroutes.com Calculateur de distance France
• French ca.bonnesroutes.com Calculateur de distance Canadien
• German www.besterouten.com Routenplaner Deutschland
• Polish www.najlepszetrasy.com Kalkulator odległości drogowych w Polsce
• Czech www.dobracesta.com Kalkulačka vzdálenosti mezi českými městy
• Italian www.percorsomigliore.com Calcola distanze chilometriche in Italia
• Malay www.pandujalanterbaik.com Pengiraan jarak antara bandar di Malaysia
• Dutch www.besteroutes.com Afstand meten in Nederland
• Turkish www.duzgunyolusec.com Türkiye şehirler arası mesafe hesaplama
• Dutch be.besteroutes.com Afstand berekenen tussen Belgische steden
• German be.besterouten.com Routenplaner Belgien Auto
• French be.bonnesroutes.com Calculateur de distance belge
• French ch.bonnesroutes.com Calculateur de distance Suisse
• German ch.besterouten.com Routenplaner Schweiz
• German at.besterouten.com Routenplaner Österreich

How Driving Distance Is Calculated Between Two Locations

Algorithm for calculating driving distances between cities.

This route calculation tool harnesses the power of shortest path search algorithms within a weighted road graph, employing sophisticated algorithms like Dijkstra, A-Star, and Contraction Hierarchies . Unlike conventional calculators that use distance or travel time as the graph weight, our system optimizes drive time for vehicles, favoring routes on higher-class roads for a smoother journey.

The backbone of this tool is built on OpenStreetMap data, ensuring our road graphs are accurate and up-to-date. We calculate distances between road segments with the haversine formula , using precise GPS coordinates to measure the Great Circle Distance. This formula is pivotal for calculating "air distance" or "straight line distance" between two points, taking into account the curvature of the Earth.

Road distances, however, diverge from straight line distances due to the natural curvature and layout of roads . To address this, roads are represented as segmented lines, and the haversine formula is applied to each segment, allowing for precise calculation of the journey length between any two points.

Recognizing that cities encompass large areas, our tool selects a central point within each city for distance calculations between cities. For personalized route planning, users can specify exact addresses or select points on the map. Additionally, the route's start and end points can be adjusted directly on the map for enhanced customization.

Travel time calculations break down the route into segments, evaluating the maximum permitted speed for each segment to estimate the fastest possible travel time.

It’s important to note that while our route calculation relies on advanced computer modeling for accuracy, no model is perfect. We encourage users to plan with a margin for adjustment to ensure a reliable and efficient journey.

Alternative Methods for Distance Calculation Between Two Addresses

One simple way to measure distance is by using a highway atlas. By tracing a route with your eye and rolling a curvimeter along it, you can gauge the distance. Estimating travel time involves assuming an average speed of 50 miles/hour on major intercity roads. Although this method provides rough estimates, it's straightforward.

In the absence of a curvimeter, a ruler can serve as a substitute. Start by aligning the ruler's zero mark with your route's beginning and follow the road's bends closely. Then, translate the measured length into kilometers or miles using the map's scale, which is typically provided in the atlas.

For those seeking a more streamlined approach, pre-calculated distance tables specifically for the USA are available on websites, atlases, and guidebooks. Particularly useful for journeys between major cities, these tables streamline planning, although they may omit smaller locales.

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If we all choose the fastest mode of travel in a city, the whole city gets slower – and more congested

Postdoctoral Research Fellow, the Bartlett Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, UCL

Senior Research Associate and Executive Education Programme Director, University of Oxford

Disclosure statement

This project receives funding from PEAK Urban programme, funded by UKRI’s Global Challenge Research Fund, Grant Ref: ES/P011055/1

Juan Pablo Orjuela does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

University College London provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation UK.

University of Oxford provides funding as a member of The Conversation UK.

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People in cities often choose how to travel based on how long it will take. In recent years, navigation apps such as Google Maps and CityMapper have enabled people to decide between various modes of transport by seeing which one most quickly gets them where they want to go.

Cities of course have long dedicated a disproportionate amount of space to cars. Although in some parts of the global north – and in certain demographics – car use is declining , elsewhere it has, unsurprisingly, increased .

In a recent study , we modelled what would happen to average travelling times in a city if people were given only one other option – using the car or using another mode of transport – and if they acted only in their own interest (getting to their destination as fast as possible).

We wanted to see what would happen if everyone acted selfishly. How would that compare, we wondered, with a theoretical case in which people chose their mode to minimise travel times for society as a whole and not only for themselves.

City spaces

Using mathematical modelling, we found that if all travellers behave selfishly, and if we have a system that not only makes it relatively inexpensive to use a car, but also allows congestion to affect non-car users (cyclists, public transport users, pedestrians etc), collectively we all end up taking longer to get where we need to go – whether we’re driving a car or not.

City streets are often designed to make travelling by car faster and more efficient. And despite there being, for instance, an increasing amount of cycling infrastructure worldwide and higher satisfaction among people who commute by bike, it is still very common to see narrow, disconnected cycling lanes which result in congestion induced by private cars affecting cycling travel times too.

Mixed-use lanes – those that are used by both private cars and public buses, as opposed to dedicated bus lanes – have the same effect: car congestion affects bus users too. Without proper infrastructure, there are therefore no incentives to use public transport or active transport options, such as cycling and walking.

And even when there is a cycling path network or dedicated bus lanes, if these cross over or otherwise intermittently share space with the general road system, this also slows everybody down. It makes the system as a whole less efficient.

Similarly, free parking for private vehicles also results in longer travelling times for everyone – including non-car users – because they negate the benefits, for individuals, of not using a car if others still do.

We found that selfish behaviour with such inadequate infrastructure results naturally in more cars, more congestion, and longer travel times. If using a car remains the easier and quicker option (on an individual level), people will keep using cars and cities will remain congested. By trying individually to win, we all lose.

Competing priorities

One alternative is to design more collaborative transport networks in which we all accept some personal delay to achieve a distribution that is better for society. We could, for example, include not only personal cost in some of the apps we use, but societal costs also. What if Google Maps told you not only where congestion is in real-time and what would be the quickest transport mode to choose for you as an individual, but which transport mode would offer the best results for your neighbourhood, your family, your colleagues, or your city?

Research has shown how difficult it is, however, to shift commuter behaviour . It also highlights the public opposition there has been to alternative measures such as limiting maximum speeds in order to lower traffic injuries, despite such measures saving lives.

Given this, it could prove difficult to convince some car users to sacrifice personal efficiency for the greater good. But we could start by at least making these trade-offs explicit.

Motorised private transport has a wide variety of impacts that threaten a city’s sustainability , not least the wellbeing and health of its citizens. It contributes to air pollution and climate change through vehicle emissions and results in traffic injuries and nurtures sedentary lifestyles.

To encourage people to use more sustainable alternatives to car transport, cities need strong policies that steer people away from using their cars. So far, these have included low-traffic neighbourhoods and congestion charges that try to make car drivers pay for the congestion they are causing.

Elsewhere, systems have been implemented that attract people to transport modes, such as safe lanes for cycling, that typically have better environmental and social outcomes. These systems emphasise individualistic attitudes but target societal costs to those most responsible for them.

Ideally, we should create policies that help us act in the interest of our community. In the meantime, policies that push people away from their private cars could bring us closer to what would be optimal for the collective —- even if we are all acting in our own interests.

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How Elon Musk's 700 mph hyperloop could be the fastest way to travel

Following is a transcript of the video.

Narrator: This is the future of high-speed transportation. It's 3 1/2 times faster than Japan's Shinkansen bullet trains and even faster than a Boeing 747. It's a hyperloop – magnetic pods levitating inside a tube at more than 1,000 kilometers per hour. In theory, you could go from LA to San Francisco in just 45 minutes with tickets less than $100 one way. This technology could make working and living in two different cities a norm, while also creating a world with less congestion and pollution.

Sara Luchian: Woo!

Josh Giegel: Yes!

Narrator: And with a successful human test ride in November 2020, we could be less than 10 years away from it becoming reality. The concept of the hyperloop became widely popular in 2013 thanks to Elon Musk's 58-page "Hyperloop Alpha" paper that outlined the design, cost, and safety of the concept. But the technology to bring it all together commercially was only recently fine-tuned, namely magnetic levitation, or maglev.

Maglev is basically what allows a hyperloop to go incredibly fast, thanks to the lack of friction between the passenger-carrying pods and the tube-shaped track. The general concept is simple. Magnets lining the bottom of the pod repel the tube material, levitating the pod as it runs.

Giegel: As an engineer, I always get very excited about talking about magnetic levitation, electromagnetic propulsion.

Narrator: That's Josh, a mechanical engineer who previously worked at SpaceX. He's now the cofounder and CTO of Virgin Hyperloop. And this is Chuck. He's the lead engineer at a different hyperloop company, Hyperloop Transportation Technologies. They're both currently developing the best combination of magnets to create the smoothest ride possible, using passive or active maglev.

