local tourist office definition

What is a Local Tourist and Why You Should Become One?

Have you ever driven past that quirky roadside attraction and wondered what was inside? 

Stumbled on a flyer for a festival in a nearby town and wished you could go?

Turns out, unlocking travel adventures doesn’t have to mean expensive flights and far-off lands.

This is where the “local tourist” comes in – someone ready to explore hidden gems and fresh experiences within their own region. 

Embrace lower costs, support your community, and find unexpected wonder just a short trip from home.

What is a Local Tourist?

Types of local tourists.

• why is local tourism important?

Advantages of Local Tourism

Disadvantages of local tourism, how to be a local tourist, examples of local tourism experience, common mistakes to avoid as a local tourist, tips for planning a local tour, local tourist vs. traditional tourist.

• Researching local events and activities
• Finding off-the-beaten-path destination
• Exploring local cuisine and culture
• Take a different mode of transportation
• Talk to locals for recommendations

Wrapping Up

A local tourist refers to an individual who visits attractions, engages in tourism activities, or generally explores areas within their own country, state, or community, as opposed to traveling abroad.

This can include day trips to local attractions, staycations (where one stays at home but engages in leisure activities within driving distance), or short trips to other parts of their own country.

Forget exotic destinations and faraway lands – sometimes, the greatest adventures are closer than you think.

Enter the local tourist : a breed of explorer who rediscovers the magic of their own city, state, or region with fresh eyes.

Think beyond your daily routine. Imagine visiting local landmarks as if you’re seeing them for the first time.

Unearth hidden gems in your own neighborhood – a cozy cafe tucked away on a side street, a breathtaking park you’ve never explored, or an artisan workshop brimming with local flair.

Local tourism isn’t just about sightseeing, it’s about connecting. Strike up conversations with friendly shopkeepers, learn the stories behind historical sites, and savor the local cuisine with newfound appreciation.

It’s about rediscovering the soul of your own community and forging genuine connections with the people who make it unique.

So, ditch the suitcase and embrace the local adventure!

Weekend getaways to charming nearby towns, day trips to forgotten historical sites, or simply exploring a different corner of your city – the possibilities are endless.

Pack your curiosity, not your preconceived notions. Leave the tourist traps behind and unlock the magic waiting right in your own backyard.

You might be surprised by the hidden treasures and authentic experiences waiting to be discovered.

Remember, local tourism isn’t a vacation, it’s a mindset. It’s about appreciating the familiar with fresh eyes, supporting your community, and leaving a positive impact wherever you wander.

Are you ready to answer the call and become a local tourist in your own city? The adventure awaits!

Local tourism isn’t a one-size-fits-all adventure – it’s a vibrant tapestry woven with endless possibilities to match your unique desires.

Forget rigid categories; here’s how you can customize your local exploration :

1. The Foodie Forager

Indulge your taste buds! Embark on a culinary quest , savoring hidden gems like street food stalls, bustling markets, and hole-in-the-wall restaurants that locals frequent.

Uncover regional specialties, learn traditional cooking techniques, and connect with passionate food artisans. Your taste buds will thank you!

2. The History Hunter

Delve into the whispers of the past ! Explore historic sites, museums, and forgotten corners of your city, unearthing stories of bygone eras.

Join local walking tours led by passionate guides who bring history to life, or simply wander through charming neighborhoods and let the architecture tell its own tale.

3. The Adventure Seeker:

Crave adrenaline-pumping thrills? Local adventures await! Hike through hidden trails, kayak on pristine waterways, or challenge yourself with local outdoor activities.

Escape the city bustle and reconnect with nature, all while discovering breathtaking landscapes on your doorstep.

4. The Culture Connoisseur

Immerse yourself in the vibrant tapestry of local culture!

Attend festivals and celebrations, learn traditional crafts from artisans, or visit art galleries showcasing local talent.

Engage in conversation with residents, soak up the unique atmosphere, and discover the heart and soul of your community.

5. The Offbeat Explorer

Seek the unusual and unexpected! Explore abandoned buildings transformed into art spaces, visit quirky museums dedicated to unique themes, or follow intriguing rumors of hidden gems whispered by locals.

Embrace the unknown, embrace the offbeat , and discover a side of your city you never knew existed.

Why is Local Tourism Important?

Sure, tourist traps have their charm, but wouldn’t you rather discover the beating heart of a place?

That’s where local tourism steps in, offering a treasure trove of benefits that reach far beyond your own personal satisfaction.

Here’s why embracing the local scene matters more than ever:

1. Empowering Communities, Not Exploiting Them

Ditch the mass tourism model that often bypasses local communities.

Your choice to explore locally injects your dollars directly into the veins of the city, supporting family-run businesses, artisans, and cultural initiatives.

Think of it as an investment in the very soul of the place you’re visiting.

2. Sustainability Superhero

Forget the carbon footprint of long-haul flights! Local tourism encourages eco-friendly exploration.

Think cycling through hidden alleys, exploring local parks, or indulging in a picnic with fresh, regional produce.

Your green choices add up, making a positive impact on the environment you’re enjoying.

3. Preservation Power

Imagine wandering through a museum curated by locals, their stories breathing life into artifacts.

Local tourism promotes cultural heritage preservation, ensuring traditions and local knowledge are passed down to future generations.

You’re not just a visitor, you’re a temporary guardian of a unique cultural tapestry.

4. Beyond the Glitz, Into the Grit

Forget picture-perfect postcards – the real magic lies in the unexpected.

Local exploration lets you stumble upon hidden gems, charming cafes tucked away, and vibrant street art that tells the city’s authentic story.

It’s about peeling back the tourist veneer and discovering the raw, unfiltered beauty of a place.

5. Fostering Connections, Not Just Checkmarks

Ditch the impersonal “hello” at a crowded landmark. Local tourism opens doors to meaningful connections.

Strike up conversations with shopkeepers, join community events, or take a cooking class led by a local.

These authentic interactions create memories that linger long after your tan fades.

6. Your Own Backyard, a World of Wonder

Don’t underestimate the magic of your own city. Local exploration allows you to rediscover hidden corners, appreciate familiar sights with fresh eyes, and unearth forgotten neighborhoods.

Your own backyard becomes an exciting playground, waiting to be explored with a sense of curiosity and adventure.

Forget expensive plane tickets and tourist traps – there’s a hidden treasure chest waiting to be discovered right in your own backyard!

Embracing local tourism isn’t just about saving money (although that’s a sweet bonus!), it’s about unlocking a world of unique experiences and positive impacts that benefit both you and your community.

Here’s why ditching the traditional tourist path and becoming a local explorer is a win-win for everyone:

1. Experience Authenticity, Not Artificiality

Dive headfirst into the real deal! Ditch the commercialized tourist experiences and immerse yourself in the true spirit of a place.

Interact with locals, savor authentic cuisine that bursts with flavor, and participate in traditions that tell the story of your city.

No more manufactured souvenirs – here, you’ll discover unique treasures made with love by local artisans.

2. Empower Your Community

Every dollar spent at a local business stays local, directly impacting the people who make your city vibrant.

Support family-run cafes, charming boutiques, and independent artists – your choices have the power to empower livelihoods and fuel community development.

Remember, tourism dollars often bypass local communities, so choosing local is choosing to make a difference.

3. Go Green, Explore Keen

Ditch the carbon footprint of long-haul flights and embrace the eco-friendly side of travel.

Local tourism often involves shorter distances, meaning less environmental impact and a lighter step on our planet.

Imagine exploring hidden gems on a bicycle, soaking up the scenery on a local hike, or enjoying a picnic in a nearby park – sustainable adventures await!

4. Unearth Hidden Gems

Forget following the well-trodden tourist path and embark on a treasure hunt for the extraordinary!

Local exploration allows you to stumble upon charming cafes tucked away on side streets, discover scenic trails off the beaten track, and unearth historic landmarks forgotten by time.

Your city holds secrets waiting to be unveiled – become a local explorer and unlock them!

5. Preserve the Past, Shape the Future

By supporting local artisans, museums, and historical sites, you’re not just buying a souvenir, you’re investing in the future.

Local tourism helps preserve cultural heritage, ensuring traditions and stories are passed down to future generations.

Imagine supporting a local artist who keeps traditional crafts alive, or visiting a museum that tells the unique story of your city – you’re becoming a part of its legacy.

6. Escape the Crowds, Find Your Zen

Ditch the shoulder-to-shoulder crowds at popular tourist destinations and discover the serenity of local exploration.

Lesser-known spots offer peaceful experiences where you can truly connect with your surroundings.

Imagine enjoying a quiet picnic in a hidden park, exploring a local market without the tourist frenzy, or soaking up the tranquility of a charming neighborhood street – your own city can be your personal oasis.

7. Budget-Friendly Adventures

Don’t let travel dreams be limited by your wallet! Local tourism is often the more cost-effective option.

Ditch expensive flights and luxurious accommodations, and explore your city on your own terms.

Imagine discovering free local events, exploring parks and green spaces, or enjoying affordable meals at family-run restaurants – the adventures are endless, and your wallet will thank you.

While local tourism boasts a treasure trove of benefits, it’s important to acknowledge that, like any adventure, it also comes with its own set of potential challenges.

So, before you pack your backpack and ditch the passport, let’s take a peek at the flip side of the coin:

1. Feeling Familiar Fatigue

Sometimes, even the most beautiful backyard can start to feel repetitive.

Compared to the dizzying array of options offered by international destinations, local areas might seem limited in terms of attractions, accommodations, and activities.

If you crave constant novelty and diverse experiences, local exploration might not always satisfy your wanderlust.

2. Been There, Done That?

For frequent local explorers, the excitement of discovering entirely new cultures, landscapes, and traditions associated with international travel can be missing.

While your own city holds hidden gems, the allure of the unknown and exotic might beckon louder, calling you to venture beyond familiar surroundings.

3. Popularity Paradox

Though often less crowded than major tourist hubs, even local gems can suffer from overcrowding during peak seasons or holidays.

This can transform a peaceful exploration into a shoulder-to-shoulder scramble, diminishing the quality of your experience.

Remember, sometimes, the magic lies in finding the balance between hidden treasures and manageable crowds.

4. Blinded by Routine

It’s easy to take your own backyard for granted. Familiarity can breed a sense of “been there, done that,” causing you to overlook the unique beauty and hidden wonders right under your nose.

Don’t underestimate the power of a fresh perspective! Look at your city with new eyes, and you might just be surprised by what you discover.

5. Weather Woes

Unlike the controlled environments of some tourist destinations, local exploration is at the mercy of nature’s whims.

Unfavorable weather can disrupt your plans, especially if you’re focusing on outdoor activities.

Remember, flexibility is key when embarking on local adventures – be prepared to adapt and embrace the unexpected.

6. Where’s the Wow Factor?

Let’s be honest, the allure of the exotic is undeniable.

Distant landscapes and foreign cultures hold a certain mystique that local destinations might not always possess.

If your heart yearns for the thrill of the unknown and the awe-inspiring “wow” factor, local exploration might leave you wanting a bit more.

7. Routine Rituals

Repeated visits to the same local spots can, over time, create a sense of routine.

The element of surprise and adventure can diminish, replaced by a comfortable predictability.

Remember, even local explorations can be infused with fresh experiences – try new activities, explore different neighborhoods, and keep your curiosity alive!

Forget needing a plane ticket to ignite your wanderlust! You have a hidden adventurer waiting to be unleashed, right in your own backyard. Buckle up, because we’re diving into the exciting world of becoming a Local Tourist mastermind . No need for passports or itineraries – just a curious mind and an openness to rediscovering your city with fresh eyes.

Think of it like being a secret agent on a mission to unlock the hidden magic of your own town. Ditch the usual haunts and embark on a treasure hunt for hidden gems, local flavors, and experiences that truly capture the soul of your community. Forget generic souvenirs – here, you’ll find unique treasures in bustling markets and discover delectable dishes at family-run cafes that will become your personal travel memories.

Ready to unleash your inner explorer? Here are some missions to get you started:

1. Become a Shutterbug Spy

Grab your camera and transform ordinary sights into extraordinary captures.

Use a macro lens to reveal hidden details in architecture, nature, or street scenes.

Bonus points for joining a local photography tour – a perfect opportunity to learn insider tips and hidden locations.

2. Embrace the Sunrise Serenade

Swap hitting the snooze button for a dawn adventure.

Witness the magic of your town waking up – take an early morning stroll, find a sunrise spot with breathtaking views, or simply bask in the quiet beauty of a new day.

Remember, sometimes the most amazing discoveries happen when the world is still sleepy.

3. Ascend to New Heights

Seek out hidden viewpoints for a bird’s-eye perspective.

Whether it’s a rooftop bar with panoramic vistas, a hilltop offering breathtaking landscapes, or a scenic overlook that reveals your town in a whole new light – seeing things from above can shift your perspective and spark fresh discoveries.

4. Join the Secret Society of Walkers

Local guides often offer free walking tours, packed with fascinating history, hidden gems, and insider tips.

Learn about the stories etched in your city’s streets and uncover secret spots known only to a few.

No guided tours available? No worries! Embark on a self-guided adventure with a map and a sense of curiosity.

5. Explore Uncharted Territories

Ditch your usual routine and venture beyond your comfort zone.

Explore unfamiliar neighborhoods, charming streets you’ve never noticed before, or quirky shops waiting to be discovered.

Remember, the greatest adventures often start with a single step into the unknown.

6. Become a History Buff

Dive into the rich tapestry of your town’s past. Visit local archives, museums, or historical societies to uncover forgotten stories and hidden chapters.

Understanding your heritage adds depth and meaning to your local adventures.

7. See the World with New Eyes

Look at familiar sights with a fresh perspective.

Climb a tree, lie on a grassy hill, or sit by the waterfront. Observe the world from unexpected angles and rediscover the beauty in everyday details.

You might be surprised by what you find!

8. Share the Adventure

Play tour guide for a friend who hasn’t seen your favorite spots.

Share your local gems, hidden cafes, and unique experiences.

Creating memories together adds a whole new layer of joy to your local tourist adventures.

9. Immerse Yourself in Local Vibes

Check event calendars and discover the vibrant life of your community.

Attend concerts, markets, art exhibitions, and cultural celebrations.

Immerse yourself in the energy and connect with your fellow townspeople.

10. Become a Culinary Adventurer

Embark on a delicious journey at eateries you’ve never tried.

Sample local specialties, support small businesses, and discover hidden culinary gems that will tantalize your taste buds.

Remember, the best way to experience a culture is through its food!

11. Reconnect with Nature

Rediscover the beauty of your local parks, botanical gardens, or nature reserves.

Breathe in the fresh air, soak up the greenery, and find moments of peace and tranquility amidst the urban buzz.

Sometimes, the best adventures are the quiet ones.

12. Be an Information Insider

Stay informed about the latest happenings in your town.

Read local blogs and magazines, follow social media pages, and keep an eye out for upcoming events and hidden attractions.

Remember, knowledge is power, and it can unlock even more exciting local adventures!

Forget the predictable souvenir shops and crowded landmarks – local tourism is about unearthing the unexpected jewels that most visitors miss.

Imagine yourself stepping beyond the well-trodden tourist path, embarking on an adventure that ignites your senses and connects you with the heart and soul of a place.

Here are just a few examples to spark your imagination:

1. Become a Culinary Explorer

Skip the generic restaurants and join a cooking class led by a local .

Learn the secrets of regional dishes, your hands kneading dough or stirring spices just like generations before you.

Imagine savoring your creation, not just a meal but a story on your plate.

2. Wanderlust by Bicycle

Ditch the tourist buses and hop on a bicycle (or tuk-tuk, depending on your location!).

Navigate hidden alleys, discovering charming cafes tucked away from the crowds.

Breathe in the fresh air, feel the wind in your hair, and stumble upon unexpected street art that tells the city’s hidden stories.

3. Unveil the Nightlife with Locals

Instead of tourist bars, seek out a hidden jazz club recommended by a friendly shopkeeper.

Let the music wash over you, share laughter with locals, and experience the city’s vibrant pulse after dark.

Remember, the most authentic connections often happen beyond the tourist spotlight.

4. Market Marvels

Forget souvenir shops – immerse yourself in the vibrant energy of a bustling local market.

Haggle with friendly vendors, sample exotic fruits and spices , and discover unique handcrafted treasures.

Let the sights, smells, and sounds transport you to the heart of the local culture.

5. Walking Through History

Join a guided walk led by passionate locals , unveiling hidden corners of the city.

Immerse yourself in its history, architecture, and culture through their captivating stories.

From cobbled alleyways to forgotten squares, discover the city’s hidden gems with a newfound appreciation.

6. Nature’s Hidden Gems

Ditch the crowded parks and find your own quiet retreat.

Ask a local about their favorite hiking trail, leading you to breathtaking waterfalls or panoramic views untouched by tourist masses.

Breathe in the fresh air, reconnect with nature, and create memories that go beyond the ordinary.

7. Craft Your Own Souvenir

Instead of generic trinkets, create a unique souvenir filled with local flair.

Participate in a pottery, weaving, or painting workshop led by skilled artisans.

Learn new techniques, embrace the local spirit, and take home a reminder of your journey that’s truly one-of-a-kind.

8. Storytelling by Elders

Gather around a crackling campfire or in a cozy cafe, listening to captivating stories passed down through generations .

Imagine elders weaving tales of the region’s history, folklore, and traditions.

Feel the past come alive, gaining a deeper understanding of the place you’re exploring.

9. Immerse Yourself in Local Traditions

Go beyond the sightseeing and delve into the local way of life.

Stay with a local family or on a farm , experiencing daily routines, sharing meals, and gaining insights into their customs.

Fish or sail alongside local fishermen , learning their techniques and stories.

Attend gigs, theater shows, or football games , immersing yourself in the vibrant local entertainment scene.

10. Strike Up Conversations

Remember, the most rewarding experiences often come from genuine interactions. Don’t be afraid to speak to as many people as you can .

Ask locals about their lives, traditions, and favorite spots.

Their recommendations will lead you to hidden gems and create memories that linger long after you return home.

Local tourism isn’t about replicating the sanitized tourist experience – it’s about immersing yourself in the authentic tapestry of a place.

But even the most enthusiastic explorer can make missteps.

Here’s how to navigate like a local pro and avoid some common pitfalls:

1. Ignoring Cultural Cues

Don’t be that oblivious tourist! Respect local customs and dress codes.

Research appropriate behavior, especially at religious sites or cultural events.

Remember, a little cultural sensitivity goes a long way in earning respect and fostering genuine connections.

