tourism sector questionnaire

How to design a Tourism Questionnaire for Sustainable tourism

During my work experience at the Mountain Community of Lario and Ceresio valleys, I had to set up & deliver a survey to understand the importance of sustainability in tourism on the northern side of Lake Como. I am happy to share this work on sustainable tourism. I hope it is helpful to you.

Read more about the meaning of sustainable tourism for STouW and how to design sustainable tourism . Scroll down to go to the info about designing a tourism questionnaire!

It is correct to state that the drafting of the questionnaire represents the critical phase of a survey. This phase is a good source of information, mainly the mistakes you can commit during the research.

Anyone preparing a questionnaire should remember the importance of the preliminary/exploratory phase, even more so if the topic to be addressed is complex. The questionnaire tests (pilot phase) allow obtaining a questionnaire that can be used during any repetitions of the investigation, without any modification, as most of the problems were eliminated due to the tests.

In the questionnaire, it is vital to use the correct sequence of questions. The options can be the following:

● “Top-down sequence”: starting from the global aspects and then descending on a more detailed aspect;

● “Down-sequence “: starting from the detailed aspects and then arriving at the global evaluation.

In some cases (when, for example, customers should express a global assessment without being influenced by subsequent questions), it is preferable to adopt the top-down sequence. In contrast, in others, it is more efficient to use a down-top option.

During the preparation phase of the customer satisfaction questionnaire, great attention must also be paid to the choice of assessment scales to be used for the assessment, which must be expressed with quantitative parameters that can be measured and monitored over time. The scales, to be effective, must be complete and well-balanced.

Some people prefer to use stairs with equal steps to avoid the interviewee choosing the central step without expressing a clear positive or negative judgment. Instead, some often adopt the odd scales because even the central answers can be rich in meaning.

I made the questionnaire as a trainee and would make some changes now. I provided great information to Mountain Community using the simple tourism questionnaire (you can download it).

SORRY THE POST IS CURRENTLY WORK IN PROGRESS

Here is an example of the questions I used to check the topic:

target audience – demographic information
questions about the destination (down)
questions about general behaviour (top)
open and closed questions about the local destination (down)

Please only let me know if you use it for some research. This is easy email me at sustainabletourismworld @ gmail.com.

Sara – tourism sector consultant

PS. Do you want to GROW your business with POSITIVE impact… without huge investments? Then, sign up for the email list by clicking on START HERE !

Or click this link https://www.sustainabletourismworld.com/start-here/ to download my INFOGRAPHIC!

2 Responses

Hello. Dear Sustainable Tourism world Team. First of all i`m really appreciated to hear about your organization. I`m Mongolian. But I`m writing all of you from Northern Cyprus where i come almost 3 months ago for Tourism & Hotel management in PhD program to research and develope GLOBAL GREEN BUSINESS CITIZENSHIP: An innovative Model of Social Responsibility and Ethical Behavior for Sustainable Tourism Development the 21st Century: SUSTAINABLE TOURISM INNOVATION ACADEMY for International green business developers and scholars… Because i saw lots of cases we need to develop new models for sustainable tourism development to save world and global citizen. So i would like to ask below questions. Please give me clear answers and directions. 1. Do you have any support for sustainable education program or projects who wants to create and develope a innovation model for sustainable tourism development ? If yes, what kind of support for which categories? How i can apply it? 2. Could you give me detailed information what kind supportive programs do you have for sustainable tourism developer or green business entrepreneur and PhD student who wants to develop and create GLOBAL GREEN BUSINESS CITIZENSHIP NETWORKING in Mongolia & Northern Cyprus: An innovative Model of Social Responsibility and Ethical Behavior for Sustainable Tourism Development the 21st Century in Mongolia & Northern Cyprus: SUSTAINABLE TOURISM INNOVATION PROGRAM for International green business developers and creator who can save world and serve good tourism products for global citizens and global travelers ?! 3. I would like to be professional adviser and developer of Sustainable Tourism. I would like to be part of SUSTAINABLE TOURISM INNOVATION networking for International green business developers and scholars too.

Hope your team will support me and will send me detailed informations.

Have a nice day and Merry Christmas.

Hello Oyuka! Thanks a lot for your comment! I emailed you time ago, did you receive the email? Kind Regards, Sara

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Tourist Survey: What It Is + Tips with Examples

A tourist survey is a tool that allows you to collect information about people's opinions about places they visit or services they receive.

A tourist survey mainly allows us to obtain quality information quickly. This data comes directly from tourists or travel enthusiasts. Online surveys for tourism reduce costs and facilitate execution for specialized personnel who carry it out.

What is a Tourist Survey?

A tourist survey is a tool that allows you to collect information about people’s opinions about the place they visited or the services they received. Through a survey, people can provide data that allows us to measure the service quality, the facilities’ safety and hygiene, assess the places they visited, the activities they carried out, etc.

Tourist Survey Uses

Various sources can use tourist surveys for different situations:

Travel agencies: Travel agencies can use tourist surveys to obtain data on activities, destinations, and applicants’ budgets to create campaigns that attract people to purchase their services. Carry out surveys for travel agencies and evaluate the quality of your service.
Hotel management: Surveys can be applied to hotels to find out what people think of the service they offer, the activities they carry out for visitors, if they have guides for foreigners and if they have the right knowledge to meet the needs of tourists.
Government departments: The government can find an extremely important source of data in surveys for tourists. With this information, they can create campaigns to publicize representative areas or zones of the city to attract a more significant number of visitors and income for the town’s benefit.

Tourist Survey Advantages

Among the benefits of applying survey formats for tourists are:
Create better strategies that allow the increase of tourists, both for companies and governments.
Better activities can be created for the interest of tourists.
Companies and organizations can offer a good experience to customers by knowing their needs.

Doing online surveys for tourists has a significant advantage since the visitor is given the option of being able to respond from any mobile device at the time they want.

Large amounts of information can be obtained about the most visited tourist sites to create better strategies for them to continue generating income. Publicize places that meet the tastes of tourists and give them more publicity.

LEARN ABOUT: Free Travel Surveys: Questions & Templates

Tourist Survey Tips with Examples

If you are going to create a survey for tourists, we recommend:

Remember that only some people who will respond to the survey speak the same language as you. With QuestionPro, you can create multilingual surveys for travelers to understand and answer appropriately.
Create short creative surveys that allow you to collect enough information for your goals. Chances are if someone is visiting a city, they want to spend less time answering a questionnaire.
Consider that there are countries in which internet access is limited or they do not have connectivity. In this case, you can use our tool to create offline surveys and collect data in the field or in ecotourism areas, for example, and when you are connected, download the information collected via Wi-Fi.

Examples of questions for tourists:

What is your favorite means of transport to travel?
What type of place do you prefer to visit when you vacation?
How many times a year do you go on a trip?
What is the season of the year in which you prefer to travel?
How many are the approximate days that you go on vacation?
What kind of activities do you like to do when you travel?
Where was the last place you went on vacation?
What factors do you take into account when hiring a travel package?
Where do you prefer to stay?
What are the tools you use to find accommodation?
On average, what is the price you consider appropriate for a travel package?
When making a trip, do you prefer to do it alone or accompanied by your family?

Travel surveys are a tool that will allow you to increase income and offer visitors the service they want during their trips. Do you want to create surveys for tourists? Schedule a demo right now.

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Questionnaire on Tourism and Employment: Overview of Results

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World Tourism Organization

<strong>Questionnaire</strong> on Tourism and Employment: Overview of Results

UNWTO Statistics and Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) Programme

Room Document

PRESENTATION

2 nd T.20 Ministers Meeting – Republic of Korea

11 – 13 October 2010

Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon that entails the movement of people to

countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes.

Tourism refers to the activities of these people called visitors. Consequently, visitors (either overnight

visitors of day-trip/excursionist visitors) are a subset of travellers.

The tourism sector is the cluster of production units in different industries that provide goods and

services typically demanded by visitors. Such industries are called tourism industries because visitor

acquisition represents such a significant share of their supply of goods and services that, in the absence

of visitors, their production of these goods and services would cease to exist in meaningful quantity.

The growth of the tourism sector, and its contribution to national economics (as measured by a

Tourism Satellite Account-TSA), has fostered the general recognition of tourism as a major job

generator. However, there is of yet little international consensus on the particularities of the

relationship between tourism and employment.

BACKGROUND

For the first time, there is a call from United Nations (UN) about the need for a credible measure of

job creation in the tourism sector given the importance of tourism as an economic activity. This wakeup

call has been possible by the cooperation of International Labour Organization (ILO) and World

Tourism Organization (UNWTO) with the UN Statistical Division.

What's more, the 2008 International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics (IRTS 2008) includes a

chapter on employment explaining the basic concepts, definitions and classification to be used for its

measurement. Future work includes the implementation of the joint ILO/UNWTO project on the

“Measurement of Employment and Decent Work in the Tourism Industries”, which includes the

preparation of the joint ILO/UNWTO publication A Technical Guide on Best Practices of Measuring

Employment in the Tourism Industries. The outcomes of the project will be the pillars for an

increasing production of internationally comparable data and indicators in countries.

In addition, UNWTO is expanding its collection of internationally comparable data and indicators (in

the Compendium of Tourism Statistics) to include also employment along with inbound tourism,

domestic tourism, outbound tourism, tourism industries and complementary macroeconomic

indicators.

Furthermore, at its 5 th International Conference on Tourism Statistics–Tourism: An Engine for

Employment Creation—in Bali, Indonesia on 30 March-2 April 2009, UNWTO presented a first

official document on tourism and employment. It was based on answers to a questionnaire that focused

on collecting some basic information on tourism related employment in UNWTO Member States. The

number of responses was quite low (a 25% response rate) and therefore only intended as a first yet

useful qualitative gauge of countries’ situations and available information.

INTRODUCTION

With the prospect of the T.20 meeting in Korea and in order to provide participating countries with

some suggested areas for further actions and research, UNWTO decided to supplement the valuable

information gathered in the 2009 questionnaire by sending out a slightly updated version of it, this

time only to T.20 countries.

Just as in 2009, the 2010 <strong>Questionnaire</strong> attempted to gauge countries’ accomplishments, expectations

and concerns in the field of tourism employment. In order to give respondents more freedom of

response, it presented an additional section on ‘areas of interest’. The 2010 version presented common

statements repeatedly made in tourism circles which were taken directly from the 2009 version.

Interestingly, this time around respondents seemed more upfront about challenging certain elements of

these, in some cases unfounded, beliefs. The responses are a first step towards credible figures and

rigorous analysis on tourism and employment.

The 2010 results are assimilated in this present Conference Room Document, which:

� Is used by UNWTO as the starting point for drafting its concept paper that will be presented

during the meeting in Korea; and

� Is made available, along with the 2009 questionnaire results and report, to the ILO as material to

consider for their contribution in this meeting.

Participation by T.20 countries in the <strong>Questionnaire</strong> has been moderate yet increasing when compared

to 2009. In 2009 eight (8) T.20 countries responded; in the 2010 version this number went up to

thirteen (13) with 5 countries providing responses for both years: Argentina, Australia, Canada,

Mexico and Spain. Because of the small sample size (20) in the present version, the response rate

shoots up to 65%. Combining both years, there is information for a total of fifteen (15) countries.

UNWTO warmly thanks all countries that participated with so many sensible and meaningful

comments. A special thank you is extended to Canada and Australia for their significant contribution.

I. Relating Tourism and Employment: Areas of Interest

In an attempt to obtain an unbiased indication of countries’ priority concerns in the relationship

between tourism and employment, valuable insight is offered by the following answers to What is it

about the relationship between tourism and employment that most interests or concerns you? 1

Canada: Fostering an adequate supply of skills and labour to enhance visitor experiences through quality

service and hospitality.

China: Tourism could attract a large number of employees.

Germany: Tourism is an important sector for employment and job creation. In Germany approx. 2,8 million

people are employed in tourism and related sectors.

Indonesia: Tourism and Human Resources has strong relationship. Since tourism are a service industry,

which needs labor / manpower. An increase in tourism activities will stimulate job creation, either directly or

indirectly.

Italy: Improving the attractiveness of the tourism sector for skilled professionals pursuing career

advancement, so as to provide services of excellence in the tourism industry.

1 Please note that the responses have been taken in full and directly as provided by the respective respondents. UNWTO has

made some parts of the text bold to highlight key areas.

World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

Japan: In Japan, the demand for tourism tends to concentrate on public holidays, as the vacation taking rate is

low. Therefore, the regular employment rate is low (e.g. 46% in accommodation operators). “The Urgent

Economic Policy for Future Security and Growth” decided by the Cabinet in December 2009 mentions the

promotion of measures to realize a tourism nation from a standpoint of creating employment.

Mexico: The National Development Plan 2007-2012 […] states that is necessary to “Make tourism a national

priority, in order to generate investment, employment and to tackle poverty in areas with competitive tourist

attractions”. Moreover, in the Tourism Sectoral Program 2007-2012 which establishes the national tourism

policy, the objective number 5 […] require[s] to “Promote public policies within the sector, aimed to better off

the conditions for the creation of jobs, taking into account gender equity”. Thus, there have been launched

the following lines of action:

• To promote the creation of a national system for training and education for the tourism sector, in

coordination with the Secretariat for Education and the Secretariat for Work. This will increase the

competitiveness of the human capital from the tourism sector, in accordance with the priorities of the

national tourism policy and the needs of the labor market.

• To enhance the insertion of secondary and Higher education agencies, into programs that promote

employment, as well as into other similar programs coordinated by Federal, State and Local Governments.

Spain: The follow-up of the employment evolution in the tourism sector; its quality and stability and how

these features.

Turkey: Employability, employment promotion, entrepreneurship, service quality and knowledge

education, quality and the working environment of employees are important in terms of our promotional

strategies, as stated in the document `Tourism Strategy -2023

These statements are largely supported when respondents were asked to mark their level of interest for

different topics, following the classification of relevant ILO areas of work.

Table 1: Level of Interest for different topics relating tourism and employment

Working conditions

Skills, knowledge and

employability

Employment promotion

and entrepreneurship

Economic and social

development

Decent work

0,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 4,00 5,00 6,00 7,00 8,00 9,00 10,00

On average, the highest scoring concerns are Skills knowledge and employability, which includes

aspects like lifelong learning and training/vocational guidance, and Economic and social development,

including themes like globalization, poverty reduction, sustainable development, labour migration and

local economic development.

Though care must be taken when interpreting these two areas as relative priorities, countries’

individual statements above show that they are perceived as main policy areas. In fact, countries like

Canada, Indonesia, Mexico and Turkey recognize that economic and social development goes hand

in hand with the development of skills, knowledge and employability. Investing in the human capital

in tourism industries increases the quality of tourism supply. This not only attracts more visitors and

expenditure but may also justify a higher return per visit(or). Additionally, human capital development

generates linkage effects with the education sectors while the higher income earned by more qualified

employees raises consumption to generate induced effects on a great variety of goods and services. All

these are economic effects that can foster development.

The sections below explore these areas more in depth as part of the characteristics of the tourism

sector as identified by countries, their existing employment regulation, and human resource

development policies.

II. Characteristics of the Tourism Sector: Diversity & Opportunities

The table below shows the number of countries that (dis)agreed with selected statements concerning

different characteristics of employment in the tourism sector.

Number of responses (out of 13)

Tourism is a regionally diverse industry providing job opportunities in many

areas where traditional economic activities are faltering. Tourism is a more

YES NO N/A N/C

1 diverse sector than many others

Tourism offers the opportunity to get a job for unemployment prone groups

11 0 1 1

2 such as youth, unskilled or low-skilled workers and women.

Tourism is a labour intensive industry employing a wide range of skills, which

3 is particularly usefull in tackling poverty.

A large portion of tourism jobs is part-time due to the seasonal character of the

sector in many destinations. This could be considered as a negative aspect in

10 1 1 1

4 terms of decent work.

Large tourism enterprises are concentrated in accomodation and transport

actvities--although few in number, they generate a substantial share of total

jobs. Both in rural and urban contexts, practically all the tourism industries are

6 5 1 1

5 composed of small and medium-sized enterprises.

The vast majority of posts are recruited from the local markets. Consequently,

tourism creates opportunities for many small and micro entrepreneurs, both in

the formal and informal sector. It is a sector in which start-up costs and barriers

9 2 1 1

6 to entry are generally low or can be easily lowered. 10 1 1 1

N/A: no answer; N/C: no change since 2009

II. (1) Diversity

As in the 2009 results, countries largely recognize that, in economic terms, tourism is a diverse

sector—more so than many other sectors—in that it comprises a wide variety of industries and

maintains strong economic linkages with numerous goods and services producing entities. Diversity is

also associated with the distribution of tourism activity over the geographical territory.

In term of employment, Turkey states that, compared to more traditional economic activities, tourism

contributed more to the economic recovery (with approximately 90.000 jobs) and asserts that this is

largely due to the diverse supply in terms of tourism products— “health tourism, golf tourism, sea

tourism, eco-tourism, convention tourism and expo tourism activities”. Indonesia highlights the

diversity of components involved in supplying the visitor with a “satisfied total experience” thus also

involving a diversity of human resources.

Geographically, tourism tends to be unevenly distributed over territory. Germany writes that tourism

may develop former agricultural areas, providing farmers with opportunities to diversify their income,

turn former industrial sites into cultural or recreation sites (i.e. Ruhr region). However, as Mexico

points out, employment in tourism tends to be more evenly distributed than employment in other

economic activities. In Italy, there are “no particular quantitative differences registered between

Northern and Southern regions”. Canada refers to research findings that the “intensity of tourism

employment in predominantly rural regions is about the same as urban areas” and reminds us that the

tax revenue from tourism is centralized and thus benefits all regions equally.

Selected responses 2

Australia: […] Tourism is a vital driver of regional development and a major source of employment for regional

Australia. In 2006-07 it is estimated that tourism directly employed 227,000 persons in areas outside

metropolitan centres. Tourism related employment is generated across a wide range of industries, […] in 2008-

09 [the key industries] were: cafes and restaurants (123,400 persons or 39 per cent of total tourism

employment); retail trade (96,900 persons or 19.9 per cent of total tourism employment); accommodation

(68,000 persons or 14 per cent of total tourism employment).