Passive maglev uses permanent magnets in a specific configuration to create a constant magnetic current that levitates the pod, similar to the magnets you might've played with as a kid. Active maglev uses a combination of permanent magnets and electromagnets, the latter which can manipulate the electric current and the strength of that current.

Giegel: Basically, if I get too close, I drive it one way. If I get too far, I add some strength. And so you can kind of think of it as balancing out. And so if there's bumps in the track, if there's all this, I have a system which basically uses an active control system to make that ride smooth.

Narrator: And while you might think this sounds similar to existing maglev trains, the hyperloop concept removes a key element that holds a lot of trains and planes back: air resistance.

Giegel: So, if you ever stick your hand out a window when you're driving in a car, imagine if there's really no air there. You really wouldn't feel that force pushing back your hand. And the same thing can be said for hyperloop.

Narrator: This is where vacuum pumps come in handy. Both companies are installing pumps along the tube. For HyperloopTT...

Chuck Michael: The vacuum pumps in our case are developed by Leybold, which invented the vacuum pumps about 150 years ago. So they have a lot of experience.

Narrator: These pumps, located every 10 kilometers, theoretically would suck out 99.9% of the air between the capsule and the tube. Removing air drag could be the difference of some 800 kilometers per hour.

Michael: Theoretically, you could go even faster than the speed of sound, but that's toying with some fun things that we'll do later on.

Narrator: It's going to take a little bit more time before we go supersonic, though. First, the companies have to prove the tech is safe, which is why this scene is so important.

Luchian: Wow!

Giegel: Yes!

Luchian: I flew!

Giegel: Yes! [both laughing]

Luchian: That was so good!

Giegel: That was awesome!

Narrator: In November 2020, Josh and Sara from Virgin Hyperloop became the first people to ever ride a hyperloop. The two-seat prototype hyperloop traveled 500 meters, reaching 172 kilometers per hour within 6.25 seconds.

Giegel: You felt a bit forced back in your seat. You really couldn't even notice the levitation. Like, you didn't notice it pick up. But what you did notice is there wasn't that kind of jerkiness. The camera didn't do it quite justice, because the camera was bouncing around a bit more than we were. And it was a little bit more of, like, a cushion or, like, a pillowy type of feeling. You could process everything that was going on around you. You're basically coasting, and you're floating on an idea that was nothing more than something on a piece of paper not all that long ago.

Narrator: While the ride proved its safety, the company wants to work more on the experience. And the actual hyperloop will be much bigger too, holding 28 or more passengers with the ability to move 30,000 passengers an hour. But to get to this point, there will be more testing involved for both companies.

Michael: Lots of things have to happen between now and then. The hyperloop construction, the route is one thing. The integration with the stations is another, and that takes a partnership with the communities.

Narrator: And HyperloopTT is currently in the works to build and test a full-sized project in Abu Dhabi. Its first potential US project will run from Chicago to Cleveland. Virgin Hyperloop will be building its new certification testing facility in West Virginia in 2022, including a 9,600-meter track to be used for testing and establishing regulatory and safety guidelines.

Giegel: Around 2025, we're intending to certify a fleet of vehicles, of the 28-passenger vehicles.

Narrator: Virgin Hyperloop has plans in Dubai, India, and more, with stateside plans for the Midwest, North Carolina, and Texas. But both of these US projects won't be complete until around 2030. Which might sound like a long time, but airplanes took about 16 years to really get up and running, and the first high-speed rail in Japan took at least a decade of development. So some 15 years for a hyperloop doesn't seem that far off. After all...

Giegel: How can we be a 22nd-century country when we're built upon the technology of the 19th century, upon the 20th century? A single lane of hyperloop can do in excess of 30,000 passengers an hour. What are you going to invest in? What's the thing that you should invest in that allows you to get the future demand, the future needs that you have? A shift is possible if we choose to embrace it.

EDITOR'S NOTE: This video was originally published in December 2020.

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Speed Limit Basics

FHWA-SA-16-076

Speed limits frame expectations for drivers and other roadway users. Properly set speed limits provide a safe, consistent, and reasonable speed to protect drivers, pedestrians, and bicyclists along the roadway. At the same time, speed limits can be a source of frustration and confusion; for example, not all drivers like to travel at the same speed, and some people may not understand why the speed limit changes on a particular road. In addition, community residents often have concerns that traffic is moving too fast through their neighborhoods. Understanding the engineering principles and processes used to set speed limits and learning the terminology used to describe them are the first steps in reducing drivers' frustration or confusion and encouraging compliance.

TYPES OF SPEED LIMITS

Statutory speed limits.

Statutory speed limits are established by State legislatures for specific types of roads (e.g., Interstates, rural highways, urban streets) and can vary from State to State. They are enforceable by law and are applicable even if the speed limit sign is not posted. Examples of statutory speed limits include:

• 25 mph in residential or school districts,
• 55 mph on rural highways, and
• 70 mph on rural Interstate highways.

POSTED SPEED LIMIT

Posted speed limits (sometimes called regulatory speed limits) are those that are sign-posted along the road and are enforceable by law. A posted speed limit could be the same as the statutory speed set by the State legislature, or it could be established by a city, county, or State transportation agency as an adjustment to the statutory speed limit. Some cities and counties will establish a blanket speed limit for roads in their jurisdictions. Those limits are generally posted at the city limits or county lines. The posted speed limit can differ from the statutory speed limit; in these cases, the posted speed limit is determined using an engineering speed study and takes priority over the established statutory speed limit.

"SPECIAL CONDITIONS" SPEED LIMITS

School zone speed limits  are used in specific locations during the hours when children are going to and from school. Most States use a school zone speed limit of 15 to 25 mph in urban and suburban areas.

Work zone speed limits  are set as part of the work zone's traffic control plan, which is used to help facilitate safe and efficient movement of traffic through a work zone. Factors that influence work zone speed limits can include:

• The posted speed limit when the work zone is not present,
• The location of the work zone and workers in relation to traffic,
• The type of traffic control (e.g., cones, barrels, concrete barriers), and
• The complexity of the work zone (e.g., lane shifts, narrowed lanes).

Variable speed limits  are displayed on changeable message signs (CMS) at locations where roadway conditions regularly require speeds to reduce more than 10 mph below the posted speed limit. These instances typically occur due to weather conditions, congestion, traffic incidents, and/or work zones. Advisory speeds are a non-regulatory speed posted for a small portion or isolated section of a roadway (e.g., a sharp curve, an exit ramp) to inform a driver of a safe driving speed. They are set using an engineering speed study and in accordance with guidance in the  Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices  (MUTCD).

What is included in an engineering speed study?

• Speeds of motorists in normal conditions
• Traffic volume
• Roadway type (e.g., interstate, freeway, city street)
• Roadway features (e.g., curves, hills, number of lanes)
• Roadway setting (e.g., urban, rural, residential, woodland, farmland)
• Number and spacing of driveways or intersections
• Sight distances
• Presence of on-street parking
• Pedestrian or bicyclist activity
• Crash history
• Pavement condition

ESTABLISHING SPEED LIMITS

State and local transportation agencies recommend and set appropriate speed limits by completing engineering speed studies and following the guidance presented in the  MUTCD . Practitioners may also use a supporting web-based tool called  USLIMITS2 , which provides an objective second opinion and helps support speed-limit-setting decisions. At times, agencies may need to implement speed management countermeasures to achieve the desired speed for a particular roadway (e.g., in areas with high pedestrian and bicyclist activity). Review FHWA's  Speed Management Countermeasures: More than Just Speed Humps  for more information on speed management countermeasures.

SPEED CONCEPTS

Besides the types of speed limits, there are concepts relating to speed that are important to understand.

• Before a new road is built, engineers choose a  design speed  in order to guide their design decisions and prepare the plans.
• Once the road is built, engineers will evaluate the existing speeds by measuring the  operating speed . They often do this by measuring the speed that 85 percent of drivers are travelling at or below, called  85th percentile speed .
• Used extensively in the traffic engineering field, the  85th percentile speed  is based on the premise that the majority of drivers choose reasonable speeds for given road conditions and should be accommodated.

CORRECTING COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS

• The Federal Government does NOT set or enforce speed limits; this authority belongs to the State and local agencies that have jurisdiction over the road.
• The 85th percentile speed is not the only factor practitioners evaluate when determining an appropriate speed limit; they complete engineering speed studies and often utilize supporting tools like  USLIMITS2 .
• Simply lowering the speed limit does not guarantee motorists will drive slower; speed management countermeasures may have to be implemented along the roadway.

SPEED SAFETY FACTS

• Drivers who exceed the posted speed limit or drive too fast for conditions are involved in nearly one-third of all fatal crashes.
• Only 13 percent of speeding-related fatalities occur on interstate highways.
• More than 40 percent of speeding drivers in fatal crashes were considered to be alcohol-impaired.

FOR MORE INFORMATION

To learn more about speed management, visit FHWA's  Speed Management Safety  web page.

For more information on speed management, check out FHWA's  Speed Management Countermeasures: More than Just Speed Humps  fact sheet.