2. Being a Picture-Obsessed Paparazzi

While capturing memories is part of the fun, don’t become a nuisance. Be mindful of locals going about their daily lives.

Ask permission before taking photos of people, especially children. Remember, you’re a guest, not a paparazzo on a mission.

3. Bargaining Like a Bully

Haggling can be fun, but don’t turn it into a hostile takeover.

Research fair prices beforehand and avoid lowball offers that disrespect local livelihoods.

Remember, fair bargaining is about mutual respect, not about winning a prize.

4. Sticking to the Tourist Ghetto

Resist the siren song of overpriced souvenir shops and crowded restaurants. Venture beyond the well-trodden path.

Explore local markets, hidden alleyways, and family-run businesses.

You’ll discover authentic treasures and support the very community you’re trying to experience.

5. Treating Locals Like Tourist Attractions

Remember, locals are people, not photo ops. Don’t intrude on their privacy or bombard them with questions.

Engage in respectful conversations, learn from their stories, and appreciate their hospitality without treating them like museum exhibits.

6. Leaving a Trail of Trash

Be a responsible guest ! Dispose of your waste properly, respecting the environment and the community you’re visiting.

Remember, the magic of local tourism lies in leaving a positive footprint, not a pile of plastic bottles.

7. Ignoring the Power of “No”

It’s okay to say no! If something feels uncomfortable or exploitative, don’t be afraid to decline.

Trust your gut and avoid situations that compromise your own well-being or violate local customs.

8. Forgetting the Power of Gratitude

A simple “thank you” goes a long way! Express your appreciation to locals who help you, share their knowledge, or offer you kindness.

Remember, genuine gratitude fosters positive connections and enriches your travel experience.

Forget the same old tourist traps – your city is an untapped treasure chest waiting to be plundered!

Ditch the predictable and embrace the extraordinary with these creative ways to supercharge your local tourism adventures :

1. Theme Yourself into Thrills

Craft epic itineraries based on your passions. Become a history buff, hunting down forgotten landmarks.

Unleash your inner artist, seeking out vibrant street art murals. Or transform into a ghost hunter, chilling your spine with tales of haunted houses. Imagine:

• Graffiti Guerrilla:  Go on a “hunt” for captivating murals, capturing their vibrant stories with your camera.
• Time Traveler:  Step into the past, visiting historical sites and imagining life in different eras.
• Foodie Quest:  Embark on a culinary adventure, savoring iconic dishes from hidden local gems.

2. Challenge Accepted!

Spice things up with mini quests and playful challenges.

Turn your exploration into a photo scavenger hunt, capturing quirky landmarks or hidden details.

Seek out lesser-known spots using online forums, transforming yourself into a local legend.

3. Mythical Encounters

Dive into the fantastical side of your city. Visit places woven into local legends, fueling your imagination.

Explore “haunted” houses, or uncover the secrets of mythical creatures said to roam your streets.

4. Locals Know Best

Don’t be a stranger! Strike up conversations with baristas, farmers, or fellow travelers.

Their insider knowledge can unlock hidden gems and unique experiences you wouldn’t find on any map.

5. Nighttime Ninja

Unleash your inner explorer after dark. Escape the city lights and find a quiet spot to become a stargazer, capturing the cosmos with your camera.

Or, transform into a nocturnal photographer, capturing the city’s illuminated beauty in a new light.

6. Master Local Skills

Become a culinary artist with a cooking class, learning to whip up regional dishes.

Unleash your creativity with pottery, weaving, or painting workshops, taking home a piece of your local adventure.

7. Urban Explorer

Channel your inner Indiana Jones, safely venturing into abandoned buildings, tunnels, or hidden alleys (with permission, of course!).

Climb to rooftops for panoramic city views, or delve into the depths of old subway stations, uncovering forgotten secrets.

8. Dress Up for Adventure

Let your imagination run wild with themed dress-up days.

Travel back in time with vintage clothing while exploring historical sites.

Or, unleash your inner superhero or fantastical creature, adding a playful twist to your local explorations.

9. Immerse Yourself in the Local Vibe

Dive into the heart of your city’s creative spirit.

Catch captivating live music, wander through vibrant art exhibitions, or join an open mic night to connect with local artists.

Even street performers can become your guides, their music telling the story of your city’s soul.

10. Create Your Local Bucket List

Let your imagination run wild!

Compile a list of unique experiences you want to have in your own backyard.

Hike to a nearby hill for a breathtaking sunrise, or discover hidden green spaces that become your personal secret gardens.

Forget the rigid “local” and “tourist” labels – travel is a vibrant tapestry woven with diverse threads of exploration!

While both seek adventure, their approaches paint different brushstrokes on the canvas of discovery.

1. Local Tourists: The Insiders’ Guide

• Definition:  Residents who deeply understand their region’s culture, customs, and language.
• Familiarity:  They know the best places to eat, shop, and have fun, sharing their knowledge with pride.
• Insider Knowledge:  They unveil hidden gems, local cuisine, and landmarks unknown to outsiders.
• Attachment:  A strong sense of pride and connection fuels their desire to delve deeper into their community.
• Example:  A Tokyo resident navigating hidden cafes and secret scenic spots.

2. Traditional Tourists: Fresh Eyes, Wide-Eyed Wonder

• Definition:  Visitors seeking leisure, pleasure, or business experiences, often unfamiliar with the local culture.
• Limited Time:  Relying on guidebooks, maps, and locals for information during their temporary stay.
• Popular Attractions:  Drawn to famous landmarks, restaurants, and accommodations for a well-known experience.
• Outsiders:  Lacking the ingrained connection, but bringing a unique freshness to their exploration.
• Example:  A traveler in Paris ticking off iconic landmarks and trying classic French pastries.

3. Usage in a Sentence:

When writing about travel experiences, use “local” and “tourist” accurately:

• “I met some locals in Tokyo who shared their hidden gems.”
• “I enjoyed a delicious meal at a local Parisian restaurant.”

Ditch the well-trodden tourist trails and embrace the untamed magic of local adventures!

This isn’t about ticking off landmarks; it’s about savoring hidden gems, learning from elders’ wisdom, and sharing stories with smiling faces you’ll never forget.

Local tourism isn’t a trend, it’s a heartfelt connection .

It’s about embracing the unexpected, asking questions with an open heart, and leaving a positive footprint wherever you wander.

So, pack your curiosity, not your preconceived notions .

Step outside your comfort zone, spark conversations, and discover the magic that unfolds when you explore like a local.

The world is waiting – are you ready to answer its call?

FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

Is local tourism just for budget travelers.

Absolutely not! While it can be cost-effective, local tourism goes beyond affordability. It’s about seeking authentic experiences, supporting local communities, and forging deeper connections with the places you visit, regardless of your budget. Imagine skipping overpriced tourist traps and savoring delicious street food with locals instead – that’s the magic of local exploration!

But I don’t know anyone in the place I’m visiting! How do I connect with locals?

Embrace the spirit of adventure! Strike up conversations with shopkeepers, ask for recommendations at cafes, or join local events or guided tours led by passionate residents. You’ll be surprised at how open and welcoming locals are to curious travelers seeking genuine connections.

Isn’t exploring on my own more adventurous than following a guided tour?

It can be! But local guides offer insider knowledge, hidden gems, and cultural insights you might miss on your own. Think of them as friendly navigators, unlocking the city’s secrets and enriching your experience with local stories and traditions.

But won’t I miss out on famous landmarks as a local tourist?

Of course, you can still visit iconic attractions! But the beauty of local tourism lies in discovering hidden gems beyond the typical tourist trail. Imagine stumbling upon a charming bookstore tucked away in a quiet alley or savoring local cuisine at a family-run restaurant – these are the moments that create truly unforgettable memories.

I’m worried about getting lost or not speaking the language.

Don’t let that hold you back! Many locals appreciate your effort to engage with their culture, even if you make mistakes. Embrace the adventure of navigating with a map or translation app, and remember, getting lost can lead to unexpected discoveries!

What’s Local Tourism All About?

Ditch the tourist traps and dive into the soul of a place! Local tourism is about connecting with communities, supporting local businesses, and experiencing authentic culture. Imagine savoring hidden culinary gems, learning traditional crafts from artisans, or sharing stories with friendly locals – that’s the magic of exploring like a local, not a tourist.

How Can I Be a Responsible Local Tourist?

Respect the local culture and environment. Support local businesses, dress modestly at religious sites, and dispose of waste responsibly. Remember, you’re a guest in their community, so be mindful and leave a positive impact.

I’m Ready to Dive In! What Are Some Local Tourism Resources?

There are countless resources to help you plan your local adventure! Look for websites like Couchsurfing, local food tour companies, or community-driven platforms like Airbnb Experiences. Social media groups focused on specific destinations can also offer valuable insights and recommendations.

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• Travel Tips

What Does Local Tourism Mean

Published: December 12, 2023

Modified: December 28, 2023

by Genni Wellman

• Plan Your Trip
• Sustainability

Introduction

When it comes to exploring new destinations and experiencing different cultures, there is a growing trend towards embracing local tourism. Local tourism, also known as community-based tourism or grassroots tourism, is all about immersing oneself in the local community and getting a genuine taste of the destination.

Unlike traditional tourism, which often focuses on popular tourist attractions and staying in mainstream hotels, local tourism offers a more authentic and enriching experience by connecting travelers with local residents, traditions, and customs. It allows visitors to go beyond the surface level and truly understand the essence of a place.

Traveling as a local tourist means venturing off the beaten path, exploring hidden gems, interacting with locals, and contributing to the local economy. It is a way to support sustainable tourism practices, preserve cultural heritage, and promote community development.

In recent years, local tourism has gained significant popularity due to various factors. Firstly, there is a growing interest among travelers in seeking unique and meaningful experiences. Many people are no longer satisfied with superficial sightseeing and are eager to engage with locals and learn about their way of life.

Secondly, the rise of social media has played a crucial role in promoting local tourism. Travelers are sharing their experiences and recommendations online, which influences others to follow in their footsteps. This word-of-mouth promotion has helped uncover lesser-known destinations and contributed to their growth.

Lastly, travelers are becoming more conscious of the impact of their choices. They are looking for ways to minimize their carbon footprint, support local economies, and preserve cultural heritage. Local tourism aligns perfectly with these values, as it allows visitors to have a positive impact on the communities they visit.

In this article, we will delve deeper into the concept of local tourism, its importance, benefits, challenges, and strategies for promoting it effectively. We will also explore successful examples of local tourism initiatives from around the world. So, pack your bags and get ready for a journey into the heart of local tourism!

Definition of Local Tourism

Local tourism can be defined as a form of travel that focuses on immersing oneself in the local community and culture of a destination. It emphasizes grassroots experiences, connecting travelers with the local residents, traditions, and customs of a place. Unlike traditional tourism, which often revolves around well-known tourist attractions and commercial establishments, local tourism highlights the unique aspects of a destination that are not as widely known or explored.

Local tourism goes beyond just visiting a place; it aims to provide travelers with an authentic and immersive experience. It involves staying in locally-owned accommodations, dining at neighborhood restaurants, shopping at local markets, and participating in community events. It encourages travelers to engage with the local population, learn about their way of life, and contribute to the local economy and community development.

One of the key aspects of local tourism is sustainability. It promotes responsible travel practices that minimize the negative impact on the environment and cultural heritage. By supporting small businesses and local initiatives, visitors help to preserve and promote the cultural heritage of a destination. In return, they gain a deeper understanding of the local culture, traditions, and history.

Local tourism can take many forms, depending on the destination and the interests of the traveler. It could involve exploring rural villages, participating in traditional crafts or art workshops, learning about local cuisine, or engaging in cultural performances. The focus is on creating meaningful connections and experiences that leave a lasting impression on both the traveler and the community.

Overall, local tourism offers a unique and alternative way of experiencing a destination. It allows travelers to go beyond the surface level and truly understand the essence of a place through local interactions. By embracing local tourism, travelers not only enrich their own travel experiences but also contribute to the well-being and sustainability of the communities they visit.

Importance of Local Tourism

Local tourism plays a crucial role in the development and sustainability of a destination. It offers numerous benefits, both for the travelers and the local communities. Let’s explore why local tourism is important.

1. Preserving Cultural Heritage: Local tourism helps to preserve and promote the unique cultural heritage of a destination. By supporting local artisans, craftsmen, and cultural initiatives, travelers contribute to the preservation and transmission of traditional customs, practices, and knowledge from one generation to another.

2. Economic Advancement: Local tourism has a significant economic impact on communities. By choosing local accommodations, restaurants, and businesses, travelers channel their spending directly into the local economy. This supports job creation, entrepreneurship, and overall economic development, particularly in rural areas that may otherwise struggle to attract visitors.

3. Sustainable Development: Local tourism promotes sustainable and responsible travel practices. It encourages visitors to reduce their carbon footprint by supporting environmentally friendly initiatives, such as eco-lodges, farm-to-table dining, and nature conservation projects. By minimizing negative environmental impacts, local tourism helps to safeguard natural resources for future generations.

4. Authentic Experiences: One of the key benefits of local tourism is the opportunity to have authentic and immersive experiences. Travelers get the chance to go beyond the typical tourist attractions and interact with the locals. This fosters a deeper understanding of the local culture, traditions, and way of life.

5. Community Empowerment: Local tourism empowers local communities to take control of their own development. By involving local residents in tourism activities, they gain a sense of pride and ownership. This stimulates community involvement, leading to increased social cohesion, cultural appreciation, and self-sufficiency.

6. Diversifying Tourism Offerings: Local tourism helps to diversify the tourism offerings of a destination. It brings attention to lesser-known places, encourages the development of new tourism products and services, and promotes a more balanced distribution of visitors. This reduces the strain on overcrowded tourist hotspots and helps to distribute economic benefits more evenly.

7. Enhancing Sustainability: By supporting local tourism, travelers contribute to the long-term sustainability of a destination. They help to maintain the unique character and authenticity of the place by fostering cultural pride, environmental protection, and social well-being.

Overall, local tourism is essential for the preservation of cultural identity, economic growth, and sustainable development. By choosing to travel as local tourists, we can make a positive impact on the communities we visit while enjoying enriching and meaningful experiences.

Benefits of Local Tourism

Local tourism offers a wide range of benefits, both for travelers and the local communities they visit. Let’s explore some of the key advantages of embracing local tourism.

1. Authentic Experiences: One of the major benefits of local tourism is the opportunity to have authentic, off-the-beaten-path experiences. Travelers can immerse themselves in the local culture, traditions, and way of life, providing a deeper understanding and appreciation for the destination. By interacting with locals, participating in community activities, and exploring hidden gems, travelers can create lifelong memories and unique stories to share.

2. Cultural Exchange: Local tourism fosters cultural exchange between travelers and local residents. It encourages meaningful interactions, allowing visitors to learn firsthand about different cultures, traditions, and perspectives. This promotes cross-cultural understanding, tolerance, and appreciation, breaking down barriers and creating bridges of friendship and empathy.

3. Support for Local Economies: When travelers engage in local tourism, they directly contribute to the local economy. By staying in locally-owned accommodations, dining at local restaurants, and supporting local businesses, travelers help create jobs and stimulate economic growth. This income directly benefits the local community, improving the quality of life for residents and encouraging entrepreneurship.

4. Preserving Cultural Heritage: Local tourism plays a vital role in preserving the cultural heritage of a destination. By supporting local artisans, craftsmen, and cultural initiatives, travelers contribute to the survival and continuation of traditional customs, practices, and craftsmanship. This helps maintain the unique identity and authenticity of a place and ensures that cultural heritage is passed down to future generations.

5. Environmental Sustainability: Local tourism promotes sustainable travel practices, minimizing the negative impact on the environment. By supporting eco-friendly initiatives, such as organic farming, renewable energy, and nature conservation projects, travelers help protect the natural resources and biodiversity of a destination. This ensures the preservation of natural landscapes and habitats for future generations to enjoy.

6. Strengthening Communities: Local tourism empowers local communities and strengthens social bonds. It encourages community involvement and participation in tourism activities, fostering a sense of pride and ownership. This strengthens social cohesion, cultural identity, and local resilience, creating a sustainable and inclusive community.

7. Unique and Personalized Experiences: Local tourism offers personalized experiences tailored to individual preferences and interests. Whether it’s exploring local markets, participating in cooking classes, or engaging in cultural performances, travelers can create a customized itinerary that aligns with their desires. This allows for more meaningful and memorable experiences that go beyond the typical tourist attractions.

In summary, local tourism provides a multitude of benefits, including authentic experiences, cultural exchange, economic support, cultural preservation, environmental sustainability, community empowerment, and personalized experiences. By embracing local tourism, travelers can make a positive impact on the destinations they visit while enjoying enriching and rewarding experiences themselves.

Challenges of Local Tourism

While local tourism offers numerous benefits, it also faces various challenges that need to be addressed for its successful implementation. Let’s explore some of the challenges associated with local tourism.

1. Infrastructure and Facilities: Local communities may face challenges in providing adequate infrastructure and facilities to accommodate the needs of tourists. Limited transportation options, lack of quality accommodations, and limited access to amenities can deter travelers from choosing local tourism. Investment in infrastructure development is crucial to ensure a comfortable and convenient experience for visitors.

2. Limited Awareness and Marketing: Local tourism initiatives often struggle with limited awareness and marketing efforts. Many travelers may be unaware of the unique experiences and attractions that local communities offer. Lack of effective marketing strategies and presence in tourism platforms can hinder the visibility and promotion of local tourism opportunities.

3. Balancing Sustainability and Commercialization: Local tourism needs to strike a balance between sustainable practices and commercialization. As tourism grows, there is a risk of overcommercialization and loss of authenticity. It’s essential to implement sustainable tourism practices that protect the local environment, culture, and traditional way of life, while still generating economic benefits for the community.

4. Preserving Cultural Integrity: Maintaining the cultural integrity of a destination can be a challenge in the face of increased tourism. Local communities need to find ways to protect their cultural heritage and prevent it from being diluted or commodified. Sustainable tourism practices, community involvement, and responsible visitor behavior can help preserve the cultural authenticity of a place.

5. Capacity Building and Training: Local tourism initiatives require appropriate training and capacity building for community members involved in tourism-related activities. This includes training in hospitality, customer service, cultural preservation, and environmental conservation. Building the necessary skills and knowledge will help ensure a high-quality experience for visitors and enhance the overall sustainability of local tourism.