A significant component of Australia’s tourism industry resides in rural and regional Australia, making

invaluable contributions to the regional economies and communities within which they operate. In 2009, 46

cents of every tourism dollar spent in Australia was spent in regional areas. […]

Canada: […] From an industry point of view, tourism is a diverse sector that provides 9.4% of all employment in

Canada. In 2009, the tourism sector accounted for 1.6 million jobs in five tourism industry groups:

accommodation; transportation; food & beverage services; recreation & entertainment; and, travel services (2010

HRM data). Of these jobs, one-third is directly attributable to tourism demand in tourism industries. […]

From a geographical point of view, tourism businesses operate in communities large and small, in every corner of

Canada. […] When it was last measured in 2003 (reference year 1998), the tourism shares of provincial/regional

GDP ranged from a low of 1.8% in the province of Saskatchewan to a high of 4.4% in the Yukon Territory.

Similarly, regional shares of employment attributable to tourism demand ranged from a low of 3.2% in the

provinces of Quebec and Saskatchewan to high of 6.8% in the Yukon (Barber Dueck and Kotsovos, 2003). […]

[O]ther Canadian research on tourism employment in rural regions has found that the intensity of tourism

employment in predominantly rural regions is about the same as urban areas (Beshiri, 2005). Thus, in Canada,

tourism seems to be a growing economic alternative for the economic viability of rural regions.

Japan: In Japan, the consumption on tourism is 23.6 trillion yen (in FY2008). Estimating economic ripple effects

on the industries including other than tourism, the production ripple effect is 51.4 trillion yen and the employment

creation effect is 4.3 million people. This shows that tourism has a great effect on various industries.

Mexico: […] The graph below shows that more than 50% of national employment is concentrated at the centereast

and center-west of Mexico. However, workers employed in tourism are well distributed over the country. It

can also be seen […] that while only 4.5% of national labour force is employed at the Yucatan area, 10.9% of

tourism industry employees work there.

Example Mexico: Subordinated, remunerated and self employed workers by

region, 2009.

Source: Secretaría de Turismo with data from Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo, 2009 average; as provided

to T.20 <strong>Questionnaire</strong> on Tourism and Employment.Note: Preliminary data.

2

All ‘Selected responses’ have been taken in part or in whole from the full answers as provided by respondents; parts where

text is left out are indicated with […].

II. (2) Opportunities for unemployment prone groups

The popular notion is that unemployment prone groups such as youth, unskilled or low-skilled

workers and women stand to gain opportunities from tourism development. More so than in 2009,

countries seem to support this notion but many stipulate, in the words of Turkey, that this is only true

“on condition that they should receive on-the-job training intensively”. In Italy, tourism offers “parttime

opportunities and professional training programmes for students and women with young children;

for low-skilled workers, most working arrangements include “on the job training” schemes”. China

seconds this approach: “unskilled or low-skilled workers may receive the training and become

qualified employees in tourism.

Canada cites its latest census where 42% of tourism employees have some level of post-secondary

education, however many entry-level and front-line job opportunities in tourism do not require formal

credentials to gain employment. At the same time, employers do often seek individuals with essential

skills and qualifications. Skills include: a positive attitude, responsibility, adaptability, a willingness to

continuously learn, communication, numeracy, computer and other technology skills, thinking skills,

the ability to work with others, the ability to manage information, knowledge of the tourism sector,

valuing safety, and the ability to provide professional service.

Australia specifies the challenge of increasing the involvement of mature age workers and Spain

acknowledges the sector’s employment opportunities for migrants.

Selected responses

Australia: […]Tourism activity encompasses many tourism characteristic service industries. Service industries

are characterised by low barriers of entry and exit. Many occupations are suitable for entry level positions for

youth, unskilled or low-skilled workers and other members of the community who are not in the traditional

workforce as it provides a range of flexible and entry level options. […]The Accommodation, Cafes and

Restaurant industry has a relatively young workforce, as demonstrated by its median age of 26 years. […]

Canada: The Human Resource Module (HRM) of the Tourism Satellite Account shows that youth and women

in Canada are disproportionately represented in tourism industries. [… While] women represented 47% of the

total Canadian labour force in 2009, […] women occupied 55% of all employee jobs in the tourism sector, […]

60% of the employee jobs in both accommodation and food and beverage services, and three-quarters of

employee jobs in the travel services industry. Youth aged 15 to 24 years-old occupied four-out-of-ten of

employee jobs in 2009, and are disproportionately represented in the food and beverage services and recreation

and entertainment industries. Accounting for 56% of employees, people aged 45 or older are disproportionately

represented in the transportation industry. […]

China: Tourism puts forward fewer requirements for employees […] and has become one of the sectors that

absorbs the largest number of employees in China. At present, 76 million people are involved in China’s

tourism [sector], representing 9.6% of the total of national employees in China.

Mexico: […For gender,] the percentage of women employed at lodging, food and beverage services sector

(59%) was the greatest among economic sectors in 2009. [… For age,] the percentage of remunerated or

subordinated young people under 20 years old in the lodging, food and beverage services sector is 16%, the

highest among all sectors. […] It does not seem to be enough evidence to sustain that the touristic industry

employs more non skill workers in Mexico that the rest of the industries.

II. (3) Labour Intensity, Range of Skills and Tackling Poverty

The statement “Tourism is a labour intensive industry employing a wide range of skills, which is

particularly useful in tackling poverty” rolls off the tongue easily yet several countries express

reservations—it is difficult to evidence the (causal) relationship linking all these notions.

In regard to the first notion—“tourism is labour intensive”—most countries seem to concur that, being

a collection of predominantly services oriented industries, the main factor of production in tourism

supply is labour. Canada brings forward evidence: tourism supposes a larger share of overall

employment (3.6%) in 2009 than its corresponding share of GDP (1.9%) and a lower per job GDP in

tourism jobs ($45,000) in 2009 than elsewhere in the economy ($85,500). Even though “conventional

thinking suggests that tourism has corresponding low levels of labour productivity”, there are

“substantial differences in the level of labour productivity across tourism industries” and between

provinces. Also, analysis commissioned by the Canadian Tourism Human Resource Council of the

1997-2008 Canadian Tourism Human Resource Module data determined that labour productivity in

tourism is found to increase with the capital labour ratio, the proportion of part-time hours, the share

of hours supplied by women, the proportion of immigrant workers, and by the proportion of the most

experienced workers.”

In regard to the second notion—“tourism employs a wide range of skills”, countries generally agree.

Canada again presents evidence showing that tourism includes 85% of all occupational categories and

that these occupations are distributed across all skill levels.

In regard to the third notion—“useful in tackling poverty”— Spain makes a valuable point “Tourism

is associated with job creation, and to the extent that this positive effect in the employment level could

alleviate poverty indirectly it could be useful, but it does not represent a direct tool for poverty

eradication”.

Several countries, nevertheless, argue that tourism has been helpful in dealing with poverty in

economically lagging, especially rural, regions. China states that, “in recent years, tourism has played

a key role in tackling poverty by providing job opportunities to the surplus labour force in the

undeveloped areas of China”. Indonesia and Turkey note similar experiences where the latter, as well

as Mexico, maintains that tourism helps low-skilled segments out of poverty by providing them jobs.

Following Indonesia’s argument that “poverty is related to the lack of skills”, one may deduce that

accompanying tourism jobs with training for skills development may thus be a way to boost the

mitigating effect on poverty.

Selected Responses

Australia: Tourism includes a number of labour intensive service industries which can provide employment

opportunities for skilled and unskilled workers. While Australia is a developed nation, it is also a diverse

country with some regions confronting problems related to a lack of opportunities for economic and social

development. […]

Italy: The tourism industry in Italy employs a wide range of skills and is easily accessible to low-skilled

workers, thanks to the “on the job training” schemes of recruitment. Such an opportunity helps raising life

standards for low-income population, especially in less industrialized areas of the Country.

II. (4) Seasonality… or not?

Compared to the 2009 the ratio of respondents answering ‘no’ to those answering ‘yes’ is considerably

higher (83.3% to 54.2%). Many countries present evidence showing large portions of part-time or

irregular work in the tourism industries: Canada (40% of employee jobs in tourism industries in 2009

were part-time), Italy (38% of all jobs in the tourism sector are part time), Japan (54% of irregular

employment, which is higher than the average over all industries) and Mexico (51% of workers

without a specific contract or have a temporary job temporary contracts). On the other hand, Spain

shows quite the opposite (13.5% of employees were part-time in the 2 nd Quarter of 2010).

Reasoning their disagreement to this statement, Germany and Turkey state that the tourism season

can be spread over the entire year (though depending on the region) with sufficient diversification of

tourism types and tourism products, while Indonesia highlights the potentially smoothing effects of

adequate policy.

Except for Japan, countries seem to largely oppose the causal relationship from seasonality in tourism

to a large portion of part-time employment. Australia notes that there are a number of aspects to

seasonality: the annual demand cycle due to climate versus the weekly demand cycles (especially

relevant for e.g. restaurants) which affect different tourism industries differently, the “unpredictable

24/7 trading environment”, the interplay with a tight (or loose) labour market, and the preference for

part-time work by some segments (e.g. students). Canada seconds this by noting the difference

between part-time and part-year jobs in the sector.

On the question of whether this is a negative aspect in terms of decent work, many countries oppose:

“part-time jobs are not incompatible with decent employment conditions” (Spain). Italy does,

however, note the role of proper regulation in part-time contracts.

Indonesia: […] The government and the industry made many efforts to boost the number of visitor’s arrival at

low season through the promotion and giving incentives for the tourist.

Italy: In many cases, the concentration of working activities in some periods of the year and part-time contracts

allow workers, in particular women and students, to better organize their family life and complete their studies.

[…] The Italian legislation (legislative decree n.66/2003) regulates three types of part-time contracts in the

tourism sector: reduced working days per week, reduced working hours per day, mix of reduced working days

per week and reduced working hours per day.

II. (5) Size of Tourism Enterprises, Shares of Jobs

Australia, Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan and Spain provide evidence that confirm that the tourism

sector is mostly composed of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), while China affirms that

not all its tourism industries are composed of SMEs though SMEs are the important channels to offer

job opportunities.

Large enterprises make up a small percent of the total number of enterprises and do generate a

substantial share of jobs relative to their numbers. Nevertheless, it does not seem to be completely

clear whether it is the SMEs which provide the majority of total jobs, whether it is the large

enterprises, or whether both are roughly on a par (as suggested by Indonesia).

Italy: According to the Ministry of Labour, in 2006, 91.9% of Italian tourism enterprises employed up to 9 staff,

7.5% up to 49 staff, 0.5% up to 249 staff and 0.1% more than 250 staff. The above data refer to enterprises

dealing with accommodation (23.1%) and restauration and catering (79.9%).

Mexico: Excluding government activities, 20.4% of employees in tourism were employed by big firms, while

79.6% worked at small and medium business in 2009. […]

Spain: Indeed 99.8% of tourism businesses are SMEs (less than or equal to 99 workers).

Turkey: Small and medium-sized enterprises for the sustainability of tourism development especially in the

rural context are important.

II. (6) Entrepreneurship

Generally, countries have little evidence but intuitively assume that jobs as largely recruited locally, as

Canada states, it is the “labour market of first resort”.

Responding countries do not provide evidence on the relationship between the informal labour market

and tourism.

Spain correctly points out that low start-up costs and entry barriers do not hold for all tourism

industries, a notable example being transportation. Germany, Indonesia, Italy and Turkey highlight

the role of the state in providing support and investment for start-ups and creating a friendly

environment for SMEs vis-á-vis large firms. Australia explains that while most people working in

tourism are recruited locally,” there is strong evidence of shortages in both skilled and unskilled

occupations. The Australian immigration program provides scope for “immediate response to satisfy

current labour demand for skilled workers”.

Australia: […] As [of] June 2007, there were 193,290 tourism related businesses located in regional Australia

providing good opportunities for small and micro entrepreneurs.

Canada: […The] distribution of establishments in tourism industries by size obtained from the Business

Registry data reveals that small enterprises are more prevalent in:

• Entertainment industries relating to independent artists in visual arts, performing arts and independent

writers and authors.

• Accommodation industries, such as bed and breakfast, RV Parks and Campground, housekeeping cottages

and cabins, motels, and hunting and fishing camps

• Taxi services and limousine services. In contrast, there are significantly fewer small enterprises in the

following industries:

• Passenger rail transportation, deep sea, coastal and great lake water transportation, urban transit systems,

charter, interurban and rural bus transportation, and scheduled air transportation,

• Hotels, resorts, casino hotels and casinos,

• Skiing facilities, amusement and theme parks, golf courses and country clubs and musical and opera

companies. […]

Indonesia: government needs to protect small and medium scale industry from large company’s exploitation by

certain regulations. For example small and medium companies made a partnership with the large companies.

III. Regulating Employment in Tourism Industries

Respondents seen to handle this in two different ways: those that see the need for implementing

specific regulations for (specific occupations in) tourism and those that consider regulation of

employment in tourism by extension—where legal and regulation affairs seem to be taken care of by a

broad-spectrum employment regulation or, as tourism is a combination of industries, by these

respective industries that make up the tourism sector.

1

Number of responses (out of 13) YES NO N/A N/C

Are there any labour laws or regulations in your country which are specific

to the tourism industries?

If not, has any of the stakeholders, i.e. employees, employers or government

considered it necessary to issue special labour rules for tourism, given its

specific characteristics (re. seasonality, working hours, language skills,

temporary workers, etc.)? 2 2 7 2

III. (1) Existing Laws and Regulation

Countries generally do not seem to have an umbrella labour law or regulation applicable to all tourism

industries, though a notable example appears to be Argentina’s 2004 National Tourism Law. Some

countries do have laws and regulations applicable to specific occupations of tourism related

employment, for example: China, Italy, and Turkey while Australia is in the process of modernizing

its awards according to industries and occupations.

Canada: There is no over-arching labour law or regulation for the entire tourism sector in Canada. There are

regulated aspects that concern some tourism jobs, such as requirements for a hunting licence (hunting guides),

driver’s licence (taxi drivers), gaming license (casino workers), food safe handling certificate (servers, cooks),

and Serving-it Right in BC or Smart Serve Ontario (bar staff), which vary by province and at times by

municipality. It should be noted that some of these requirements apply to non-tourism jobs also.

China: Regulations on Administration of Tour Guides

Italy: There are specific provisions in the field of labour legislation and collective labour agreements applying

to the tourism industry. Law 368/2001 regulates a specific kind of working relationship, the so called “extra

works ”, allowing employers in the tourist sector to recruit workers for a maximum of three days, when there is

the need to perform specific services, such as meetings, fairs, assistance service to the airport arrivals and so on.

Another kind of employment, typically used by tourist companies to recruit staff for short periods, is the so

called “intermittent work”.

Turkey: - Law for the Encouragement of Tourism - Law concerning Travel Agencies and the Associations of

Travel Agencies - Regulation on Tour Guiding

III. (2) Is tourism particular enough to require special labour rules?

Respondents that have no particular rules and regulations in place for the tourism sector seem to have

very clear reason for it: as it is an amalgamation of different industries, tourism requires no umbrella

regulation on top of the ones already in place for the different industries it is composed of. Canada,

Mexico, and Spain have no plans to develop a “specific regulation for the labour conditions in the

tourism industry” (Mexico).

Canada: A specific requirement for tourism does not exist. There are labour laws related to the minimum age of

workers, hours worked, and seasonal and part-time jobs, among others, but these are not exclusive to tourism.

Spain: As it is a heterogeneous sector, it does not exist specific regulation for the tourism sector at a global or

general level. However, there are collective agreements by industry, such as catering, transportation, travel

agencies, etc.

IV. Human Resource Development

Countries seem to be very much involved in human capital formation in tourism.

a

Has your administration an established policy and/or programmes for HRD in

tourism? Please specify. 12 0 0 1

b If so, this policy has been discussed and agreed with: (see below)

Are there any programmes, schemes, subsidies or other mechanisms offered by

the State to encourage training and continuous education of the labour force in

- - - 1

c tourism? 13 0 0 0

d

Does the government or the trade association have its own tourism training

centre? Is so, please provide details. 9 3 0 1

IV. (1) Existing Policy and Programmes

All countries seem to have some sort of Human Resource Development (HRD) policy or module in

place for encouraging training and education of employees in the tourism industries. Canada mentions

some core topics: “increased investment in skills development to promote a quality workforce; a

learning system that is informed of, and more responsive to, the needs of industry; reduced barriers to

labour mobility, leading to a more efficient labour market; and, enhanced ability to recruit and retain

workers and to address human resources issues”.

Other noteworthy elements of the identified policies are: collaborations with sub-national governing

bodies and universities (Spain), inter-ministerial efforts (Italy) accounting for demographic

differences and change (Germany, Italy), competitiveness (Australia, Japan, Mexico) and the

challenge of living up to the increasing quality expectations (Mexico) from both inbound and domestic

visitors (Germany).

Australia: […] three key initiatives aimed at building the capacity of the tourism workforce [are]: (1) In

December 2009, the Australian Government launched a National Long-Term Tourism Strategy which outlined a

policy framework designed to enable all levels of government to work in partnership with industry in

addressing the tourism supply-side issues that impact our tourism competitiveness. […]

(2) [the] Skills Services Australia (SSA) Tourism & Hospitality Workforce Development Strategy […] has been

developed by industry, for industry and is an important step in continuing to address the skills and labour

shortages in the tourism and hospitality industry. [It] focuses on four key priorities: The creation of a highly

skilled workforce; Access to quality employment; Shaping the future through better workforce planning;

Expanding the traditional workforce.

(3) The Restaurant and Catering Industry Action Agenda implementation commenced in January 2004

following extensive consultation with industry and government. […] Supply side recommendations deal with

issues such as increasing recruitment options available to hospitality operators, promoting the industry as a

career path, increasing the number and suitability of job applicants, improving the training of apprentices and

trainees, increasing the number of mature age workers in the industry, and improving the ease of access to

migration by employers as a means of recruitment.

China: CNTA has compiled the 11th Five-Year Personnel Planning for China’s Tourism. We are drafting the

12th Five-Year Personnel Planning for China’s Tourism.

Indonesia: Indonesian government made some policy in developing Tourism Human Resources development

through the Arrangement of Tourism National Competency Standard, arrangement of competency based

training, and encourages implementation of job certification.

