express travel system era

The Geography of Transport Systems

The spatial organization of transportation and mobility

The Performance of Pre-industrial Means of Transportation

The most common pre-industrial transportation modes had the following characteristics:

• Walking . Under normal conditions, such as the presence of a well-maintained path and level terrain, someone carrying 18 kilos can walk 30 km over a period of about 8 hours. This distance can easily be halved if the terrain is less uniform and if travel takes place under unsuitable weather conditions.
• Beasts of burden . Using animals to assist travel and carrying goods extended the capacity and the range of trade. A horse can carry 125 kilos, including the rider. Therefore, horse supported trade either involved someone walking by the side of the horse, or the use of a second (or more) horse to carry cargoes while riding. Camels were even more effective to carry additional loads and were well adapted to the dry conditions prevailing in North Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Using animals to pull a conveyance such as a cart or a barge substantially improve the capacity of transportation, but require well-maintained roads or a river system. Relying on animals for travel also involved additional time consuming and labor-intensive tasks such as feeding and caring for them. Such an activity, therefore, tended to take place in large groups and required a good supply of feeds.
• Sailing . Although sailing was used for millennia to transport people and cargoes, the capacity of sailships rarely exceeded 100 tons and they were not designed for deep-sea travel. For instance, the Dhow was an ancient coastal sailing ship found through the Middle East and South Asia and supported  Arab trade in the Middle Ages. In the 15th century, new ship designs started to emerge able to carry larger quantities of cargo over longer distances. Although many sailships bear the name of a specific class, there was no particular design standard, implying a variety of sizes and capacities. One of the first effective cargo sailing vessels was the carrack, which could carry up to 1500 tons at about 10 km/hr. From the 15th to the 17th centuries, the carrack was the linchpin of long-distance maritime trade. By the 17th century, it was gradually replaced by the galleon, which even being of average lower capacity, was much more maneuverable and cost-effective. Some galleons exceeded 1500 tons. Sailing technology reached its peak efficiency by the 19th century when clipper ships were introduced and able to carry a good quantity of cargo with effective distances of about 700 km per day. The effective daily travel distance for maritime transport can vary considerably depending on  prevailing wind and sea current conditions.

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Lightning speed: the birth of express mail

By Museum for Communication Frankfurt, Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunication

The crucial innovation in postal transport of the 19th century was the express mail system, introduced in 1821. While travelers between Berlin and Frankfurt in 1800 could expect their journey to take around 6 days, express mail in the 1820s needed only 2 and a half days.

Painting, "Gottlieb Heinrich Schmückert, Prussian Postmaster-General" (1852) by Friedrich Rudolf Albert Kornek Museum for Communication Frankfurt, Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunication

The crucial innovation in postal transport in the 19th century was the introduction of express post by the Prussian postal advisor Gottlieb Heinrich Schmückert (1790-1862) in 1821. He came up with the idea of bringing passenger transport up to the standard of courier delivery, to transport people "at the speed of horseback mail." The new postal services were also to be an "excellent means of transport" for travelers.

Chalk lithograph, "Stagecoach halted at a relay station" (c. 1850) by Wild Museum for Communication Frankfurt, Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunication

The French model As forerunners of the express post, the fast French mail coaches are also called "Geschwind-Postkutschen" (speed coaches) in German. The centrally administered Kingdom of France had – in contrast to the network of small German states – a modern road network and a highly efficient postal system.

Map, "Overview of all express mail services and the main stagecoach and postal service connections in Germany and neighboring countries" (um 1830) Museum for Communication Frankfurt, Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunication

The first Prussian express postal route was opened in 1821 on the Koblenz-Cologne-Dusseldorf route. Express post soon followed in all of Prussia and in other European countries.

A mile-comparison chart based on 16 different European miles in the left-hand corner of the map gives an idea of the complicated distance calculations needed for longer journeys.

Marksmen's target, "Arrival of the first express carriage in Ohrdruf on October 2, 1834" (1835) Museum for Communication Frankfurt, Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunication

The motif on this wooden hunting plate is dedicated to the integration of the Thuringian city of Ohrdruf into the express mail stagecoach system from Berlin to Munich on October 2, 1834.