6. Seasonality and Tourism Dependence: Many local tourism destinations heavily rely on seasonal visitation, which can lead to economic fluctuations and dependency on a particular time of the year. Diversifying tourism offerings and extending the length of the tourism season can help mitigate this challenge and create more stable economic opportunities for local communities.

7. Balancing Local Needs and Visitor Expectations: Local tourism initiatives must strike a balance between meeting the needs and expectations of both local residents and visitors. It is essential to consider the social, cultural, and economic impacts on the community while ensuring a positive and satisfying experience for travelers.

Addressing these challenges requires collaboration and cooperation between local communities, government bodies, tourism organizations, and visitors. By overcoming these obstacles, local tourism can thrive and continue to provide meaningful experiences for both travelers and locals alike.

Strategies for Promoting Local Tourism

Promoting local tourism requires a strategic approach that encompasses various aspects, from marketing and community engagement to sustainable development. Here are some effective strategies that can be employed to promote and support local tourism initiatives.

1. Collaboration and Partnerships: Foster collaboration among local stakeholders, including community members, tourism organizations, local businesses, and government authorities. By working together, they can create a unified vision for local tourism and develop joint marketing campaigns, shared infrastructure, and cooperative ventures that benefit the entire community.

2. Engage the Local Community: Involve and engage the local community in the tourism development process. Encourage their participation in decision-making, training programs, and tourism-related activities. This not only creates a sense of ownership but also ensures that the community’s perspectives, traditions, and expertise are respected and valued.

3. Develop Authentic Experiences: Emphasize the unique and authentic experiences available in the local community. Highlight the cultural heritage, traditional craftsmanship, local cuisine, and lesser-known attractions that differentiate the destination from mainstream tourism. This can be done through storytelling, local guides, immersive activities, and showcasing the local way of life.

4. Digital Marketing and Online Presence: Leverage digital platforms and social media to reach a broader audience. Create a website or online platform dedicated to promoting local tourism, featuring captivating visuals, informative content, and user-generated content. Engage with travel influencers, bloggers, and online communities to generate buzz and create awareness about the destination.

5. Sustainable Tourism Practices: Prioritize sustainable tourism practices that minimize the negative impact on the environment, culture, and community. Encourage eco-friendly initiatives such as waste reduction, renewable energy, and responsible tourism guidelines. Showcase the destination’s commitment to sustainability, which can attract eco-conscious travelers seeking meaningful and responsible travel experiences.

6. Cultural Preservation and Education: Implement programs that preserve and promote the local culture and heritage. This can include cultural festivals, art exhibitions, workshops, and heritage tours. By educating both locals and visitors about the importance of cultural preservation, there is a greater appreciation for the destination’s unique identity and traditions.

7. Support Local Businesses: Encourage visitors to support local businesses by highlighting the benefits of shopping at local markets, staying in locally-owned accommodations, and dining at neighborhood restaurants. Promote the connection between local products, services, and the overall local experience. This creates economic opportunities for the community and ensures a more authentic and vibrant tourism sector.

8. Community-Based Tourism Initiatives: Initiate and support community-based tourism projects that allow visitors to directly interact with locals and learn about their way of life. This can include homestays, community-led tours, and volunteering opportunities. By actively involving the local community in tourism activities, visitors gain a deeper understanding of the destination while contributing to its sustainable development.

9. Visitor Education and Responsible Travel: Educate visitors about responsible travel practices, such as respecting local customs, traditions, and the environment. Provide guidelines on how to engage with the community respectfully and encourage them to be mindful of their behavior and impact on the destination. Empower them to be ambassadors for responsible travel and share their experiences with others.

10. Monitoring and Evaluation: Continuously monitor the impact of local tourism initiatives and evaluate their effectiveness. Collect feedback from visitors and the local community to identify areas for improvement and measure the success of promotional strategies. This data-driven approach allows for effective decision-making and the adaptation of strategies to changing needs and trends.

By implementing these strategies, destinations can effectively promote and support local tourism. This will not only benefit the local community but also provide travelers with unique and enriching experiences that leave a positive impact.

Examples of Successful Local Tourism Initiatives

Several destinations around the world have successfully implemented local tourism initiatives, showcasing the positive outcomes that can be achieved through community involvement and sustainable practices. Let’s explore some inspiring examples of successful local tourism initiatives.

1. The Guna Yala Indigenous Community, Panama: The Guna Yala community in Panama has embraced community-based tourism to preserve their culture and improve their livelihoods. Visitors can stay in traditional Guna-owned accommodations, learn about their customs and traditions, and engage in activities such as fishing, coconut harvesting, and traditional dance performances. Through controlled tourism, the Guna Yala community has been able to generate income while preserving their ancestral lands and way of life.

2. Kerala Backwaters, India: The Kerala Backwaters in India has implemented a successful community-based tourism model. Local residents offer homestays, boat tours, and cooking classes, providing visitors with an authentic experience while creating economic opportunities for local communities. The community-based approach has helped sustain the fragile ecosystem of the backwaters while promoting cultural exchange and supporting livelihoods.

3. The Sami Cultural Tourism Network, Norway: The Sami cultural tourism network in Norway has been successful in preserving and promoting Sami traditions and culture. Local Sami communities offer guided tours, reindeer sledding, and traditional handicraft workshops. Through these initiatives, visitors gain insights into Sami traditions and contribute to the economic well-being of the community. The network also works towards sustainable tourism development by respecting and protecting the environment and Sami cultural practices.

4. The Rimba Raya Biodiversity Reserve, Borneo: Located in Borneo, the Rimba Raya Biodiversity Reserve showcases how local tourism can contribute to environmental conservation. The reserve focuses on ecotourism, offering guided tours that highlight the importance of conserving the habitat and protecting endangered wildlife. Revenue from tourism activities supports reforestation efforts, local communities, and wildlife conservation initiatives.

5. The Maasai Mara Community Conservancies, Kenya: The Maasai Mara Community Conservancies in Kenya demonstrate the successful involvement of local communities in wildlife conservation and sustainable tourism. Maasai communities have established conservancies where visitors can go on guided safaris and experience Maasai culture and traditions. The conservancies have helped protect wildlife habitats, preserve cultural heritage, and provide alternative livelihoods for the Maasai people.

6. The Slow Food Movement, Italy: The Slow Food movement in Italy promotes local food culture and culinary heritage. It encourages travelers to experience local traditions and flavors by supporting local farmers, food producers, and chefs. Through events, festivals, and educational opportunities, the Slow Food movement enhances the overall tourism experience while promoting sustainability, local economies, and cultural preservation.

7. The Community-Based Homestays in Thailand: In several rural communities in Thailand, community-based homestays have been established to provide travelers with an authentic cultural experience. Visitors stay with local families, participate in daily activities, and learn about Thai customs and traditions. The income generated from homestays benefits the community, supporting local businesses and improving infrastructure and services.

These successful examples showcase the power of local tourism initiatives in preserving cultural heritage, supporting local communities, promoting sustainability, and offering unique travel experiences. They demonstrate the positive outcomes that can be achieved when local communities actively engage in tourism activities and collaborate with stakeholders to create a thriving and responsible tourism sector.

Local tourism offers a refreshing and authentic alternative to traditional tourism, providing travelers with immersive experiences that go beyond surface-level sightseeing. It emphasizes community engagement, cultural preservation, and sustainable practices, making it a valuable and meaningful way to explore a destination.

Throughout this article, we have explored the definition, importance, benefits, challenges, strategies, and successful examples of local tourism initiatives. We have seen how local tourism contributes to the preservation of cultural heritage, economic growth, environmental sustainability, and community empowerment.

Local tourism provides authentic and enriching experiences that create lasting memories for travelers. It connects visitors with local communities, allowing for cultural exchange and deeper understanding of different ways of life. By staying in locally-owned accommodations, supporting local businesses, and engaging in community activities, travelers play a vital role in the economic well-being of local communities.

However, local tourism also faces challenges that need to be addressed, such as infrastructure limitations, balancing sustainability and commercialization, and ensuring the preservation of cultural integrity. Through collaboration, community engagement, and responsible travel practices, these challenges can be overcome.

By promoting local tourism, destinations can diversify their offerings, reduce the strain on overcrowded tourist areas, and create a more sustainable and inclusive tourism sector. Travelers can contribute to the preservation of cultural heritage, support local economies, and gain unique insights into the local way of life.

In conclusion, local tourism is an invaluable and transformative way to travel. It allows us to step off the beaten path, connect with local communities, and make a positive impact on the destinations we visit. Through local tourism, we can foster cultural appreciation, economic growth, and environmental sustainability, ensuring a more vibrant and responsible future for the travel industry.

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How to be a Local Tourist

The Local Tourist has a simple goal: we want you to experience the fascination of a tourist while feeling the comfort of the local, no matter where you are.

The Local Tourist began many, many, MANY years ago as a guide to Chicago .

And not just to Chicago, but a guide to a specific neighborhood.

I started a hyper-local site because after I moved to the city, I wanted to take every opportunity to discover what was in my own “back yard.” I was a tourist, yet also a local. 

Chicago’s a major tourist destination, so on the surface, it’s easy and exciting to find things to do. It is easy, but precisely because of that complacency is common.

I also learned that, while not every place is the booming metropolis that is the Windy City, all destinations have something to share. From tiny towns like Tonopah, Nevada , and Charles City, Iowa , to college communities like West Lafayette/ Lafayette, Indiana , you can be a “Local Tourist” wherever you go.

When you’re local it’s easy to fall into a rut and do the same things over and over. When you’re a tourist, it’s easy to visit the places that every other tourist is visiting, and when you leave you feel like you haven’t really seen the place at all.

If you want to be a Local Tourist, if you want to explore with intention, whether you’re at home or somewhere else, we’re here to help.

What is a Local Tourist?

• A Local Tourist is someone who wants to go beyond the tourist traps…but knows that there are reasons those attractions are so popular.
• A Local Tourist wants to eat and drink local, shop at local boutiques, listen to local bands, view local art. 
• Local Tourists are not content to do the same ol’ same ol’; they want to get out and explore, to see new places and meet new people. 
• A Local Tourist wants to truly experience what is real and authentic, and to support those that create with passion and integrity.
• A Local Tourist wants to find what is unique about a place and what makes it worth visiting and worth experiencing.

Finally, a Local Tourist knows that there are no rules – if you want to check out the cheesiest, most tourist-y attraction there is, then do it, by golly! It’s your free time. We just want to help you enjoy it as much as possible.

To achieve that goal, here are 5 tips on how to travel like a local, and 5 tips on how to be a tourist in your own home.

How to travel like a local

It doesn’t matter where you are, if you use these tips you can explore anywhere with the comfort of the local. 

1. Ask the professionals

Start your exploration by finding out what the professionals suggest . As you’re planning your visit search for the local Convention and Visitors Bureau (CVB).

Usually, if you search “Visit {insert destination here}” you can find their website. Browse their recommendations and make notes of which ones appeal to you.

You’ll also want to follow them on whatever social media channels you use. They’ll often have an online version of their printed visitors guide, and if you’re planning far enough in advance you can request to have one mailed to you.

One of my favorite places to connect with local visitors bureaus is at the Travel and Adventure Show.

Related: get a free ticket to the Los Angeles Travel and Adventure Show .

2. Check Local Media

Explore the websites of your destination’s newspaper, radio and TV stations, and print and online magazines. These will have openings, closings, reviews, news, and upcoming events.

3. Talk to the locals

Before you arrive at your destination, seek out local bloggers and social media influencers. To find local sites, search {destination} + blog, and you can add whatever keywords interest you.

You can also ask those CVBs if they have any recommendations of people to follow.

Once you’re there, ask the people you interact with – concierges, taxi/ride-sharing drivers, cashiers, etc. – where they go to lunch, or where their favorite dive bar is, or what spot they love for great music.

If you build some flexibility into your visit, you can end up where the real locals go. 

4. Shop Local

Instead of getting your caffeine fix at a national chain, find the nearest locally-owned coffee shop.

When you’re planning dinner, skip the places you can find anywhere else and patronize the restaurant that has just one location.

Forget the big box store for any last-minute sundries; pick them up at the family-owned market. 

5. Take public transportation

Using an unfamiliar public transportation system can be intimidating, but it can show you a side of the city you wouldn’t see any other way. Before you go check out the local transit system’s website. You should be able to find fares, routes, and tips on how to get around.

This isn’t an option everywhere, of course. This is another area where the CVBs will come in handy.

How to be a Tourist in your own city

Aren’t you lucky – you actually live in a place that people pay to visit! They make a special trip to see what you have access to every day.

It’s that familiarity, though, that makes you forget all about what makes it unique, prompts you to look right past it, or even worse, proclaim that you’ll never go because there are too many tourists.

With these five tips on exploring your own city, you can experience the fascination of a tourist in your home town.

1. Take a tour

Dig a little deeper into your city’s past, its architecture, and what sets it apart from other cities with a tour.

Led by experts who are paid to know more than you do, you’re pretty much guaranteed to learn something new about where you live.

Almost every city has professional tours of some type, whether they’re trolley tours, hop-on hop-off tours, food tours, or bicycle tours.

2. Check out the Visitors Center

Just because you’re a local doesn’t mean you shouldn’t check out the Visitors Center. These places are staffed by people, often volunteers, who know so much about your home they’re tasked with sharing the best with anyone who visits.

A Visitors Center’s sole purpose is to help people navigate everything your city has to offer, so why not let them help you?

3. Take a Staycation

If you want to really feel like a tourist in your hometown, get a room. By staying in a hotel you can immerse yourself in the action, just like a tourist.

Ask the concierge and the bellhop where they go for dining and entertainment, and you’ll probably get some suggestions you never would have considered.

4. Go somewhere new to you

Humans are creatures of habit. Why not break out of the routine by visiting someplace new? Go to an entirely different part of town and walk the streets, absorbing all of the new sights and sounds.

For example, if you live in the Lincoln Park neighborhood of Chicago, go to Pilsen or Hyde Park for a day. If your home is Little Italy in San Diego, take a tour of Ocean Beach. Get out of your comfort zone!

5. Visit a tourist attraction

There’s a reason Navy Pier and Millennium Park are the most popular tourist attractions in Chicago . Likewise, there’s a reason Balboa Park is on every San Diego visitor’s itinerary.

The most popular tourist attractions are popular for a reason. Make it a challenge to find out why. You don’t even have to wait for an out-of-town visitor!

The whole idea behind The Local Tourist is to explore with intention and have fun. Whether that means traveling like a local or being a tourist in your own city, we hope these tips will help you be a Local Tourist no matter where you are!

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• air corridor
• amenity kit
• caravanning
• high season
• phrase book
• post-holiday
• put something up
• ranger station
• tourist trap
• trailer park

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anonymously

without the name of someone who has done a particular thing being known or made public

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National Travel and Tourism Office

National travel and tourism office (ntto).

In addition to providing statistics, the National Travel and Tourism Office (NTTO) creates a positive climate for growth in travel and tourism by reducing institutional barriers to tourism, administers joint marketing efforts, provides official travel and tourism statistics , and coordinates efforts across federal agencies through the Tourism Policy Council. The Office works to enhance the international competitiveness of the U.S. travel and tourism industry and increase its exports, thereby creating U.S. employment and economic growth. 

What Guides Our Work: The National Travel and Tourism Strategy

The Department of Commerce, on behalf of the federal interagency Tourism Policy Council, is launching the new National Travel and Tourism Strategy (Strategy) to recover and rebuild a U.S. travel and tourism industry that is more inclusive, equitable, sustainable, and resilient, positioning the sector to drive economic development and export revenue. The Strategy seeks to utilize the full efforts of the federal government to promote the United States as a premiere destination that is representative of the breadth and diversity of its communities, and to foster a sector that creates good jobs for more Americans and is a positive force for sustainability.  

2022 National Travel and Tourism Strategy

FACT SHEET: 2022 National Travel and Tourism Strategy

Our Engagement with the Private Sector: Travel and Tourism Advisory Board (TTAB)

The United States Travel and Tourism Advisory Board (TTAB) serves as the advisory body to the Secretary of Commerce on matters relating to the travel and tourism industry in the United States. The Board advises the Secretary on government policies and programs that affect the U.S. travel and tourism industry, offers counsel on current and emerging issues, and provides a forum for discussing and proposing solutions to industry-related problems. Visit the TTAB page

Our Work Fostering Diverse, Inclusive, and Sustainable Tourism:

As is laid out in the National Travel and Tourism Strategy, the U.S. government is working to increase not only the volume, but the value of travel and tourism to the United States. Across all of our work, we are striving to make sure tourism is accessible to communities, diverse across cultures and geographies, and a positive driver for economic growth and environmental protection. 

APEC Project “Assessing the Impact of Rising Sea Levels on Travel and Tourism in APEC Economies” : Our report looks at how rising sea levels and extreme weather events pose an increasing threat to tourism businesses and destinations, and how those businesses can prepare. It also examines best practices for governments and destinations to incorporate climate change into their tourism planning.  Access the Full Report Here.

How We Market the United States: Brand USA

NTTO is the official liaison to  Brand USA for the U.S. federal government. The Corporation for Travel Promotion (Brand USA) has a multi-language consumer website available whose primary purpose is to provide international travelers with a “one-stop shop” for travel information about the United States. This public-private partnership allows thousands of U.S. travel and tourism industry organizations to be exposed to traveling consumers around the globe, providing them with additional export assistance resources. It covers all 50 states, the five U.S. territories and hundreds of U.S. destinations. Visit the Brand USA page. 

The United States and Japan Launch “U.S.- Japan Tourism Year”

How We Represent U.S. Tourism Globally: Intergovernmental Organizations

NTTO represents U.S. tourism interests in intergovernmental organizations to lead the global efforts for travel and tourism policy concerns and issues, including chairing the Tourism Committee for the  Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development  

It also serves as the USG official head delegate to the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Tourism Working Group and the official U.S. government observer and participant on committees and activities of the United Nations World Tourism Organization.

TI News is an information service from NTTO providing up to date Travel and Tourism Industry news.  Visit TI News.  

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Is Local Tourism the Next Global Trend?

From humble beginnings TravelLocal is starting to take mainstream tourism by storm, Travel Begins at 40 talks with its co-founder Huw Owen about the company and why local tourism is an important part of responsible tourism.

What do you see TravelLocal, or local tourism, as meaning?

TravelLocal is all about engaging with a destination – getting to know the people who live there and becoming immersed in the culture. We embody this, putting customers in direct contact with local companies so that they can share their knowledge and expertise. This means that they get better value and a more authentic experience while also ensuring a fairer deal for the people on the ground.

What cuts TravelLocal out from competitors in the market?