Japan: Japan (NTA) plans 1) development of human resources who support the competitive tourism industry, 2)

development of human resources who bear the development of attractive tourism locations, 3) development of

human resources who bear regions and tourism in the future, and 4) development of human resources related to

MICE as measures for HRD in tourism. […]

Korea: We have several HRD programmes running by government sector. It consists of training programmes

for tour guides, professional convention organizers in MICE industry and coordinators of medical tourism etc.

Mexico: […The] Integral Program of Training and Tourist Competitiveness (IPTTC) was created by the

intention of combining resources and efforts to improve the quality of the presentation of the tourist services,

the purpose is that the actions of training and competitiveness that are carried out attend to the specific needs

that need the tourist destinations of the different [federal] entities.

Spain: The "Plan Horizonte 2020", which provides measures to modernize the Spanish tourism sector […].

Turkey: Training programmes for human resources in tourism sector: 1) On-the-job Trainings: Front office

training, Food and beverage training, House keeping training, Food production training; 2) Bed&Breakfast

Trainings and Seminars; 3) Personal Development Seminars; 4) Training of the Trainers

IV. (2) Institutional Involvement

In countries like Canada, Germany, Mexico, Spain and Turkey the policy on employment in

tourism industries has been widely discussed among institutional actors, counting on the involvement

from the Ministry of labour, the Ministry of education, entrepreneurial trade associations and tourism

trade unions. Often, these countries went even further to also include the migration portfolio

(Australia), universities and researchers (Spain), and tourism businesses and local government

(Canada).

In other countries, labour policy for tourism has been discussed mainly with the Ministry of Labour

(Indonesia) or with the Ministry of Labour and that of Education (Japan). An exception is Italy,

where an agreement was reached with the Ministry of Economic Development.

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

0

Table 2: Policy has been agreed with the following institutions*

Ministry of Labour Ministry of

Education

* Multiple answers were possible

Entrepreneurial

trade associations

in tourism

Tourism trade

unions

Other: Ministry of

Economic

Development

Australia: The Australian Government works across the portfolios with responsibility for tourism, the labour

force, education, migration and training and with industry associations and trade unions to address supply-side

issues affecting the tourism and hospitality industry.

China: CNTA collaborates with the Chinese Academy of Personnel Science to draft The 12th Five-Year

Personnel Planning for China’s Tourism. The latter is under the umbrella of Ministry of Human Resources and

Social Security of China.

Japan: Based on the Tourism Nation Promotion Basic Law, the Tourism Nation Promotion Basic Plan was

decided by the Cabinet in Japan (June 29, 2007)

IV. (3) Encouraging training and continuous education

In order to encourage training and continuous education of the employees in tourism industries,

respondents point to several ongoing initiatives in their countries. Central to these initiatives are

common elements like standards for occupations, certification (Canada), qualifications (France,

Turkey); requalification or “upskilling” of employees (Australia, France); consultation with industry

to ensure that training caters to their needs and to those of participants (Australia, Canada); and the

strengthening of (post-) graduate tourism-related education in universities (Germany, Japan).

Some countries also draw attention to the importance of considering implementation of such initiatives

at lower geographical disaggregation—i.e. sub-national—levels to better adapt to the requirement of

each region (i.e Indonesia, Italy, and especially Japan).

Australia: […]The Australian vocational education and training system is designed to provide employers with

the skills development services that meet their business needs for all sectors of the economy. It offers a range of

flexible training options which can be used for all stages of an employee's development. From preparing new

entrants to start work in the industry, to recognising the skills of more experienced staff, and upskilling

employees or preparing them to take on supervisory or management roles. This flexibility is underpinned by

training packages, which […] are developed in consultation with industry […]. Under the Skilling Australia for

the Future initiative, the Australian Government has funded the Productivity Places Program (PPP) which will

deliver 711,000 qualification commencements over five years across a range of industries. […]

Canada: Through its tourism training brand, emerit, the CTHRC provides online, paper-based and instructor-led

training products that encompass a diverse range of professional positions in the tourism sector […]. The

CTHRC offers more than 50 National Occupational Standards[…]. Management standards also guide training,

evaluation and selection of staff. Professional Certification is awarded when an employee demonstrates they

have mastered the required skills and met the standards of their profession in a practical job setting. The

CTHRC’s Ready-to-Work employment bridging program is a national, industry-based internship program that

assists individuals by preparing them for the world of work. […] The CTHRC is part of a network of tourism

human resource development organizations (HROs) across Canada. In each province and territory, these local

partners deliver the entire range of emerit tourism training programs and the Ready-to-Work program […].

China: In December of 2009, the State Council of China issued its “Suggestions for accelerating the

development of the tourism industry”, in which the mechanisms and issues on the planning and budgets for the

education and training of the labor force in tourism industry are clearly defined.

France: The provision of Law No. 2009-1437 of 24 November 2009 on the reform of life-long vocational

training, applies to all sectors of the French economy, including tourism. This Act provides for the creation of a

joint fund for career security. This fund helps finance training activities contributing to the qualification and

requalification of employees and job seekers.

Germany: Most young people in Germany are trained within the system of dual vocational training after leaving

school. In the tourism sector [there are…] 12 training regulations: specialist in the hospitality services industry;

specialist in the hotel business; hotel clerk; cook; restaurant specialist; professional caterer; travel agent; [ etc.

…] There are also bachelor and master studies on tourism subjects and training regulations for continuing

vocational training […]. It is one of the acknowledged aims of the German government to further improve the

qualification of people working in the tourism sector.

Japan: Japan supports efforts for autonomous and sustainable development of human resources by each region

by formulation of the guidelines that clarify the image of human resources required in each region and

knowledge and skills to be acquired, review thereof, information provision on human resources development

for tourism destination development, and information sharing among regions. […] In order to provide the

tourism industry with high-quality human resources who have received specialized education, the industry, the

academia and the government cooperatively construct model curriculums to enhance and strengthen the tourism

management education at universities that offer tourism education.

IV. (4) A Tourism Training Centre

Many responding countries do seem to have specific training centres aimed at (future) employees in

the tourism industries funded by the State (Korea, Turkey) or jointly with funding from the EU in

case of Italy and Spain.

Countries that do not have a special government-funded training centre for tourism at the national

level are Australia, Japan and Mexico. On the other hand, some countries do implement publicallyfunded

training and education that is specifically geared to tourism industries at the subnational level:

for example Canada (at the province/territory level) and China (all 32 provinces have tourism

training centres)

In addition, countries do generally boast a number of (semi-)commercial schools and training centres

that may be embedded in tourism enterprises (China) or trade associations (Germany).

China: All 32 tourism administration bureaus of provincial level in China have set up the tourism training

centres.

Indonesia: Government has tourism educational institution such as Medan Tourism Academy, Makassar

Tourism Academy, Bandung Tourism Institute, and Bali Tourism Institute which offer diploma, undergraduate,

and graduate program.

Korea: There's a 'Tourism Education Academy" in KTO. They're responsible of organizing suitable programme

for tourism sector, cooperating with other related organization such as tourism association or local government

and providing the education center for free to the private tourism sector.

Turkey: General Directorate of Research and Education in the Ministry of Culture and Tourism deals with the

issue of tourism training. In addition, there are Tourism Training Centers under the Ministry of National

Education.

FINDINGS

Overall, the responses reveal some very interesting, recurring issues that the UNWTO Secretariat

believes should be carefully considered, serving as topics for discussion, by National Tourism

Administrations (NTAs) of T.20 and non-T.20 countries alike. All these topics have to do with the

uneven distribution of tourism activity and its related employment across a range of variables:

geographic territory, occupational segments, and production units. Compared to the 2009 results,

respondents take a clearer position in challenging seemingly apparent causal relationships—see

Section II—by bringing forward evidence (or the lack thereof) and pointing to areas that require

further work and consideration.

First, countries affirm the importance of considering the sub-national perspective in crafting a sensible

strategy for policies related to employment in tourism industries. It seems impossible to conceive that

national policy should ignore the territorial considerations so important in the generation of tourism

activity and its related employment. Themes like territorial dispersion of human capital, tourism

demand cycles, labour mobility, efficiency, and product diversification are all related and relevant.

Beyond this, the implementation of policies in terms of, for example, industry incentives and human

resource development programmes, stand to gain from collaboration with local government units and

private players.

Second, it becomes clear that it is not meaningful enough to talk about ‘tourism employment’ as a

homogenous entity. Because employment is unevenly distributed over different occupations with

varying educational/skill requirements, policy makers should require information and analysis that not

only takes this into account but also allows for enough disaggregation to craft and target effective

policy. Analysing labour shortages in key occupations may require a sub-national focus.

Third, the above two points and the variety of country experiences highlight the need for a conceptual

framework in order to measure and analyse the employment and occupations that cater to tourism

demand in ways that are credible and comparable. In terms of the broader macroeconomic context,

respondents have shown an excellent level of adherence to the concepts, definitions, and

classifications in International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008—evidencing the

legitimacy of this economic accounting framework but also especially its usefulness to country

analysts and policy makers. Such enthusiastic adoption provides an extra justification for expanding

the present recommended framework into guidance for the development of a complementary

framework targeting tourism-related employment and occupations.

ANNEX 1. LIST OF RESPONDENTS

T.20 Respondents to the 2010 <strong>Questionnaire</strong>: T.20 Respondents to the 2009 <strong>Questionnaire</strong>:

Argentina

Australia

Canada

China

France

Germany

Indonesia

14

Italy

Japan

Korea

Mexico

Spain

Turkey

Brazil

India

More documents
Recommendations

Developments and challenges in the hospitality and tourism sector

World Tourism Organization <strong>Questionnaire</strong> on Tourism and Employment: Overview of Results UNWTO Statistics and Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) Programme Room Document PRESENTATION 2 nd T.20 Ministers Meeting – Republic of Korea 11 – 13 October 2010 Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon that entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes. Tourism refers to the activities of these people called visitors. Consequently, visitors (either overnight visitors of day-trip/excursionist visitors) are a subset of travellers. The tourism sector is the cluster of production units in different industries that provide goods and services typically demanded by visitors. Such industries are called tourism industries because visitor acquisition represents such a significant share of their supply of goods and services that, in the absence of visitors, their production of these goods and services would cease to exist in meaningful quantity. The growth of the tourism sector, and its contribution to national economics (as measured by a Tourism Satellite Account-TSA), has fostered the general recognition of tourism as a major job generator. However, there is of yet little international consensus on the particularities of the relationship between tourism and employment. BACKGROUND For the first time, there is a call from United Nations (UN) about the need for a credible measure of job creation in the tourism sector given the importance of tourism as an economic activity. This wakeup call has been possible by the cooperation of International Labour Organization (ILO) and World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) with the UN Statistical Division. What's more, the 2008 International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics (IRTS 2008) includes a chapter on employment explaining the basic concepts, definitions and classification to be used for its measurement. Future work includes the implementation of the joint ILO/UNWTO project on the “Measurement of Employment and Decent Work in the Tourism Industries”, which includes the preparation of the joint ILO/UNWTO publication A Technical Guide on Best Practices of Measuring Employment in the Tourism Industries. The outcomes of the project will be the pillars for an increasing production of internationally comparable data and indicators in countries. In addition, UNWTO is expanding its collection of internationally comparable data and indicators (in the Compendium of Tourism Statistics) to include also employment along with inbound tourism, domestic tourism, outbound tourism, tourism industries and complementary macroeconomic indicators. Furthermore, at its 5 th International Conference on Tourism Statistics–Tourism: An Engine for Employment Creation—in Bali, Indonesia on 30 March-2 April 2009, UNWTO presented a first official document on tourism and employment. It was based on answers to a questionnaire that focused

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Questionnaire for tourism potential (Private sector

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Tim Freytag

Jianqiao Chen

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sarika bahadure

Tourism is the movement of people out of their permanent residence to a different location for a temporary stay. It originated predominantly because of religious centers. But after the advent of industrialization, and with the progress in science and technology, connectivity and communication infrastructure developed rapidly and this shifted the earlier objective of tourism from religious to variety of purposes, like education, leisure, relaxation, etc., thus making tourism a broad phenomenon. Now, in 21st century tourism has emerged as an innovative face providing versatility in its types, like, food tourism, agro tourism, heritage walks, cultural tourism, eco-tourism, etc. Simultaneously, advancement in science and technology has led to a transition in the lifestyle of people, has redefined urbanscape and built environments ceasing the importance of the older ones. Tourism is a link between people, travel and built environment. It has a potential to revive the perishing civilizations and cultures. This paper will address the experience of tourism in an urban setup and its influence on social mass. The methodology adopted to investigate this influence will be through case studies. Behavior of tourism as a catalyst on an urban setting will be analyzed and a tourism strategy will be formed. Further the paper will show future scope of the strategies to be applied on any urban area.

IJAR Indexing

Tourism sector is the world’s leading industry in terms of revenue generation with an approximate value of U.S $4 trillion plus and still growing. It is the foremost export earner industry and comprises around 11 percent of the world’s GDP. The success of tourism in any country depends on the ability to adequately develop, manage and market the tourism services and activities in that country. Large cities are already tourist centers and have many facilities are marketed properly. Generally tourism is considered as the activities of persons travelling to and in place outside their usual environment. Urban Tourism is an integral part of urban economy, urban Environment, urban morphology and other aspects of urban studies. The tourist potential of Hyderabad is reflected by large number of tourist spots. These tourist spots are located in different parts of the city. They are located in different surroundings. For optimization of sightseeing of tourist places, information regarding location of other tourist spots in its vicinity is very useful. It is thus seen that, location visualization and characterization of tourist cluster provided large volume of information which is useful not only for the tourist, but also for tour operator, tourist planner, tourism department etc. Such type of analysis can be replicated in other urban tourist places.

greg richards

The cultural heritage of Europe is one of the oldest and most important generators of tourism and it retains its central role in the European tourism industry to this day. In 1990, the European Commission designated cultural tourism as a key area of tourism development in Europe. Yet at that time few comparative data existed on the topic. This led to the European Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS) undertaking a transnational study of European cultural tourism. This book draws on the data collected by the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Project and combines data presentation and analysis with more reflective discussions on the nature of cultural tourism in different areas of Europe. The first five chapters address general themes and are followed by eleven chapters on individual countries from the European Union. Research workers, advanced students and professionals in the tourism industry will find this original contribution to the literature of practical and academic value.

Sustainable Tourism Development Management (STDM)

Sustainability: 18 Questions for Thriving and Fostering Responsible Tourism in a Competitive Market.

Sustainability

18 Guiding questions for small and medium-sized tourism enterprises (SMTEs) for the promotion of sustainable tourism

Key to Success

In this section, we would like to make sure that Small and Medium-sized Tourism Enterprises should be aware of the following:

Tourism’s environmental impact, including its effects on natural resources, biodiversity, climate change, and more.
Tourism’s social and cultural impact, including its impact on local communities, cultures, traditions…
Tourism’s economic impact includes contributing to local economies, job creation, diversities…

Accomplishments

In this step, we’ll:

Identify the environmental, economic, and sociocultural impacts that we promoted.
Highlight our business benefits for society.
Find as we can support the minor community.

Time-Saving Tools

We’ll complete all sections of this chapter more quickly if we have any of the following handy:

The tourism destination market plan and strategic plan.
The sustainable development plan of the tourism destination.
Our business plan, our business objectives, and our strategic business plan.
The tourism destination laws are driving tourism.
The tourism destination inventory and other research.
The trade travelers and other relevant stakeholders.
Tourism destination demand research and an analysis of the traveler demand profile.
Research the potential customers who live in the tourism destination.
Research the potential customers who live 3 hours away from the tourism destination.
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Sustainable Development Goals strategies (SDG).
Some sustainable development plan or guide aligned with SDGs.
Research about the tourism industry.
Another specific analysis applied to our case.
All documents could find relevant information.

Presentation

Sustainability is no longer optional but essential for the sustainable tourism industry’s long-term viability. Travelers are increasingly demanding sustainable tourism practices, and many governments are introducing regulations to enforce them. Sustainable tourism can provide economic benefits, preserve natural resources and cultural heritage, and improve the quality of life for residents.

Small and Medium-sized Tourism Enterprises (SMTEs) need to assess their environmental, social, and economic impacts and take steps to reduce their negative impacts while increasing their positive contributions. This can involve implementing green technologies and practices, reducing waste and energy consumption, supporting local economies and communities, and preserving natural and cultural resources.

By prioritizing Sustainability, tourism enterprises can improve their reputation and traveler loyalty and contribute to a more sustainable and equitable world.

Sustainability adds value to the business when: it optimizes the usage of resources while minimizing losses, attracts travelers with a specific interest in sustainable products and services, increases the business life cycle, serves as a competitive and comparative differentiator, enriches the traveler’s experience with the knowledge that we are financing a responsible business, among many others.

As social pressure mounts and more travelers demand sustainable products and services, companies that take up the sustainability challenge will reap additional benefits.

In conclusion, by adopting sustainable practices and strategies, Small and Medium-sized Tourism Enterprises can reduce their environmental impact, minimize resource use, and enhance their social responsibility. Moreover, by aligning their practices with sustainability principles, tourism enterprises can appeal to a growing segment of responsible travelers who prioritize sustainable tourism. By doing so, they can contribute to the destination’s sustainable development while creating economic opportunities for themselves and the local community. Ultimately, understanding and prioritizing Sustainability can help tourism enterprises build a resilient and competitive business model while creating positive social and environmental impacts.

GUIDING QUESTIONS

How can the destination promote sustainable and responsible tourism practices? Implementing eco-friendly initiatives, supporting local communities, and preserving cultural heritage is essential for long-term success in the tourism industry. YScala

A suggestion of guiding questions that are not intended to exhaust the topic:

Environmental questions.

What positive impacts does our business have on the tourism destination?
What are the negative impacts that our business causes on the tourism destination?
What can our business be loading capacity (daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, half-yearly…) within the limits of acceptable changes outlined?
What is the origin of our water resource? What are the efficient management measures for this resource? What is the sanitary waste treatment system?
What is the energy resource source used directly by the business? What are the efficient management measures for this resource?
What are the limits of acceptable changes (LAC) in the environmental context that the host community could accept due to the impacts caused by our business?

Social and cultural questions.