Page last modified on March 2, 2017

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These D&D 5E Free Basic Rules only contain a fraction of the races, subclasses, backgrounds, feats, items, monsters, spells, and other content available on Roll20. Check out the Player's Handbook to add dozens of more player options to the Charactermancer, the Dungeon Master's Guide to expand on the tools available for DMs, and the Monster Manual to add hundreds of more unique creatures (including token artwork) to fight!

Swimming across a rushing river, sneaking down a dungeon corridor, scaling a treacherous mountain slope—all sorts of movement play a key role in fantasy gaming adventures. The GM can summarize the adventurers’ movement without calculating exact distances or travel times: “You travel through the forest and find the dungeon entrance late in the evening of the third day.” Even in a dungeon, particularly a large dungeon or a cave network, the GM can summarize movement between encounters: “After killing the guardian at the entrance to the ancient dwarven stronghold, you consult your map, which leads you through miles of echoing corridors to a chasm bridged by a narrow stone arch.” Sometimes it’s important, though, to know how long it takes to get from one spot to another, whether the answer is in days, hours, or minutes. The rules for determining travel time depend on two factors: the speed and travel pace of the creatures moving and the terrain they’re moving over.

Travel Pace

Difficult terrain, special types of movement, climbing, swimming, and crawling.

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Race & transportation: Still a long way to go

January 17 is the day we celebrate the life and dream of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.  This year is also the first year that we’re observing a national day of racial healing . We thought we’d take a minute to reflect on two recent studies that provide some strong statistical evidence for the unfortunate persistence of racial discrimination in transportation: “Driving while Black,” and discrimination in taxi hailing.

Driving While Black

“DWB.”  Driving while black.  Its a sad and scary fact of life in many communities in the United States.  African-Americans are much more likely than other drivers to be pulled over for routine traffic infractions.  Federal data on traffic stops show a clear difference by race: Black drivers are about 31 percent more likely to be pulled over for a traffic infraction than white drivers.

If you’re white, it might not be something you notice.  In theory, it might be possible to discount this, if there were evidence that African-Americans were somehow more reckless than other drivers (not that we think that’s a plausible explanation).  But a new analysis of travel data suggests that if anything, African-American drivers are significantly more cautious than others (an observation that is fully consistent with DWB).

The evidence comes–almost in passing–in a new paper on  inter-metropolitan differences in transportation system performance entitled “ Speed .”  Written by economists Matthew Couture, Gilles Duranton, and Matthew Turner, it presents a  systematic set of estimates of travel speeds in different metro areas. One of the complicating factors of speed estimation is that speeds vary by length of trip, time of day, and trip purpose.  In general, shorter trips involve lower speed travel. That makes sense:  if you’re just traveling a mile or two, especially between your home and some other destination, its likely you’ll travel mostly on local streets, with stop signs and traffic signals. But for longer trips, it makes more sense, even if its not the shortest distance, to travel part way on higher speed arterials or limited access freeways. Couture and his co-authors use detailed micro-data on trip taking in the National Household Transportation Survey to estimate variations in speed across metropolitan areas, after controlling for differences in trip distances and other demographic factors.

While its almost a footnote to the study, the author’s report the variations in driving speed according to a range of demographic characteristics.  Some of their findings correspond with our stereotypes about driving behavior.  Men drive faster than women.  Older people drive more slowly.  And as they note, race has a significant relationship with average driving speeds.  From their report:

Women are about 0.5% slower than men. Age is more important. A year of age is associated with 0.3% slower speed. Black drivers drive about 8% slower.

Its interesting to compare the differences in driving behavior by age and race.  If each year of age reduces your average speed by about three-tenths of one percent, that means that the typical black driver travels at about the same speed as a white driver who is about 26 years older.  For example, a 25 year-old black driver would, according to these estimates, be expected to drive about as fast as a 51 year-old white driver.

These results are powerful evidence that DWB is real, that it affects driving behavior, and that the disparity in traffic stops is probably even greater than indicated by the gross statistics.  Black drivers travel at speeds that are essentially the same as drivers that are a generation or more older than they.  And if black drivers are going much more slowly, it seems like they ought to be less likely, all other things equal, to commit traffic infractions, than other drivers.

Discrimination in Taxi Hailing

Its a classic story of discrimination. A yellow taxi drives past an African-American whose arm is outstretched to hail a cab, and instead pulls in a few dozen feet further down the block to pick up a white fare. In theory, at least one of the advantages of transportation network companies–the computer-based ride-hailing services such as Lyft and Uber is that they should be more race blind. Indeed, there’ some evidence that these services have expanded for-hire transportation to neighborhoods that have often been under-served by traditional taxis.

But despite the technological advances, it appears that racial discrimination still persists. A new paper “ Racial and Gender Discrimination in Transportation Network Companies ,” from economists Yanbo Ge, Christopher R. Knittel, Don MacKenzie, Stephen Zoepf looks at discrimination by ride sharing services. The researchers constructed an extensive experiment using transportation network companies in Seattle and Boston. They sent a team of testers including men and women, Blacks and whites, to take about 1,500 rides in each city. They found found that drivers for ride-sharing services are prone to discriminate against African Americans, making blacks wait longer for rides when they can identify the race of the ride-hailer and more frequently cancelling rides when alerted to African American-sounding names.

In Seattle, blacks waited an average of 35 percent longer than whites. In Boston, they found that customers who had black-sounding names were about twice as likely to have their ride requests cancelled, compared to customers with white sounding names. There was also evidence of discrimination by gender as well: women tended to be taken on more circuitous–i.e. more expensive and profitable–routes to their destinations.

Conversations about race and discrimination are frequently made more difficult by the very different lived experiences of blacks and whites. For those who haven’t been discriminated against in a traffic stop or in trying to hail a taxi because of the paler shade of their skin, its hard to understand whether these experiences are real and commonplace. The data presented in these two studies is a quantitative reminder that it is still quite real.

Related Commentary

Passing Thru Travel

Exploring 10 Cities Around the World by Bike – Pedal-Powered Discoveries 2024

Posted: February 25, 2024 | Last updated: February 25, 2024

Sustainable city cycling tours offer an eco-friendly and intimate way to explore urban landscapes. These tours allow you to navigate through the heart of cities, often uncovering hidden gems that are not accessible by car or bus. From the bustling streets of Amsterdam to the historic lanes of Kyoto, cycling tours provide a unique perspective on city life, culture, and architecture. This guide takes you on a two-wheeled journey through some of the best cities in the world to explore by bike, each offering a distinct and memorable experience.

1. Amsterdam, Netherlands

In Amsterdam, cycling is more than a mode of transport; it’s a way of life. The city’s flat terrain, dedicated bike lanes, and respectful traffic culture make it ideal for exploring on two wheels. A bike tour here lets you experience the city like a local, weaving through historic canals, past iconic windmills, and through vibrant neighborhoods like the Jordaan. You’ll discover hidden courtyards and bustling marketplaces and perhaps pause for a coffee at a canal-side café. Cycling in Amsterdam offers a blend of leisure and exploration, allowing you to cover more ground than walking while enjoying the city’s sights up close.

Insider’s Tip: Explore the Jordaan neighborhood to glimpse local Amsterdam life away from the tourist crowds.

When To Travel: Late spring to early fall offers pleasant weather for cycling.

How To Get There: Fly into Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. The city center is easily accessible by train, and bike rentals are widely available.

2. Copenhagen, Denmark

Copenhagen’s reputation as a bike-friendly city is well-earned. Its extensive network of bike lanes and the Danish culture of cycling make it a joy to explore on two wheels. A bike tour in Copenhagen might include the historic Nyhavn harbor, the whimsical Tivoli Gardens, and the modern architecture of the Ørestad district. Riding through Copenhagen, you’ll experience the city’s commitment to sustainability and quality of life. The tour is not just about seeing the sights; it’s about feeling the city’s pulse and understanding why Copenhagen is often ranked as one of the happiest cities in the world.

Insider’s Tip: Ride through the Assistens Cemetery, a peaceful and beautiful park where famous Danes like Hans Christian Andersen are buried.

When To Travel: May to September for the best cycling weather.

How To Get There: Copenhagen Airport is well-connected internationally, with easy public transport access to the city center.

3. Berlin, Germany

Berlin’s rich history and vibrant culture make it a fascinating city to explore by bike. The city’s flat landscape and comprehensive network of bike paths allow for easy and safe navigation. A cycling tour in Berlin can take you through the remnants of the Berlin Wall, the lush expanses of the Tiergarten, and the bustling squares of Alexanderplatz and Potsdamer Platz.

Along the way, you’ll encounter street art, historic landmarks, and the eclectic mix of modern and traditional architecture that defines Berlin. Cycling here offers a unique perspective on the city’s past and present, connecting you with its stories and spirit.

Insider’s Tip: Visit the Tempelhofer Feld, a former airport turned public park, for a unique cycling experience.

When To Travel: Spring and fall offer cooler temperatures and fewer tourists.

How To Get There: Two airports serve Berlin, with excellent public transportation links to the city center.