The main thing that sets us apart from the rest of the travel industry is our focus on local expertise. The majority of our clients are well travelled and keen to engage with the culture of the destination they’re visiting rather than simply touring the main sites. Our platform allows them to get in direct contact with a local company, hand picked and tested by us, to create their own bespoke tour. This level of knowledge and granular detail simply cannot be accessed on the international market, it can only be found by going straight to the people who know the country best – the locals.

Why now? Is there a general movement towards ethical and local tourism?

Without a doubt there is. According to the 2017 ABTA travel trend survey, 70% of travellers want to contribute to the local economy during their trip and this is something that we have always advocated. When shopping through traditional tour operators, it is hard to know where the money goes and how much of it sits with the middleman. I think it is because of this uncertainty, and an increasing focus on making sure that tourism does good on the ground, that people are reaching out to companies like ours.

The most vital things for us when choosing a new partner are creativity, reliability and passion.

How do your local partners really benefit from your business model?

For many years, the flow of international tourism has been directed against locally owned companies. I used to run TravelLocal’s partner company in Cambodia and it was so difficult for us to reach customers because we were in direct competition with huge multinational tour operators. It was hard for people to find us and, if they came to us through a tour operator, we would find ourselves sidelined in the communications. Through our business model, the local companies are brought back to the forefront and offered the recognition they deserve. More of the customer’s money ends up in the destination which helps these companies to flourish – employing more people and encouraging others to engage with the tourism industry. We aim to level the playing field by giving our partners the opportunity to share their knowledge and prove to customers why it is always best to buy local.

How do you choose your local partners?

The most vital things for us when choosing a new partner are creativity, reliability and passion. We are drawn to companies who are offering exciting itineraries and putting a spin on their destination’s average tourist highlights, all while offering exceptional customer service. It is also essential that they are locally owned, registered in the destination and are experienced in providing high quality holiday experiences. We check all their reviews, get in touch with previous clients and put their communication strategies to the test to make sure that they share our ethos of putting the customer first.

I think that there is now an opportunity to build a more sustainable future. Buying directly with a local company is one of the best ways to do this

I read somewhere that you and your partners are driving the revolution – how are you doing that?

There is a strong feeling amongst the TravelLocal network that the industry is undergoing a sort of generational change. A few years ago it was top down expertise delivered by a high-end tour operator – and prices to match. Now it’s being led by both technology – platforms like ours rather than bricks and mortar shops – and by our local partners and their exceptional local knowledge. Those two things combined are exceptionally disruptive. More broadly – this is a terrible cliche but it’s true – our customers are also driving this. We get amazing reviews which we are very proud of and we are passionate about quality. Customers can perceive that, and coupled with the buy local ethos they have something they’re prepared to shout about. We get many bookings simply from word of mouth recommendations. We are also getting bookings from many countries around the world – that excites all of us. It shows that the movement we’re driving has a global impact.

How is the customer experience on the ground changing?

Good question – the answer from us would be “a lot”. But the answer elsewhere in the more mainstream bits of the industry is that it’s inching forwards. We use technology to improve it, but at the moment the customer experience on the ground is in the hands of our expert local partners. It is they who finally have an outlet for their creativity and innovations. I vividly remember working for one of the big international tour operators in the UK and we dictated the experience, and ignored more unusual or niche experiences that were being suggested by locals in the destination. Now, we have the chance to turn that on its head – if you’re a great local travel company, passionate and creative about your destination, you can speak to a global marketplace directly on TravelLocal.

I think more broadly we see many changes driven by customers of all ages around niche interests. I have a strong memory when I first moved to Cambodia of all these thousands of travellers coming to Phnom Penh and seeing the city in a certain “classic” way, and I just thought “what a waste of everyone’s time”. There was a Phnom Penh they were not being shown that was much more layered and interesting – a great view from a well chosen rooftop bar, the rambling old colonial school where the Khmer Rouge were educated, or a quiet temple that only locals knew about. The biggest mistake that we could see was that big international tour operators underestimated their own clients – they thought it was all about ticking off the top five things in a city, then moving on. But travellers these days are much more sophisticated than that. They also ignored modern history – you had to find niche operators to really get to grips with that. We could see as clear as day that if given the option to really delve into recent events people were very keen to do so.

Do some research into the destination and try to get creative with the itinerary rather than following the average tourist itinerary.

How is technology shaping the future of travel?

Online commerce has become a mainstay of our economy and, in recent years, people have become more and more inclined to shop for travel on the internet. It is tough to gain consumer trust online but once it’s gained it can be a very powerful tool for reaching large numbers of potential clients. It is thanks to technology that we are able to place our local partners at the forefront of the transaction, allowing customers to communicate directly with them through our messaging system. The internet helps us to make connections across the world and I think that this is something that will continue to grow in the travel industry – people are able to reach far further in an online world.

What is the future of ethical and luxury travel?

I think that we are moving into an era which calls for a partnership between traveller and destination. We have seen a backlash in recent years against careless tourism and we are seeing that more and more of our clients are keen to travel in a respectful way . It’s about getting to the heart of a destination while also travelling responsibly and, to put it plainly, doing the right thing. I think that there is now an opportunity to build a more sustainable future. Buying directly with a local company is one of the best ways to do this – the destination is their home, the iconic sites are part of their cultural heritage and they are better placed than anyone to bring ethical luxury travel to the forefront.

Supporting local tourism is just one way that you can engage with responsible tourism, read Mike Haynes on,  What is the Best Responsible Tourism Model for Myanmar?

A re you a member of a local tourism network?

TravelLocal is part of the Ethical Tour Operator’s Group (Tourism Concern) and all of our partners are members of tourism associations in their destination.

Finally, what is your advice for travellers wishing to have a genuine local tourism experience – what should they look for and what should they avoid?

I think that my most important piece of advice would be to make sure that they don’t just do the most popular things. Do some research into the destination and try to get creative with the itinerary rather than following the average tourist itinerary. Of course, I would also say that booking with locals is the best way to ensure an authentic travel experience. They are keen to engage with their destination in a new way and relish the challenge of creating off the beaten track itineraries. Don’t be afraid to ask for more and make sure you leave home with an open mind – you never know where people’s suggestions may take you.

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Mark Bibby Jackson

Before setting up Travel Begins at 40, Mark was the publisher of AsiaLIFE Cambodia and a freelance travel writer. When he is not packing and unpacking his travelling bag, Mark writes novels, including To Cook A Spider and Peppered Justice. He loves walking, eating, tasting beer, isolation and arthouse movies, as well as talking to strangers on planes, buses and trains whenever possible. Most at home when not at home.

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What Is Community-Based Tourism? Definition and Popular Destinations

CBT provides communities with the opportunity to play a lead role in their own tourism industries.

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Community-based tourism is a type of sustainable tourism where residents invite travelers to visit or stay in their communities with the intent to provide an authentic experience of the local culture and traditions. These communities are often rural, economically struggling, or living below the poverty line, and community-based tourism (CBT) gives them the opportunity to take full ownership of their area’s individualized tourist industry as entrepreneurs, managers, service providers, and employees. Most importantly, it ensures that the economic benefits go directly towards local families and stay within the community.

Community-Based Tourism Definition and Principles

In 2019, travel and tourism accounted for one in four new jobs created worldwide, while international visitor spending amounted to $1.7 trillion, or 6.8% of total imports, according to the World Travel and Tourism Council. Surveys show that travelers are becoming more interested in sustainable travel trends and supporting small businesses and unique communities. An American Express poll of travelers in Australia, Canada, India, Japan, Mexico, and the U.K. found that 68% plan to be more aware of sustainable travel companies, while 72% want to help boost tourism revenue in the local economies of the destinations they visit.

While CBT is a form of sustainable tourism, it differs slightly from ecotourism and voluntourism . Rather than focusing specifically on nature or charity, CBT is meant to benefit the community and its environments as a whole. From the traveler’s perspective, CBT offers the chance to immerse oneself in local culture and participate in a completely unique tourism experience.

Responsible Travel , a UK-based activism company that has fostered sustainable travel opportunities since 2001, says that CBT can enable tourists to discover cultures and wildlife they might not have experienced in traditional travel situations. “For many, there is nothing like bridging centuries of modern development and making a connection with people whose lives are so very different to our own,” the organization writes. “And those of us privileged enough to have visited, and listened properly, will have discovered that traditional communities often have far more to teach us about our society and our lives than we can teach them about our world.”

CBT is often developed by the destination’s local government but can also get assistance from nonprofits, other community members, private funding, or even partnerships with travel companies. Most of the time, community-based tourism projects are successful due to cooperation between the community and some kind of tourism expert.

For example, in Madi Valley, Nepal, the Shivadwar Village community reached out to the nonprofit World Wildlife Fund ( WWF Nepal ) for help in 2015. The wild animals living in the famous Chitwan National Park were causing issues for the surrounding villages by wandering into their agricultural lands and damaging crops, limiting income and employment opportunities for the residents living in the popular national park’s buffer zone . WWF Nepal was able to apply for funding through their Business Partnership Platform and partnered up with travel company Intrepid to help the village develop a community-based tourism project. Today, 13 out of the 34 homes in Shivadwar Village operate as homestays, with the income going directly to the families.

Pros and Cons

When community members see that tourists are spending money to experience their traditional ways of life, it can empower them to help keep mass exploitative tourism from entering their communities. However, each situation is unique, and there is always room for advantages and disadvantages.

Pro: CBT Stimulates the Economy

A successful CBT program distributes benefits equally to all participants and also diversifies the local job market . Even community members not directly involved with homestays may also act as guides, provide meals, supply goods, or perform other tourism-related jobs. Women in the community are often responsible for the homestay components of a tourism program, so CBT can help create new spaces for women to take on leadership positions and even run their own businesses in underdeveloped communities.

Con: There’s a Potential for Benefit Leaking

Economic leakage happens when money generated by a certain industry, in this case tourism, leaves the host country and ends up elsewhere. According to a study conducted in the Muen Ngoen Kong Community of Chiang Mai, Thailand, some community members felt that “profit from tourism often does not filter down to the local economy and the costs they incurred far outweigh the benefits.” In this case, locally owned small businesses were also operating against stronger international competitors.

Pro: Environmental Conservation

CBT can help create alternative income for communities and less economic dependence on industries that can harm the region’s biodiversity, such as illegal logging or poaching. Members of the Chi Phat Commune in Cambodia, for example, went from relying on logging within Cambodia’s Cardamom Mountains to generating income through sustainable family-run ecotourism businesses with help from the Wildlife Alliance .

Con: It’s Not Always Successful

If the CBT project doesn’t have a clear vision or management strategy from the start, it runs the risk of failing, which could be catastrophic for an underdeveloped community that has already invested time, money, or energy into the project. Successful CBT projects bring communities together with tourism experts who know how to operate in these unique situations.

Pro: CBT Can Help Preserve Cultures

Employment opportunities in CBT don't only provide members with valuable social skills and training, but also can prevent younger generations from leaving their own communities in search of work in larger cities. At the same time, the community will recognize the commercial and social values that tourism places on their natural heritage and cultural traditions, helping foster the conservation of these resources even further.

Community-Based Tourism Destinations

Thanks to the increasing popularity of sustainable tourism and greater accessibility to resources like the internet, small communities and travel experts are continuing to come together to create successful CBT programs.

Chalalan Ecolodge, Bolivia

The Chalalan Ecolodge is a joint indigenous community tourism initiative of the rainforest community of San José de Uchupiamonas and Conservation International (CI) in the Bolivian Amazon. Created in 1995 by a group of villagers and supported by CI through training in skills like management, housekeeping, and tour guiding, Chalalan is the oldest community-based enterprise in Bolivia. By February 2001, the indigenous community received full ownership of the property from CI and now directly supports 74 families.

Korzok, India

Known as the highest permanent civilization on Earth, Korzok village in Ladakh, India, rests at an altitude of 15,000 feet. Although the main source of income for most families here comes from pashmina, the village has developed a CBT model based on homestays with younger community members earning jobs as porters, cooks, and tour guides. During the tourist season from June to September, the occupancy rate for homestays is 80%, earning each family an average of $700 to $1,200 during those four months. For comparison, the average yearly income from pashmina ranges between $320 and $480, making CBT much more lucrative.

Tamchy, Kyrgyzstan

The Central Asian republic of Kyrgyzstan has fully embraced CBT as a tool for growth. The Kyrgyz Community Based Tourism Association has developed 15 different diverse CBT programs around the country, helping to organize and train remote mountain communities in tourism to help improve their economies and living conditions. One of the most successful is the tiny village of Tamchy, found right next to Issyk-Kul, the biggest lake in Kyrgyzstan and one of the largest mountain lakes in the world. The people of Tamchy welcome tourists to stay with them in traditional yurts and homestays while learning about the unique culture there.

Termas de Papallacta, Ecuador

Back in 1994, a group of six Ecuadorians from the small village of Papallacta village in Napo Province purchased a property that included natural thermal pools. The village is on the road to the Amazon from Quito, so it was a popular route but without much draw for tourism outside of that. The property started as a small spa and accommodation space for travelers but has since grown into the country’s most popular thermal wellness resort and one of the largest employers in the area. Termas de Papallacta also runs an independent foundation that helps train the local community in environmental issues and is certified by the Rainforest Alliance.

" Economic Impact Reports ." World Travel and Tourism Council .

Lo, Yu-Chih and Janta, Pidpong. " Resident's Perspective on Developing Community-Based Tourism- a Qualitative Study of Muen Ngoen Kong Community, Chiang Mai, Thailand ." Frontiers in Psychology , vol. 11, 2020, pp. 1493., doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01493

" Chalalan Eco-Lodge, Bolivia: Equator Initiative Case Study Series ." United Nations Development Programme .

Anand, Anupam, et al. " Homestays at Korzok: Supplementing Rural Livelihoods and Support Green Tourism in the Indian Himalayas ." Mountain Research and Development , vol. 32, no. 2, 2012, pp. 126-136., doi:10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-11-00109.1

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Tourism and Local Governments

This page addresses tourism planning for local governments in Washington State, including financing options, examples of local tourism programs, and related resources.

Tourism is Washington's fourth largest industry. This is reflected in the increasing dollars generated for the economy and the heightened interest local communities have in developing a tourism industry. Some general observations about the characteristics of tourism in Washington counties are presented in the Department of Commerce's Choose Washington: Tourism page.

Planning for Tourism

Tourism planning requires strong local support. Communities must be willing to cater to tourists and provide settings and experiences that are attractive to the traveling public. The community should have amenities, attractions, and/or destinations around which to build a tourism strategy. Below are some examples of local tourism marketing plans.

Additionally, the Washington State Department of Commerce has established the Tourism Marketing Authority (TMA) to oversee a statewide tourism marketing plan (2018). See Ch. 43.384 RCW .

Examples of  Local Tourism Marketing Plans

• Bellingham / Whatcom County 2018-2022 Cultural Heritage Tourism Strategic Plan
• Port Orchard 2017-2018 Tourism Promotion Strategic Plan
• Snohomish County 2018-2022 Strategic Tourism Plan

Hotel-Motel (Lodging) Tax

The hotel-motel tax or lodging tax ( chapter 67.28 RCW ) is the primary source of funds for tourism promotion. For more information, see our page on Lodging Tax (Hotel-Motel Tax) .

Tourism Promotion Areas (TPA)

The legislative body of any city or county may form a tourism promotion area (TPA) to generate revenue for tourism promotion ( chapter 35.101 RCW ). Previously, this authority was limited to counties over 40,000 population and the cities and towns in those counties, but as of 2020, the state legislature removed the population requirement.

A TPA may include the entire jurisdiction or only a portion, and multiple jurisdictions may establish a joint TPA through interlocal agreement. However, a county TPA may only include unincorporated areas, unless the county has signed an interlocal agreement with one or more cities to form a joint TPA.

In counties of one million or more – currently, only King County – the legislative body must be comprised of two or more jurisdictions acting under an interlocal agreement. (However, in 2015 the legislature created an exception for Federal Way to form a TPA by itself.)

Within the tourism promotion area, the legislative body may impose a charge of up to $2 per room per night on “lodging businesses." See chapter 82.08 RCW  for more explanation. As of 2020, the legislative body may impose an additional charge of up to $3 per room per night if it has secured the signatures of the persons who operate lodging businesses who would pay 60% or more of the proposed charges. This additional $3 nightly charge expires July 1, 2027.

The legislative body may establish up to six different lodging classifications, sometimes referred to as “zones,” with different rates in each. The classifications must only be based on geographic location, number of rooms, or room revenue.

Lodging businesses with fewer than 40 rooms are exempt and may not be assessed.

The state Department of Revenue has emphasized that while the statute allows TPAs to classify lodging charges based on the number of rooms, room revenue, or geographic location, it does not allow lodging charges to be based upon the type of lodging. For example, a TPA may not exempt or charge different fees upon specific types of lodging such as RV parks that rent spaces, private lodging houses, long-term room rentals, guest ranches, etc.

The lodging businesses collect the charges and remit them to the Department of Revenue, which deposits the revenues into the Local Tourism Promotion Account. The state treasurer distributes money in the account monthly to the legislative authority on whose behalf the money was collected.

The revenue must be used "to promote tourism that increases the number of tourists to the area" ( RCW 35.101.130 (1)). Definitions of "tourism promotion" and "tourist" are provided in  RCW 35.101.010 .

The legislative body may appoint an existing advisory board or create a new advisory board to make recommendations on the use of the revenues, but the legislative body has sole discretion as to how the funds are used to promote tourism. The legislative authority may contract with tourism destination marketing organizations or similar organizations to administer the operation of the area.

Formation of a tourism promotion area is initiated by a petition to the legislative body of the city or county. The petition must describe the proposed TPA boundaries, the total estimated revenues, and the proposed uses of the revenues, and it must contain the signatures of people who operate lodging businesses in the proposed TPA who would pay at least 60% of the proposed charges. The legislative body must hold a public hearing on the establishment of the TPA.

Any tourism promotion area fee must be repealed if a majority of the lodging businesses assessed the charges petitions to the legislative body in writing to remove the charge ( RCW 35.101.130 ). The legislative authority may determine the timing of when to remove the charge so that the effective date of the expiration will not adversely affect existing contractual obligations, not to exceed 12 months. Any fee in place as of January 1, 2020 is not subject to this provision unless the jurisdiction increases the charge under  RCW 35.101.057 .