How can our business demonstrate the sociocultural authenticity of the host community?
How will the service and product enhance the receiving community’s sense of place (SoP)?
What is the impact on the cultural and architectural value of the destination?
How is our business prepared to promote accessibility for people with special needs, such as the visually impaired, deaf, mute, and mobility impaired?
How will our business contribute to intercultural understanding and tolerance in dealing with minorities (black people, LGBTQ+ community, women…)?
How will our business contribute to the fight against child sexual exploitation, prostitution, and illicit drug use?

Economic questions.

What are the economic impacts that our business should promote?
Does our distribution network prioritize business and partnerships with other companies in the tourism destination or region as much as possible? Are our purchases of inputs, services, and supplies prioritized by other companies located in the destination or area as much as possible?
What are the most effective methods of our business practice to improve employee relationships and provide them with stable, decent jobs? How will our business contribute to the fight against poor working conditions in tourism?
What are our best practices in employee-employer relations?
What is the most equitable distribution of jobs?
What is the most significant disparity in pay between men and women? And how can we solve it? How will our business distribute jobs equally between men and women? First, generate equal income and equality in management positions.

Small and Medium-sized Tourism Enterprises (SMTEs) can build strong awareness about sustainable tourism by asking these questions and working through the answers to be aligned with sustainable goals.

Offering more information

Besides the 18 guiding questions we’ve provided to help us evaluate and improve our tourism sustainability, we’ve compiled a list of valuable resources to further our knowledge and understanding of sustainability management. Notably, these resources offer insights into best practices, sustainability, marketing, and more, catering to the needs of tourism professionals and stakeholders. Consequently, by exploring these links, you’ll be better equipped to make informed decisions and create a thriving, competitive, and sustainable destination for travelers from around the world.

1. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals – This website provides information about the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 and could provide readers with a broader understanding of the global sustainability agenda.

2. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation – As a leading organization promoting the circular economy, The Ellen MacArthur Foundation offers a wealth of resources and insights on sustainable business models and practices.

3. Global Reporting Initiative – For readers interested in sustainability reporting, linking to the Global Reporting Initiative’s website could provide them with information and guidance on sustainability reporting standards and practices.

4. Climate Group – As an international non-profit organization that brings together governments, businesses, and other stakeholders to address climate change, linking to the Climate Group could provide readers with insights on climate-related initiatives and projects.

5. Greenpeace – Greenpeace is an international environmental organization that works to protect the planet and promote sustainable practices. Linking to their website could provide readers with information on various environmental campaigns and initiatives.

As you conclude reading this orientation post, we’d like to invite you to explore the other insightful articles in our Business Tailor 4 Sustainable Tourism Develop Management (BT4-STDM) Tool. Furthermore, we encourage you to engage with our community, share your perspectives, and contribute to this meaningful conversation by commenting below. In doing so, your experiences and ideas can help others in their sustainable tourism development management journey.

Landing at a tourist destination.

Tourists: 12 Questions For Revealing the Travelers and their Needs

Tourism Destinations: 21 essential questions to unlock all potential.

Exposing Success for SMTEs: Balancing Competitiveness and Sustainable Tourism Practices

March 25, 2023
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Preserving tourism's positive impact requires addressing its challenges. By acting responsibly, we promote meaningful travel experiences while empowering local people, paving the way for a sustainable and thriving industry.

We invite you to engage with our community, share your perspectives, and contribute to this meaningful conversation by commenting below. Your experiences and ideas can help others in their sustainable tourism development management journey.

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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, tourist experience expectations: questionnaire development and text narrative analysis.

International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research

ISSN : 1750-6182

Article publication date: 22 March 2013

The purpose of this paper is to develop a questionnaire on tourist experience expectations, and to conduct a qualitative study to analyze the factors and related texts of the questionnaire.

Design/methodology/approach

A content analysis on travel diaries written by museum tourists was conducted to develop a questionnaire of tourist experience expectations (TEE). The survey results were analyzed by factor analysis.

The tourism experience expectations include five factors: experience expectations of easiness and fun; cultural entertainment; personal identification; historical reminiscences; and escapism. In addition to these factors, this study reorganized the travel diaries to extract representative texts for narrative analysis, in order to develop the situational factors of tourist experiences.

Research limitations/implications

This study only investigated museum tourists in Taiwan, and thus the scope for wider application of the results is limited.

Practical implications

The study findings revealed that during a trip, appropriate situational factors – including satisfying tourists' curiosity and intimate locations or events that trigger tourists' active participation – resulted in pleasant experiences for the tourists and could possibly lead to future experience expectations.

Originality/value

The paper explores museum tourists' experience expectations in Taiwan.

Tourism management
Tourism research
Tourist experience expectation
Museum tourists
Content analysis
Narrative analysis

Sheng, C. and Chen, M. (2013), "Tourist experience expectations: questionnaire development and text narrative analysis", International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research , Vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506181311301390

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Integrating Tourism and Recreation Travel with Transportation Planning and Project Delivery (2004)

Chapter: appendix a - survey questionnaire.

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

34 APPENDIX A Survey Questionnaire NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Project 20-5, Topic 33-11 QUESTIONNAIRE INCLUDING TOURISM AND RECREATION TRAVEL IN METROPOLITAN AND STATEWIDE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING & DECISION-MAKING The logistics and trends for tourism and recreation travel in the United States present a challenge for the transportation system. The success to meeting this challenge will depend on how well transportation agencies, tourism/recreation agencies, and tourism/recreation providers work together to define and implement a process where tourism and recreation travel concerns can be supported through discussion, project design, funding, and implementation. This integration already exists in many states in different forms with varying degrees of success and has influenced several functions within a DOT: â¢ Policy making that explicitly supports interagency collaboration, â¢ Transportation planning that reinforces the tourismâtransportation link, â¢ Data needs and analysis methods modified to identify tourism activity/impacts, and â¢ Project implementation inclusive of relevant tourism stakeholders. This questionnaire seeks to shed light on those issues by documenting the state of practice among transportation, tourism, and recreation agencies and tourism and recreation providers. This survey will revisit some of the recommendations and guidelines defined in an earlier NCHRP study, Tourism Travel and Transportation System Development, to update how the practices have changed and learn more about the transportation issues arising from tourism/recreation travel and the roles of interested stakeholders. The questionnaire should be filled out by persons who are familiar with your agencyâs/organizationâs transportation or tourism planning activities or transportation concerns. Your answers to this are relevant and important regardless of whether or not your agency/organization actively participates in a transportation planning or decision-making process that can influence tourismârecreation travel outcomes. Please return the completed questionnaire and any supporting documents by June 15, 2002 to: Lisa Petraglia Economic Development Research Group 2 Oliver Street, 9th Floor Boston, MA 02109 If you wish, you may fax your response to her at 1.617.338.1174. If you have any questions, you may contact her by telephone (1.617.338.6775, x 14) or by e-mail ([email protected])

35 BACKGROUND INFORMATION Agency/Organization Responding: Address: Name of Respondent: Title: Phone Number: Date: E-mail: PART IâCURRENT ORGANIZATIONAL FOCUS This section asks about your organizationâs roles and 1. Which of the following areas is a major part of your organizationâs mandate? [check all that apply] Â Transportation Â Land use Â Tourism Â Economic development Â Housing Â Other 2. Does your organization work with other entitiesâat the federal, state, regional, or local levelâto discuss or plan for current issues arising from tourism travel and the existing transportation system? [ ] Yes [ ] No 2a. Is there a formal structure to this working relationship? [ ] Yes [ ] No 3. If âYesâ to (2), identify those other entities from among the following: [ ] U.S. DOT [ ] U.S. Park Service [ ] State tourism office [ ] State DOT [ ] Regional agency (specify ) [ ] Bureau of Land Management [ ] State department of parks [ ] Other 4. What role does your organization take in collaborating among transportation and tourismârecreation interests in the following areas? Area Lead Supporting None Funding Defining relevant policy Transportation planning and design Project implementation Operation

36 5. If âYes,â tell us about these shared issues. [answer all that apply] Issue Of Joint Interest (Y or N) Frequency of Consideration (O â often, S â sometimes, N â never) % of Your Budget Spent in this Area Congestion Road safety Road design Access Scenic byways Highway tourism signage Infrastructure quality Promote area Developing tourism-related facilities/attractions Welcome centers Traveler information services PART IIâCURRENT TOURISM SIGNIFICANCE AND DEDICATED TRANSPORTATION RESOURCES This section gauges the perception of how tourism fits in the state and regional economy and assesses the level of tourism activity and the transportation resources available. 6. Rank the importance of tourismârecreation travel to the economy (5 = major component, 2 = minor, 1 = zero). Area 1 2 3 4 5 State Region 7. Is there a need for more investment in transportation resources to support the current mix and level of tourismâ recreation travel? [ ] Yes [ ] No 8. If âYes,â describe 9. Are there transportation resources that will be needed to support your future goals for tourismârecreation travel? [ ] Yes [ ] No 10. If âYes,â describe

37 PART IIIâCURRENT PRIORITIES This section asks about current priorities for funding and implementation in your organization. 11. List examples of tourism-serving projects from current planning and decision-making efforts. Project (provide brief description) Funding Source [use code(s) at bottom of table] Codes: A = TEA-21, B = Other federal, C = State, D = Local, E = Private, F = other (specify). 12. For state DOT or MPO respondents only, rank areas of prioritization for relevant modes. Transportation Aspect Highway Transit Air Infrastructure maintenance Connectivity Congestion reduction Regional access Tie into economic development opportunities Serving business centers (check) Serving tourism/recreation centers (check) Other (specify) _______________________________ Parking Other (specify) _______________________________ 13. What guidelines exist for DOT funding on tourism-oriented activities/projects? a. Informal b. Mandated (by governorâs office or legislature) c. Defined on a case-by-case basis 14. For tourism/recreation entities (agencies, organizations, or private sector), do you have any formal guidelines on use of your budget for transportation-related projects (including traveler information resources)? [ ] Yes [ ] No 15. For tourism/recreation entities, what share of a recent yearâs operating budget went towards transportation or traveler information projects? ___________%

38 PART IVâCURRENT INTERAGENCY ARRANGEMENTS This section asks about your agencyâs ability to be a part of a multi-agency planning process for relevant issues/projects, recent outcomes, and procedural developments. 16. What type of voting power does your organization have in affecting decisions concerning transportation resources that directly effect tourismârecreation travel? [ ] Veto power [ ] Voting among equals [ ] Advisory role [ ] Other (explain ) 17. Who is actively examining needs to identify future growth and associated needs for enhanced tourism-related transportation facilities and services? Entity Major role Supporting role Not involved State DOT State tourism office MPO Chamber of commerce Private sector Other 18. What type(s) of support does your organization provide to respond to the needs of the tourismârecreation travel segment and goals for tourism? What do other agencies do to provide support? [check all that apply] Support TypeÃ Funding Plan and Design Implementation/Construction On-going Operation Your organization Other agency 1 Other agency 2 Other agency 3 Other agency 4 19. Provide examples of joint-innovative approaches towards transportationâtourism/recreation travel issues. Project Category (see codes at bottom of table) What was innovative? (see list of categories at bottom of table) WC = welcome center, SB = scenic byway, RA = rest area, TC = traffic control, TS = tourism signage, O = other (specify please) F = funding, P = planning, D = design, I = implementation, O = operations

39 20. Which of the following âbestâ describes the institutional relationship with respect to linking tourism aspects into transportation planning? [ ] Little or infrequent coordination of goals or programs [ ] Project-driven or ad hoc process [ ] On-going process-driven arrangement (e.g., memorandum of understanding) [ ] Overall formal process driven by policy mandate [ ] Fully integrated, continuous, and coordinated planning. 21. Does your agency conduct a formal assessment of how well interagency arrangements are working to incorporate tourismârecreation travel into the transportation planning process? [ ] Yes [ ] No 22. Which of the following elements of tourism/recreation travelâtransportation coordination are in place at your agency? (please indicate the status of each aspect with a âââ) Aspect In place Non-existent Underway State DOT respondents only A formal policy statement citing tourism as an important benefit associated with transportation investment Incorporation of tourism benefits into state DOT standard operating procedures for planning, project development, design, and maintenance An institutional mechanism to direct tourism industry input into the state DOT activities DOT processes incorporate some key tourism data State DOT strategy for eventual implementation of ITS technologies State DOT and STO respondents only State tourism office is given an understanding of state DOT planning and programming processes Established track record of a successful, collaborative tourism project success between transportation, tourism agencies, and tourism industry Adoption of a formal memorandum of understanding between DOT and state tourism office All respondents Resource sharing with other state agencies collecting tourism data Analysis methods include benefits to tourism Agency-specific written guidance for personnel involved with planning and implementation Participation of STO and tourism industry in development of DOTâs traveler information services Long-term strategy for providing information to special traveler user groups (e.g., elderly, foreign visitors)

40 PART VâCURRENT DATA REQUIREMENTS AND ANALYTICAL METHODS This section examines the reliance on and adequacy of transportation and tourismârecreation travel data for informing each agencyâs planning functions and processes. Current analysis capabilities and needs are also examined. Please respond to these remaining questions regardless of your agencyâs/organizationâs involvement with a formal analysis of the interaction between transportation facilities and tourismârecreation travel outcomes. 23. Does your organization make use of a forecast of future tourismârecreation travel levels? [ ] Yes [ ] No 24. If âYes,â is it developed [ ] In-house [ ] By another organization (by whom: please provide contact information): Organization: Contact name: Phone no.: 25. Please describe, as best as possible, the method or set of tools used to develop this forecast: 26. If âYesâ to (23), how is this information put to use? [check all that apply] [ ] transportation planning [ ] marketing programs [ ] tourismârecreation planning [ ] economic development planning 27. If âNoâ to (23), briefly indicate why: [ ] do not need [ ] do not have budget [ ] do not have staff resources/skills [ ] Other 28. Describe any limitations of data you currently use: [ ] Geography not specific enough [ ] Not seasonally sensitive [ ] Not up to date [ ] Not available [ ] Other (specify) For Tourism/Recreation respondents only 29. As a tourism/recreation agency or provider, is there any transportation data important to your planning needs regarding sufficient transportation resources to meet tourismârecreation travel demand? (please list) 30. Are these data available when you need them? [ ] No [ ] Yes, from whom 31. Are these data current? [ ] Yes [ ] Mostly [ ] No

41 For State DOT and MPO respondents only 32. What types of tourism/recreation travel data are used for transportation agency activities? Available Type of Data Complete Partial None How Current (year) How Used Tourist entering/leaving state or region Originâdestination patterns Visits to recreation sites Tourism expenditures or business sales in state or regions Tourism-related receipts (tolls, permits fees, entrance fees, etc.) Tourism-related employment 33. What data do you most need? 34. Are you aware of major problems/deficiencies in the current analysis methods concerning tourismârecreation travel outcomes and transportation system performance? (e.g., data deficiencies, inconsistencies, lack of standards, inadequate methods, etc.) Please be specific. 35. Has your agency been involved in any research studies related to tourism-recreation travel and its critical reliance on the transportation system? If so, please identify them below and send a copy if you can. PART VIâADDITIONAL ITEMS 36. It would be very helpful if you could send in copies of documents or reports (or relevant excerpts from them) showing what your agency has done in the area of coordination of tourismârecreation travel and transportation planning. (check below what you are, or will be, sending in) Included with this survey To be sent in later a. Planning studies demonstrating projects addressing tourism/recreation travel issues ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ã b. Research studies pertaining to transportation & tourism ---------------------Ã c. Agency guidelines regarding tourism integration in transportation planning -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ã d. Other items (specify below): ------------------------------------------------------Ã a. Â b. Â c. Â d. Â a. Â b. Â c. Â d. Â

42 37. If there are studies or documents done by others that you consider to be useful guides or best practice examples of tourismârecreation travel integration into transportation planning, please identify them. 38. Other comments: Please return the completed questionnaire and any supporting documents by June 15, 2002 & Thank You for Your Cooperation. Return to: Lisa Petraglia Economic Development Research Group 2 Oliver Street, 9th Floor Boston, MA 02109 Fax: 1.617.338.1174 Tel: 1.617.338.6775 E-mail [email protected]

TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 329: Integrating Tourism and Recreation Travel with Transportation Planning and Project Delivery provides an overview of current practice at transportation agencies, metropolitan planning organizations, state tourism and parks departments, federal land management agencies, and regional planning agencies. Overall, findings reveal that many state departments of transportation (DOTs) are now actively involved in tourism-related planning issues -- either proactively or in building solutions to infrastructure, access, or environmental issues that impinge on the success of tourism in the region.

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The determinants of the adoption of blockchain technology in the tourism sector and metaverse perspectives

Original Research
Published: 05 September 2023
Volume 25 , pages 605–633, ( 2023 )

Cite this article

Aurélie Corne 1 ,
Véronique Massot 2 &
Saida Merasli 1

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The purpose of this contribution is to provide some answers to the following issue: how to explain the intention to adopt blockchain technology in the tourist accommodation sector? This study focusses on the applications of this technology for the following uses: loyalty programs, online booking, reliability and traceability of customer testimonials on review sites. Blockchain also helps to secure metaverse data, an innovative and immersive technology in a virtual universe, which is gaining ground in the tourism sector. This paper mobilizes the Technology Acceptance Model theory to explain the adoption of new technologies. This model is based on three closely related concepts: perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use influence the attitude toward using the technology. By following the literature, trust in technology and promotional efforts of change agents, two other determinants that can have a positive impact on the adoption of blockchain applications, have also been introduced to extend the theory. A quantitative survey is conducted to obtain the data. Thus, a questionnaire is administered to a hundred respondents, graduated in tourism management and future professionals in this sector of activity. The fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis is implemented to consider the complexity of the phenomenon studied by identifying paths composed of several conditions. The objective is to explain the intention to use blockchain applications by future managers of tourist accommodation.

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The role of blockchain technology in the tourism industry: analyzing the factors affecting its adoption

Pasquale Sarnacchiaro, Simone Luongo, … Valentina Della Corte

Understanding Blockchain Technology Adoption by Non-experts: an Application of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)

Jonathan Jan Pieters, Alinda Kokkinou & Ton van Kollenburg

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Corne, A., Massot, V. & Merasli, S. The determinants of the adoption of blockchain technology in the tourism sector and metaverse perspectives. Inf Technol Tourism 25 , 605–633 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-023-00263-y

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Statistical analysis of the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the small and large-scale tourism sectors in developing countries

Pranjal kumar.