Ink drawing, "Side view of a Prussian express mail carriage" (1826) Museum for Communication Frankfurt, Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunication

Speeding up travel The technically improved express stagecoaches sat on English pressure springs. Newly created highways, called Chaussees, further increased comfort for travelers. At the time, these wagons were said to "hover along softly."

Painting, "Departure of a Bavarian express coach from the Giglberg coaching station" (1835) by Niels Simonsen (1807 - 1885) Museum for Communication Frankfurt, Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunication

The entire organization of procedures at postal stations, including horse changes, rest, and meals, was optimized in an unprecedented way.

In this oil painting, the post bugle call signaling departure surprises an educated traveler, forcing him to abandon his meal: the stagecoach operated strictly on schedule!

Pocket watch used on the mail coach service, with lockable case (1893) by Eduard Ackermann (gegr. 1769) Museum for Communication Frankfurt, Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunication

On a strict schedule In order to stick to their schedules, postilions and conductors were equipped with sealed fob watches. The time could then be determined precisely along the way, without relying on local church clocks. This piece, made of leather, is lockable, preventing unauthorized access and tampering. This was important because the postilion would receive a penalty for late arrivals.

Front-loading pistol with percussion lock (c. 1840) Museum for Communication Frankfurt, Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunication

 Mail robbery became downright fashionable in the 18th century. In order to protect travelers and valuable goods from gangs of robbers, postal employees were armed.

Route map, "Express stagecoach route between Berlin, Halle, and Leipzig," front (c. 1830) by L. Voss Museum for Communication Frankfurt, Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunication

The express post route map between Berlin and Leipzig is divided into stages for better legibility on the way. It indicates that long waits were to be expected at the marked state borders and time spent at the station was most strictly limited.

Route map, "Express stagecoach route between Berlin, Halle, and Leipzig," back (c. 1830) by L. Voss Museum for Communication Frankfurt, Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunication

Simply by streamlining the organizational procedures at the post stations, travel times in the stagecoach era were shortened considerably. The passengers perceived this streamlining as speeding up the travel speed.

Express coach ticket, "Frankfurt a.M. to Stuttgart" (1823) Museum for Communication Frankfurt, Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunication

This stagecoach to Stuttgart departed from Frankfurt on February 13, 1823 punctually at noon. The traveler had to arrive at the post station one hour before departure, their carry-on luggage was limited, and the staff were prohibited from accepting tips.

Timetable, "Overview of the arrival and departure times of all mail services from Berlin" (1830) Museum for Communication Frankfurt, Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunication

The timetable diagram of postal arrivals and departures in Berlin is impressive due to the abundance of connections. In 1830, 93 express stagecoaches and 137 ordinary stagecoaches ran each week in the Prussian capital—in addition to an undetermined number of special mail routes.

Ladies' Bon Voyage travel bag (1900 - 1930) Museum for Communication Frankfurt, Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunication

Travel: A privilege for the wealthy While manuals warned travelers against an excess of suitcases and bags, which could easily be misinterpreted as an indication of wealth, there was still a significant need for luggage. The elaborate cross-stitching of this travel bag and the French lettering "Bon Voyage" suggests a wealthy owner.

Travel cutlery in a leather case (after 1850) Museum for Communication Frankfurt, Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunication

This multi-piece cutlery set consists of a cup, folding cutlery with a spoon, fork, and knife, a coffee spoon, spice shaker, toothpick, and a corkscrew. This essential travel utensil was probably made in Paris.

Postcard, "Special Imperial Saxon stagecoach, 1836" (1914) by Lehmannsche Buchdruckerei Museum for Communication Frankfurt, Museum Foundation Post and Telecommunication

Notably, travelers with the special mail coaches who used their own carriage had to regularly make payments along the way—in contrast to the one-off fare payment for express mail journeys.

In 1835 a trip with the special mail coach from Berlin to Potsdam cost (for 3 horses, bribes, and fees for using highways and bridges) a total of 4 thaler, 28 silver groschen, and 3 pfennig.

Fees to cross bridges, use country roads, and access paved roads in cities were common.