Liberty Lake  Ordinance No. 127A  (2011) – Increasing TPA rates to $2 per night for lodging businesses with room revenues over $500,000 during the previous year; rates remain at $0.50 per room for businesses with $500,000 or less in room revenues. Includes original ordinance establishing TPA in 2004

Prosser  Tourism Promotion Area Grant Application  (2018)

Skagit County  Interlocal Cooperative Agreement for a Skagit County Tourism Promotion Area  (2020) – An agreement between the county and multiple cities to establish a joint tourism area where the county is the legislative authority

Ordinance No. 2010-11  (2010) – Reenacts TPA following expiration of original TPA, with rate of $1 per room. Establishes advisory committee; ordinance must be reviewed every three years to determine continued efficacy and desirability among affected lodging businesses.

TPA Funding Application Form  (2023) – Form for businesses and organizations wishing to obtain tourism promotion funding for projects through the TPA

Ordinance No. 2707  (2011) – Establishes citywide TPA with flat rate of $2 per night

Tourism Promotion Area Management Agreement  (2011) – Agreement to manage operational and administrative activities for TPA

Examples of Local Tourism Programs and Advisory Committees

The following are a few examples of tourism program information from Washington cities and counties:

• Cowlitz County "The Big Idea" Interlocal Agreement (2014) – Reconstitutes original 2011 agreement for Cowlitz County Regional Tourism Development Partnership Program, AKA "The Big Idea," and Tourism Board of Directors Agreement with Longview, Kelso, Castle Rock, Kalama, and Woodland
• Kirkland Tourism Program and Explore Kirkland.com  – Official Kirkland tourism sites
• Moses Lake Visitors – Guide with information on local events, attractions, lodging, etc.
• Visit Kitsap Peninsula Port Orchard  – Tourism site
• Whidbey & Camano Islands – Tourism site

Tourism Advisory Committees

A few cities have created committees to advise on tourism, while others include this function within the focus of an Economic Development Committee. Below are some examples of advisory committees:

• Bellingham Tourism Commission
• Blaine Tourism Advisory Committee

Cultural and Heritage Tourism

History and culture provide a key opportunity for tourism-related economic development promoters and planners. The educational experience from heritage tourism can also be partnered with other tourist attractions. This section provides resources for local governments to use in developing cultural and heritage tourism. It includes local examples of cultural events, tours, and communities that have capitalized on their historic heritage.

The National Trust for Historic Preservation's (NTHP) definition of cultural heritage tourism is "traveling to experience the places, artifacts, and activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past and present. It includes visitation to cultural, historic, and natural resources." The NTHP identified five strategies to guide the combining of heritage and tourism: collaborate; find the fit between a community or region and tourism; make sites and programs come alive; focus on authenticity and quality of experience; and preserve and protect resources.

Information Resources on Cultural and Heritage Tourism

The following resources provide useful background and guidance on cultural and heritage tourism.

• National Trust for Historic Preservation : Heritage Tourism Stories
• Florida Department of State : Cultural Tourism Toolkit – Toolkit to assist cultural organizations in finding new ways to collaborate with the tourism industry
• Texas Historical Commission Heritage Tourism Guidebook (2007) – Step-by-step guide for the development of heritage tourism to preserve historic and cultural resources and boost economies. Appendix includes a Physical Inventory Worksheet for appraising assets for potential development.

Economic Impact of Cultural Tourism

One of the primary benefits of cultural and heritage tourism are the economic impacts for communities. While this is difficult to measure, it can be an important element of a local economic development strategy. Below are some useful resources on this topic:

• Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historical Preservation : Economic Benefits of Historic Preservation (2007) – This study includes economic impacts of heritage tourism.
• Advisory Council on Historic Preservation : Measuring Economic Impacts of Historic Preservation (2013) – Offers a study carried out to identify indicators that can be used to measure the economic impact of historic preservation over time and understand the economic roles and impact of historic preservation

Examples of Cultural and Heritage Tourism

The following are a few examples of cultural and heritage tourism promotional materials and activities from communities around Washington State. Some of these are sponsored by chambers of commerce and other local organizations.

• San Juan Islands Visitors Bureau : Historic Sites in the San Juans
• Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation : National Maritime Heritage Area Study – Information about Washington State's proposed National Maritime Heritage Area
• Visit Seattle : Cultural Heritage
• LewisAndClarkTrail.com : Lewis and Clark Trail - Washington

Ecotourism provides opportunities to visit undisturbed natural areas, scenic vistas, plants, and wildlife. Washington state offers many opportunities for local governments to promote their natural environments to visitors. While maximizing the economic, environmental, and social benefits from ecotourism, the local environment must be protected. This section provides links to information on how to create and promote nature tourism destinations.

• The International Ecotourism Society : What Is Ecotourism?

Examples of Sites that Combine Nature and Marketing

The following are sites promote ecotourism in Washington communities:

• State of Washington Tourism : Experience a State of Wanderlust – Official tourism site of the State of Washington; includes information on wildlife, scenic areas, and outdoor activities
• San Juan Islands Visitors Bureau : Experiences & Itineraries – Includes ecotourism activities such as wildlife and outdoor experiences
• The Central Cascades Geotourism Project of Oregon and Washington – Created by Travel Oregon and Experience Washington in association with National Geographic

Economic Impact of Nature Tourism

• Earth Economics : Nature's Value in Clallam County: Policy Implications of the Economic Benefits of Feed Bluffs and 12 Other Ecosystems (2013)
• American Trails : Tails Make Economic Sense

Sports and Recreation Tourism

This section includes information on sports and recreation tourism. Sports tourism can be an important part of a community's economic development program.

There are many organizations that support the development of sports facilities and local events and encourage activities that will attract tourists and spur economic development.

• Sports Events & Tourism Association
• Washington Festivals & Events Association (WFEA) – Nonprofit organization promoting  common business interests of the state's festivals and events industry; holds an annual conference and other professional education and leadership development
• Seattle Sports Commission – Nonprofit agency dedicated to creating economic development through sports and recreation, supporting the local sports community, and promoting health and fitness in the Puget Sound area
• Snohomish County Sports Commission
• Spokane Sports
• Tri-Cities Sports Council – Project of the Tri-Cities Visitor & Convention Bureau
• Wenatchee Valley Sports
• Yakima Valley Sports Commission

Economic Impact of Sports and Recreation Tourism

• League of American Bicyclists : Bicycling Means Business - The Economic Benefits of Bicycle Infrastructure (2012)
• Washington State Recreation and Conservation Office : Economic Analysis of Outdoor Recreation in Washington State (2015)
• ResearchGate : Doing Better - Sports, Economic Impact Analysis, and Schools of Public Policy and Administration (2009)

Economic Impact of Sports Facilities

• Seattle Athletic Stadium 5 Year Impact Study (2006) – Prepared by Property Counselors for City Of Seattle Office of Planning and Development and office of Economic Development
• Heartland Institute : A Decade of Research on Sports Stadiums (2005)
• Lincoln Institute of Land Policy : Identifying the Real Costs and Benefits of Sports Facilities (2002)

Weekly E-News

Get the latest local government news, analysis, and training opportunities in Washington State with MRSC’s Weekly Insights .

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How to travel locally: the ultimate guide to local tourism

Local tourism is really gaining momentum these days – and for good reason. From the minimal environmental impact to the low-budget opportunities, it comes with a lot of benefits. Ready to travel locally on your next trip? Read this article to learn how!

Before you select the hottest new destination for your vacation, consider all of the beautiful options that are available to you locally .

Yes, driving two hours may not be as glamorous as a 12-hour flight to Southeast Asia, but there are many benefits to local travel that just aren’t available at popular tourist destinations.

From a decrease in cost to a minimal environmental impact, traveling locally just might be the answer you’ve been looking for.

But how to travel locally? And why ?

Read on to learn about all the ways local travel might work for you.

What is local travel?

Local travel is simply small-scale travel. It’s when you don’t go too far from home and spend one or a few days visiting local destinations and hidden gems. You might drive an hour or two away, hop on a train, or even be a tourist in your own city.

When people imagine travel, they often think of far-flung adventures, where the journey is just as important as the destination. And that’s certainly a great way to travel – but it’s not the only one out there. Think you’ve seen it all in your area ? This is exactly how you miss out on great experiences !

Although the terms are often considered synonyms, local travel is not exactly the same as domestic travel . Think of all the massive countries out there – a family from New York traveling to California are not local travelers just because they’re staying in the same country.

But local travel can definitely be international , especially in places like Europe where countries are so close to each other and public transportation is abundant. 

Why is local travel sustainable?

Local travel is more sustainable than typical international travel by far. Before we get into detail, it’s important to note what sustainable travel even is.

In short, there are three pillars to sustainable travel: environmental , economic , and socio-cultural . Sustainable travel must not cause excessive harm to the environment, and it should support the local economy and its people in a way that doesn’t erode their culture.

Local travel can easily be sustainable in all three dimensions.

Local travel is environmentally sustainable

Carbon emissions when traveling locally are much lower compared to traveling internationally, or simply traveling large distances. Local travel often doesn’t involve flights and, when it does, the shorter distance lends a hand in reducing emissions.

Airlines also limit what and how much you can take on board with you, so you’ll have to use your suitcase space wisely and likely resort to travel-size products. This results in a lot of unnecessary waste. When traveling by car or public transportation, there are no such restrictions and you can pack eco-friendly products to further reduce your carbon footprint.

Check out my eco-friendly packing list .

Local travel also means you already know how to minimize your impact once you get to your destination. For example, has your country launched an app to locate water stations to refill your reusable bottle? That’s great, you can still use it on your trip. Or, are you expected to sort your trash before throwing it away? No problem, you already know how to do it.

When traveling to far-away destinations , you may be unaware of such habits and practices, and may not have enough time to research the necessary information. So, you’ll probably end up with no alternative but to buy bottled water, dump everything in the “mixed waste”, and so on.

Another point for local tourism!

Local travel is economically sustainable

Local travel is sustainable economically for both yourself and your community.

The push to shop locally is prevalent in sustainable travel. Who do you want to support – the locals or international hotel chains? The same applies to local travel, except this time you’re helping your own community and its economy.

It’s also easier to navigate all the available options because you are already familiar with the area and have a better sense of what is really a local offering versus what is sneakily a tourist trap.

You’ll be also more inclined to book local and sustainable accommodation , especially if you’re one to seek the comforts of home while away.

The farther away you go, the higher the chances that a hotel room or vacation rental is very different from what you’re used to. Maybe the hygiene standards are not the same as in your home country, the local norms of hospitality look weird or even rude to you, or the amenities are not as you expected. Sustainable tourism should indeed be all about respecting the local culture and customs, but not everyone has the same spirit of adaptation (and that’s ok).

Luckily, you’ll have no such issues when traveling locally. Accommodations probably offer the same services you’re used to and there is less of a need to seek the comfort of a hotel chain. It will be that much easier to book a bed and breakfast, or to maybe even try out a campsite or other alternative forms of accommodation.

Learn more about what to look for in sustainable accommodation here .

Everything that is true about accommodation is true about eating locally . As a resident of the nearby area, you know what is truly local food and what isn’t, and you can support restaurants and the overall service industry close by.

Local travel is culturally sustainable

Local travel also preserves local culture and traditions . In over-traveled destinations, locals face pressure to adapt their habits and traditions to meet tourists’ expectations. This isn’t an issue when people travel locally, as they are already a part of, or better understand, the area that they are visiting.

Local travel is also much more flexible than traveling a great distance away. It’s much easier to pack up and go when you only have a short trip ahead. This means you can easily avoid crowds by traveling outside of peak season which is good for both you and the community you’re visiting. Traveling in the low season does not mean you won’t find anything fun to do. You can attend fairs, festivals, and exhibitions, both large and small, without putting a strain on the community’s resources.

Benefits of traveling locally

Local travel offers many other benefits to travelers that aren’t just about the environment and the community that’s being visited.

It’s cheaper

Oftentimes traveling locally is much cheaper than going on a long and far international vacation. The cost of transport, insurance, and baggage fees can add up fast, and if you’re traveling in a region that you’re familiar with, you will have a better understanding of ways to save money too.

It’s easy to plan

Local trips are easier and less time-consuming to plan as you’re familiar with customs and the way things work, and they also allow you to travel more frequently . When only traveling an hour or two in each direction it’s more manageable to take weekend trips.

And if you have a family or pets , you don’t have to worry about flight time, children in pain from the change of air pressure, or your dog not being allowed on the flight at all.

You learn about your area

When you travel locally, you have the chance to learn things about your area that you might have always overlooked. Travel often changes people’s mindsets. No longer are you in your daily life, but rather you are an outsider looking into the lives of people who live there.

So what if you’re only 30 minutes from your bedroom? If you visit an area from the perspective of a tourist , you will be much more open to learning about what other people experience, which will then lead you to view your own city differently.

It is also much easier to find hidden gems . If you’ve extensively traveled in a region and have already visited all of the must-see attractions, you should explore outside-the-box opportunities. You never know what you’ll find unless you get out there and look.

It’s more inclusive

Local travel is more inclusive from multiple perspectives.

It has the potential to be much more disability-friendly than international travel in many circumstances. For example, service animals are allowed, and it’s that much easier and stress-free to travel with all necessary equipment that may be needed.

Also, with no cultural or language barriers , you can better assess the actual inclusivity of an attraction or a destination and draw your conclusions. You may want to avoid places that you consider to be unsafe for certain marginalized groups, or go anyway with some precautions.

Ideas for local travel

Short on local vacation ideas? No problem, there are so many options when it comes to local travel.

Go on a road trip

Road trips are the easiest way to travel locally, especially if you already have a car. Make sure your vehicle is equipped to leave home: all elements should be in working order (tires have the correct air pressure, there’s enough oil, etc.), and you have jumper cables and a snow scraper as needed.

All that’s left is to hop in and hit the road!

Your car can take you wherever you want to go. There isn’t a set flight plan, and you won’t have a tour guide telling you what is next on the agenda.

There is so much to see and do throughout the world, and just because you’re close to home doesn’t mean it’s any less of an adventure .

Stop anywhere that looks interesting, and avoid highways when possible.

Travel doesn’t always have to mean luxurious getaways. Sometimes the best trips are the ones that are laid back and spent in nature.

There are campsites almost everywhere, and for all types of travelers. From state-of-the-art RV parks to family-friendly spots in the woods, you are sure to find your ideal way to connect with nature .

Hop on a train

You know what they say – travel is about the journey , not the destination. Well, what better way to get from point A to B than hopping on a train and enjoying the view all along?

Trains offer a fun, slowed-down experience in a world where people just want to travel as quickly as possible. They are also a great option for those who are not comfortable driving in unfamiliar places or just don’t want to relax on the trip.

Depending on where you live, trains may be a more or less accessible form of transportation, but they’re worth a try. You can even find money-saving deals such as 10-ride passes that you can use on multiple trips.

Hiking is what you make of it, and there’s no shortage of hiking options available. A hike can be as simple and accessible as a stroll along a town’s border or a weekend-long trek up a mountain.

No matter where you are in the world, you will have access to a hike to go on.

This is another great way to connect with nature , and as a bonus, it doesn’t have the time commitment that camping does.

If you aren’t in the mood to sleep in the wilderness, it’s more than possible to drive to the trailhead and head back to a hotel, or even back home, once the hike is completed.

Visit a national park

National parks are bucket-list items for many people, and their accessibility makes them a great choice when considering local travel.

Entrance fees are what maintain the gorgeous land, so visiting them helps to preserve the area . Plus, when visiting locally you can choose to visit off of peak season to stave off overwhelming the area with tourists and enjoy the park even better.

Fewer people mean greater chances to spot wildlife – don’t forget to be respectful of the animals though! If you’re not sure what to do (or not to do), read this guide on ethical animal tourism .

Be a tourist in your own city

This may just be one of the best ways to travel locally and sustainably. Your home is filled with more to do than you know.

When we travel, we tend to use this time to escape monotony and try new things – why not just try new things at home?

Transportation costs will be low, and all money you spend at home will stay in your community .

Visit museums that you haven’t before, or take a walking tour to see what is being said about where you live. Try a cooking class , or eat at restaurants you otherwise wouldn’t try if you weren’t “visiting”.

Attend a local event or festival

So often we’re caught up in our daily lives that we only seek new experiences when we’re on vacation. Life doesn’t have to be like that.

Stay on the lookout for events going on in your town, or festivals happening in a neighboring town. Attending local events both supports your community and local artisans , and adds adventure to your life, all without a large time commitment. You can make it a turnaround trip, or turn it into an overnight stay.

Resources to travel locally

As with the travel industry as a whole, there are many resources available for those looking to travel locally.

Google is the greatest travel resource of them all. From providing access to maps and directions to being the home to all the travel blogs you could ever need, Google is the place to search for local travel ideas.

Local tourism board website                    

Many towns, no matter the size, have their own tourism board and website. You can spot them right away as they are usually called Visit Finland, Visit Canada, and so on. If not, they still appear at the top of Google Search results.

You’ll find inside information , hidden gems , cultural fun facts , events , and more.

These are an excellent resource, especially for those looking to visit smaller towns, as they are proud of what they have to offer and are always showing off what they provide.

Local tourist office or travel agency

You may associate travel agencies with long-haul flights and exotic landscapes, but they are a good resource when it comes to exploring local travel destinations and finding unique activities to embark on.

Stop by your local tourist office and see what they recommend in your area.

Dedicated apps

There’s definitely no shortage of travel apps to help you find local activities and events.

AllTrails ( iOS , Android ) will help you pick a hiking trail, Waze ( iOS , Android ) will be your best friend on a road trip, and Rick Steve Audio Europe ( iOS , Android ) will take you on free self-paced walking tours in Europe.

Many destinations also have their own app, so it is worth making a quick Google search. For example, Kide.app ( iOS , Android ) helps you find events and services in over 30 cities in Finland and you can even buy your tickets through it.

Recommendations from friends and family

Word of mouth is one of the best ways to discover new local travel ideas. You’re friends for a reason, which means your interests align and they will be able to give confident recommendations for an area.

It’s also a great idea to ask other locals in your town. Did your barista mention they go camping frequently? Ask them about their favorite campsites and trails.

Social media

Social media are a treasure trove of travel ideas. Start following local travel accounts or, if you already have a destination in mind, use the geotag and you’ll find yourself scrolling for hours through picture-perfect views and hidden corners of the world.

Tips for local travel

In conclusion, here’s a list of the best tips for local travel mentioned in this article.

1. Support the community by staying at locally-owned accommodations and eating at local restaurants.

2. Do what you can to minimize your carbon footprint . This is so much easier when you travel locally. For instance, you could bring eco-friendly travel items or choose low-impact forms of transportation.