Department of HMCT, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jharkhand India

Pratima Ekka

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The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has affected the tourism sector by closing borders, reducing both the transportation of tourists and tourist demand. Due to the country-wide lockdown, most activities in the hotel, motel, restaurant, and transportation sectors have been postponed. Consequently, the article investigates four research issues by examining the consequences of global tourism in the private sector before and after COVID-19. As an analytical method, the article suggested qualitative research methodologies to collect information from tourism employees. The opinions of the respondents were gathered through online emails in the questionnaire survey. Further, the article considers people’s future desire for specific tourism destinations based on visitor arrivals. Forecasting tourist demand is an essential component of good and efficient tourism management. Consequently, the article proposes an attention-based long short-term memory model for exact demand forecasting. The experimental findings reveal that the model’s minimal prediction error accuracy is 0.45%, which indicates that it has a more robust prediction effect, a faster convergence rate, and a greater prediction accuracy. Seasonality has emerged as one of the most distinguishing and defining characteristics of the global tourist business. Accordingly, the article mandated to compare the seasonal and non-seasonal effects of the tourist sector throughout the years 2020–2021. Moreover, Governments must analyse the crises’ long-term consequences and, as a result, define the components that constitute government advantages supplied to the tourist sector during the pandemic era. As a result, many governmental policies, especially those about social welfare, may perceive a fresh start during the post-pandemic period, respectively.

Introduction

Tourism has played a good and major role in society in the past and may continue to do so in the future, but it may also have negative socio-economic consequences if properly handled. The tourist business is considerable in terms of economic impact and is growing at a rapid pace. Tourism, the world’s third-largest industry, accounts for 10% of the global GDP and accounts for 5% of global carbon dioxide emissions. Tourist arrivals are expected to drop by 74% in 2020 compared to 2019 according to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). The repercussions have been particularly severe for many developing nations in the Asia–Pacific and Western Hemisphere, particularly tiny island states (Apriyanti, 2023 ). Tourism was a huge business before the epidemic, accounting for more than 10% of the worldwide GDP (Spenceley et al., 2021 ). In tourism-dependent countries, the proportion was significantly higher. Despite immunisation initiatives, the prolonged problem continues to dominate international tourism, sparking a discussion over the impact of such a catastrophe on tourist sustainability (Romagosa, 2020 ). Natural catastrophes and health crises have always had an impact on the tourist sector, but the impacts were usually limited and manageable.

One of the significant policy measures to limit the COVID-19 spread has been the establishment of international travel restrictions by numerous governments throughout the world (Ranasinghe et al., 2020 ). International travel restrictions, on the other hand, have been unprecedented and have had a particularly negative impact on the tourist industry (Nhamo et al., 2020 ). Closed borders for non-citizens and non-residents, partial border closures involving restrictions on people arriving from specific countries, or closing specific types of borders, such as air, land, and sea, arrival quarantines, and health certificate requirements are among the restrictions imposed (van der Merwe et al., 2021 ). As a result, the majority of foreign tourism-related operations have come to a halt. International visitor arrivals fell by 20% in the first quarter of 2020, by over 50% in March 2020, and are predicted to decline by another 58% to 78% this calendar year (World Tourism Organization, 2020). This is an essential subject for tourism research and understanding the elements that influence foreign tourists’ destination selections (tourism demand) might be critical for tourism policymakers and providers. According to the traditional international tourism demand model, variables affecting travellers to a destination country include tourists’ income and tourism pricing in a destination against those in the origin country (Baxter and Casady, 2020 ). Countermeasures and suggestions are proposed based on the characteristics of various industries from the policy, economic and financial levels. In terms of trade, studies show that COVID-19 has a certain negative impact on import and export trade, but the impact is only a short-term fluctuation. It is suggested to take corresponding measures in the policy response to rapidly recover trade development and reduce dependence on foreign investment. In terms of employment, COVID-19 has a short-term impact on employment and unemployment, but the impact is large, especially in big cities (Beh & Lin, 2021 ). The other stream of research studies the difficulties faced in the development of tourism, agriculture, transportation, and the timber industry under the influence of COVID-19 (Corak et al., 2020 ). For example, studying the mechanism of COVID-19’s impact on tourism points out that private policy support must be coordinated to sustain pre-COVID-19 operational levels of the tourism and travel sector. While previous studies focused on the impacts of COVID-19 on the tourism industry, little has been done thus far to look beyond these impacts especially since it is a new pandemic (Demirel et al.). This study recognizes the relevance of past research, more research must be conducted on how to mitigate these impacts, as well as how to sustain or keep the sector afloat in the future should comparable pandemics occur (Dube et al., 2021a ), (Dube et al., 2021b ). This study reveals the impact and perceptions of residents regarding tourist activity in historic centres of developing countries before the COVID-19 pandemic and four strategies proposed by private organisations and residents, presenting unprecedented new challenges. Consequently, during and after COVID-19, the article investigates the impact factors of international tourism in the private sector (Dzambazovski and Metodijeski, 2020 ). Travellers will need to be reassured of the safety of travelling, and governments will need to collaborate with the private sector to put in place new standards in terms of safety, hygiene, testing, and procedures. Equally, governments will need to take steps to ensure that destination communities are comfortable that the benefits associated with the return of visitors outweigh any concerns over the potential health risks (Kumar and Nafi, 2020 ) .

This article is arranged as follows. Section 2 provides the literature review and hypothesis development, followed by the problem statement in Sect. 3 . Section 4 is focusing on a comprehensive research methodology; this is followed by Sect. 5 with results. The last Sect. 6 concludes the study of this research article.

Literature survey

Countries are in different phases of the COVID-19 crisis management, and while some countries are adjusting policies to address the gaps and tourism businesses’ needs, others are mindful of the need to start preparing comprehensive tourism recovery plans. While the focus in recent months has rightly been on protecting workers and visitors and supporting business survival, policy makers are also considering the longer-term implications of the crisis on the sector, and the structural transformation which will be needed to build a stronger, more sustainable and resilient tourism economy in the future (McCartney, 2021 ). In the aftermath of the immediate crisis response, the green transition and digital transformation will remain relevant and decisions by policy makers will play an important role in shaping the tourism sector in the post-COVID-19 context (Mekharat and Traore, 2020 ).

Tourist locations have implemented emergency measures and limitations that have had an impact on people’s movement all over the world. People’s movements were halted, and transit between regions was rigorously restricted (Nagaj and Zuromskaite, 2021 ). Beaches and resorts were desolate, towns were deserted, and people’s movements were halted. The global quarantine triggered by COVID-19 has impacted people’s livelihoods and the global economy. Meanwhile, Anca Antoaneta (Vărzaru et al., 2021 ) investigate the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the tourism business and the general economy. The article synthesised numerous approaches to ensure the tourist sector’s resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic phase, based on the research findings and exploratory literature research.

(Nagaj and Zuromskaite, 2021 ) investigate the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on environmental concerns in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) tourist industry. The goal of this study is to see if this influence has altered in the pandemic era compared to earlier years, and if so, whether it is beneficial or negative (Neupane, 2021 ). Multiple regression analysis is the study approach. According to the findings, the COVID-19 epidemic resulted in a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from tourism in all CEE nations. These reductions are both in comparison to 2019 and to the expected level of emissions that would be attained in 2020 if the countries polled experienced economic development in line with the European Commission’s estimates. The magnitude of the damage varies for each nation, however, there is a positive correlation between tourism development and pollution levels (Ocheni et al., 2020 ).

(Mahmut Demir et al., 2021 ) investigate the influence of the COVID-19 epidemic on the tourist business, assess hotel managers’ perspectives, and provide remedies to hotel difficulties. Face-to-face interviews with hotel management in Bodrum-Mugla were used to gather study data. The interviews were placed between July and September 2020, and data was collected using a semi-structured interview approach. The descriptive analysis approach was used to examine the data. The analysis was carried out as follows: conceptual framework, data modelling, data organisation using tables, and findings interpretation. As a result, it has been shown that the COVID-19 epidemic has an economic, social, and psychological impact on hotel enterprises.

(Beke Kuqi et al., 2021 ) used qualitative approaches such as report design and observation of published data to collect data. This technique allows for qualitative analysis by building narrative and detailed descriptions of the pandemic case in Kosovo and its introduction, which links SARS-CoV-2 to tourism in Kosovo and the diaspora as a major source of remittances. This can build the generation, interpretation, and elaboration of the theory of the impact of Covid19 in the state of Kosovo, together with the interpretation of the results obtained from various reports and research about the period of total closure by Coronavirus, by analysing various parrots and documents provided by qualitative methods.

(Sanda Corak et al., 2020 ) used a qualitative study approach to gather, analyse, and debate the perspectives of tourism specialists on the recovery period and potential changes in Croatian tourism. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with public and private sector tourism practitioners, besides a study of published opinion articles by foreign researchers. The study’s goal was to compare their perspectives on tourism’s short-term recovery including the long-term potential for transforming the industry into one that is more sustainable and inclusive, and that makes the most of regional competitive advantages. The findings of the study indicated more commonalities in views for short-term recovery than differences in attitudes towards the long-term future of tourism in Croatia.

(Mercyann Mukami Muragu et al., 2021 ) investigate the link between COVID-19 and tourism, particularly in underdeveloped nations. The study offers scholars and practitioners an analysis of COVID-19’s influence on Kenya’s social and economic dimensions of tourism, beyond a series of suggestions that might help shape the country’s post-pandemic tourism recovery strategies. From 2007Q1 to 2019Q4, (Rahman et al., 2022 ) analyse the influence of incomes, relative pricing competitiveness, and substitution prices in tourist demand from Indonesia’s six main countries of origin using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. In Indonesia, income levels, competitive pricing, and substitution prices all have a substantial influence on tourism demand. Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, Japan, and India are all income elastic, indicating that tourism is a high-end product, except China is not (normal good). Malaysia and China are price elastic, then Japan, India, Singapore, and Australia are less sensitive to price fluctuations. If the price difference is significant, substitute costs may push tourists to other sites.

The objective of the study by (Dedy Hermawan et al., 2022 ) is to find out: (1) What is the pattern of changing interest in travelling during the pandemic? Furthermore (2). What factors influence people’s decision-making when it comes to vacation locations following a pandemic? The study is conducted using a quantitative approach using a survey method and a questionnaire instrument. On account of the epidemic is still ongoing, the Google Form will be utilised and spread online through travel and tourism-related online groups and social media networks. Data analysis will be carried out using quantitative tools such as SPSS or Excel, followed by data visualisation to provide narratives and findings.

(Tatiana V. Skryl et al., 2022 ) not only identify the major trends and challenges in the tourism industry, but also the relevance and importance of changes in other sectors that are important for tourism success, such as changes in tourist offers, and the creation of new and modified tourist products and services. The research is also based on the findings of domestic and international scientists, researchers, and scholars on various aspects and consequences of the COVID pandemic on tourism and its relationships to tourism, specific and selective forms of tourism, and tourism promotion in the digital era through the use of virtual and augmented reality.

(TeresaVillacé-Molinero et al., 2021 ) investigate the travel risk scenario by examining travel risk perception during the pandemic and proposing methods to boost traveller confidence based on the issue-attention cycle. The research was carried out at two different times throughout the epidemic. Initially, the decision-making process of travellers was investigated to determine why they opted to keep or cancel their travel arrangements, additionally what factors impacted their perception of travel risk. An online survey was done using information from 1075 travellers from 46 countries (52 nationalities). The study’s second phase began with the start of Europe’s de-escalation. Twenty-eight foreign hospitality specialists were interviewed for qualitative research. They were questioned about particular steps that may be used to promote tourism on a worldwide scale.

Most of the above studies qualitatively analysed the impact of the epidemic on the tourism industry from the aspects of the shutdown, employee income, and safety. However, few studies have explored the influence of COVID-19 on the growth of small and medium-sized construction enterprises. Therefore, it is important to explore the influence of the epidemic on the growth of small and large-scale sectors listed companies in developing countries to study the impact of COVID-19, as the research results can provide decision support for the healthy and orderly future development of the tourism industry. This improves crisis management strategies to better prepare destinations and the sector more broadly to respond to future shocks.

Economic impact of COVID-19 on the tourism sector

COVID-19 instigated losses for practically the entire world economy in 2020, particularly in the tourist industry. The worldwide travel sector came to a standstill as a result of the severe limitations imposed to combat the COVID-19 epidemic. COVID-19’s economic effect is unprecedented in comparison to past crises (Pirtovsek and Senika). Governments’ new and tougher policies exacerbated the tourist sector’s predicament. The most visible methods to combat pandemics were limits on global travellers’ mobility aside from social isolation. Tourist traffic fell by 56% in March 2020, according to the WTO, when the first lockout was implemented and fell even more to 98% in May. The total number of overseas arrivals in 2020 decreased by 74%. The drop in foreign travel has resulted in a global loss of $1.3 trillion in export revenues, which is more than 11 times what was lost during the global economic crisis of 2009. This drop-in international travel has resulted in economic losses in the tourism industry, which total $2 trillion in world product value, or more than 2% of global GDP (Rahman et al., 2022 ) . The COVID-19 epidemic had a particularly harsh economic impact on small and medium-sized businesses, which were forced to shut down their activities completely, resulting in the layoff of some employees (Selim et al., 2020 ).

At the national and regional levels, this pandemic has had an impact on tourism. In this regard, the area most affected by the pandemic is expected to be Asia (Romagosa, 2020 ). More than 7,600 COVID-19 cases have been discovered in the Middle East, with Iran being the country most impacted by the virus. Many nations have been turned away by Saudi Arabia. Even though the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Islam’s holy city, receives approximately 4 million visitors each year, visitation has been halted owing to illness (Omar, 2020). The coronavirus has had a significant impact on European tourism, resulting in a monthly financial loss of almost one billion euros (Reuters, 2020a). Even if the epidemic is finished, the tourist sector is expected to take more than ten months to recover. This inspires researchers to look into the elements that influence foreign tourism in the private sector during and after COVID-19 (Shehawy and Abouzied, 2022 ).

Proposed research methodology

The objective of this research is to examine the relationship between COVID-19 and the tourist sector, in conjunction with how that relationship could alter over time. Considering that the epidemic has affected so many aspects of social and economic life, the volume of news concerning its consequences in different regions of the world has increased. Almost any online news site can provide information about the potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in any part of the world (Zhang and Hayashi, 2022 ). One of the main areas of concentration for knowledge about the pandemic’s consequences is tourism. The probable implications of this pandemic on tourism in the short, medium, and long durations were addressed through the analysis of this data, and evaluations were made using the time phenomenon. The study was based on the following research questions in this context.

RO1.Identification of global tourism’s consequences in the private sector before and after COVID-19
RO2. Investigate the procedures that may be taken to ensure people’s desire for certain tourism destinations.
RO3. Examine the influence of COVID-19 on tourism during both seasonal and off-peak seasons.
RO4. Determine the features that influenced the government’s support for the tourist industry during the epidemic.

The flow diagram for the proposed work is shown in Fig. 1 . The information was first gathered using questionnaires to establish the tourist sector’s influence on the private sector. As a result, secondary data sources are the most essential information source for academics. The SPSS programme is used to analyse the data. The tourist sector faced considerable hurdles as a result of local and international travel limitations caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, which had a profound influence on the evolution of tourism demand. As a result, this study develops a precise demand forecasting model based on attention-based long short-term memory. Adding geographical factors can dramatically reduce prediction errors, according to empirical studies. Also, look at the tourist attraction’s visitor arrivals throughout the COVID time. Seasonality’s most essential element is that it involves the concentration of visitor flows over a limited period. Subsequently, the research was tasked with comparing the tourist sector’s seasonal and non-seasonal effects from 2020 to 2021. The COVID-19 outbreak has wreaked havoc on the tourist sector in a way that has never been seen before. Governments must assess the long-term implications of crises and, as a result, determine the components of government benefits provided to the tourist industry during the pandemic period.

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Flow diagram of the proposed work

Global tourism in the private sector during and after the pandemic

Tourist is an important aspect of many countries’ economies, and the immediate and massive impact of the coronavirus epidemic on the tourism industry is having an impact on the whole economy. Restrictions on travel, company activities, and people-to-people connections have brought the tourist sector to a halt as governments around the world take extraordinary efforts to contain the virus. Many nations are now starting a new phase in their fight against the virus while also reopening their tourism industries. This is a complicated and tough undertaking, and estimating the economic impact on the tourism industry is difficult. The business community is working to establish specific task teams to provide a coordinated response to the crisis. The WTTC COVID-19 Taskforce, for example, is connecting private sector leaders and international organisations to establish common solutions to reduce the burden on tourist enterprises at the global level. The Global Tourism Crisis Committee, led by the UNWTO, is a public–private initiative to coordinate the pandemic response. On April 1, the committee released recommendations for government action focusing on three key areas: I mitigating the impact on employment and liquidity, ii) protecting the most vulnerable, and iii) preparing for recovery. The provision of critical and timely data and assistance on how to adapt to quickly shifting rules is another significant topic cited by the private sector. Industry associations are also involved in data collection.

Most of the amenities for tourists at tourist sites are provided by private-sector travel and tourism enterprises in collaboration with the governmental sector. Blackpool, for example. Private sector enterprises such as hotels, guesthouses, amusement parks, taxis, restaurants, fast-food outlets, taverns, and nightclubs all try to maximise their profits. Since the emergence of COVID-19, researchers have been conducting studies to examine its effects on the tourism industry. Notable among these studies are the works of Darko et al., 2020 who present and analyse the bailout measures for salvaging the economy during the global pandemic COVID-19 in Slovenia in 2020–21, with an emphasis on the tourism industry. The government has tackled the problem of salvaging both the entire economy and, in particular, the tourism industry over ten so-called Anti-Corona Packages (ACPs), which sought to ensure the liquidity of the economy (tourism) and the preservation of jobs. Ruhana Zareen Gofran et al., 2022 examine the influence of COVID-19 on the liquidity of the tourism industry in the UK, Europe and Spain. Tourism recovery strategies from the pandemic are required with immediate effect to restore the valuation of the tourism companies, given that the negative stock price reaction and lack of liquidity significantly reduce the market value of the tourism firms across Europe. Many nations as a way of curbing the spread of the virus responded by imposing travel restrictions and this severely impacted the tourism industry since when there is travelling tourism ceased to exist. Governments established travel restrictions and forced people to stay at home (Chirisa et al., 2020; Swart & Maralack, 2020). The tourism industry is prone to measures put in place to counteract pandemics because of restricted movements and social distancing (Hall et al., 2020). As a result, the tourism industry was left in a devastating state as when travel is restricted tourism ceases to exist. Whereas Gössling et al. ( 2020 ) looked at the impact of global travel limitations and stay-at-home behaviour on tourism and forecasted global change.