4. Kyoto, Japan

Kyoto, with its ancient temples, traditional tea houses, and tranquil gardens, is a city steeped in history. Exploring Kyoto by bike allows you to move at your own pace, visit famous sites like the Fushimi Inari Shrine and Kinkaku-ji (Golden Pavilion), and discover hidden alleys and local neighborhoods. Cycling in Kyoto is a journey through time, where modern streets give way to historic districts, and each turn brings a new discovery. The city’s respect for tradition and nature makes it a uniquely serene urban cycling experience.

Insider’s Tip: Take a detour to the Philosopher’s Path, especially beautiful during cherry blossom season.

When To Travel: Spring for cherry blossoms and fall for colorful foliage.

How To Get There: Fly into Kansai International Airport and take a train or bus to Kyoto. Bike rentals are readily available throughout the city.

5. Barcelona, Spain

Barcelona’s diverse landscape, from Gothic architecture in the old city to modernist landmarks and Mediterranean beaches, makes it an exhilarating city to explore by bike. A cycling tour here can take you through the winding streets of the Gothic Quarter, along the vibrant Las Ramblas, and to the famous Sagrada Familia. You’ll experience the city’s artistic flair and lively atmosphere firsthand. Cycling in Barcelona is not just about sightseeing; it’s about immersing yourself in the city’s dynamic culture and enjoying the Mediterranean lifestyle.

Insider’s Tip: Cycle up to Montjuic for panoramic views of the city and the sea.

When To Travel: Late spring and early fall for mild weather and fewer crowds.

How To Get There: Barcelona-El Prat Airport is the main gateway, with easy transport options to the city center.

6. Portland, Oregon, USA

Portland’s reputation as one of America’s most bike-friendly cities is evident in its extensive bike lanes and trails network. A bike tour in Portland can include the vibrant downtown area, the serene Waterfront Park, and the quirky neighborhoods that give the city its unique character. With stops at local markets, artisan coffee shops, and craft breweries, you’ll discover Portland’s commitment to sustainability and community. Cycling in Portland is an opportunity to experience the city’s green ethos and creative spirit up close.

Insider’s Tip: Check out the Eastbank Esplanade for a scenic ride along the river.

When To Travel: Summer for the best weather and numerous cycling events.

How To Get There: Fly into Portland International Airport. The city center is easily accessible by public transport, and bike rentals are available throughout Portland.

7. Montreal, Canada

Montreal combines the charm of a French village with the energy of a cosmopolitan city, and exploring it by bike allows you to experience this blend firsthand. A cycling tour in Montreal might include the historic streets of Old Montreal, the bustling Atwater Market, and the scenic Lachine Canal. The city’s bike paths, like the Route Verte, make navigating easy and safe. Cycling in Montreal offers a unique way to experience the city’s diverse neighborhoods, rich history, and vibrant culinary scene.

Insider’s Tip: Ride to the top of Mount Royal for a stunning view of the city.

When To Travel: Late spring to early fall for the best cycling conditions.

How To Get There: Montreal-Trudeau Airport is the main entry point, with good public transportation options to the city.

8. San Francisco, California, USA

San Francisco’s iconic landmarks and diverse neighborhoods make it a fascinating city to explore by bike. Despite its famous hills, there are plenty of flat and scenic routes, especially along the waterfront and the city’s many parks. A bike tour in San Francisco might include the Golden Gate Bridge, Fisherman’s Wharf, and the Painted Ladies of Alamo Square. Cycling here allows you to experience the city’s unique blend of natural beauty, urban culture, and innovative spirit.

Insider’s Tip: Cycle across the Golden Gate Bridge to Sausalito and take the ferry back for a unique experience.

When To Travel: Late spring and early fall offer the most comfortable weather for cycling.

How To Get There: Fly into San Francisco International Airport. The city is well-connected by public transport, and bike rentals are widely available.

9. Vienna, Austria

Vienna’s grand imperial history and vibrant contemporary culture are best experienced on a bike. The city’s extensive network of bike paths takes you past historic palaces, through charming neighborhoods, and along the blue Danube. A bike tour in Vienna might include the Hofburg Palace, the Prater amusement park, and the trendy districts of Neubau and Mariahilf. Cycling in Vienna is a journey through a city that seamlessly blends its past with the present.

Insider’s Tip: Take a leisurely ride in the Prater, a large public park with a long, tree-lined main avenue perfect for cycling.

When To Travel: Spring and early fall offer pleasant weather and fewer tourists.

How To Get There: Vienna International Airport is the main gateway, with excellent public transportation links to the city center.

10. Melbourne, Australia

Melbourne’s eclectic mix of art, culture, and cuisine makes it an exciting city to discover by bike. A cycling tour here can include the artsy laneways, beautiful parks like the Royal Botanic Gardens, and the vibrant beachside suburb of St Kilda. Melbourne’s flat terrain and well-developed bike paths make it easy to navigate, and you’ll quickly discover why it’s often ranked as one of the world’s most livable cities.

Insider’s Tip: Explore the Yarra River trail for scenic views and a peaceful ride away from the city bustle.

When To Travel: Fall (March to May) and spring (September to November) offer the best weather for cycling.

How To Get There: Fly into Melbourne Airport. The city has a comprehensive public transport system, and bike hire is readily available.

The Bottom Line

Exploring cities by bike offers a unique perspective on urban landscapes and promotes a sustainable and healthy way of traveling. Each city on this list offers its own unique charm and attractions, best experienced at the leisurely pace of a bike ride. Remember, cycling tours are not just about physical activity; they’re about connecting with the city, its people, and its culture in an intimate and eco-friendly way. So, grab your helmet, hop on a bike, and start pedaling your way through some of the world’s most bike-friendly cities.

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The post Exploring 10 Cities Around the World by Bike – Pedal-Powered Discoveries 2024 republished on Passing Thru with permission from The Green Voyage .

Featured Image Credit: Shutterstock / PR Image Factory.

For transparency, this content was partly developed with AI assistance and carefully curated by an experienced editor to be informative and ensure accuracy.

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These 5 New High-Speed Trains Are Coming to the U.S.

From texas to florida, train travel is about to get a lot faster across the country..

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The first privately owned high-speed rail route opened in the United States in Florida in 2018.

Courtesy of Brightline Trains

It’s possible to get from Milan to Rome on the high-speed Frecciarossa train in under three hours and from Tokyo to Osaka on the Shinkansen bullet train in just two and a half hours. Meanwhile, getting between major cities in the United States has long been relegated to lengthy road trips or flights, while trains have remained a novelty for slow-travel enthusiasts who want to stop and take in the views along the way.

But with a complete overhaul of Amtrak’s Acela fleet in the Northeast Corridor coming up in late 2024 , and several major routes planned over the next decade, that’s all about to change. Here’s what’s next for high-speed train travel in the United States.

1. Portland to Vancouver

In July 2019, the Washington State Department of Transportation delivered a report to lay out its case for building a high-speed rail line along the Cascadia Corridor that would connect Portland, Oregon, with Seattle and Vancouver, British Columbia. A new bill introduced by the Oregon Legislature in 2023 would require the line to be extended to Eugene, Oregon, if passed.

If completed, the trains will run at a top speed of 250 miles per hour. The new line will cut the 5.5-hour drive time between Vancouver and Portland down to two hours and the three-hour drive between Seattle and Vancouver to under one hour. Getting between Portland and Seattle could also take less than an hour instead of over three hours in a car.

While Amtrak already operates its existing Cascades service along that corridor, it competes with freight and commuter trains that run on the same line, slowing down travel time significantly. It currently takes over eight hours to travel between Portland and Vancouver via Amtrak. The proposed plans would ensure the construction of a new passenger line to eliminate those delays.

2. Las Vegas to Southern California

Privately owned rail company XpressWest has planned since 2005 to build a high-speed train route that connects Las Vegas to Southern California in under two hours.

However, in September 2018, Brightline West acquired the project after XpressWest struggled to raise money to break ground on the 185 miles of track connecting Las Vegas to Victorville, California, a city on the outskirts of Los Angeles. There are plans to extend the line to the Metrolink station in Rancho Cucamonga so that passengers can get to Brightline West without theoretically ever using a car.

Brightline West announced in February 2023 that it has struck a deal with the High-Speed Rail Labor Coalition to begin work on the line later this year. The $10 billion effort is expected to generate 35,000 jobs. Brightline West is projected to begin operations in 2027.

Brightline officially rebranded as Virgin Trains USA in 2019.

3. Miami to Tampa

The privately owned Brightline high-speed trains started to run along Florida’s east coast in 2018, cutting the travel time between Miami and Fort Lauderdale to 30 minutes by train.

As of September 2023, Brightline now offers service from five south Florida stations—Miami, Aventura, Fort Lauderdale, Boca Raton, and West Palm Beach—to the country’s theme park capital, Orlando . Brightline will continue expanding its route with a station eventually coming to Tampa, Florida.

4. Houston to Dallas

Privately owned Texas Central Partners has hoped to build a high-speed rail line between Dallas and Houston since 2014. Due to issues over eminent domain, the plans were put indefinitely on hold, until a few days ago in early August 2023, when the company announced that it’s in talks with Amtrak to build the railway. Amtrak says the train would prevent 100,000 tons of greenhouse gas emissions from being emitted per year and take 12,500 cars off the interstate per day. Texas Central Partners is planning to use an international version of the Tokaido Shinkansen bullet trains that operate between Tokyo and Osaka in Japan; train service in Texas could go as fast as 200 mph.