3. Avoid tourist traps – who wants to pay for overpriced low-quality stuff in their own town that they probably know inside out?

4. Make friends . With no language barriers, you can easily strike up a conversation with other people on the same walking tour or with someone sitting next to you on the bus. It’ll be much easier to stay in touch with people living in the area than with someone who lives overseas.

5. Spread the word about the places you visit and give recommendations to your friends.

6. Most of all, have fun !

Final thoughts

So, have I convinced you to travel locally?

As you just read, local travel isn’t just good for the environment – it’s good for your community and your wallet as well.

It’s often cheaper than international travel, and it’s your own community that receives your tourist money.

If you’re in the mood for a change of pace, consider staying local – you never know what all your area has to offer until you try it out.

Three related articles

WHY IS SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IMPORTANT?

ANIMAL TOURISM: HOW TO TELL WHAT’S ETHICAL AND WHAT ISN’T

WHERE AND HOW TO FIND SUSTAINABLE ACCOMMODATION

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Glossary of tourism terms

Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes. These people are called visitors (which may be either tourists or excursionists; residents or non-residents) and tourism has to do with their activities, some of which involve tourism expenditure.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z

Activity/activities : In tourism statistics, the term activities represent the actions and behaviors of people in preparation for and during a trip in their capacity as consumers ( IRTS 2008, 1.2 ).

Activity (principal): The principal activity of a producer unit is the activity whose value added exceeds that of any other activity carried out within the same unit ( SNA 2008, 5.8 ).

Activity (productive): The (productive) activity carried out by a statistical unit is the type of production in which it engages. It has to be understood as a process, i.e. the combination of actions that result in a certain set of products. The classification of productive activities is determined by their principal output.

Administrative data : Administrative data is the set of units and data derived from an administrative source. This is a data holding information collected and maintained for the purpose of implementing one or more administrative regulations.

Adventure tourism : Adventure tourism is a type of tourism which usually takes place in destinations with specific geographic features and landscape and tends to be associated with a physical activity, cultural exchange, interaction and engagement with nature. This experience may involve some kind of real or perceived risk and may require significant physical and/or mental effort. Adventure tourism generally includes outdoor activities such as mountaineering, trekking, bungee jumping, rock climbing, rafting, canoeing, kayaking, canyoning, mountain biking, bush walking, scuba diving. Likewise, some indoor adventure tourism activities may also be practiced.

Aggregated data : The result of transforming unit level data into quantitative measures for a set of characteristics of a population.

Aggregation : A process that transforms microdata into aggregate-level information by using an aggregation function such as count, sum average, standard deviation, etc.

Analytical unit : Entity created by statisticians, by splitting or combining observation units with the help of estimations and imputations.

Balance of payments : The balance of payments is a statistical statement that summarizes transactions between residents and non-residents during a period. It consists of the goods and services account, the primary income account, the secondary income account, the capital account, and the financial account ( BPM6, 2.12 ).

Bias : An effect which deprives a statistical result of representativeness by systematically distorting it, as distinct from a random error which may distort on any one occasion but balances out on the average.

Business and professional purpose (of a tourism trip): The business and professional purpose of a tourism trip includes the activities of the self-employed and employees, as long as they do not correspond to an implicit or explicit employer-employee relationship with a resident producer in the country or place visited, those of investors, businessmen, etc. ( IRTS 2008, 3.17.2 ).

Business tourism : Business tourism is a type of tourism activity in which visitors travel for a specific professional and/or business purpose to a place outside their workplace and residence with the aim of attending a meeting, an activity or an event. The key components of business tourism are meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions. The term "meetings industry" within the context of business tourism recognizes the industrial nature of such activities. Business tourism can be combined with any other tourism type during the same trip.

Business visitor : A business visitor is a visitor whose main purpose for a tourism trip corresponds to the business and professional category of purpose ( IRTS 2008, 3.17.2 ).

Central Product Classification : The Central Product Classification (CPC) constitutes a complete product classification covering goods and services. It is intended to serve as an international standard for assembling and tabulating all kinds of data requiring product detail, including industrial production, national accounts, service industries, domestic and foreign commodity trade, international trade in services, balance of payments, consumption and price statistics. Other basic aims are to provide a framework for international comparison and promote harmonization of various types of statistics dealing with goods and services.

Census : A census is the complete enumeration of a population or groups at a point in time with respect to well defined characteristics: for example, Population, Production, Traffic on particular roads.

Coastal, maritime and inland water tourism : Coastal tourism refers to land-based tourism activities such as swimming, surfing, sunbathing and other coastal leisure, recreation and sports activities which take place on the shore of a sea, lake or river. Proximity to the coast is also a condition for services and facilities that support coastal tourism. Maritime tourism refers to sea-based activities such as cruising, yachting, boating and nautical sports and includes their respective land-based services and infrastructure. Inland water tourism refers to tourism activities such as cruising, yachting, boating and nautical sports which take place in aquatic- influenced environments located within land boundaries and include lakes, rivers, ponds, streams, groundwater, springs, cave waters and others traditionally grouped as inland wetlands.

Coherence : Adequacy of statistics to be combined in different ways and for various uses.

Competitiveness of a tourism destination : The competitiveness of a tourism destination is the ability of the destination to use its natural, cultural, human, man-made and capital resources efficiently to develop and deliver quality, innovative, ethical and attractive tourism products and services in order to achieve a sustainable growth within its overall vision and strategic goals, increase the added value of the tourism sector, improve and diversify its market components and optimize its attractiveness and benefits both for visitors and the local community in a sustainable perspective.

Consistency : Logical and numerical coherence.

Country of reference : The country of reference refers to the country for which the measurement is done. ( IRTS 2008, 2.15 ).

Country of residence : The country of residence of a household is determined according to the centre of predominant economic interest of its members. If a person resides (or intends to reside) for more than one year in a given country and has there his/her centre of economic interest (for example, where the predominant amount of time is spent), he/she is considered as a resident of this country.

Country-specific tourism characteristic products and activities : To be determined by each country by applying the criteria of IRTS 2008, 5.10 in their own context; for these products, the activities producing them will be considered as tourism characteristic, and the industries in which the principal activity is tourism-characteristic will be called tourism industries ( IRTS 2008, 5.16 ).

Cultural tourism : Cultural tourism is a type of tourism activity in which the visitor's essential motivation is to learn, discover, experience and consume the tangible and intangible cultural attractions/products in a tourism destination. These attractions/products relate to a set of distinctive material, intellectual, spiritual and emotional features of a society that encompasses arts and architecture, historical and cultural heritage, culinary heritage, literature, music, creative industries and the living cultures with their lifestyles, value systems, beliefs and traditions.

Data checking : Activity whereby the correctness conditions of the data are verified. It also includes the specification of the type of error or of the condition not met, and the qualification of the data and their division into "error-free data" and "erroneous data".

Data collection : Systematic process of gathering data for official statistics.

Data compilation : Operations performed on data to derive new information according to a given set of rules.

Data confrontation : The process of comparing data that has generally been derived from different surveys or other sources, especially those of different frequencies, in order to assess and possibly improve their coherency, and identify the reasons for any differences.

Data processing : Data processing is the operation performed on data by the organization, institute, agency, etc., responsible for undertaking the collection, tabulation, manipulation and preparation of data and metadata output.

Data reconciliation : The process of adjusting data derived from two different sources to remove, or at least reduce, the impact of differences identified.

Destination (main destination of a trip): The main destination of a tourism trip is defined as the place visited that is central to the decision to take the trip. See also purpose of a tourism trip ( IRTS 2008, 2.31 ).

Destination management / marketing organization (DMO) : A destination management/marketing organization (DMO) is the leading organizational entity which may encompass the various authorities, stakeholders and professionals and facilitates tourism sector partnerships towards a collective destination vision. The governance structures of DMOs vary from a single public authority to a public/ private partnership model with the key role of initiating, coordinating and managing certain activities such as implementation of tourism policies, strategic planning, product development, promotion and marketing and convention bureau activities. The functions of the DMOs may vary from national to regional and local levels depending on the current and potential needs as well as on the decentralization level of public administration. Not every tourism destination has a DMO.

Documentation: Processes and procedures for imputation,  weighting,  confidentiality  and suppression rules, outlier treatment and data capture should be fully documented by the  survey provider.  Such documentation should be made available to at least  the body financing the survey.

Domestic tourism : Domestic tourism comprises the activities of a resident visitor within the country of reference, either as part of a domestic tourism trip or part of an outbound tourism trip ( IRTS 2008, 2.39 ).

Domestic tourism consumption : Domestic tourism consumption is the tourism consumption of a resident visitor within the economy of reference ( TSA:RMF 2008, figure 2.1 ).

Domestic tourism expenditure : Domestic tourism expenditure is the tourism expenditure of a resident visitor within the economy of reference, (IRTS 2008, 4.15(a)).

Domestic tourism trip : A domestic tourism trip is one with a main destination within the country of residence of the visitor (IRTS 2008, 2.32).

Domestic visitor : As a visitor travels within his/her country of residence, he/she is a domestic visitor and his/her activities are part of domestic tourism.

Durable consumer goods : Durable consumer goods are goods that may be used repeatedly or continuously over a period of a year or more, assuming a normal or average rate of physical usage. When acquired by producers, these are considered to be capital goods used for production processes, as is the case of vehicles, computers, etc. When acquired by households, they are considered to be consumer durable goods ( TSA:RMF 2008, 2.39 ). This definition is identical to the definition of SNA 2008, 9.42 : A consumer durable is a goodthat may be used for purposes of consumption repeatedly or continuously over a period of a year or more.

Dwellings : Each household has a principal dwelling (sometimes also designated as main or primary home), usually defined with reference to time spent there, whose location defines the country of residence and place of usual residence of this household and of all its members. All other dwellings (owned or leased by the household) are considered secondary dwellings ( IRTS 2008, 2.26 ).

Ecotourism : Ecotourism is a type of nature-based tourism activity in which the visitor's essential motivation is to observe, learn, discover, experience and appreciate biological and cultural diversity with a responsible attitude to protect the integrity of the ecosystem and enhance the well-being of the local community. Ecotourism increases awareness towards the conservation of biodiversity, natural environment and cultural assets both among locals and the visitors and requires special management processes to minimize the negative impact on the ecosystem.

Economic analysis : Tourism generates directly and indirectly an increase in economic activity in the places visited (and beyond), mainly due to demand for goods and services thatneed to be produced and provided. In the economic analysis of tourism, one may distinguish between tourism's 'economic contribution' which refers to the direct effect of tourism and is measurable by means of the TSA, and tourism's 'economic impact' which is a much broader concept encapsulating the direct, indirect and induced effects of tourism and which must be estimated by applying models. Economic impact studies aim to quantify economic benefits, that is, the net increase in the wealth of residents resulting from tourism, measured in monetary terms, over and above the levels that would prevail in its absence.

Economic territory : The term "economic territory" is a geographical reference and points to the country for which the measurement is done (country of reference) ( IRTS 2008, 2.15 ).

Economically active population : The economically active population or labour force comprises all persons of either sex who furnish the supply of labour for the production of goods and services as defined by the system of national accounts during a specified time-reference period (ILO, Thirteenth ICLS, 6.18).

Economy (of reference): "Economy" (or "economy of reference") is an economic reference defined in the same way as in the balance of payments and in the system of national accounts: it refers to the economic agents that are resident in the country of reference ( IRTS 2008, 2.15 ).

Education tourism : Education tourism covers those types of tourism which have as a primary motivation the tourist's engagement and experience in learning, self-improvement, intellectual growth and skills development. Education Tourism represents a broad range of products and services related to academic studies, skill enhancement holidays, school trips, sports training, career development courses and language courses, among others.

Employees : Employees are all those workers who hold the type of job defined as "paid employment" (ILO, Fifteenth ICLS, pp. 20-22).

Employer-employee relationship : An employer-employee relationship exists when there is an agreement, which may be formal or informal, between an entity and an individual, normally entered into voluntarily by both parties, whereby the individual works for the entity in return for remuneration in cash or in kind ( BPM6, 11.11 ).

Employers : Employers are those workers who, working on their own account with one or more partners, hold the type of job defined as a "self-employment job" and, in this capacity, on a continuous basis (including the reference period) have engaged one or more persons to work for them in their business as "employee(s)" (ILO, Fifteenth ICLS, pp. 20-22).

Employment : Persons in employment are all persons above a specified age who, during a specified brief period, either one week or one day, were in paid employment or self-employment (OECD GST, p. 170).

Employment in tourism industries : Employment in tourism industries may be measured as a count of the persons employed in tourism industries in any of their jobs, as a count of the persons employed in tourism industries in their main job, or as a count of the jobs in tourism industries ( IRTS 2008, 7.9 ).

Enterprise : An enterprise is an institutional unit engaged in production of goods and/or services. It may be a corporation, a non-profit institution, or an unincorporated enterprise. Corporate enterprises and non-profit institutions are complete institutional units. An unincorporated enterprise, however, refers to an institutional unit —a household or government unit —only in its capacity as a producer of goods and services (OECD BD4, p. 232)

Establishment : An establishment is an enterprise, or part of an enterprise, that is situated in a single location and in which only a single productive activity is carried out or in which the principal productive activity accounts for most of the value added ( SNA 2008, 5.14 ).

Estimation : Estimation is concerned with inference about the numerical value of unknown population values from incomplete data such as a sample. If a single figure is calculated for each unknown parameter the process is called "point estimation". If an interval is calculated within which the parameter is likely, in some sense, to lie, the process is called "interval estimation".

Exports of goods and services : Exports of goods and services consist of sales, barter, or gifts or grants, of goods and services from residents to non-residents (OECD GST, p. 194)

Frame : A list, map or other specification of the units which define a population to be completely enumerated or sampled.

Forms of tourism : There are three basic forms of tourism: domestic tourism, inbound tourism, and outbound tourism. These can be combined in various ways to derive the following additional forms of tourism: internal tourism, national tourism and international tourism.

Gastronomy tourism :  Gastronomy tourism is a type of tourism activity which is characterized by the visitor's experience linked with food and related products and activities while travelling. Along with authentic, traditional, and/or innovative culinary experiences, Gastronomy Tourism may also involve other related activities such as visiting the local producers, participating in food festivals and attending cooking classes. Eno-tourism (wine tourism), as a sub-type of gastronomy tourism, refers to tourism whose purpose is visiting vineyards, wineries, tasting, consuming and/or purchasing wine, often at or near the source.

Goods : Goods are physical, produced objects for which a demand exists, over which ownership rights can be established and whose ownership can be transferred from one institutional unit to another by engaging in transactions on markets ( SNA 2008, p. 623 ).

Gross fixed capital formation : Gross fixed capital formation is defined as the value of institutional units' acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets. Fixed assets are produced assets (such as machinery, equipment, buildings or other structures) that are used repeatedly or continuously in production over several accounting periods (more than one year) ( SNA 2008, 1.52 ).

Gross margin : The gross margin of a provider of reservation services is the difference between the value at which the intermediated service is sold and the value accrued to the provider of reservation services for this intermediated service.

Gross value added : Gross value added is the value of output less the value of intermediate consumption ( TSA:RMF 2008, 3.32 ).

Gross value added of tourism industries : Gross value added of tourism industries (GVATI) is the total gross value added of all establishments belonging to tourism industries, regardless of whether all their output is provided to visitors and the degree of specialization of their production process ( TSA:RMF 2008, 4.86 ).

Grossing up : Activity aimed at transforming, based on statistical methodology, micro-data from samples into aggregate-level information representative of the target population.

Health tourism : Health tourism covers those types of tourism which have as a primary motivation, the contribution to physical, mental and/or spiritual health through medical and wellness-based activities which increase the capacity of individuals to satisfy their own needs and function better as individuals in their environment and society. Health tourism is the umbrella term for the subtypes wellness tourism and medical tourism.

Imputation : Procedure for entering a value for a specific data item where the response is missing or unusable.

Inbound tourism : Inbound tourism comprises the activities of a non-resident visitor within the country of reference on an inbound tourism trip ( IRTS 2008, 2.39 ).

Inbound tourism consumption : Inbound tourism consumption is the tourism consumption of a non-resident visitor within the economy of reference ( TSA:RMF 2008, figure 2.1 ).

Inbound tourism expenditure : Inbound tourism expenditure is the tourism expenditure of a non-resident visitor within the economy of reference ( IRTS 2008, 4.15(b) ).

Innovation in tourism : Innovation in tourism is the introduction of a new or improved component which intends to bring tangible and intangible benefits to tourism stakeholders and the local community, improve the value of the tourism experience and the core competencies of the tourism sector and hence enhance tourism competitiveness and /or sustainability. Innovation in tourism may cover potential areas, such as tourism destinations, tourism products, technology, processes, organizations and business models, skills, architecture, services, tools and/or practices for management, marketing, communication, operation, quality assurance and pricing.

Institutional sector : An aggregation of institutional units on the basis of the type of producer and depending on their principal activity and function, which are considered to be indicative of their economic behaviour.

Institutional unit : The elementary economic decision-making centre characterised by uniformity of behaviour and decision-making autonomy in the exercise of its principal function.

Intermediate consumption : Intermediate consumption consists of the value of the goods and services consumed as inputs by a process of production, excluding fixed assets whose consumption is recorded as consumption of fixed capital ( SNA 2008, 6.213 ).

Internal tourism : Internal tourism comprises domestic tourism and inbound tourism, that is to say, the activities of resident and non-resident visitors within the country of reference as part of domestic or international tourism trips ( IRTS 2008, 2.40(a) ).

Internal tourism consumption : Internal tourism consumption is the tourism consumption of both resident and non-resident visitors within the economy of reference. It is the sum of domestic tourism consumption and inbound tourism consumption ( TSA:RMF 2008, figure 2.1 ).

Internal tourism expenditure : Internal tourism expenditure comprises all tourism expenditure of visitors, both resident and non-resident, within the economy of reference. It is the sum of domestic tourism expenditure and inbound tourism expenditure. It includes acquisition of goods and services imported into the country of reference and sold to visitors. This indicator provides the most comprehensive measurement of tourism expenditure in the economy of reference ( IRTS 2008, 4.20(a) ).

International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities : The International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) consists of a coherent and consistent classification structure of economic activities based on a set of internationally agreed concepts, definitions, principles and classification rules. It provides a comprehensive framework within which economic data can be collected and reported in a format that is designed for purposes of economic analysis, decision-taking and policymaking. The classification structure represents a standard format to organize detailed information about the state of an economy according to economic principles and perceptions (ISIC, Rev.4, 1).