Hypothesis H1

There is a positive correlation between the independent variable Stay Home (SH) and Employment and Liquidity (EL) with the dependent variables spread of Virus (SOV).

The outbreak of this novel virus has affected people’s travel behaviour, putting the entire system in a static mode. Not only the social mobility paused but also severely impacted most of the economic activities associated with the transportation system. Junyi Zhang et al., 2022 discuss the people’s consequences and changes in travel behaviour patterns, which will help public transport service providers understand the challenges and prepare to address them while resuming their services. Despite this, travel spatial and temporal patterns did not return to pre-pandemic levels by the end of March 2022, the taxi journeys remained below half the pre-pandemic level (Sen Li, 2022). The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is continuing to have severe effects on tourism-related industries, as safety precautions have become essential to follow. For tourists, the experience of good safety measures plays a very important role in building trust. Muddassar Sarfraz et al., 2022 findings show that the effect of the perceived safety of the social environment, perceived safety of facility and equipment elements, perceived safety of human elements, perceived safety of management elements, and perceived safety of natural environments is significant and positive on the tourist destination choice (TDC). Mohammad Soliman et al., 2023 examine the influence of health consciousness and satisfaction on visitors’ willingness towards robot-delivered tourism and hospitality services usage and the impact of the destination healthcare system and satisfaction on loyalty intentions. Several steps must be prepared by the ministry of tourism and creative economy (kemenparekraf) for national tourism which has decreased due to the small number of visits, so that it can seek economic recovery, especially in the tourism sector, Apriyanti et al., 2023 hoped that they will be able to survive the pandemic by increasing their ability to adapt and innovate and comply with health protocols, and the support of all parties by taking part in recovery efforts, can encourage the Indonesian tourism sector to rise and recover again. Tafadzwa Prasenjit Kumar et al., 2022 attempt to analyse the scope of modifying the destination management system concerning the recovery plan suggested by UNWTO on the global tourism crisis to rebuild the destination economy as sustainable and resilient to combat future challenges. Consequently, that they always provide excellent service that makes them feel comfortable and at ease tourists to stay longer to enjoy the various tourism destinations that we provide, so that the tourism sector can recover and get better again after the pandemic ends.

Hypothesis H2

There is a positive and significant correlation between the independent variables Transportation pattern (TP), and Visitors' Safe (VS) with the dependent variables Boom and Recovery (BR).

While tourist firms recognise that the situation is first and foremost a humanitarian issue, they are urging governments to relax financial restraints on enterprises and maintain open lines of communication between policymakers and industry. As a result, the study recommended qualitative research approaches, using content analysis as the analytical tool. A questionnaire was utilised to collect information for this investigation. The data is collected via an online Google form. In this study, instrument testing was done to eliminate any doubts about which scale to use. Several tests, including reliability and validity tests, were conducted in this study. A validity test is a method of determining whether or not variables match the requirements. The higher a measuring instrument’s validity, the more exact the instrument is on the goal. The SPSS for Windows programme is used to operationalize Pearson’s Product Moment method.

Development of questionnaire for tourism during COVID-19

Tourism is one of the most impacted industries by the COVID-19 epidemic, which has had an impact on economies, lives, public services, and opportunities around the globe. The tourism sector's whole value has been impacted. Questionnaire data is collected from a range of enterprises using online surveys and structured questionnaires. A questionnaire consists of a series of questions intended to extract information from respondents. An online survey is a questionnaire that the target demographic may fill out via the Internet. Most online surveys are developed as Web forms with a database to track replies and statistical tools to provide insights. As a result, the study concludes that to rebuild and create the tourist sector, tourism companies and researchers must analyse and reform the basic principles, key assumptions, and organisational problems connected to the research and practise framework.

Data analysis

A Social Science Statistical Package (SPSS) version 20 was used to evaluate the gathered data. To get demographic information of the respondents, this study chose SPSS, which provides descriptive statistics such as frequencies and %ages. The independent sample t-test was also employed to see if there were any changes in travel motivation between domestic and foreign visitors. This study used ANOVA to see if the independent variable (demographic characteristics) influenced the dependent variable (travel motivation). Before analysis, the data were cleaned to check for missing data, and outliers, and to assess the data distribution pattern. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were used to look at the internal consistency of the data. CFA was used to examine the content, construct, convergent, and discriminant validity.

Demographic profile of the respondents

Males made up the bulk of the responders (84%), while females made up 25%. In terms of marital status, 59.9% of the respondents were married, followed by single (36.8%) and divorced people (3.2%). The majority of respondents (57.1%) held a bachelor’s degree, followed by a master’s degree (24.4%), a secondary school/diploma degree (14.0%), and a PhD (14.0%) (4.5%). The %ages for each age group are as follows: 18–29 years old (42.0%), 30–39 years old (51.7%), 50–59 years old (6.7%), and above 60 years old (1.7%). Tour planners (12.8%), travel consultants (26.3%), and event managers were the most common responses (27.7%). The demographic profiles are shown in Table Table1 1 .

Demographic distribution of the participants

Online survey questions

The COVID-19 epidemic has been a health and economic disaster that has wreaked havoc on underdeveloped nations, particularly those that rely heavily on tourism. Lockdowns, quarantines, and substantial limitations on national and international transportation have been enforced as governments strive to safeguard their populations. This, along with consumer decisions to limit foreign travel, resulted in a steep decline in the tourist sector, which has serious economic ramifications, especially in nations that rely on it. It is critical to safeguard individuals and preserve a thriving tourist economy. A questionnaire is used to analyse the private tourism sector’s various conditions. Stay Home (ST), Spread of Virus (SOV), Transportation pattern (TP), Boom and Recovery (BR), Visitors Safe (VS) and Employment and Liquidity (EL) are all included in this questionnaire. The respondents were asked a series of questions to study COVID-19’s risk assessment for tourist management. The parts that follow go through the accomplishments. The 30 participants in the pilot study were used to test the questionnaire’s internal consistency. Cronbach’s Alpha was utilised to measure the questionnaire’s reliability more than the construct items’ internal consistency.

Pilot study

It is the way of introducing a research instrument through its paces, such as a questionnaire or interview schedule. The Cronbach’s alpha (or coefficient alpha) test is used to determine if multiple-question Likert scale surveys are trustworthy and consistent.

Cronbach’s alpha reliability is represented in Table Table2. 2 . This yielded six items for Cronbach’s alpha assessment, with a reliability score of 0.846. Table Table2 2 shows that the expected value is larger than 0.8, indicating that the statements’ internal consistency is good.

Internal consistency

Analysis of questionnaire on tourism sector before and after pandemic

The respondents were asked a series of questions to assess risk in the tourist industry and enhance managerial efficiency. A total of 230 individuals took part in the poll. A total of 230 samples were collected, with 142 respondents answering all questions and the remainder 88 unfinished, suggesting that 60.6% of samples are complete and the remaining 39.3% are incomplete. Tourist specialists were the target audience for the poll. The six components of the questionnaire are explored in Table Table3. 3 . The researchers used five Likert scale analyses to build a questionnaire for the study.

Sample questionnaire development

In this section, there are six questionnaires were carried out for the survey. It is based on the impact of the tourism private sector during and after the pandemic. In this segment, most people agreed with the subsequent query which is proven in Table Table3. 3 . The questionnaires are ‘Many employees at travel agencies, airlines, cruises, hotels, restaurants, shopping malls and other tourist attractions have direct interaction with travellers, there are 38 professionals in the industry who agree with the statement. Moreover, ‘Many governments have promoted or regulated the adoption of hygienic techniques such as hand washing, social (spatial) distance, and isolation in tourist areas to restrict the spread of the virus.’ this statement was agreed by 46 respondents. Similarly, “Due to differing degrees of movement limitations, vaccination rates, and traveller confidence, the pace of recovery remains slow and unequal around the globe” this statement has a highly acceptable response from 48 participants.

According to the results of this survey, travellers will need to be reassured of their safety when travelling, and governments will need to partner with the business sector to establish new standards in terms of safety, hygiene, testing, and processes. Governments will also need to take efforts to ensure that destination communities are confident that the advantages of tourists returning outweigh any worries about possible health hazards. This is being done in collaboration with the commercial sector to produce socio-sanitary specifications to guarantee that tourist locations are safe and that they are seen to be safe, which is critical for both domestic and international tourism demand recovery.

Tourism attraction management

Many people consider attractions to be crucial to the tourist process. They are frequently the purpose for visiting a certain location, giving activities and experiences other than a way of gathering consumption indications. "The desire to go to experience the ‘exceptional’ or ‘wonderful’ thing appears to be fundamental in all human societies," Rojek says (1997:52). In terms of tourism, places that are well-endowed with tourist attractions have a competitive edge over those that are not. The competitive advantage, on the other hand, is based on unit productivity and capacity to produce added value from their resources. In this regard, the creation and consumption of attractions have received a lot of attention. The objective is as follows:

To determine which cities in the world are the most popular tourism destinations.
To determine the nature of seasonal tourist arrivals at theme parks.

Material and methods

The research is based on primary data gathered from an extensive field survey of Indian and foreign visitors in a variety of locales. When secondary data is required, it is complemented by primary data. The distance between important tourist attractions in several nations has been compiled online.

Sample design and data collection

To make an appropriate questionnaire, a pilot poll was conducted to determine the most popular tourist destinations. With the assistance of the pilot study, ten tourism hotspots have been selected. A Likert scale was created, and a sample was gathered via a comprehensive questionnaire. Tourists were asked to give points ranging from 1 (lowest beauty) to 7 (best attractiveness) (denote the highest attractiveness). The complete field survey took place in 2022, and the obtained data were analysed.

The ten most popular tourist destinations during the COVID-19 era are depicted in Fig. 2 . Istanbul, Tokyo, Seoul, Paris, Barcelona, London, New York, Osaka, Milan, and Bali are all popular tourist destinations. According to the graph, Tokyo will have the most tourists and visitors in the years 2020–2021. Furthermore, as compared to other cities, Seoul has the fewest attractions.

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Leading cities attractions worldwide during 2020–2021

Figure 3 depicts the top theme parks worldwide, coupled with the most popular tourist destinations in 2019 and 2020. Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland, Chime Long Paradise, Europe-park, Universal Studios Hollywood, Lotte World, and Ever Land are the prominent theme parks. In comparison to 2019, the COVID-19 impacted period has a lower impact on tourist accommodations.

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Leading theme parks worldwide in 2019 and 2020

Tourism demand forecasting during COVID-19

Various approaches, ranging from linear, autoregressive, and other econometric models to artificial intelligence methodologies, such as feed-forward artificial networks or support vector machines, have been used in various studies for tourism demand forecasting. Machine and deep learning approaches, according to recent tourism demand patterns, are more adaptive and can produce more accurate findings. Much research has confirmed that the tourist arrivals time series is autoregressive. With the improving economic conditions and people’s rising capacity to communicate and socialise, tourism has become a rapidly growing sector. Forecasting tourist demand is critical not only for tourism operators to optimise their profits but also for governments to develop their economic strategies on a worldwide scale. Countries can govern the industries that gain economically from tourism locally based on the projections. As a result, precisely forecasting demand several weeks in advance is critical. Propose a demand forecasting model for the tourist industry that uses Attention-Long Short Term Memory to anticipate demand (Attention-LSTM).

Attention-long short-term memory (Attention-LSTM)

The LSTM attention mechanism is effective in predicting future demand. Consequently, the attention mechanism has been successfully used for machine translation since its introduction, and many researchers have applied it to STPFF. Therefore, capturing the different weights of features extracted from former network layers introduced attention to LSTM in the model.

Typical consideration is that weight scores of distinct time steps are captured using LSTM, which is commonly done by giving higher weight scores to nearby time steps and lower weight scores to those further away. However, traffic forecast models are so sophisticated that giving weight scores solely on recentness is insufficient. They are impacted by various factors such as weather, passenger entrance and leave flows, and network architecture. This is because preliminary test results showed that the latter was more successful, the suggested model automatically scores LSTM output weight. Let matrix a t ∈ r m × n be the LSTM output, where m and n represent the time steps and some features of each time step, respectively. Then, the attention-based output a t ′ can be obtained by

where A is a weight matrix whose shape is identical to that of at , “ ∘ ” denotes the Hadamard product, F represents the fully connected layer (which can be activated by different activation functions such as sigmoid functions), w is the weight matrix of F , and b is the bias. The LSTM approach, similar to all recurrent neural networks, has a chain of repeating modules, at the same time has a different structure in each module, by including four hidden network layers, which interact with each other. The LSTM topology (Fig. 4 ) follows the typical structure of artificial neural networks, by implementing an input and an output layer and many hidden layers in between. All decisions are made in the hidden layer of the LSTM network, which, as stated earlier, includes four sub-layers. The first decision layer in the LSTM structure is the “forget gate” layer, which decides which information should be discarded from the model memory. Note that this layer can output any values ranging from 0 (completely forget) to 1. The “forget” function f t is as follows: f t = σ W f · h t - 1 , x t + b f 3

where σ represents a sigmoid function, W f represents the weight vector of inputs, h t - 1 is the forecast vector from previous periods, x t is the new input vector and b f is the bias of function f . It is worth noting that the bias coefficient is a property of all machine learning algorithms, and it may be adjusted ahead of time or determined during the training process. The bias may be used to calibrate the model and aid in its adaptation to the various scenarios. It is used in the article to calibrate the model to the consequences of specific measures taken during the present crisis, such as aircraft cancellations and varying degrees of lockdown in different regions. As a result, the model’s forecasts are based on the SARS outbreak, which has many similarities to the present situation, just also incorporates the current pandemic’s enhanced severity through bias calibration.

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LSTM attention neural network

The final step is to select an output vector and deliver the forecast, which is done in the "prediction" layer. The output function, o, is

and the prediction will then be

The forecast data will be subjected to parameter analysis to improve the findings’ robustness. MSE and RMSE are model fit characteristics that need distinct models to be developed on subsets of the data presented during COVID.

Data analysis in pre- and post-COVID period

The article makes use of monthly statistics on tourist arrivals. These data cover the SARS epidemic (2019–2021) and extend until February 2022, right before the COVID-19 pandemic breaks out. This is done to guarantee that the projections generated are not influenced by recent events.

In COVID-19, Fig. 5 indicates the change in the %age of international tourists. The COVID-19 pandemic’s destructive impact on worldwide tourism has continued until 2021. According to fresh figures, overseas visitor arrivals fell by 87% in January compared to 2020. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) continues to advocate for tighter cooperation on travel procedures between nations to enable the safe relaunch of tourism and avoid another year of significant losses for the sector, so the view for the remainder of the year remains cautious. In January, foreign arrivals fell the most in Asia and the Pacific (−96%), the area with the greatest degree of travel restrictions. Arrivals in Europe and Africa both declined by 85%, while those in the Middle East fell by 84%. In January, international arrivals in the Americas fell by 77%, following the slightly improved performance in the fourth quarter of the year. Improved country cooperation and harmonised travel and health regulations are critical to restoring tourist trust and allowing international travel to resume safely ahead of the northern hemisphere’s peak summer season."

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Change %age of international tourists in COVID-19

International visitor arrivals before and after COVID-19 are seen in Fig. 6 . Despite the progress shown in the third quarter of the year, the recovery continues to be gradual and unequal around the globe. Due to the fact varied degrees of movement constraints, vaccination rates, and traveller confidence, this is the case. While arrivals in Europe (−53%) and the Americas (−60%) improved from the third quarter of 2019, arrivals in Asia and the Pacific were down 95% from the third quarter of 2019, as numerous locations remained restricted to non-essential travel. In the third quarter of 2019, Africa and the Middle East both saw declines of 74% and 81%, respectively, compared to the previous year. When compared to pre-pandemic levels, this would mean a loss of 260 million international arrivals. Most tourism professionals (61%) expect greater prospects for 2022, according to the current UNWTO Panel of Experts, while 58% realise a recovery in 2022.

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International tourist arrivals before and after COVID-19

Tourism sector impact on seasonal and non-seasonal periods

Seasonality is one of the most salient and significant characteristics of tourism. Tourism is one of the most directly affected sectors in this current crisis and this calls for immediate and long-term responses. With international aviation at a virtual standstill since March, the closure of tourism sites and attractions, the cancellation or postponement of major festivals and events, and restrictions on public gatherings (indoor and outdoor) in many countries, the impact of COVID-19 on global tourism has been overwhelming and immediate. The protocol of Anti-COVID 19 measures during tourism season 2020″, aims at guiding and regulating the necessary preconditions to be undertaken by tourism companies towards restarting the tourism season and protecting employees and visitors. Annual commercial activities can be divided into annual intervals and seasons based on seasonal trends.

Classification 1:

Off-season (January, February, November and December)
Shoulder season (March, April, May, June, October)
Peak season (July, August, September)

Classification 2:

Low season (January, February, March, November and December)
Mid-season (March, April, May, October)
High season (June, July, August, September)

Understanding the key features of seasonality can aid in modifying its occurrence. Seasonality’s primary attribute is that it is predictable and consistent. Seasonality, unlike other obstacles, may be predicted and anticipated. It is more likely to be minimised since it is a foreseeable and virtually dependable difficulty. There is a reason behind everything. The movement of the earth around the sun causes "natural" seasonality in this situation. The four regular seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) are noted for having "Natural" seasonality reasons. Seasonality caused by human social, political, and economic factors is also part of the reason for "institutional" seasonality. The Holy Days, such as Christmas, Easter, Passover, Ramadan, Solstices, and phases of the moon, were the first for "institutional seasonality." Similarly, to how school vacations were developed in the eighteenth century to allow students to assist with agricultural harvesting, the traditional summer school vacation period is today thought to be the major institutional source of tourism seasonality. Meanwhile, institutional seasonality has a lengthy history, and changing these well-established patterns is more difficult. Furthermore, due to the impact of COVID-19, the tourist sector has been impacted by a scarcity of people throughout peak seasons (June, July, August, and September). Tourist locations have implemented emergency measures and limitations that have had an impact on people’s movement all over the world. People’s movements were halted, and transit between regions was rigorously restricted. Beaches and resorts were desolate, towns were deserted, and people’s movements were halted. The global quarantine triggered by COVID-19 has impacted people’s livelihoods and the global economy. The article compares visitor arrivals during the pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 seasons.