“This high-speed train, using advanced, proven Shinkansen technology, has the opportunity to revolutionize rail travel in the southern U.S., and we believe Amtrak could be the perfect partner to help us achieve that,” said Texas Central CEO Michael Bui in a statement.

The proposed 240-mile route would make it possible to move between Houston and Dallas (two of the top five major cities in the United States) in 90 minutes—the trip currently takes a little under 3.5 hours by car. The company has not yet announced when construction or service will begin.

The California high-speed rail route between San Francisco and Los Angeles was canceled in 2019 due to budget issues.

Courtesy of California High-Speed Rail Authority

5. San Francisco to Los Angeles

California’s proposed high-speed rail line, which is supposed to connect Los Angeles to San Francisco, has been plagued by problems, from growing costs to political opposition . In February 2019 , California Governor Gavin Newsom announced that the state would scale back California’s high-speed rail project, and in turn, the U.S. Transportation Department canceled $929 million in grant funds for the project. Executives say there isn’t enough money to complete the project—$9.8 billion has already been spent.

Initially proposed in 2008, the current project, despite its speed bumps, is still underway: 119 miles are currently under construction in the Central Valley between Bakersfield and Madera and 422 miles of the 500 needed to complete the railway have been environmentally cleared.

A completion date for the high-speed rail has not been set yet, but if and when it’s completed, it will cut the drive of six (or more) hours between San Francisco and Los Angeles to under three hours on trains traveling up to 220 miles per hour. (The current train route between the two cities takes more than 10 hours on Amtrak.)

Speed, Distance & Time Calculator

Use this speed calculator to easily calculate the average speed, distance travelled and the trip duration of a vehicle: car, bus, train, bike, motorcycle, plane etc. Works with miles, feet, kilometers, meters, etc..

Related calculators

• Speed, Distance & Time Calculation
• Average Speed formula
• Distance formula
• Duration (Time) formula
• How to calculate the average speed of a car?

    Speed, Distance & Time Calculation

In order to use the above speed, distance & time calculator, or do such math on your own, you will need to know two out of three metrics: speed, distance, time. You will need to convert the metrics to the same time and distance units, e.g. miles, kilometers, meters, yards, feet, and hours, minutes or seconds. For example, if you have speed in mph (miles per hour), time should also be in hours. If you have distance in kilometers, then speed should also be in km/h (kilometers per hour).

The unit of the result will depend on the units you input, but our speed calculator will conveniently display additional units where appropriate.

    Average Speed formula

The formula for average speed, also called average velocity in physics and engineering, is:

where v is the velocity, d is the distance, and t is the time, so you can read it as Speed = Distance / Time . As noted above, make sure you convert the units appropriately first, or use our speed calculator which does that automatically. The resulting unit will depend on the units for both time and distance, so if your input was in miles and hours, the speed will be in mph. If it was in meters and seconds, it will be in m/s (meters per second).

Example: If you took a plane from New York to Los Angeles and the flight was 5 hours of air time, what was the speed of the plane, given that the flight path was 2450 miles? The answer is 2450 / 5 = 490 mph (miles per hour) average speed. If you want the result in km/h, you can convert from miles to km to get 788.58 km/h.

    Distance formula

The formula for distance, if you know time (duration) and the average speed, is:

Example: If a truck travelled at an average speed of 80 km per hour for 4 hours, how many miles did it cover in that time? To find the miles covered, first, calculate 80 * 4 = 320 km, then convert km to miles by dividing by 1.6093 or by using our km to miles converter to get the answer: 198.84 miles.

    Duration (Time) formula

The time, or more precisely, the duration of the trip, can be calculated knowing the distance and the average speed using the formula:

where d is the distance travelled, v is the speed (velocity) and t is the time, so you can read it as Time = Distance / Speed . Make sure you convert the units so both their distance and time components match, or use our trip duration calculator above which will handle conversions automatically. For example, if you have distance in miles and speed in km/h, you will need to convert speed to mph or distance to kilometers. The time unit of the result will match the time unit of the speed measure, so if it is measured in something per hour, the result will be in hours. If it is measured in some unit per second, the result will be in seconds.

Example: If a train can travel 500 miles with an average speed of 50 miles per hour, how long it would take it to complete a 500-mile route? To find the answer, use the formula and substitute the values, resulting in 500 / 50 = 10 hours.

    How to calculate the average speed of a car?

Say you travelled a certain distance with a car or another vehicle and you want to calculate what its average speed was. The easiest way to do that would be by using the calculator above, but if you prefer, you can also do the math yourself. Either way, you need to know the distance to a satisfactory approximation, for which you can use a map (e.g. Google Maps) to measure the distance from point to point. Make sure you measure closely to the path you took, and not via a straight line, unless you travelled by air in which case that would be a good approximation. Of course, having a GPS reading of the distance would be more precise. Then you need to know the travel time. Make sure you subtract any rests or stops you made from the total trip duration.

If the total distance travelled was 500 miles and the time it took you was 5 hours, then your average speed was 500 / 5 = 100 miles per hour (mph). If the distance was 300 kilometers and it took you 5 hours to cover it, your speed was 300 / 5 = 60 km/h (kilometers per hour).

Cite this calculator & page

If you'd like to cite this online calculator resource and information as provided on the page, you can use the following citation: Georgiev G.Z., "Speed Distance Time Calculator" , [online] Available at: https://www.gigacalculator.com/calculators/speed-calculator.php URL [Accessed Date: 17 Apr, 2024].

     Transportation calculators

Watch CBS News

Garcetti Signs Into Law Decreased Speeds On LA City Streets

March 7, 2022 / 1:42 PM PST / KCAL News

LOS ANGELES (CBSLA) — Mayor Eric Garcetti Monday signed into law recommendations from the Department of Transportation to reduce speeds by 5 mph on more than 177 miles of city streets.

"No parent should worry about their child going to school. No older adult should feel unsafe when they walk around her neighborhood. These are no accidents, it's just that simple, and we know that the odds of dying of a traffic collision is higher at a greater speed. In fact, it goes up exponentially," Garcetti said.

The proposal from the Department of Transportation will take effect a month after its publication.

Last month, the City Council unanimously approved the proposal to reduce speeds on the proposed streets.

The change, which is aimed at preventing deadly accidents, was made possible following the passage of Assembly Bill 43, which took effect this year, giving cities more control over their speed limits. Before the new law went into effect, LADOT was required to increase speeds on 200 miles of the city's streets.

According to the department, a pedestrian hit by a vehicle going 20 mph has a 90% change of surviving, but the chance shrinks to only 10% if a vehicle is going 40 mph. The goal of reducing speeds on these streets is to decrease the severity of injuries, and give drivers more time to react to a potential collision.

Most of the changes will drop speed limits to 40 mph and lower. Two exceptions are Glenoaks Boulevard between Osborne Street and Hollywood Way and Palisades Dr between Avenida de Santa Ynez and Sunset Bl, where the proposed speed limit is 45 mph. An LADOT report noted that 28 of the street segments targeted for speed reduction are on the Vision Zero High Injury Network, where the highest concentrations of traffic deaths and severe injuries occur.

The cost of replacing speed limit signs is estimated at $52,282.

The LADOT's proposed speed reductions include the following streets:

(© Copyright 2022 CBS Broadcasting Inc. All Rights Reserved. City News Service contributed to this report.)

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Travel Powers

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Overview [ ]

Travel Powers are any powers that modify a character's movement to such a degree that they can travel large distances quickly. There are four Power Pools powers designed primarily for the purpose of personal movement. Other powers provide smaller or temporary travel benefits, or grant them to entire teams.

• The base speed of many Travel Powers scales with level.
• Travel Powers are subject to Suppression .
• Fly, Super Jump and Super Speed are subject to "hard caps", which means there is a threshold past which nothing will increase the speed at which you travel. TopDoc's Movement Guide on the official boards goes into the mathematics.

The following table lists the four main Travel Powers and their comparative speeds in MPH, first at Level 14 when they become available, then at Level 50, and finally at Level 50 with 3 Single-Origin Enhancements .

NOTE: Blasters with Energy Manipulation may be able to achieve as much as 312 MPH with Teleport by using Boost Range and Range Enhancements.

NOTE: With Super Jumping and Super Speeding, some of the enhancements listed above are wasted due to the hard caps.

The following is a listing of “formal” Travel Powers. They are all subject to Suppression unless noted otherwise.

Group Fly [ ]

Super jump [ ], super speed [ ], teleport [ ].

Teleport is complex to use, very expensive, and dangerous. On the other hand, it is potentially the fastest of all Travel Powers, it is the least affected by debuffs and Status Effects , and it doesn't suffer Suppression.