The end of the stagecoach era With the advent of rail and steam power, by about 1840, stagecoach traffic was mostly limited to train station shuttle services. However, until their replacement by the railroad, stagecoaches and express stagecoaches were the fastest means of mass transportation. In a very real way, they represented the beginning of modern transportation.

Lightning speed: the birth of express mail A virtual exhibition by Museumsstiftung Post und Telekommunikation. Curator: Katja Galinski All objects are part of the collection of Museumsstiftung Post und Telekommunikation. www.museumsstiftung.de Sources: Berliner Postgeschichte. Postgeschichtliche Hefte der Bezirksgruppe Berlin der Gesellschaft für deutsche Postgeschichte e.V. Nr. 1 1982. Wolfgang Lotz (Hg.): Deutsche Postgeschichte. Essays und Bilder, Berlin 1989.

The Horse Does Not Eat Cucumber Salad: How Philipp Reis Invented the Telephone

Museum for communication frankfurt, museum foundation post and telecommunication, from punch cards to the cloud, germania. vom mythos zur marke, laying down sound: early recording inventions from wire to tape, screen time: the invention of television, top secret encryption in the second world war, fully charged: how electric vehicles transformed post, "exchange here, how may we help", the telephone booth.

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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, the development of the tourist travel systems: a metropolitan economic hegemony par excellence.

The Tourist Review

ISSN : 0251-3102

Article publication date: 1 January 1973

This paper wants to illustrate a development sequence of a number of interrelated elements into a strongly tied total transport mechanism for individual travelling. The example is drawn from the geographically far‐flung mechanism which serves international tourist travel and especially the relationships, more or less rigid at different periods of the evolution, of the travel system, between travel‐generating and destination areas. The interrelationships which are depicted are in the author's mind quite similar to the economic and structural regional inter‐dependence between developed (metropolitan) and developing parts of the world. Therefore, the various complaints that have been voiced about widening gaps between the haves and have nots, on an international scale, and that are based on comparisons between national incomes etc. seem also to be applicable to the characteristics of the travel structures and systems within which the international tourist flows take place. The notions of center/periphery relationships could, however, also be seen on other geographic scale levels.

Lundgren, J.O.J. (1973), "The development of the tourist travel systems: A metropolitan economic hegemony par excellence?", The Tourist Review , Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 2-14. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb057675

Copyright © 1973, MCB UP Limited

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The trains and stations of the Moscow Metro

2 Comments · Posted by Alex Smirnov in Cities , Travel , Video

The Moscow Metro is the third most intensive subway system in the world after Tokyo and Seoul subways. The first line was opened on May 15, 1935. Since 1955, the metro has the name of V.I. Lenin.

The system consists of 12 lines with a total length of 305.7 km. Forty four stations are recognized cultural heritage. The largest passenger traffic is in rush hours from 8:00 to 9:00 and from 18:00 to 19:00.

Cellular communication is available on most of the stations of the Moscow Metro. In March 2012, a free Wi-Fi appeared in the Circle Line train. The Moscow Metro is open to passengers from 5:20 to 01:00. The average interval between trains is 2.5 minutes.

The fare is paid by using contactless tickets and contactless smart cards, the passes to the stations are controlled by automatic turnstiles. Ticket offices and ticket vending machines can be found in station vestibules.

Tags:  Moscow city

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Tomás · August 27, 2012 at 11:34 pm

The Moscow metro stations are the best That I know, cars do not.

Alberto Calvo · September 25, 2016 at 8:57 pm

Great videos! Moscow Metro is just spectacular. I actually visited Moscow myself quite recently and wrote a post about my top 7 stations, please check it out and let me know what you think! :)

http://www.arwtravels.com/blog/moscow-metro-top-7-stations-you-cant-miss

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Moscow International Business Center (Moscow City)

• Guide to Russia

What can you do at Moscow City?

• Dine in style: Moscow City is home to 100+ cafes and restaurants, including Europe’s highest restaurant and ice-cream shop
• See Moscow like never before: Ascend to one of Moscow City’s observation decks for an unparalleled panorama of Moscow
• Admire world-class architecture: Each of Moscow City’s skyscrapers has distinctive architecture and design
• Learn something new: Visit the Museum of High-Rise Architecture in Moscow or the Metro Museum

Moscow City is a multifunctional complex in the west of Moscow, which has come to represent the booming business of Russia’s capital. Its skyscrapers enrich Moscow’s skyline, contrasting the medieval cupolas and Stalinist high-rises. Visitors to Moscow City can enjoy entertainment high in the sky, as the complex is home not just to offices, but to restaurants, cinemas, viewing platforms, and museums.