Figure 7 shows a comparison of foreign visitor arrivals during seasonal and non-seasonal periods. Seasonal periods are defined as June, July, and September. In the year 2020, seasonal times will have a significantly lower number of visitor arrivals than non-seasonal months. Since 2021, there has been a significant drop in the non-seasonal months of January (−86%), February (−88%), and March (−86), with November and December falling below the 50th %ile.

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Comparison of seasonal and off-seasonal period according to classification 1

According to categorization 2, Fig. 8 illustrates a comparison study of seasonal and non-seasonal international visitor arrivals. High Seasonal periods are defined as June, July, August, and September. In the year 2020, seasonal times will have a significantly lower number of visitor arrivals than non-seasonal months. Since 2021, there has been a significant drop in the non-seasonal months of January (−86%), February (−88%), and March (−86), with November and December falling below the 50th %ile. Seasonality in tourist activities is not exclusive to a single location or country; it may be found in practically any country and destination on the planet. Seasonality is what causes a destination’s tourist and visitor numbers to fluctuate. In consequence, certain places have more tourists and visitors than they can accept during some periods, while others have too few tourists and visitors to the region at other times. (Fig. (Fig.9 9 )

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Comparison of seasonal and off-seasonal period according to classification 2

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Predicted international tourist demand

Government policies for tourism sector during the pandemic

Considering COVID-19 has such a significant influence on tourism and hospitality, stakeholders and enterprises in this sector are in danger, necessitating government assistance during this crisis (OECD, 2020; Fong et al., 2020). The epidemic has slowed international travel, wreaking havoc on many international and local businesses throughout the world and, for this reason, impacting the global economy as a whole. Consumer buying behaviour in Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, altered substantially the epidemic and mobility restrictions, resulting in a 69% decline in non-essential item purchases. Following this, visitor demand for a variety of tourism-related enterprises such as hotels, restaurants, and airlines has decreased. The World Travel and Tourism Council strongly encourages governments to develop policies and programmes to support the suffering tourism and hospitality sector by safeguarding the livelihoods of industry workers and providing financial assistance to enterprises and businesses affected by the crisis.

Many governments and organisations have employed strategies to help the tourist industry recover, including more communication with the business, incentives, and greater health-care monitoring. In China, for example, the government established a variety of policies to boost the tourist sector, which differed by area. Eastern China, which has a higher population density than the rest of the country, prioritised tax cuts and financial incentives, whilst the centre areas prioritised tourist security and inspection (Shao et al., 2020). A country that has been under varying levels of lockdown and limitations for more than a year is in a precarious position. Due to global travel restrictions, the tourist industry has suffered greatly, with thousands of people losing their employment across the country.

The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the vulnerability of tourism workers, but no detailed job loss figures are available that link tourism vulnerability with income inequality. Stephen et al., 2020 provide an in-depth discussion on how COVID-19 affects jobs, man-hours, revenue, income, and livelihood of workers, as well as owners of the tourism industry. Usman Khalid et al., 2021 investigate whether the size of the tourism sector influences the economic policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic using data from 136 countries. The findings show that the larger the tourism sector, the larger the economic stimulus package introduced by governments globally. Agus Priyanto et al., 2020 discover the impact of COVID-19 on tourist visits to the Mangunan pine forest in Bantul. The results show that before the Coronavirus, people around the tourist object involved in community building tourism generally had an increased income, but when Corona outbreak hit, both the community in Mangunan Village and Bantul regional government experienced a decline in income. (Ya-Yen Sun et al. 2022) the study evaluates how reduced international tourism consumption affects tourism employment and their income loss potential for 132 countries. With the unequal financial burden across groups, incomes and regions, the collapse of international travel exacerbates short-term income inequality within and between countries.

Hypothesis 1

There is a positive and significant relationship between the independent variable Government Revenue (GR) with the dependent variable Workers' Income (WI).

Altanchimeg Zanabazar et al., 2022 analyses the impact of Work-related stress on job satisfaction and organisational trust in the tourism sector during the unprecedented changes related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of the survey show that the Work-related stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic harms job satisfaction and organisational trust among surveyed employees. (Yasser Moustafa et al., 2022) the study explores the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism traffic, and tourism jobs or employment. The results and remarkable findings will provide long-term permanent explanations needed for effective Egyptian tourism crisis management from a job perspective. Tourism is a labour-intensive industry and one of the first sectors affected by such negativities. Therefore, tourism workers particularly feel many difficulties in such periods. One of these affected occupational groups is the tour-guiding profession. Nilgün Demirel et al., 2022 reveal the tour guides' experiences during the pandemic, which caused a significant sectoral crisis, and the effect of these experiences on their performance. The research results have revealed that professional tour guides were not satisfied with their profession during the pandemic period, and the pandemic process had unfavourable effects on their performance. Thereby, the purpose of this article is to investigate the elements that influence the government benefits provided to tourist sector employees during COVID-19. This was a qualitative examination of a questionnaire utilising a 5-point Likert scale. The study’s hypothesis is as follows:

Hypothesis 2

There is a positive and significant relationship between the independent variables Employment (EM) and Satisfaction (ST) with the dependent variables Registered Tourist Guides (RG).

Internal consistency Cronbach alpha analysis

The reliability analysis is used to examine the internal consistency of the scale employed in the questionnaires and, inevitably, the degree of homogeneity for measuring the same construct or each item. The term "reliable scale" refers to the fact that the individual questions in the overall questionnaire yield consistent responses. Several ways may be used to assess the scale’s dependability. Cronbach’s alpha () is one of the most often used scale reliability measurements. This approach uses only one test administration to assess the dependability of a particular collection. The reliability analysis was carried out in this study using the statistical tool SPSS. The equation may be used to compute the standardised Cronbach’s alpha (1).

where N is the number of items on the test, σ x 2 is the variance of the observed item scores, and σ yi 2 is the sum of all i item variances. Cronbach’s alpha value ranges between 0 and 1. If it is closer to 1, it signifies the high reliability of the used scale.

As located in Table Table4, 4 , an excessive agreement becomes located for ‘Working capital and personal loans would be granted to COVID-affected industries’ with ( N = 51). Further, the respondents indicate ( N = 48) for the “Promote adventure tourism and winter sports”. Also, the best applicable one is agreed through the employees ‘More than 11,000 registered tourists, guides, and travel and tourism stakeholders have received financial assistance’ there are 44 respondents who strongly consider this statement. The findings show two key messages delivered by the government. First, the government was confident in the safety and sanitary measures being implemented in the country and was eager to win the trust of the travellers. Second, the Government was also dedicated to supporting and restoring the highly impacted tourism sector. The investigation uncovered various government-implemented efforts to assist companies during the epidemic, including financial incentives in the form of tax breaks and loans, inclusive of certification as confirmation that the business is safe to conduct operations with tourists.

Questionnaire development according to government policies

Experimentation and result discussion

There were various phases to the data analysis in SPSS statistics. In the first step of data analysis, descriptive analysis and visual depiction of the data were used. The correlation analysis was used to check for stationarity in all variables. Correspondingly, data analysis included applying the LSTM model to forecast future tourism demand. (Table (Table5 5 )

Data collection sources

Statistical analysis

The method of multivariate statistical analysis is used to investigate structural connections. This technique combines factor analysis with questionnaire data to analyse the structural relationship between measured variables and latent constructs, such as Stay Home (ST), Spread of Virus (SOV), Transportation Pattern (TP), Boom and Recovery (BR), Visitors Safe (VS), and Employment and Liquidity (EL). The system set up for this research simulation is shown in Table Table6 6 .

System configuration

For descriptive analysis, regression, and correlation analysis, a structured SPSS-based data collection was employed. The statistics model estimates the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The dependent variables are Spread of Virus (SOV), Boom and Recovery (BR) and the independent variables were Stay Home (SH), Employment and Liquidity (EL), Transportation Pattern (TP), and Visitors Safe (VS).

Table Table7 7 reveals the concepts of descriptive statistics, standard deviations, and zero-order correlations. A descriptive statistic measures the distribution and normalcy. Skewness and kurtosis can be used to calculate it. For SH, TP, VS, EL, SOV, and BR the kurtosis value is closer to 0, indicating that the data is more regularly distributed. The fact that all variables are virtually big negative in the following descriptive statistics indicates that the distribution is very symmetrical or platykurtic (Flat).

Descriptive statistics

From the average means calculated in the descriptive statistics, the researcher used the means to compute correlation analysis, full regression models, and coefficient of determination to establish the true relationship between the variables Spread of Virus (SOV), Boom and Recovery (BR) and the independent variables were Stay Home (SH), Employment and Liquidity (EL), Transportation Pattern (TP), and Visitors Safe (VS).

Multiple regression analysis of variables

For linear regression, SPSS Statistics will create a large number of output tables. Demonstrate the three major tables required to comprehend the findings of the multiple regression process in this part, provided no assumptions were broken. The researcher used a multivariate regression analysis to determine the link between the output quality of the automotive sector and factors. The %age of the overall variation in the dependent variable explained by the independent variable is computed in this test.

The R and R 2 values are listed in Table Table8. 8 . The R-value (the "R" Column) displays the simple correlation and is 0.778, indicating a high degree of correlation. The R 2 number (the "R Square" column) reflects how much the independent variables TP, BR, SH and EL can explain in terms of the total variation in the dependent variable, SOV. The Adjusted R Square score is 0.605, indicating that 61% of improvements in the dependent variable can be explained by the five independent factors, while the remaining 30% of the dependent variable has no other variables in the sample. Durbin Watson d = 1.604, which is halfway between 1.5 < d < 2.5. Assume that the multiple regression data will not have any first-order linear autocorrelation.

Model summary b

a. Predictors: (Constant), TP, BR, EL, SH

b. Dependent Variable: SOV

In ANOVA Table Table9, 9 , the F-ratio determines if the overall regression model is a good match for the data. The table shows that the independent factors predict the dependent variable statistically substantially, indicating that the regression model is a good match for the data. It tests the null hypothesis that the population R of the full regression model is zero. Meanwhile, if p < 0.05, this null hypothesis is rejected from the data.

Regression analysis of ANOVA a

a. Dependent Variable: SOV

b. Predictors: (Constant), TP, BR, EL, SH

Unstandardised coefficients identify how much the dependent variable changes with an independent variable when all other independent variables are held constant, as seen in Table Table10. 10 . This determines whether the population’s unstandardised (or standardised) coefficients are equal to 0 (zero). The "t" and "Sig." columns provide the t-value and associated p-value, respectively. With a p value of > 0.05, the MH coefficients are not statistically significant. Check for multicollinearity in the multiple regression model with tolerance; the results were 0.595, 0.471, and 0.00, respectively, with a tolerance value of < 0.1.

Coefficients a with collinearity statistics

Correlation analysis of tourism management

The Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was employed in this investigation to realize if the independent variables and the dependent variable had any relationship. Correlation coefficients range from 1.0 (plus or minus one). There may be no link between the two items in a coefficient of zero methods, and an extrude in the independent object will not affect the dependent object. Table Table8 8 illustrates the correlation table.

From Table Table11 11 it is depicted that SH can have r = 0.496, correlations with SOV, meaning their relationship was positively correlated and significant. Similarly, the EL factor is also positively correlated with the SOV of r = 0.626, this indicates that it is a positively correlated and significant relationship between the variables. The correlation of r = − 0.77 for TP was negatively correlated and insignificant. Subsequently, find the correlation factors for the dependent variable VS. Here, the correlation factors of VM with BR are positively correlated and significant with the value of r = 0.088 and have an insignificant relationship between the variables. However, only the factor TP was insignificant. Consequently, the dependent variable SOV has a positive correlation with the SH, and EL variables. Meanwhile, the correlation factors for TP have a negative correlation and are insignificant.

Correlation analysis of dependent and independent variables

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)

Tourism demand prediction using LSTM

Time series models, often known as non-causal quantitative models, believe that a variable may be forecasted without taking into account the causes that influence its level. The data patterns from the past are utilised to forecast future values. Unusually, time series models can be justified only based on theory. Their usage is mostly pragmatic; they frequently produce acceptable forecasts; the research focused on tourism demand forecasting using a statistical model.

To ensure the comprehensiveness and objectivity of the prediction model effect test, five types of error evaluation indexes are used in this study: mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), normalised root mean square error (NRMSE), and mean absolute %age error (MAPE).

Figure 8 illustrates the tourism demand forecasts for the year 2023 for the world, Africa, Europe, Asia/Pacific, and the Middle East. The variance of prediction error with a platform will be lower than the platform’s variance, which will be lower than the variance of a community without a platform. The predicted range is in positive increment with the forthcoming years.

Impact factors of government policies on tourism sector workers

The one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) test was used for inferential statistics. The standard assumptions of the one-way ANOVA were maintained. The important assumption of the ANOVA is the ‘homogeneity of the variances’. This test was first performed using Levene’s test to check whether the assumption of ‘homogeneity of variances was violated for any variables. If there were no violations, then ANOVA results were used for all the cases. (Table (Table12 12 )

Model fit parameter analysis

Table Table13 13 provides the R -value of simple correlation and is 0.984 (the "R" Column), which indicates a high degree of correlation. The R 2 value (the " R Square" column) indicates how much of the total variation in the dependent variable ST, can be explained by the independent variable, GR, EM, WI and RT. The Adjusted R Square value is 0.276 this indicates that 27% of improvements in the dependent variable could describe the five independent variables and the remaining 70% of the dependent variable does not have the other variables in the sample. The Durbin Watson d = 2.129, which is between two critical values of 1.5 < d < 2.5. Therefore, assume that there is no first-order linear autocorrelation in the multiple regression data.

a. Predictors: (Constant), GR, EM, WI, RT

b. Dependent Variable: ST

The F-ratio in the ANOVA Table Table14 14 tests that the overall regression model is a good fit for the data. The table illustrates that the independent variables statistically significantly predict the dependent variable, i.e. the regression model is a good fit for the data. It evaluates the null hypothesis that the entire regression model has a population R of zero. Meanwhile, p < 0.05, rejects this null hypothesis from the data.

ANOVA a analysis

a. Dependent Variable: ST

b. Predictors: (Constant), GR, EM, RR, RT

Table Table15 15 provides the coefficient table with unstandardised coefficients, which designate how much the dependent variable varies with an independent variable when all other independent variables are held constant. This tests whether the unstandardised (or standardised) coefficients are equal to 0 (zero) in the population. Here, p > 0.05, this concludes that the coefficients are not statistically significant. Further, checking for multicollinearity in the multiple regression model with tolerance, the obtained value was − 0.004, 0.375, − 0.038 and 0.124, generally, the tolerance value was < 0.1 it was satisfied with this condition.

Unstandardised coefficients a analysis

Table Table16 16 shows that RT correlates with ST of r = 0.027, indicating that their association is positively associated and significant. Similarly, the ST component has a positive correlation with the GR of r = 0.137, indicating that the variables are strongly associated and have a substantial association. The correlation for EM was r = − 0.17, which was negative and negligible. Then, given the dependent variable RR, calculate the correlation factors. The correlation factors of GR and WI are positively associated and significant with a value of r = 0.0247, although the relationship between the variables is inconsequential. Only the component EM, however, was insignificant.

Correlations Analysis of Tourism Sector Government Policy Factors

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)

Research conclusion

The COVID-19 epidemic has initiated uncertainty and spillover effects in nearly every industry, and the lingering crisis in global tourism is a major concern. The tourism sector is massive, accounting for 10.4% of the world's GDP and 10% of global employment. Tourism has long been one of the most important economic drives in the globe. Many communities with limited resources and development alternatives benefit economically from tourism, and it employs a diverse range of individuals with varying talents and educational levels (United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)). Tourism is important because it serves as a market for numerous sectors, including transportation, culture, sport, health, food production, event enterprises, and many more. During the period of April–May 2019–2022, the article performed qualitative research among the major tourist stakeholders, including tourism boards, the hotel sector, tourism agencies, and naval tourism. This study examines the impact of global tourism on the private sector before and after the COVID-19 conference. The epidemic will encourage an increasing number of people, corporations, and governments to embrace new ways of thinking, acting, and operating that are more in line with long-term sustainability.

Subsequently, investigate the procedures in place to guarantee that people's demands for certain tourist destinations are met, in addition to the seasonal and non-seasonal consequences of foreign visitor arrivals. In addition, they agree to report to the World Committee on Tourism Ethics on their adoption of the Code’s principles in their corporate governance throughout the COVID-19 term, based on the results of the questionnaire. For data interpretation, a questionnaire self-administered data collecting and 300 samples were utilised. The instrument’s internal reliability was established to be 0.846. Followed by inferential evaluations, correlation analysis for the benefit of the tourism sector evaluates the Hypothesis Test. The study exposed, for the negatives, the relationship between the variable was negligible, and all the positive outcomes were significantly related to the variable. The simulation five hypotheses fulfilled the correlation statement and it is correlated positively with the dependent and independent variables except for one factor. The results of this study illustrate that the tourism sector manages to recover and provide medical outfits for tourist visitors.