Activating Teleport gives the player a targeting reticule similar to targeted AoE and Pet Summon powers. Each time the player teleports, he is given a four-second grace period at his new location where he can't fall (but also can't move, except by teleporting again). This grace period exists because the sudden change in location can cause a computer to pause for a few seconds while it redraws the screen. If the character began falling immediately, he would be at the mercy of the ground and any unseen enemies below him while his player waited for the drawing to finish.

Some powers, however, do affect this grace period. Firstly, the Tanker and Brute powers Granite Armor and Rooted (from Stone Armor ) will cause the player to start falling immediately (presumably because of the heavy nature of the player). Secondly, characters with Fly , either as a travel power, Mayhem Mission reward or temporary power, can also start moving as soon as their screen is refreshed. And finally, characters with Super Jump , again available as Mayhem mission reward or temporary power, can Super Jump from the point teleported to if the leap is performed immediately.

A common bind for Teleport is /bind LSHIFT+LBUTTON "pow_exec_name Teleport" . This combines activating the power and placing the reticule into a single step, activated by shift-left-clicking a location.

Team Teleport [ ]

Movement [ ].

None of these powers are subject to Suppression.

Toggle Self +Speed Sprint is an inherent power that slightly boosts run speed.

Auto Self +Speed +Fly Swift increases run speed comparable to Sprint and slightly boosts flight speed.

Auto Self +Jump Hurdle increases jump height, as well as forward momentum while jumping. Hurdle stacked with Combat Jumping provides impressive transportation speed.

Toggle Self +Fly +Defense Initially, Hover is frustrating, as the character is nearly stationary while it is active. Hover's base flight speed is somewhere around 3 MPH. Even slotted with three SO Flight Enhancements, its speed is no better than an unenhanced Sprint. By itself, Hover is more a tool for staying outside enemies' melee range and protection from Knockback than a Travel Power. However, when combined with significant flight speed-boosting powers like Siphon Speed and Accelerate Metabolism , it can be a viable combat movement power.

Combat Jumping [ ]

Toggle Self +Jump +Defense +Resist: Immobilize Combat Jumping uses minimal Endurance and improves combat movement dramatically.

Siphon Speed [ ]

Ranged Click Self +Speed +Fly +Recharge FOE -Speed -Fly -Recharge One application of Siphon Speed will grant a character Super Speed-like ground mobility. Siphon Speed also boosts flight speed and can easily cap Fly. Siphon Speed requires a hostile target and a successful attack against it in order to be used.

Speed Boost [ ]

Ranged Click Ally +Speed +Recharge +Endurance recovery. Speed Boost is one of the most coveted and most hated buffs. Speed Boost grants Super Speed-like movement, which can make placement and control of a character difficult for a player who isn't used to such speeds, or who receives them without warning. However, like Siphon Speed, the +Speed bonus is not affected by Suppression and can allow swift movement from one foe to the next. Very dangerous when Brutes and Scrappers get into scrapperlock , as they can rocket across an entire room to attack, gaining aggro along the way.

Inertial Reduction [ ]

Click PBAoE Ally +Jump Inertial Reduction effectively gives the character and those around him Super Jump for 60 seconds.

Accelerate Metabolism [ ]

Click PBAoE Ally +Damage, +Recharge, +Recovery, +Speed, +Fly Accelerate Metabolism 's speed boost is similar to Swift and Sprint speeds, yet this is still a noticeable increase to movement. With a base recharge of 7 minutes and a duration of only 2, it is not possible for a single character to stack multiple applications without serious extra +Recharge boosts from other characters. However, three or more separate characters with AM can give everyone Super Speed-velocity running and boost Hover to the speed of Fly.

Quickness and Lightning Reflexes [ ]

Scrappers and Stalkers with the Super Reflexes powerset can take Quickness . Brutes and Stalkers with Electric Armor can take a similar power, Lightning Reflexes . Both powers boost run and flight speeds (among other things) about the same as Swift does. Combined with Swift and Sprint, they can eliminate the need for ground movement travel powers.

Stealth [ ]

Stealth from the Concealment Power Pool , as well as several other powers that grant stealth, have a -Speed component to them.

Suppression [ ]

Travel Power Suppression was implemented by the Developers to combat a tactic known as jousting , which involves queuing an attack against a distant enemy and then traveling quickly past it. Due to various delays, the attack will not begin until the attacker is well past the target, potentially leaving him out of range of counterattacks.

To reduce jousting, activating most powers (particularly, those that affect hostile targets) triggers Suppression for 4 seconds. While Suppression is in effect, all speed bonuses from Super Speed disappear, as do all jumping speed and height bonuses from Super Jump. A Flying character remains flying, but his flight speed is reduced to approximately the same as Hover's base speed. Enhancements in the suppressed powers do not reduce Suppression's penalties. Movement speed buffs from other powers remain in effect.

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GEM’s new app shows every road in the US where you can drive a low-speed vehicle

GEM, a low-speed vehicle (LSV) manufacturer in Anaheim, California, has just released a new app to make it even easier to use those small vehicles. The GEM Go app shows users a map of all roads in their area and highlights the streets with posted speed limits of 35 mph (56 km/h) or lower.

Low-speed vehicles (LSVs) are a federally regulated class of motor vehicles in the US. They often look like micro-cars or golf carts, but must meet a certain set of safety requirements that go above and beyond golf cart regulations.

LSVs that meet those requirements are allowed to travel at speeds of up to 25 mph (40 km/h) and are allowed to operate on roads with speed limits of 35 mph (56 km/h) or lower.

GEM’s new app is designed to make it even easier to plan trips and determine which roads are accessible by LSVs.

Some areas have a limited number of roads with speed limits of 35 mph or lower. In other areas, like apparently Venice in Los Angeles (as seen in the app example below), pretty much any asphalt you can find is fair game.

GEM Go is a free web-based, mobile-friendly, interactive mapping app available at go.GEMcar.com . It is designed to be easy to use anywhere, even on your phone when heading out for a trip.

It of course works for planning trips with any LSV, not just GEM’s vehicles, and cyclists may even find it handy in a pinch to help avoid faster roads that are less friendly to bikes.

Playing around with it myself, it’s apparent just how much of the US is accessible by low-speed vehicles. Every city I look at is covered by a sprawling network of blue lines, showing me everywhere I can legally drive an LSV.

In fact, more than half of the roadways in the US have speed limits below 35 mph, and that number is actually growing as cities make the responsible decision to reduce speed limits for the safety of all road users. Washington, D.C., for example, has a default speed limit of 20 mph (32 km/h). LSVs can thus reach any part of the city. Heck, they could get a speeding ticket if a cop is having a bad day.

The CEO of GEM’s parent company Waev , Keith Simon, explained that he hopes the availability of the app will help encourage more people to use LSVs around the country:

GEM has been leading the charge in LSVs for more than 25 years. We created the GEM Go mapping app to help current and future GEM owners understand the breadth of places LSVs can actually operate – it’s eye-opening and we expect it will drive even greater adoption of LSVs across the country.

The number of LSVs on US roads is growing , even if they remain a small minority of total motor vehicles in use. There’s been a push toward smaller vehicles in many cities, with golf carts getting their own boost. Unlike golf carts though, which aren’t street legal outside of a few specific cities that have passed golf cart ordinances, LSVs contain more federally regulated safety features and are street legal almost everywhere.

Their safety can’t be compared to that of typical passenger cars that are rated for highway use, but their intended use in lower speed environments around slower moving traffic means that they usually don’t face the same collision risks faced by larger cars.

Simon believes that LSV numbers will continue to grow in the US, explaining:

Although we have an extensive installed base with GEM, it represents a very small fraction of what LSVs can become in the market when you keep breaking down the barriers like the lack of understanding of where GEM vehicles can be driven. With our recent launch of the all new MY24 GEM and now GEM Go we are on the leading edge of driving the LSV category forward.

Electrek’s Take

Anyone who knows me will already know I’m one of the biggest proponents of LSVs out there. Heck, google “LSV” and you’ll probably find that half the bylines are mine.

And so I love the idea of this new app to make it even easier and safer to find LSV-appropriate roads. If it actually mapped a journey for you, that’d be even better. But knowledge is half the battle and so even just showing you all of the roads you can use is a great asset.

As someone who loves LSVs and advocates for them, I can already tell you that the biggest argument against these handy vehicles is the misconception that they aren’t safe. You’ll certainly find people in the comments section below this article saying that a 25 mph vehicle shouldn’t be on a 35 mph road (they inevitably didn’t read this far). And I understand that sentiment – trust me, I do. I use LSVs all the time and I get it.

When I’m doing 25 mph on a 35 mph road with other cars doing 45 mph around me, it’s…. less than ideal. So I don’t do it very often (crossing the Brooklyn Bridge above was a rare example for me ). While LSVs can legally be on 35 mph roads, I like to stick to even slower roads when possible. But so many cities these days have safer, slower speed limits. Washington, DC, defaults to 20 mph. Boston, New York City, Seattle, and many other major cities default to 25 mph citywide speed limits. It’s easier than ever to get somewhere in an LSV, and that is only improving.

And if I may say so from my own experience, it’s also more fun to go somewhere in an LSV. It’s novel and creates a more engaging experience. It’s simply fun.