International tourism : International tourism comprises inbound tourism and outbound tourism, that is to say, the activities of resident visitors outside the country of reference, either as part of domestic or outbound tourism trips and the activities of non-resident visitors within the country of reference on inbound tourism trips ( IRTS 2008, 2.40(c) ).

International visitor : An international traveller qualifies as an international visitor with respect to the country of reference if: (a) he/she is on a tourism trip and (b) he/she is a non-resident travelling in the country of reference or a resident travelling outside of it ( IRTS 2008, 2.42 ).

Job : The agreement between an employee and the employer defines a job and each self-employed person has a job ( SNA 2008, 19.30 ).

Measurement error : Error in reading, calculating or recording numerical value.

Medical tourism : Medical tourism is a type of tourism activity which involves the use of evidence-based medical healing resources and services (both invasive and non-invasive). This may include diagnosis, treatment, cure, prevention and rehabilitation.

Meetings industry : To highlight purposes relevant to the meetings industry, if a trip's main purpose is business/professional, it can be further subdivided into "attending meetings, conferences or congresses, trade fairs and exhibitions" and "other business and professional purposes". The term meetings industry is preferred by the International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA), Meeting Professionals International (MPI) and Reed Travel over the acronym MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions) which does not recognize the industrial nature of such activities.

Metadata : Data that defines and describes other data and processes.

MICE : See meetings industry.

Microdata : Non-aggregated observations, or measurements of characteristics of individual units.

Mirror statistics : Mirror statistics are used to conduct bilateral comparisons of two basic measures of a trade flow and are a traditional tool for detecting the causes of asymmetries in statistics (OECD GST, p. 335).

Mountain tourism : Mountain tourism is a type of tourism activity which takes place in a defined and limited geographical space such as hills or mountains with distinctive characteristics and attributes that are inherent to a specific landscape, topography, climate, biodiversity (flora and fauna) and local community. It encompasses a broad range of outdoor leisure and sports activities.

National tourism : National tourism comprises domestic tourism and outbound tourism, that is to say, the activities of resident visitors within and outside the country of reference, either as part of domestic or outbound tourism trips ( IRTS 2008, 2.40(b) ).

National tourism consumption : National tourism consumption is the tourism consumption of resident visitors, within and outside the economy of reference. It is the sum of domestic tourism consumption and outbound tourism consumption ( TSA:RMF 2008, figure 2.1 ).

National tourism expenditure : National tourism expenditure comprises all tourism expenditure of resident visitors within and outside the economy of reference. It is the sum of domestic tourism expenditure and outbound tourism expenditure ( IRTS 2008, 4.20(b) ).

Nationality : The concept of "country of residence" of a traveller is different from that of his/her nationality or citizenship ( IRTS 2008, 2.19 ).

Non-monetary indicators : Data measured in physical or other non-monetary units should not be considered a secondary part of a satellite account. They are essential components, both for the information they provide directly and in order to analyse the monetary data adequately ( SNA 2008, 29.84 ).

Observation unit : entity on which information is received and statistics are compiled.

Outbound tourism : Outbound tourism comprises the activities of a resident visitor outside the country of reference, either as part of an outbound tourism trip or as part of a domestic tourism trip ( IRTS 2008, 2.39(c) ).

Outbound tourism consumption : Outbound tourism consumption is the tourism consumption of a resident visitor outside the economy of reference ( TSA:RMF 2008, figure 2.1 ).

Outbound tourism expenditure : Outbound tourism expenditure is the tourism expenditure of a resident visitor outside the economy of reference ( IRTS 2008, 4.15(c) ).

Output : Output is defined as the goods and services produced by an establishment, a) excluding the value of any goods and services used in an activity for which the establishment does not assume the risk of using the products in production, and b) excluding the value of goods and services consumed by the same establishment except for goods and services used for capital formation (fixed capital or changes in inventories) or own final consumption ( SNA 2008, 6.89 ).

Output (main): The main output of a (productive) activity should be determined by reference to the value added of the goods sold or services rendered (ISIC rev.4, 114).

Pilot survey : The aim of a pilot survey is to test the questionnaire (pertinence of the questions, understanding of questions by those being interviewed, duration of the interview) and to check various potential sources for sampling and non-sampling errors: for instance, the place in which the surveys are carried out and the method used, the identification of any omitted answers and the reason for the omission, problems of communicating in various languages, translation, the mechanics of data collection, the organization of field work, etc.

Place of usual residence : The place of usual residence is the geographical place where the enumerated person usually resides, and is defined by the location of his/her principal dwelling (Principles and recommendations for population and housing censuses of the United Nations, 2.20 to 2.24).

Probability sample : A sample selected by a method based on the theory of probability (random process), that is, by a method involving knowledge of the likelihood of any unit being selected.

Production account : The production account records the activity of producing goods and services as defined within the SNA. Its balancing item, gross value added, is defined as the value of output less the value of intermediate consumption and is a measure of the contribution to GDP made by an individual producer, industry or sector. Gross value added is the source from which the primary incomes of the SNA are generated and is therefore carried forward into the primary distribution of income account. Value added and GDP may also be measured net by deducting consumption of fixed capital, a figure representing the decline in value during the period of the fixed capital used in a production process ( SNA 2008, 1.17 ).

Production : Economic production may be defined as an activity carried out under the control and responsibility of an institutional unit that uses inputs of labour, capital, and goods and services to produce outputs of goods or services ( SNA 2008, 6.24. ).

Purpose of a tourism trip (main): The main purpose of a tourism trip is defined as the purpose in the absence of which the trip would not have taken place ( IRTS 2008, 3.10. ). Classification of tourism trips according to the main purpose refers to nine categories: this typology allows the identification of different subsets of visitors (business visitors, transit visitors, etc.) See also destination of a tourism trip ( IRTS 2008, 3.14 ).

Quality of a tourism destination : Quality of a tourism destination is the result of a process which implies the satisfaction of all tourism product and service needs, requirements and expectations of the consumer at an acceptable price, in conformity with mutually accepted contractual conditions and the implicit underlying factors such as safety and security, hygiene, accessibility, communication, infrastructure and public amenities and services. It also involves aspects of ethics, transparency and respect towards the human, natural and cultural environment. Quality, as one of the key drivers of tourism competitiveness, is also a professional tool for organizational, operational and perception purposes for tourism suppliers.

Questionnaire and Questionnaire design : Questionnaire is a group or sequence of questions designed to elicit information on a subject, or sequence of subjects, from a reporting unit or from another producer of official statistics. Questionnaire design is the design (text, order, and conditions for skipping) of the questions used to obtain the data needed for the survey.

Reference period : The period of time or point in time to which the measured observation is intended to refer.

Relevance : The degree to which statistics meet current and potential users' needs.

Reliability : Closeness of the initial estimated value to the subsequent estimated value.

Reporting unit : Unit that supplies the data for a given survey instance, like a questionnaire or interview. Reporting units may, or may not, be the same as the observation unit.

Residents/non-residents : The residents of a country are individuals whose centre of predominant economic interest is located in its economic territory. For a country, the non-residents are individuals whose centre of predominant economic interest is located outside its economic territory.

Response and non-response : Response and non-response to various elements of a survey entail potential errors.

Response error : Response errors may be defined as those arising from the interviewing process. Such errors may be due to a number of circumstances, such as inadequate concepts or questions; inadequate training; interviewer failures; respondent failures.

Rural tourism : Rural tourism is a type of tourism activity in which the visitor's experience is related to a wide range of products generally linked to nature-based activities, agriculture, rural lifestyle / culture, angling and sightseeing. Rural tourism activities take place in non-urban (rural) areas with the following characteristics:

• Low population density;
• Landscape and land-use dominated by agriculture and forestry; and
• Traditional social structure and lifestyle

Same-day visitor (or excursionist): A visitor (domestic, inbound or outbound) is classified as a tourist (or overnight visitor), if his/her trip includes an overnight stay, or as a same-day visitor (or excursionist) otherwise ( IRTS 2008, 2.13 ).

Sample : A subset of a frame where elements are selected based on a process with a known probability of selection.

Sample survey : A survey which is carried out using a sampling method.

Sampling error : That part of the difference between a population value and an estimate thereof, derived from a random sample, which is due to the fact that only a subset of the population is enumerated.

Satellite accounts : There are two types of satellite accounts, serving two different functions. The first type, sometimes called an internal satellite, takes the full set of accounting rules and conventions of the SNA but focuses on a particular aspect of interest by moving away from the standard classifications and hierarchies. Examples are tourism, coffee production and environmental protection expenditure. The second type, called an external satellite, may add non-economic data or vary some of the accounting conventions or both. It is a particularly suitable way to explore new areas in a research context. An example may be the role of volunteer labour in the economy ( SNA 2008, 29.85 ).

SDMX, Statistical Data and Metadata Exchange : Set of technical standards and content-oriented guidelines, together with an IT architecture and tools, to be used for the efficient exchange and sharing of statistical data and metadata (SDMX).

Seasonal adjustment : Seasonal adjustment is a statistical technique to remove the effects of seasonal calendar influences on a series. Seasonal effects usually reflect the influence of the seasons themselves, either directly or through production series related to them, or social conventions. Other types of calendar variation occur as a result of influences such as number of days in the calendar period, the accounting or recording practices adopted or the incidence of moving holidays.

Self-employment job : Self-employment jobs are those jobs where remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits (or the potential of profits) derived from the goods or services produced.

Self-employed with paid employees : Self-employed with paid employees are classified as employers.

Self-employed without employees : Self-employed without employees are classified as own-account workers.

Services : Services are the result of a production activity that changes the conditions of the consuming units, or facilitates the exchange of products or financial assets. They cannot be traded separately from their production. By the time their production is completed, they must have been provided to the consumers ( SNA 2008, 6.17 ).

Social transfers in kind : A special case of transfers in kind is that of social transfers in kind. These consist of goods and services provided by general government and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs) that are delivered to individual households. Health and education services are the prime examples. Rather than provide a specified amount of money to be used to purchase medical and educational services, the services are often provided in kind to make sure that the need for the services is met. (Sometimes the recipient purchases the service and is reimbursed by the insurance or assistance scheme. Such a transaction is still treated as being in kind because the recipient is merely acting as the agent of the insurance scheme) (SNA 2008, 3.83).

Sports tourism : Sports tourism is a type of tourism activity which refers to the travel experience of the tourist who either observes as a spectator or actively participates in a sporting event generally involving commercial and non-commercial activities of a competitive nature.

Standard classification : Classifications that follow prescribed rules and are generally recommended and accepted.

Statistical error : The unknown difference between the retained value and the true value.

Statistical indicator : A data element that represents statistical data for a specified time, place, and other characteristics, and is corrected for at least one dimension (usually size) to allow for meaningful comparisons.

Statistical metadata : Data about statistical data.

Statistical unit : Entity about which information is sought and about which statistics are compiled. Statistical units may be identifiable legal or physical entities or statistical constructs.

Survey : An investigation about the characteristics of a given population by means of collecting data from a sample of that population and estimating their characteristics through the systematic use of statistical methodology.

System of National Accounts : The System of National Accounts (SNA) is the internationally agreed standard set of recommendations on how to compile measures of economic activity in accordance with strict accounting conventions based on economic principles. The recommendations are expressed in terms of a set of concepts, definitions, classifications and accounting rules that comprise the internationally agreed standard for measuring indicators of economic performance. The accounting framework of the SNA allows economic data to be compiled and presented in a format that is designed for purposes of economic analysis, decision-taking and policymaking ( SNA 2008, 1.1 ).

Total tourism internal demand : Total tourism internal demand, is the sum of internal tourism consumption, tourism gross fixed capital formation and tourism collective consumption ( TSA:RMF 2008, 4.114 ). It does not include outbound tourism consumption.

Tourism : Tourism refers to the activity of visitors ( IRTS 2008, 2.9 ).

Tourism characteristic activities : Tourism characteristic activities are the activities that typically produce tourism characteristic products. As the industrial origin of a product (the ISIC industry that produces it) is not a criterion for the aggregation of products within a similar CPC category, there is no strict one-to-one relationship between products and the industries producing them as their principal outputs ( IRTS 2008, 5.11 ).

Tourism characteristic products : Tourism characteristic products are those that satisfy one or both of the following criteria: a) Tourism expenditure on the product should represent a significant share total tourism expenditure (share-of-expenditure/demand condition); b) Tourism expenditure on the product should represent a significant share of the supply of the product in the economy (share-of-supply condition). This criterion implies that the supply of a tourism characteristic product would cease to exist in meaningful quantity in the absence of visitors ( IRTS 2008, 5.10 ).

Tourism connected products : Their significance within tourism analysis for the economy of reference is recognized although their link to tourism is very limited worldwide. Consequently, lists of such products will be country-specific ( IRTS 2008, 5.12 ).

Tourism consumption : Tourism consumption has the same formal definition as tourism expenditure. Nevertheless, the concept of tourism consumption used in the Tourism Satellite Account goes beyond that of tourism expenditure. Besides the amount paid for the acquisition of consumption goods and services, as well as valuables for own use or to give away, for and during tourism trips, which corresponds to monetary transactions (the focus of tourism expenditure), it also includes services associated with vacation accommodation on own account, tourism social transfers in kind and other imputed consumption. These transactions need to be estimated using sources different from information collected directly from the visitors, such as reports on home exchanges, estimations of rents associated with vacation homes, calculations of financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM), etc. ( TSA:RMF 2008, 2.25 ).

Tourism destination : A tourism destination is a physical space with or without administrative and/or analytical boundaries in which a visitor can spend an overnight. It is the cluster (co-location) of products and services, and of activities and experiences along the tourism value chain and a basic unit of analysis of tourism. A destination incorporates various stakeholders and can network to form larger destinations. It is also intangible with its image and identity which may influence its market competitiveness.

Tourism direct gross domestic product : Tourism direct gross domestic product (TDGDP) is the sum of the part of gross value added (at basic prices) generated by all industries in response to internal tourism consumption plus the amount of net taxes on products and imports included within the value of this expenditure at purchasers' prices ( TSA:RMF 2008, 4.96 ).

Tourism direct gross value added : Tourism direct gross value added (TDGVA) is the part of gross value added generated by tourism industries and other industries of the economy that directly serve visitors in response to internal tourism consumption ( TSA:RMF 2008, 4.88 ).

Tourism expenditure : Tourism expenditure refers to the amount paid for the acquisition of consumption goods and services, as well as valuables, for own use or to give away, for and during tourism trips. It includes expenditures by visitors themselves, as well as expenses that are paid for or reimbursed by others ( IRTS 2008, 4.2 ).

Tourism industries : The tourism industries comprise all establishments for which the principal activity is a tourism characteristic activity. Tourism industries (also referred to as tourism activities) are the activities that typically producetourism characteristic products. The term tourism industries is equivalent to tourism characteristic activities and the two terms are sometimes used synonymously in the IRTS 2008, 5.10, 5.11 and figure 5.1 .

Tourism product : A tourism product is a combination of tangible and intangible elements, such as natural, cultural and man-made resources, attractions, facilities, services and activities around a specific center of interest which represents the core of the destination marketing mix and creates an overall visitor experience including emotional aspects for the potential customers. A tourism product is priced and sold through distribution channels and it has a life-cycle.

Tourism ratio : For each variable of supply in the Tourism Satellite Account, the tourism ratiois the ratio between the total value of tourism share and total value of the corresponding variable in the Tourism Satellite Account expressed in percentage form ( TSA:RMF 2008, 4.56 ). (See also Tourism share).

Tourism Satellite Account : The Tourism Satellite Account is the second international standard on tourism statistics (Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework 2008 –TSA:RMF 2008) that has been developed in order to present economic data relative to tourism within a framework of internal and external consistency with the rest of the statistical system through its link to the System of National Accounts. It is the basic reconciliation framework of tourism statistics. As a statistical tool for the economic accounting of tourism, the TSA can be seen as a set of 10 summary tables, each with their underlying data and representing a different aspect of the economic data relative to tourism: inbound, domestic tourism and outbound tourism expenditure, internal tourism expenditure, production accounts of tourism industries, the Gross Value Added (GVA) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) attributable to tourism demand, employment, investment, government consumption, and non-monetary indicators.

Tourism Satellite Account aggregates : The compilation of the following aggregates, which represent a set of relevant indicators of the size of tourism in an economy is recommended ( TSA:RMF 2008, 4.81 ):

• Internal tourism expenditure;
• Internal tourism consumption;
• Gross value added of tourism industries (GVATI);
• Tourism direct gross value added (TDGVA);
• Tourism direct gross domestic product (TDGDP).

Tourism sector : The tourism sector, as contemplated in the TSA, is the cluster of production units in different industries that provide consumption goods and services demanded by visitors. Such industries are called tourism industries because visitor acquisition represents such a significant share of their supply that, in the absence of visitors, their production of these would cease to exist in meaningful quantity.

Tourism share : Tourism share is the share of the corresponding fraction of internal tourism consumption in each component of supply ( TSA:RMF 2008, 4.51 ). For each industry, the tourism share of output (in value), is the sum of the tourism share corresponding to each product component of its output ( TSA:RMF 2008, 4.55 ). (See also Tourism ratio ).

Tourism single-purpose consumer durable goods : Tourism single-purpose consumer durables is a specific category of consumer durable goods that include durable goods that are used exclusively, or almost exclusively, by individuals while on tourism trips ( TSA:RMF 2008 , 2.41 and Annex 5 ).

Tourism trip : Trips taken by visitors are tourism trips ( IRTS 2008, 2.29 ).

Tourist (or overnight visitor): A visitor (domestic, inbound or outbound) is classified as a tourist (or overnight visitor), if his/her trip includes an overnight stay, or as a same-day visitor (or excursionist) otherwise ( IRTS 2008, 2.13 ).

Tourism value chain : The tourism value chain is the sequence of primary and support activities which are strategically fundamental for the performance of the tourism sector. Linked processes such as policy making and integrated planning, product development and packaging, promotion and marketing, distribution and sales and destination operations and services are the key primary activities of the tourism value chain. Support activities involve transport and infrastructure, human resource development, technology and systems development and other complementary goods and services which may not be related to core tourism businesses but have a high impact on the value of tourism.

Travel / traveller : Travel refers to the activity of travellers. A traveller is someone who moves between different geographic locations, for any purpose and any duration ( IRTS 2008, 2.4 ). The visitor is a particular type of traveller and consequently tourism is a subset of travel.