Photo by Alex Zarubi on Unsplash

History of Moscow City

Moscow City was first conceived in 1991 by honoured Soviet architect Boris Tkhor, who proposed to construct a business center in Moscow. It would be complete with gleaming skyscrapers rivalling those of New York and London, to reflect the new life and growing ambitions of post-Soviet Russia.

The chosen site was a stone quarry and disused industrial zone in western Moscow, in between the Third Ring Road and Moskva River. Initially, the territory was divided into 20 sections arranged in a horseshoe shape around a central zone. The skyscrapers would increase in height as they spiralled around the central section, with shorter structures built on the waterfront to give the taller buildings behind a view of the river. 

Architect Gennady Sirota, who contributed to iconic projects such as the Olympic Sports Complex on Prospekt Mira, was selected as the chief architect, and many other world-famous architects were attracted to Moscow to realise their visions in Moscow City.

What can you see and do at Moscow City?

Where Moscow’s cityscape was once dominated by Stalin’s Seven Sisters skyscrapers , this is no more. Moscow City is home to eight of Russia’s ten tallest buildings, six of which exceed 300 metres in height. More buildings are still under construction there today, including the One Tower (which will be Europe’s second-tallest building). Once completed, Moscow City will comprise more than 20 innovative structures.

Each of Moscow City’s skyscrapers was designed by its own architect, lending the cluster of skyscrapers a unique appearance. Aside from being a site of architectural wonder, Moscow City is a place for leisure and entertainment with over 100 cafes and restaurants, exhibition spaces, cinemas, viewing platforms, and more.

Photo by Nikita Karimov on Unsplash

Federation Tower

• East Tower: 374m, 97 floors; West Tower: 243m, 63 floors
• Completed in 2017
• Architects: Sergey Tchoban and Peter Schweger

The East Federation Tower is the tallest building in Moscow, and the second-tallest building in Europe after the Lakhta Centre in St Petersburg. Visitors can enjoy a luxurious meal of seafood, truffles or steak at restaurant ‘Sixty’ on the 62nd floor of the West Tower, or visit Europe’s highest observation deck, ‘Panorama 360’, on the 89th floor of the East Tower.

Did you know? The ice cream and chocolate shop on the 360 observation deck are the highest in the world!

• South Tower: 354m, 85 floors; North Tower: 254m, 49 floors
• Completed in 2015
• Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

The South OKO Tower is the third-tallest building in Russia and Europe. Here, you can visit ‘Ruski’ to dine on hearty Russian cuisine cooked on a real Russian stove, and have a drink in the ice bar. Alternatively, visit restaurant, nightclub and performance space ‘Birds’; the restaurant is the highest in Europe, situated on the 86th floor roof terrace alongside an observation deck. The OKO Towers are also home to karaoke club ‘City Voice’.

Did you know? Underneath OKO Towers is the largest underground parking in Europe, with 16 levels and 3,400 parking spaces.

Mercury Tower

• 339m tall, 75 floors
• Architects : Mikhail Posokhin, Frank Williams, Gennady Sirota

Another multifunctional skyscraper, which was designed as the first truly ‘green’ building in Moscow. The Mercury Tower has a distinct geometric shape and copper-coloured glazing, and was the tallest building in Europe upon completion. Visit ‘More i myaso’ (Sea and meat) on the first floor of the tower to enjoy European and Mediterranean cuisine whilst surrounded by greenery. On the 2nd and 40th floors a modern art gallery, the ‘ILONA-K artspace’, has just opened.