Policy implications

The first measure towards revamping the tourism industry is to rebuild tourists and stakeholders’ confidence in the sector. Governments through publicity campaigns must rebuild public trust in the company. Layoff workers and intending ones must be assured of job security. The financial commitment is also necessary to recapitalise stakeholders and supports the operations of the industry. This will enable them to call back layoff staff, pay outstanding wages, and renovate and service existing facilities and machines/equipment. It will also help operators of the tourism industry slide down charges, thereby stimulating huge travelling and leisure-seeking behaviour among tourists where lockdowns are relaxed. Collaboration between operatives, government, and donor agencies is necessary to meet the financial obligations of the industry after the lockdown. Collaboration here should go beyond finance to sharing ideas and strategies on how to better the industry and survive in the face of future challenges. Economic and social policies that support these collaborations and cooperation among stakeholders should be put in place by governments worldwide. Safety policies should also be put in place to secure group tours. The strategies presented can be applied at the policy level in urban cities. Understanding resident-tourist interaction and impacts will help prepare a better sustainable tourism development plan. Therefore, there must be congruence between tourism development trends and these implementations, especially in developing countries with similar characteristics in their historic centres. The results suggest that policy measures focusing on supporting the tourism sector could be an important means to stimulate the international economy after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Limitations of the study

Finally, the present study has some limitations that guide future studies to be incorporated in their studies. The study does not include the perspective and experience of tourists who visit or those who have already been to tourist places. Future research can analyse the behaviour of satisfaction of tourists who visit tourist places after the COVID-19 lockdown period. The present study has taken not taken any moderating variable and ignored the mediating impact on the model and suggested that future studies should incorporate this aspect in their studies.

Data availability

Declarations.

The authors declare that they have no Conflict of Interest.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Contributor Information

Pranjal Kumar, Email: ni.ca.arsemtib@lajnarp .

Pratima Ekka, Email: ni.ca.arsemtib@amitarp .

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Hit by boycott, Maldives reaches out to India for tourism boost

Maldives' tourist association expressed its intention to collaborate closely with the indian high commission to bolster tourism initiatives..

Updated Apr 11, 2024, 9:09 PM IST

"Maldives Seeks Tourism Boost from India Amidst Declining Visitor Numbers, Plans Collaborative Efforts for Promotion"

As the number of Indian tourists to the Maldives continues to decline, the island country's tour and travel association has reached out to India to arrest the further slide. The Maldives Association of Travel Agents and Tour Operators (MATATO) met Munu Mahawar, the Indian High Commissioner to the Maldives on Monday "to explore collaborative efforts in tourism promotion".

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The association expressed its intention to collaborate closely with the Indian High Commission to bolster tourism initiatives. "Plans are underway to launch a comprehensive roadshow across key cities in India and to facilitate influencer and media familiarisation trips to the Maldives in the forthcoming months," it said.

The number of Indian tourists, who ranked among the top sources for tourism for Male in the last few years, plunged after January when now three suspended ministers made derogatory remarks against India and Prime Minister Narendra Modi after he pitched Lakshadweep as a tourist destination. The insulting comments against India and PM Modi did not go down well with a section of people and organisations, who started "BoycottMaldives" campaign on social media.

Within weeks, from being the top tourist group visiting the Maldives, Indians slipped to fifth position in the last three weeks of January. In the last three years, over 2 lakh Indians visited Maldives annually - the highest from any country post-Covid. Over 17 lakh tourists visited Maldives in 2023, of which the maximum were Indians (2,09,198) followed by Russians (2,09,146) and Chinese (1,87,118). The number of Indian visitors to Maldives was more than 2.4 lakh in 2022 and over 2.11 lakh in 2021.

As per the latest data till April 8, tourists from India to Maldives slipped to the sixth position. So far, only 36,840 tourists visited the island nation, a sharp decline compared to similar months in previous years.

Maldives' tour association in a statement said that "India remains a vital market" for Maldivian tourism and it looks forward to partnering with prominent travel associations and industry stakeholders across India to further promote the island nation as a premier travel destination.

"The Association is confident with the support from the industry and the Government agencies, Maldives can regain the current decline in Indian tourists," it said.

MATATO said India's burgeoning middle class is anticipated to spend a substantial $144 billion annually on international travel by the year 2030, drawing significant interest and investment from global players in the hospitality, airline, and tourism industries.

According to Euromonitor, it said, the number of outbound Indian travelers is expected to double to 47 million by 2030, with their spending projected to increase from $35 billion in 2019 to an impressive $84 billion by 2030.

"This growth trajectory positions India to ascend to the sixth-largest outbound travel market globally by 2030, trailing only China, the U.S., the U.K., Germany, and France."

The association said industry reports forecast robust expansion in Indian outbound travel, with a compounded annual growth rate of 11.2 per cent through 2032, closely mirroring Euromonitor's predictions. This surge in outbound tourism, it added, has led to a fervent pursuit of Indian tourists by top destinations such as Dubai and prominent airlines like Qatar Airways, leveraging the star power of Bollywood icons.

In February this year, Dubai rolled out a five-year multiple-entry visa for Indians to "bolster travel between India and Dubai, to foster sustained economic collaborations and encourage tourism and business ties."

Destination Canada CEO Bets on New Promotion Fund, World Cup 2026

Dawit Habtemariam , Skift

April 11th, 2024 at 11:02 AM EDT

Canada's adapting to changes to its tourism sector and relationship with the Chinese market.

Dawit Habtemariam

Leaders of Travel: Skift C-Suite Series

What are the top trends impacting hotels, airlines, and online bookings? We speak to the executives shaping the future of travel.

The U.S., Britain, and other Western destinations are still waiting for Chinese group tours to return to their pre-pandemic levels. Canada, however, has been adapting to the continued absence of Chinese groups. The country has sought other sources of tourism growth, such as through its new fund to attract business events and its plans to co-host the 2026 FIFA World Cup.

“There are some geopolitics going on right now that are having an impact on tourism,” said Destination Canada CEO and president Marsha Walden.

Canada last year surpassed its 2019 tourism revenue thanks to visitors from the U.S., Europe, Mexico, and Australia. It accomplished this feat despite disputes between the leaders of Canada and China souring relations. For over three years, China has banned travel agencies from selling group trips to Canada — traditionally a key tourism source.

In a wide-ranging interview, Destination Canada’s Walden spoke with Skift about a new tourism data project launching in May, a new fund to lure business events that the country launched last month, the country’s preparations for hosting the 2026 FIFA World Cup, and more. The interview has been edited for length and clarity .

Skift: What has been the pace of Canada’s post-pandemic international tourism recovery?

Marsha Walden: We’ve already fully recovered in terms of revenue, and we feel really good about that despite some areas of our overall market portfolio that haven’t been performing like they did pre-2019.

China is still missing. There are some geopolitics going on right now that are having an impact on tourism. We don’t have nearly the number of flights that we had from China. We’re currently not on China’s Approved Destination Status (ADS) list.

That’s not to say that Chinese travelers can’t come to Canada. The ADS ban just prevents group travel from being sold into Canada.

But we’re not necessarily seeing that as a huge negative because it aligns more closely with how we see our strategy going forward, really focusing more on FIT [fully independent travelers] guests who not only have the propensity to spend more but who also experience our country in a different way that adds to our new strategy, which is inviting guests that can really contribute to the wealth and wellbeing of Canadians. The group travel business is less of a concern than it was pre-pandemic.

And despite that, we are still at 104% of revenues from 2019. That’s because we’ve had really good performance out of the U.S., Mexico, parts of Europe, and Australia.

Asia generally is taking a little longer to bounce back. Our Japanese and South Korean clients are a little slower to recover as well, but we’re expecting that will turn around in 2024 or 2025.

Getting Ready for the FIFA World Cup

Canada is co-hosting the 2026 FIFA World Cup with the U.S. and Mexico. A major challenge for the U.S. is getting visa wait times down so fans can attend the tournament. What does Canada need to do to make travel easier for World Cup fans?

We do, of course, have visa wait times, but they’re significantly lower than what the U.S. is experiencing right now. I have a lot of confidence that the government’s going to resolve these things prior to FIFA showing up.

In fact, there are conversations going on between our two nations to streamline how we can make the experience for travelers who are going between countries for games the smoothest it could possibly be.

What role will Destination Canada play in the World Cup?

The thing that I think is marvelous about FIFA is yes, the event draws millions of people to experience a country, but it’s really the other 4 billion eyeballs that you’ve got on your country and the opportunity to showcase the way you live, what it’s like to visit here.

It’s really the legacy impact over the next four to five years that I think is the most powerful part. From a tourism perspective, yes, it gives an initial nice lift and hit, but it’s that legacy that I think is something that we all work toward, is making sure that we’re just showcased in a way that makes Canada incredibly appealing.

Canada’s New Tourism Promotion Fund

LA Tourism CEO Adam Burke told me that Canada is one of the three names that come up repeatedly from his meetings with travel trade partners. What’s Canada doing to get such attention?

Canada’s partners across the country have really been investing in how to attract business events and reignite interest in [conferences] coming to Canada. They’re working together under our common banner too. Everything from being uniformly dressed to bringing a big contingent of cities to these events and having a slightly different strategy, I would say, than most destinations.

Destination Canada focuses on what we call the sixth economic growth sector. We pursue businesses that also have significant economic potential for us as a nation beyond tourism. For instance, life sciences, agrotech [agricultural technology], and other areas where Canada wants to position itself in the greater economy are the areas where we help our industry secure events for the future.

We just launched the International Convention Attraction Fund , and this is an investment by our federal government of 50 million [Canadian dollars] over three years to help secure events that may need an incentive to come to Canada. Our destinations can apply for up to a million dollars to help offset some of the costs of bringing a convention to Canada.

Is this to help offset the slow recovery of business travel? During its lockdown, Canada lost some conventions and events to other destinations .

Every extra month of delay costs the industry some business. We did see a tremendous surge in re-bookings in the first two years of opening our borders once again. But we’re now at about below 80% of where we were in terms of overall delegates [attendees], and we don’t expect to fully recover for another couple of years, probably 2025.

However, I think there are lots of things that we’re doing to help position ourselves and to become more competitive. One of which is we have 20 of our cities now participating in measuring their sustainability of events. We can offer events that are more attractive to corporate event producers on a sustainable basis and fully measure the impact of their event.

Celestial Tourism in Canada

Has there been a general rise in interest from international tourists to experience Canada’s celestial events?

Absolutely. There’s been tremendous interest in our Northern Lights product. In fact, a number of operators have said, look, we’re sold out through all of 2024 and 2025.

We also find that it’s a big draw for Japanese and South Korean clients. Last year, we had a big campaign around our Northern Lights. We did a takeover in Times Square of all the outdoor formats available there.

Another popular niche product is “dark skies,” which are settings where there’s no light pollution and you get the full impact of the galaxy. We have dark sky preserves, many of which are in the northern parts of our provinces.

Some Canadian Businesses Struggling

Last year, the Tourism Industry Association of Canada found more than half of Canada’s small-and-medium-sized businesses were struggling to pay back their loans to the government , causing a potential wave of shutdowns. Isn’t this a cause for concern?

The recovery has been uneven across the country. The government made significant investments to keep businesses alive. More than 80% of all loans offered by the government are now being repaid.

But for the 20% that were really impacted, those are the ones that are struggling to repay it and looking for extensions. Those government loans have already been extended twice. And so I think there certainly is concern.

There were about 1.5% fewer tourism businesses in Canada in 2023 than in 2019, which speaks to the impact.

Normally, you’d see business growth. It is of concern, but is it devastating for our industry? No, we have a very healthy and vibrant industry.

But we are going through a period of turnover and change as some people just can’t survive carrying the debt load they had to take on to make it through the pandemic.

A long-term challenge for Canada emphasized in Destination Canada’s industry report last year was not having the capacity to meet travel demand. With these businesses gone, this will make it even more difficult to deal with this challenge.

Of course it does. That’s why we’re trying to shift our marketing emphasis to ensure that people know that fall and winter are fantastic times to come to Canada as well. It doesn’t have to be all about summer, but we’re working as part of our strategy that we’re about to launch our 2030 strategy in May.

We’re working with our “North Star partners,” which include all the provinces and territories and major cities and resorts across the province, to really define strategies that will help us attract investment and help us create the return on investment that businesses are seeking to bring their money to Canada.

What’s your new data project?

We’re about to launch our Canadian tourism data collective, something we’ve been working on for a couple of years. Parts of it will go public in mid-May.

It’s a significant new intelligence platform that brings together statistics from Canada’s national stats agency, Parks Canada, and the private sector to give the most robust view of Canadian tourism that we’ve ever had, both on the demand side, so customer profiles, revenue visitation, all that typical stuff, occupancy. What’s the intensity of tourism in different locations? Where are the investment opportunities?

It will also help governments at every level make good decisions about the value of tourism in their community because this goes down to a granularity that we’ve never had before. Every community can be looked at — I think it’s 4,000 communities or something in Canada.

Have a confidential tip for Skift? Get in touch

Tags: business events , business travel , canada , ceo interviews , china , corporate travel , international tourism , meetings and events , tourism , travel leaders

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The tourism sector is essential to economic growth and has the capacity to stimulate the economy. ... The questionnaire was determined based on the probability sampling method and non-probability ...
Questionnaire on Tourism and Employment: Overview of Results
How does tourism affect employment in different countries? Find out the results of a questionnaire conducted by the World Tourism Organization and the International Labour Organization. This document provides an overview of the main findings, challenges and recommendations for policy makers and stakeholders. Read it online or download it for free from Yumpu.
Questionnaire for tourism potential (Private sector
Tourism is a link between people, travel and built environment. It has a potential to revive the perishing civilizations and cultures. This paper will address the experience of tourism in an urban setup and its influence on social mass. The methodology adopted to investigate this influence will be through case studies.
Sustainability: 18 Questions for Thriving and Fostering Responsible
Research about the tourism industry. Another specific analysis applied to our case. All documents could find relevant information. Presentation. Sustainability is no longer optional but essential for the sustainable tourism industry's long-term viability. Travelers are increasingly demanding sustainable tourism practices, and many governments ...
Statistical analysis of the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on ...
4.4.1 Analysis of questionnaire on tourism sector before and after pandemic. The respondents were asked a series of questions to assess risk in the tourist industry and enhance managerial efficiency. A total of 230 individuals took part in the poll. A total of 230 samples were collected, with 142 respondents answering all questions and the ...
Youth Entrepreneurship in Tourism and Hospitality
Tourism entrepreneurship refers to the process of identifying, creating, and developing a new business venture in the tourism industry (UNWTO, 2016). ... It was a semi-structured questionnaire with 6 (six) open-ended questions for descriptive analysis and interpretation. The purpose was to gather their perspectives of social, economic, and ...
Tourist experience expectations: questionnaire development and text
- The purpose of this paper is to develop a questionnaire on tourist experience expectations, and to conduct a qualitative study to analyze the factors and related texts of the questionnaire., - A content analysis on travel diaries written by museum tourists was conducted to develop a questionnaire of tourist experience expectations (TEE).
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
34 APPENDIX A Survey Questionnaire NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Project 20-5, Topic 33-11 QUESTIONNAIRE INCLUDING TOURISM AND RECREATION TRAVEL IN METROPOLITAN AND STATEWIDE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING & DECISION-MAKING The logistics and trends for tourism and recreation travel in the United States present a challenge for the ...
Developing ESG Evaluation Guidelines for the Tourism Sector: With a
This study aimed to develop an ESG evaluation index that accurately captures the features of the hotel industry. To create the ESG evaluation index for the hotel industry, the K-ESG guidelines provided by Korea Corporate Governance Service (KCGS) were utilized as a benchmark, and also, the Korea Tourism Organization's ESG-compliant standards for certification evaluation were taken into ...
PDF Report of the Online Questionnaire supporting youth ...
questionnaire which aimed to gather direct input about the priorities, opportunities and challenges from all involved stakeholders in the sectors of culture and tourism. The questionnaire ran online from 1 December 2021 until 31 January 2022. It reached out to respondents through the official pages and official social media of the project partners
Questionnaire responses for academic research
Questionnaire responses for academic research. Dec 9, 2011 •. 39 likes • 124,753 views. AI-enhanced title and description. surabhi agarwal. The document is a 15 question travel questionnaire that collects personal information like name, age, gender, income level, and travel preferences including frequency of travel, travel planning methods ...
(PDF) ATLAS Cultural Tourism Questionnaire 2021
Abstract. This survey is part of a worldwide research programme conducted by the Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS). The aim of the study is to find out more about visitors to ...
PDF BR&E Tourism Survey
Attraction Restaurant. Agri-tourism (e.g. wineries, breweries) Other If other, please specify: T2. What time of the year is your business open? (select one) Year round (go to question T4a) Spring, Summer and Fall Summer only. Other Winter only If other, please specify: T3.
The determinants of the adoption of blockchain technology in the
Thus, a questionnaire is administered to a hundred respondents, graduated in tourism management and future professionals in this sector of activity. The fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis is implemented to consider the complexity of the phenomenon studied by identifying paths composed of several conditions.
PDF Public-Private Partnerships in the Thailand Medical Tourism Industry
Thailand's medical tourism industry contributed $9.1 billion to the country's revenue in 2019.10-12 Medical tourists visited from neighboring countries and other continents. For example, South Africans are known to travel to Thailand annually for dental polishing. Burmese couples travel to Thailand to get
Economic impact of COVID-19 on the tourism sector
Analysis of questionnaire on tourism sector before and after pandemic . The respondents were asked a series of questions to assess risk in the tourist industry and enhance managerial efficiency. A total of 230 individuals took part in the poll. A total of 230 samples were collected, with 142 respondents answering all questions and the remainder ...
Hit by boycott, Maldives reaches out to India for tourism boost
The association said industry reports forecast robust expansion in Indian outbound travel, with a compounded annual growth rate of 11.2 per cent through 2032, closely mirroring Euromonitor's ...
59 questions with answers in TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
Nov 26, 2023. Answer. In principle, sustainable tourism development is not just about marketing. It focuses on balancing environmental, social and economic aspects to ensure long-term benefits for ...
Canada Bets on New Promotion Fund, World Cup 2026
Canada's adapting to changes to its tourism sector and relationship with the Chinese market. The U.S., Britain, and other Western destinations are still waiting for Chinese group tours to return ...
All data related to Index of Services, UK: February 2024
Manufacturing and production industry; Retail industry; Tourism industry; Economy Economic output and productivity; Environmental accounts; Government, public sector and taxes; ... (services) by turnover and questionnaire, UK. Keywords: national accounts, economic growth, IoS, gross domestic product output approach, GDP(O)
China's Economy to Grow 5.3% This Year as Property Sector Stabilizes
China's economy is set to expand 5.3% this year as the property sector stabilizes and external demand improves, according to the ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office, helping to lift growth in ...