Sure, you’ve got some of the same downsides of cars, such as often being stuck in traffic and not getting the same kind of exercise I get on my e-bikes. But I can also travel with more people, carry more things, have lockable storage, and have a roof over my head keeping me dry (and use the air conditioning in some models). Plus, I’m arguably a bit safer than if I was hit by a car driver while riding my e-bikes. So even though it has some downsides, LSVs are just a lot of fun to use, cost less than “real” cars and take up less space in a city. So anything that makes them even easier to use is a good thing in my book.

Now just don’t ask me to talk about my opinion on increasing the federal speed limit for LSVs. That’s another article for another day.

FTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. More.

Micah Toll is a personal electric vehicle enthusiast, battery nerd, and author of the Amazon #1 bestselling books DIY Lithium Batteries , DIY Solar Power,   The Ultimate DIY Ebike Guide  and The Electric Bike Manifesto .

The e-bikes that make up Micah’s current daily drivers are the $999 Lectric XP 2.0 , the $1,095 Ride1Up Roadster V2 , the $1,199 Rad Power Bikes RadMission , and the $3,299 Priority Current . But it’s a pretty evolving list these days.

You can send Micah tips at [email protected], or find him on Twitter , Instagram , or TikTok .

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Here are all the parts of the TTC where trains may now crawl at painfully slow speeds

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The TTC continues to rotate so-called "Reduced Speed Zones" where subway passengers may encounter longer-than-normal travel times, an ongoing precaution due to ongoing subway track maintenance for a system struggling to fit state-of-good-repair upgrades into off-hours.

The transit agency released its updated list of these zones on Tuesday, which may slow some trains to a crawl on sections of Lines 1 and 2 of the subway network.

Subway operators travelling these stretches may be asked by the TTC's transit control centre to slow down due to crews at track level or ongoing track maintenance.

Subway passengers are advised of the following Reduced Speed Zones in effect on Lines 1 and 2:

Line 1 (Yonge-University):

• Northbound from Sheppard-Yonge to North York Centre
• Southbound from St Clair West to Dupont
• Southbound from Wilson to Yorkdale

Line 2 (Bloor-Danforth):

• Eastbound from Broadview to Chester
• Eastbound from Keele to Dundas West
• Westbound from Chester to Broadview
• Westbound from Dundas West to Keele

The transit agency has also released a map of the slow zones.

The commission warns customers that "these Reduced Speed Zones will mean that the train will travel slower than normal in the affected area," a temporary service downgrade that has drawn the ire of public transit users since it was first announced in February .

TTC announced slower subway service and people are very pissed off. What are your thoughts? https://t.co/q77mZfDO0k pic.twitter.com/IQtKt5esjP — blogTO (@blogTO) February 12, 2024

The TTC asks customers to check its website and social media for updates, but the real update transit users await is a day with no disruptions on the local transit system.

Nicoli OZ Mathews

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Iran missile and drone attack on Israel – what we know so far

Israel’s military has reported minor damage after Iran launched dozens of drones and missiles towards it late on Saturday

• Iran attack on Israel – live updates
• Full report: Iran launches drones and cruise missiles against Israel

Iran launched hundreds of drones as well as cruise missiles towards Israel , in the Islamic Republic’s first ever direct attack on the Jewish state, in response to the 1 April strike on an Iranian diplomatic building in the Syrian capital, Damascus, which killed a senior figure in Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards and eight other officers.

Benny Gantz, a member of the war cabinet, said that Israel will exact a price from Iran in response to its mass missile and drone attack when the time is right. His comments came ahead of a war cabinet meeting alongside Israel’s prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, and the country’s defence minister, Yoav Gallant.

Tehran has warned it will strike again with greater force if Israel or the US retaliate for the Iranian strike on Israel by more 300 drones and missiles on Saturday night. The air raids , the Islamic Republic’s first ever direct attack on the Israeli state, brought a years-long shadow war into the open and threatened to draw the region into a broader conflagration as Israel said it was considering its response.

However, the attack, mostly launched from inside Iran, caused only modest damage in Israel as most were shot down with the help of the US, Britain and Jordan. An air force base in southern Israel was hit, but continued to operate as normal and a seven-year-old child was seriously hurt by shrapnel. There were no other reports of serious damage. Israeli military spokesperson Rear Adm Daniel Hagari said that 99% of the launches had been intercepted.

Most of the Iranian drones flying over Syria’s airspace during Tehran’s strikes overnight were downed by Israeli and US jets before reaching their targets in Israel, two western intelligence sources told Reuters .

The UN security council will hold an emergency meeting on Sunday at the request of Israel’s ambassador to the UN, the council’s president said in a statement.

Iran informed Turkey in advance of its planned operation against Israel, a Turkish diplomatic source has told Reuters . The source also said that the US conveyed to Iran via Ankara that its operation must be “within certain limits”. These reports come after Iran’s foreign minister, Hossein Amirabdollahian , said in a meeting with foreign ambassadors in Tehran that Iran had informed the US that its attacks against Israel will be “limited” and for self-defence only.

John Kirby, the White House’s top national security spokesperson, told ABC’s This Week programme on Sunday that the US will continue to help Israel defend itself, but does not want war with Iran. “We don’t seek escalated tensions in the region. We don’t seek a wider conflict,” Kirby said. News outlet Axios reported that Joe Biden , the US president, had told Netanyahu that he would oppose an Israeli counterattack against Iran and that the prime minister should “take the win”.

UK Royal Air Force fighter jets and refuelling aircraft were also involved in Israel’s defence, taking off from bases in Cyprus. Their role, according to the UK Ministry of Defence, was to fill in for the US air force in the sorties against Islamic State normally carried out over Iraq and north-eastern Syria, but also to intercept Iranian drones if they came into the UK area of operations.

World leaders have condemned Iran’s attack, with regional powers including Saudi Arabia and Egypt calling for restraint. The UN secretary general, António Guterres, said: “I am deeply alarmed about the very real danger of a devastating region-wide escalation. I urge all parties to exercise maximum restraint to avoid any action that could lead to major military confrontations on multiple fronts in the Middle East.”

Jordan’s prime minister, Bisher Khasawneh , warned that any escalation in the region would lead to “dangerous paths”, joining a chorus of condemnation from world leaders to the attack. Other countries including the UK, Spain, the US, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and China, have called for restraint amid fears of a regional escalation of conflict across the Middle East. Iran’s foreign ministry has summoned the ambassadors of the UK , France , and Germany to question what it referred to as their “irresponsible stance” regarding Tehran’s retaliatory strikes on Israel, the semi-official Iranian Labour news agency reported .

Major airlines across the Middle East, including Emirates Airlines and Qatar Airways , announced they would resume some of their operations in the region after cancelling or rerouting some flights in response to Iran’s attack on Israel. Israel said it had reopened its airspace as of 7:30am local time on Sunday morning, with Beirut airport also reopening this morning. Several Iranian airports, including Tehran’s Imam Khomeini International, however, have cancelled flights until Monday.

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When will solar eclipse reach your town? These maps show path's timing, how long it lasts.

Hundreds of cities in 13 u.s. states fall directly on the april 8 eclipse's path of totality as the moon blocks the sun's disc and ushers in darkness. these interactive maps offer a closer look..

Come Monday, millions of Americans from Texas to Maine will stop what they're doing to step outside and spend a few minutes gazing skyward .

Few celestial events have the power to capture our collective attention the way this upcoming total solar eclipse has managed to do. And for those making time to witness it, two questions are bound to be on their mind : Will totality reach my area and if so, how long will the resulting darkness last?

Most people across the country are bound to experience the eclipse in some form, but only 13 states fall directly on the path of totality, where the moon will appear large enough to shield all but the sun's outermost layer, the corona.

As you make your eclipse-viewing plans, these interactive maps should help you chart the time and duration for when totality will occur in cities along the path.

Solar eclipse experiment: Here's why NASA is launching 3 sounding rockets into space during the total solar eclipse

Total solar eclipse path of totality map

The 115-mile-wide path of totality will pass from southwest to northeast over portions of Mexico the United States and Canada.

Mexico's Pacific coast will be the first location in continental North America to experience totality, which will occur at about 11:07 a.m. PDT,  according to NASA .

As the moon's shadow travels northeast, totality in the U.S. will begin at 1:27 p.m. CDT in Eagle Pass, Texas. From there, the path will cut diagonally across the country before ending around 3:35 p.m. EDT in Lee, Maine.

Remember: If you plan to witness the eclipse, proper eyewear is a must until the eclipse reaches totality, then it can be viewed with the naked eye.