City of Capitals

• Moscow Tower: 302m, 76 floors; St Petersburg Tower: 257m, 65 floors
• Completed in 2009
• Architect: Bureau NBBJ

The unique geometric design of the City of Capitals towers resembles stacks of rotating blocks, and is rooted in Constructivism of the early Soviet period (many Soviet Constructivist buildings can be found in Moscow). Visitors to the Moscow Tower can enjoy a range of cuisines – traditional Italian dishes on the summer terrace of ‘Tutto Bene’, Panasian cuisine in the tropical luxury of the ‘Bamboo Bar’ on the 1st floor’, and poke or smoothie bowls at ‘Soul in the Bowl’ cafe on the 80th floor.

Tower on the Embankment

• Tower A: 84m; Tower B:127m; Tower C: 268m, 61 floors
• Completed in 2007
• Architects: Vehbi Inan and Olcay Erturk

After completion, the Tower on the Embankment was the tallest building in Europe, and is now the 13th tallest. It houses the headquarters of several large Russian and international  companies, including IBM and KPMG. There are two cafes located on the 1st floor of Tower C – self-service café ‘Obed Bufet’ (Lunch Buffet) and Bakery Chain ‘Khleb Nasushchny’ (Daily Bread).

Evolution Tower

• 255m tall, 54 floors
• Architects: Philip Nikandrov and RMJM Scotland Ltd

Evolution is Moscow City’s most recognisable tower, and the 11th tallest building in Russia. Its façade is a true architectural marvel, comprising continuous strips of curved glazing spiralling high into  the sky. According to the architect, Philip Nikandrov, the spiral shape of the tower honours centuries of architectural design in Russia, from the onion domes of St Basil's Cathedral to Vladimir Shukhov’s Tatlin Tower, a masterpiece of Constructivist design. Outside the Evolution tower is a landscaped terrace and pedestrian zone descending to the Presnenskaya Embankment, which was also designed by Nikandrov.

Did you know? Moscow’s largest wedding palace was supposed to be built on the site of the Evolution tower, though the project was abandoned.

• 239m tall, 60 floors
• Completed in 2011

Imperia’s interesting design has a curved roof and an arched glass façade. Inside the tower are various cafes including ‘City Friends’ for all-day breakfasts and light lunches, ‘Mama in the City’ for simple meals of Russian cuisine, and ‘abc kitchen’ for European and Indian-inspired dishes. Alternatively, visit ‘High Bar’ on the 56th floor for cocktails with a view. In Imperia you’ll also find the Museum of High-Rise Construction in Moscow (suitably located on the 56th floor), and the Camera Immersive Theatre.

Did you know? Inside Vystavochnaya metro station is the Metro Museum , dedicated to the history of the beautiful Moscow Metro!

• 130m tall, 26 floors
• Completed in 2001
• Architect: Boris Tkhor

Tower 2000 was Moscow City’s first tower. It stands on the opposite bank of the Moskva River, and houses a viewing platform from which visitors can admire an unparalleled panorama of Moscow City. The Bagration Bridge reaches across the river from the tower to Moscow City, and underneath are piers from where you can take boat trips.

Photo by Alexander Popov on Unsplash

Afimall is Moscow’s largest entertainment and shopping complex, home to 450 shops, cafes and restaurants, a cinema, and a virtual-reality game park. The shopping centre is located in the central section of Moscow City, and a cinema and concert hall are currently under construction there.

What’s nearby?

Sechenov Botanical Gardens: The botanical gardens of the First Moscow State Medical University was created for students’ training and research in 1946. Today it is open for free visits, and is home to a large arboretum.

Park Krasnaya Presnya: This park belonged to the Studenets estate of the Gagarin princes. It is a monument of 18th and 19th century landscaping, with Dutch ponds, ornate bridges, and tree-lined alleys. There are also sports facilities, sports equipment rental, and cafes.

Photo by Akkit  on Wikipedia

Essential information for visitors

Website: https://www.citymoscow.ru/

Email: [email protected]

Phone: +7 (495) 730-23-33

Nearest metro: Mezhdunarodnaya (closest to the skyscrapers), Delovoy Tsentr (underneath Afimall), Vystavochnaya (closest to Expocentre)

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Two Capitals and the Golden Ring

This tour covers the best sights of Moscow and St. Petersburg along with a trip to the Golden Ring - a group of medieval towns to the northeast of Moscow. Ancient Kremlins, onion-shaped domes and wooden architecture is just a small part of what awaits you on this amazing tour.

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