Here's a map of some of the larger cities in each of the 13 states on the path to show how the duration of totality will vary:

Cities, states on the path of totality

All told, nearly 500 cities in 13 U.S. states are located on the eclipse's path of totality. Here are some of the major cities in each of the 13 states:

• Dallas and San Antonio, Texas
• Idabel, Oklahoma
• Poplar Bluff, Missouri
• Little Rock, Arkansas
• Paducah, Kentucky
• Indianapolis and Evansville, Indiana
• Carbondale, Illinois
• Cleveland and Toledo, Ohio
• Buffalo, Rochester and Syracuse, New York
• Burlington, Vermont
• Lancaster, New Hampshire
• Caribou, Maine
• Erie, Pennsylvania

This interactive map provides a closer look at cities along the path, when totality will arrive there and how long totality will last:

Eclipse watch parties, festivals

Such a rare event is sure to attract skygazing tourists unlucky enough to live outside the path of totality. Fortunately, many cities that will experience the total eclipse are planning plenty of festivities for tourists and locals alike.

This map , courtesy of Kristian Campana at festivalguidesandreviews.com , includes locations of watch parties, music festivals and more all tied to the eclipse's arrival:

2024 total solar eclipse interactive map with zip code search

Perhaps the easiest way to see how the eclipse will impact your city or town, is to put your zip code into USA TODAY's interactive eclipse map .

Eric Lagatta covers breaking and trending news for USA TODAY. Reach him at [email protected]

Middle East latest: US believes Israel planning 'limited strike' inside Iran as White House announces sanctions plan

Reports suggest US officials believe Israel is considering a "limited and narrow" strike inside Iran. Meanwhile, Washington has announced it will impose new sanctions targeting Iran's missile and drone program, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and Iran's defence ministry.

Wednesday 17 April 2024 07:04, UK

• Israel-Hamas war
• US believes Israel planning 'narrow and limited strike' inside Iran - reports
• Putin asks for restraint in call with Iranian president
• Israel 'unhappy' with China's response to Iran attacks
• Israel denied 'more than 40%' of UN aid delivery requests to northern Gaza last week
• UN watchdog 'concerned' Israel could target Iranian nuclear facilities
• Dominic Waghorn: The coming hours could decide whether the Middle East is plunged into a widening war
• Michael Clarke analysis: All Israel's options for retaliation come with complications
• Live reporting by Brad Young

The UN secretary-general has held a phone call with Iran's foreign minister, calling for "urgent de-escalation".

Antonio Guterres said there must be a "renewed focus on bringing peace to the Middle East", according to spokesman Stephane Dujarric.

Mr Guterres reiterated his condemnation of the attack on the Iranian consulate in Syria's capital, Damascus, on 1 April, which he said violated the principle of "inviolability" of diplomatic premises under the Vienna conventions.

"We do not want to see another cycle of an eye for an eye, which is not a policy that will lead to peace," said Mr Dujarric.

The UN chief did not speak to any senior Israeli officials, said Mr Dujarric.

The US ambassador to the UN has said she did not see a resolution recommending the Palestinian Authority become a full UN member leading to a two-state solution.

The Palestinian Authority, based in the West Bank, is expected to push the Security Council to vote as early as tomorrow on a draft resolution, diplomats said. 

A UN Security Council committee considering the application "was unable to make a unanimous recommendation" on whether it met the criteria.

Ambassador Linda Thomas-Greenfield said: "We do not see that doing a resolution in the Security Council will necessarily get us to a place where we can find... a two-state solution moving forward."

She added Joe Biden had categorically said Washington supported a two-state solution and was working to get that in place as soon as possible.

An application to become a full UN member needs to be approved by the Security Council - where the United States can cast a veto - and then at least two-thirds of the 193-member General Assembly. 

The UN says it is still facing obstacles to prevent famine in Gaza.

Aid deliveries met significant Israeli checkpoint delays, said Andrea De Domenico, head of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.

Last week, 41% of UN requests to deliver aid to northern Gaza were denied, he said.

"We're dealing with this dance where we do one step forward, two steps backward, or two steps forward, one step backward, which leaves us basically always at the same point," said Mr De Domenico.

"For every new opportunity that we've been given, we will find yet another challenge to deal with, so it's really, really difficult for us to scale up to where we would like to be." 

There had been a "steady increase" in the number of trucks entering Gaza, he said, but the problem was "not just about food".

"The problem is that famine is much more complex... it's much bigger than simply bringing in flour," said Mr De Domenico.

"Water, sanitation and health are fundamental to curb famine."

US officials have noted progress in the amount of aid that goes into Gaza, but say it is still not at the desired level.

Israel approved reopening the Erez crossing into northern Gaza following global outrage at Israeli airstrikes that killed World Central Kitchen aid workers on 1 April.

Welcome to our live coverage of the Israel-Hamas war and wider tensions in the Middle East. 

The region is braced for a response from Israel after Iran attacked the country with hundreds of drones and missiles at the weekend. 

Israel's war cabinet has met several times since and has vowed to respond, but it's not known if or when it will retaliate. 

Its Western allies have urged it not to hit back, fearing this could escalate tensions and lead to a wider war in the Middle East. 

Among those urging caution is the UK - which sent its foreign secretary to Israel overnight.

Lord Cameron will be holding talks with Benjamin Netanyahu as well as his Israeli counterpart today.

Before we bring you today's news, here's what has happened in the last 24 hours... 

• The US believes Israel's military response to Iran will be limited in scope, sources told CNN;
• Israel's military said it had killed the commander of Hezbollah's coastal sector in Lebanon;
• Vladimir Putin held a phone call with the Iranian president, where he called for restraint from all parties in the Middle East;
• The UN nuclear watchdog said it was "concerned" Israel could target Iranian nuclear facilities. 

A few days ago we reported that the Palestinian Authority was preparing its bid for full United Nations membership.

Late on Tuesday night a UN Security Council committee considering the bid said it was "unable to make a unanimous recommendation" on whether it met the criteria.

"Differing views were expressed" on the issue, according to a committee report seen by Reuters news agency.

The Palestinian Authority is still expected to push the 15-member council to vote, possibly on Thursday, on a draft resolution recommending its full membership.

The Palestinians are currently a non-member observer state - a position granted in 2012 - but full membership would effectively recognise a Palestinian state.

Success for the Palestinians here, however, is unlikely - they need their bid to be approved by the Security Council, and Israel's main ally the US has the power to block it. It also needs support from at least two-thirds of the UN General Assembly.

US Central Command (CENTCOM) says its forces "engaged" two unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in areas controlled by Iranian-backed Houthis in Yemen.

"It was determined the UAVs presented an imminent threat to US coalition and merchant vessels in the region," it said.

There were no injuries or damage reported by US coalition or commercial ships.

"These actions are taken to protect freedom of navigation and make international waters safer and more secure for US, coalition and merchant vessels."

The command also posted on X about an aid drop earlier in the day, with photos.

Statement by National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan:

"Following Iran's unprecedented air attack against Israel, President Biden is coordinating with allies and partners, including the G7, and with bipartisan leaders in Congress, on a comprehensive response.

"In the coming days, the United States will impose new sanctions targeting Iran, including its missile and drone program as well as new sanctions against entities supporting the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and Iran’s Defense Ministry.

"We anticipate that our allies and partners will soon be following with their own sanctions. In addition, we continue to work through the Department of Defense and US Central Command to further strengthen and expand the successful integration of air and missile defense and early warning systems across the Middle East to further erode the effectiveness of Iran's missile and UAV capabilities.

"These new sanctions and other measures will continue a steady drumbeat of pressure to contain and degrade Iran's military capacity and effectiveness and confront the full range of its problematic behaviours.

"Over the last three years, in addition to missile and drone-related sanctions, the United States has sanctioned over 600 individuals and entities connected to terrorism, terrorist financing and other forms of illicit trade, horrific human rights abuses, and support for proxy terrorist groups, including Hamas, Hezbollah, the Houthis, and Kataib Hezbollah.

"The pressure will continue. We will not hesitate to continue to take action, in coordination with allies and partners around the world, and with Congress, to hold the Iranian government accountable for its malicious and destabilizing actions."

The Ministry of Defence has commented on escalating violence in the West Bank, which increased following the death of a 14-year-old Israeli. 

The MoD said it was alarmed by the "shocking levels of violence" in the occupied area. 

"These killings, and subsequent actions, are escalating violence in the Occupied West Bank and the wider region at a critical time," it said. 

"It is vital that Israeli authorities restore calm and conduct urgent and transparent investigations into all deaths." 

Seven Palestinians have been killed by Israeli forces or settlers since the attacks began on Friday, according to the Palestinian Health Ministry. 

Israeli authorities have urged people not to resort to vigilante attacks. 

The Iraqi prime minister has said his country has not received any reports or indications that missiles or drones were launched from its territory during Iran's attack on Israel. 

Mohammed Shia al Sudani said Iraq's "position is clear" that it would not be "thrown into the arena of conflict". 

As we have been reporting, Iran launched more than 300 drones and missiles against Israel on Saturday. 

Iraq is a rare ally of both the US and Iran. 

Its airspace was a main route for Iran's unprecedented attack on Israel, and Iraqi officials say Iran informed them, as well as other countries in the region, ahead of the attack.

The IDF has released footage from the Israeli Air Force's control room during the attack from Iran over the weekend. 

Times of Israel military correspondent Emanuel Fabian said the footage showed the control room during the first interceptions of the Iranian missiles and drones. 

Iran fired more than 300 missiles and drones toward Israel, although minimal damage was caused. 

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