Travel group : A travel group is made up of individuals or travel parties travelling together: examples are people travelling on the same package tour or youngsters attending a summer camp ( IRTS 2008, 3.5 ).

Travel item (in balance of payments): Travel is an item of the goods and services account of the balance of payments: travel credits cover goods and services for own use or to give away acquired from an economy by non-residents during visits to that economy. Travel debits cover goods and services for own use or to give away acquired from other economies by residents during visits to other economies ( BPM6, 10.86 ).

Travel party : A travel party is defined as visitors travelling together on a trip and whose expenditures are pooled ( IRTS 2008, 3.2 ).

Trip : A trip refers to the travel by a person from the time of departure from his/her usual residence until he/she returns: it thus refers to a round trip. Trips taken by visitors are tourism trips.

Urban/city tourism : Urban/city tourism is a type of tourism activity which takes place in an urban space with its inherent attributes characterized by non-agricultural based economy such as administration, manufacturing, trade and services and by being nodal points of transport. Urban/city destinations offer a broad and heterogeneous range of cultural, architectural, technological, social and natural experiences and products for leisure and business.

Usual environment: The usual environment of an individual, a key concept in tourism, is defined as the geographical area (though not necessarily a contiguous one) within which an individual conducts his/her regular life routines ( IRTS 2008, 2.21 ).

Usual residence : The place of usual residence is the geographical place where the enumerated person usually resides (Principles and recommendations for population and housing censuses of the United Nations, 2.16 to 2.18).

Vacation home : A vacation home (sometimes also designated as a holiday home) is a secondary dwelling that is visited by the members of the household mostly for purposes of recreation, vacation or any other form of leisure ( IRTS 2008, 2.27 ).

Valuables : Valuables are produced goods of considerable value that are not used primarily for purposes of production or consumption but are held as stores of value over time ( SNA 2008, 10.13 ).

Visit : A trip is made up of visits to different places.The term "tourism visit" refers to a stay in a place visited during a tourism trip ( IRTS 2008, 2.7 and 2.33 ).

Visitor : A visitor is a traveller taking a trip to a main destination outside his/her usual environment, for less than a year, for any main purpose (business, leisure or other personal purpose) other than to be employed by a resident entity in the country or place visited ( IRTS 2008, 2.9 ). A visitor (domestic, inbound or outbound) is classified as a tourist (or overnight visitor), if his/her trip includes an overnight stay, or as a same-day visitor (or excursionist) otherwise ( IRTS 2008, 2.13 ).

Wellness tourism : Wellness tourism is a type of tourism activity which aims to improve and balance all of the main domains of human life including physical, mental, emotional, occupational, intellectual and spiritual. The primary motivation for the wellness tourist is to engage in preventive, proactive, lifestyle-enhancing activities such as fitness, healthy eating, relaxation, pampering and healing treatments.

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Definition of tourist noun from the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary

• have/take a vacation/a break/a day off/a year off/time off
• go on/be on vacation/leave/honeymoon/safari/sabbatical/a trip/a tour/a cruise/a pilgrimage
• go backpacking/camping/sightseeing
• plan a trip/a vacation/your itinerary
• reserve a hotel room/a flight/tickets
• have/make/cancel a reservation
• rent a condo/a vacation home/a cabin
• rent a car/bicycle/moped/scooter/Jet Ski
• stay in a hotel/a bed and breakfast/a youth hostel/a villa/a trailer/a vacation home/a resort/a timeshare
• cost/charge $100 a/per night for a suite/a single/double/twin room
• check into/out of a hotel/a motel/your room
• pack/unpack your suitcase/bags
• call/order room service
• cancel/cut short a trip/vacation
• apply for/get/renew a/your passport
• take out/buy/get travel insurance
• catch/miss your plane/train/ferry/connecting flight
• fly (in)/travel (in) first/business/economy class
• make/have a brief/two-day/twelve-hour layover/stopover in Hong Kong
• experience/cause/lead to delays
• check (in)/collect/get/lose your baggage/luggage
• be charged for/pay excess baggage fees
• board/get on/leave/get off the aircraft/plane/ship/ferry
• taxi down/leave/approach/hit/overshoot the runway
• experience/hit/encounter (mild/severe) turbulence
• suffer from/recover from/get over your jet lag/motion sickness
• be seasick/carsick
• attract/draw/bring tourists/visitors
• encourage/promote/hurt tourism
• promote/develop ecotourism
• build/develop/visit a tourist/tropical/beach/ski resort
• work for/be operated by a major hotel chain
• be served by/compete with low-fare/low-cost/budget airlines
• use/go to/have a travel agent
• contact/check with your travel agent/tour operator
• buy/be on/go on a package deal/vacation/tour
• buy/bring back (tacky/overpriced) souvenirs

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• Sep 16, 2021

What does 'local' really mean? 5 tips to ensure local tourism is genuine.

by JoAnna Haugen

The tourism industry has been turning away from a mass tourism model toward a more locally focused one.

Yet this surge in interest is also paired with uncertainty: What does “local” even mean? How transparent should companies be about who, specifically, benefits from community-based experiences? And, what can companies do to ensure they’re not just “local-washing” their offerings in an effort to fit in?

Experts who have worked in this space far longer than this travel trend weigh in.

1. Focus on one thing at a time

Shifting toward a legitimate locally focused model is a big step and may require changing everything from content to partnerships. Choose one area your company can focus on and go from there. This might mean recruiting diverse local guides or re-evaluating the impact of your supply chain. “We should not put pressure on businesses to nail all of these areas, but instead should encourage all businesses to tackle what they can now,” said Zakia Moulaoui Guery , founder and CEO of Invisible Cities .

2. Establish relationships to create beneficial experiences

Tourism has a bad habit of catering to travellers, often to the detriment of local peoples’ needs and desires. Before creating or marketing anything “local,” take the time to listen and learn about what they want — if anything at all.

“It is as simple as asking the locals in any destination how they want to interact with tourism. What parts of their culture do they want to showcase?” said Evie Ndhlovu , Planeterra’s program manager for Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. “Take action to make sure tourism works for them, not just the travellers.”

3. Include locally owned products and services throughout an itinerary

Maximise financial impact by tapping into local suppliers across an itinerary. Integrate locally owned dining, accommodations, shopping, transportation, and activities.

This approach also introduces travellers to many perspectives of a destination. “A local meal will allow travellers to experience the tastes of a destination, while experiences like hikes and walks will give travellers the chance to see the destination through the eyes of those who live there,” Ndhlovu said.

4. Think beyond tourism

Locally focused travel should benefit far more than the people travellers come in contact with, and it needs to support communities beyond tourism. Invisible Cities, for example, supports training for its guides so they learn transferrable skills that can be used to gain employment and other opportunities in other companies and organisations.

Women, in particular, should benefit financially. According to the World Bank , women reinvest 90% of their income back into their families and communities, creating a compounding positive impact.

5. Benefit local communities by default, because it’s the right thing to do

Long after folks are talking about something else, tour companies should still support and centre local people and needs.

“I see a lot of companies using slogans such as ‘good for the community’ or ‘benefitting locals’ when actually they simply have practices in place that should exist anyway,” Guery said. “I don’t believe we should promote the fact we pay people decently or treat them with respect as unique selling points when this is what we should be doing, no matter what business we are in.”

About the Author

JoAnna Haugen is an award winning writer, speaker, and solutions advocate who has worked in the travel and tourism industry for almost 15 years.

She is also founder of Rooted , a solutions platform at the intersection of sustainable tourism, social impact, and storytelling. A returned U.S. Peace Corps volunteer, international election observer, and intrepid traveler, JoAnna is always on the hunt for her next great adventure. Follow her on Twitter , Instagram , and LinkedIn .

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Who defines what "local" means? | Photo by Mika Baumeister on Unsplash

Rethinking Tourism

May 18, 2021

What Do We Mean When We Say “Local?”

Everywhere you turn in the tourism industry these days, all eyes are on “locals” — locally focused travel experiences, supporting local businesses, listening to local stakeholders, shifting to local narratives and storytellers , and, yes, even focusing on local (domestic) travelers .

For a long time, the tourism industry centered travelers above all else — their needs, desires, and expected narratives. This traveler-centered myth , which is perpetuated throughout the buyer’s and traveler’s journey, has been at the heart of many destructive environmental and social issues. These include overcrowding, creation of carbon emissions, degradation of cultural and historical sites, gentrification due to an increase in short-term rentals, and exploitation of Indigenous people and commoditization of their cultures.

Finally, after years of relying on a mass tourism model, this emphasis on “going local” feels like a positive shift in perspective.

But, as with anything, this shift in focus requires careful consideration. There is nuance tied up in the “local” conversation, and that nuance matters.

Understanding Identity

Take a moment to consider your own personal situation and environment. Where do you consider yourself to be a “local?” When it comes to having a say in how tourism is managed in your “local community,” where, exactly, is that place?

In my case, I am an American citizen, but I haven’t lived on U.S. soil in several years. I have been a permanent resident in another city and country, living in the exact same apartment, for five years. I was born in one U.S. city, grew up and graduated from high school in another U.S. city, and graduated from college several thousand miles from both of those cities. Yet, I was a homeowner in an entirely different city and state, paying property taxes and a mortgage, for nearly a decade before moving abroad.

When people ask me where I’m from, I never know how to answer. Where is home? Where am I a stakeholder? Which of these many destinations should check in with me before making tourism-related decisions? In which of these destinations would people be supporting me as a “local?”

I am certainly not alone in lacking ties to and identifying with any one place as a human living on this planet. I care about how tourism impacts each and every one of these places I have called home at one point or another. But, turning the tables, in what scenarios should tourists care about me as a “local?”

Defining “Local”

Examining this question matters, and it’s something every tourism professional should be grappling with right now.

Are “locals” those people who have ancestral ties and claims to the land ? Are they people who pay taxes or are they people who physically live in the neighborhood … or do they have to meet both of these qualifications?

Are local businesses those that are unique to this specific destination? What if there are multiple branches or locations of the businesses beyond this specific destination? Is it “local” if those branches are within the same city, same county, same state, or same country? How many branches do there have to be before it’s “too big” to be considered local? And, is it still a local business if the majority of people working on-site are born-and-raised local residents?

Perhaps more importantly, how do the local people define themselves? It turns out there’s not a simple answer to that question either. 

Just as no single person represents an entire population of people who share a particular characteristic, the temptation to label an entire host community as a single entity strips people and places of their widely diverse histories, needs, desires, and expectations. This recent article about what it means to be “local” in Hawaii , for example, notes the complicated and ugly history of colonization and oppression woven into a larger narrative of shared experience, identity, and ancestral ties — all of which matters when it comes to defining locality.

In the tourism context, it’s appealing to call something a “local” experience and be done with it. A quick Google search reveals pages upon pages of Hawaii-related travel content inviting people to “go native,” “do as the locals do,” and have “authentic Hawaiian experiences.” While this content might appeal to travelers, it does nothing to highlight the complexity of the situation, especially when there’s a conflict between travelers’ expectations of what a “local experience” looks like and the reality of daily life .

There’s a tricky catch-22 of tourism marketing that must balance attracting potential travelers while also upholding the integrity of an honest and transparent narrative. But in an attempt to pivot from the mass tourism model, those working in the tourism industry need to be mindful not to homogenize people and communities, especially for the sake of marketing.

Being willing to learn about and understand the nuances of locality in the destinations tour professionals work is an important first step in promoting offerings that meaningfully and intentionally support the people who live there.

Beware of “Local-Washing”

There’s a reason why taking this time is imperative: Beyond the complexities of the “local” label is the importance of understanding what it means to conduct business in a way that actually benefits local communities, which is specific to each individual community.

Shortly after reading the above-noted article about the nuance of this terminology in Hawaii, I noted the following tweet from a colleague: “An accelerated emphasis on all things local in travel and tourism is a good thing. But we'll also need to sniff out all the inevitable ‘local-washing’ and insist that a diversity, equity, and inclusion lens is applied to how we measure and report on tourism's benefits.”

This comment should raise a cautionary flag for every single person working in the tourism industry. When travel companies tout “local experiences,” it’s important that they understand who, exactly, benefits from their services and products. 

At the height of mass tourism, up to 75% of tourism income in some destinations was victim to leakage as profits seeped back into the pockets of transnational hospitality conglomerates. Recognizing the need to “stay local,” some hospitality brands may undergo clever linguistic gymnastics to convince guests that they’re “supporting” and “benefiting” local communities and the people who live there.

But the question is: Who, specifically, financially benefits from tourism in this specific destination?

Even if profits stay within a destination, are only a few folks benefiting — and are they the same people who make all the decisions regarding how tourism operates in the destination? Is it someone with ancestral ties to the land? Someone who pays local taxes? Someone who grew up in the neighborhood, or someone who recently moved in? 

And, is tourism income being dispersed, trickling down to those who have been historically marginalized and even commoditized by tourism in the past — or is the industry continuing to harm those it claims to help?

Continuing the Commitment

It is noteworthy that the tourism industry as a whole recognizes the dangers of leakage. It is promising that people increasingly recognize the importance of diversity, inclusion, and equity within the travel space.

But this isn’t the end of the conversation. In fact, it is only the beginning.

Those working in tourism have a responsibility to use their privilege and positions of power to do more than placate travelers’ desires. Yes, people want to support local communities when they travel — and that’s a good thing! — but the onus is on tourism professionals across the industry to ensure they’re offering more than lip service when they seek to meet these desires.

The key here is specificity: Tourism is complicated because it is intimately connected with people and places … and people and places are complicated. Instead of shying away from this nuance, it is imperative industry professionals lean into it.

Tour companies, service providers, and destination representatives must work closely with on-the-ground partners and each other to clearly understand the economic and environmental impact tourism has on a destination. All stakeholders must be transparent and detailed in their reporting, specifically stating who benefits from tourism and how. 

And, beyond that, it’s important to understand not only what that benefit is but who defines that value.

As the industry discusses the importance of local impact, everyone must enter these conversations with curiosity while also boldly asking hard questions and holding each other accountable. Don’t be afraid to drill down to the micro level to clarify understanding: How exactly do service providers support “local” people? What exactly is the situation on the ground? Who exactly is benefiting, and in what way?

This is a new era of tourism. It’s an era that can actually support individuals throughout all layers of society and disrupt the traditional tourism narrative — but only if we’re willing to challenge our commitment to people and the planet while recognizing there’s always room for improvement.

JoAnna Haugen is an award-winning writer, speaker, consultant, and solutions advocate. She is also the founder of Rooted, a solutions platform at the intersection of sustainability, storytelling, and social impact. Hire her as a consultant or to speak at your next event.

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Collaboration among destinations is essential for a sustainable future of tourism, “no” is an acceptable answer – even in hospitality and tourism, 7 life lessons viewed through a tourism lens, leave a reply.

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Excellent article! Thanks for sharing!

Kind regards

Thank you so much for your insights!! Wonderfully crafted & written. Would be honored to feature you in our magazine…www.agritourism.life/magazine Take a test drive & let me know…your voice is needed!

The more people really do their work for supporting the locals out of their heart the better. The more people who first think of their own money the worse.

Thanks for your comment, Yvonne. I’m glad to hear this resonated with you.

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The Russian National Tourist Office, an award-winning travel company, was founded in 1997, and today has offices in London, as well as representative offices in Russia: Moscow, St Petersburg, Irkutsk and Yekaterinburg.

The Russian National Tourist Office is the leading tour operator in the UK for outgoing tourism and business tourism to Russia for individuals, groups and business travellers.

The company has been recognised as Russia’s Leading Travel Agency (link opens in a new tab) at the 27th edition of World Travel Awards in 2020 for the third year in a row. RNTO has also secured the title of Russia’s Leading Travel Management Company 2020 (link opens in a new tab).

We offer a wide range of services to our clients:

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Here at the Russian National Tourist Office, our mission is to ensure our clients’ complete satisfaction. While we are primarily focused on Russian destinations, we put our clients at the heart of everything we do, whether we are dealing with individual requests or group packages. We provide in-depth knowledge and first-hand expertise, and are committed to exceeding the highest expectations.

At RNTO, we aim to play a positive role in the communities where we operate and carefully manage the impact of our business socially, economically and environmentally. Providing a responsible trip to Russia is a vital part of our strategy. We are committed to the issues of diversity and creating a positive travel environment for our clients.

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Our company and its employees are actively involved in a multitude of fundraising activities and support charities and other organisations. Together with the charity organisation “DaDobro”, we support local charities and run several charitable activities in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Georgia, the United Kingdom and Finland such as:

1. “Mosvolonter”. The “Mosvolonter” Resource Centre was created with the support of the Moscow City Department of Culture on 21 February 2014. The main mission of the centre is to promote and develop volunteering in Moscow. Since 1 January 2016, the “Mosvolonter” centre has moved to the Office of Public Relations Committee of Moscow. Today, “Mosvolonter” is the main point of all volunteer initiatives in Moscow.

2. “Doroga v mir”. “Doroga v mir” supports families with children with various developmental disorders – autism, mental problems, cerebral palsy, epilepsy and other genetic disorders. It is committed to supporting human rights regardless of their age, diagnosis and condition, the rights for education, work, leisure and basic life in society. Since 1997, this social organisation has focused on creating a help system where people with disabilities and their families can lead a worthy life both today and in the future.

3. “Starost v radost”. Created in 2011, “Starost v radost” is a charity group that supports old people living in nursing homes and psycho-neurological hospitals. The group’s activities cover more than 70 nursing homes and psycho-neurological hospitals in different regions of Russia

4. “Svoboda jizni”. This charity organisation was created as an association of foundations and charities with the main mission of supporting and providing assistance to social groups and creating social help programmes.

5. “Biuro Dobrih Del”. The main mission of this charity fund is to make a significant contribution to improving the social conditions of children and orphans in Russia, as well as to attract public attention to this issue.

6. “Zhizn kak chudo”. This charity fund was created in March 2009. Since May 2010, the fund has been part of the “All Together” charity organisation. Fund projects are aimed at helping children from poor families who suffer from severe liver diseases.

7. “Young people for a world without violence” charity project. The purpose of the project is to draw attention to nationalism, racism and anti-Semitism issues; to enhance cross-cultural communication and create an understanding that all people are equal, irrespective of where they come from.

8. Greenpeace. Greenpeace was founded by a small group of activists in 1971. Today, they have a presence in more than 40 countries. While the size of the organisation may have changed, their commitment to defending the planet and promoting peace, achieving positive change through action, and realising a vision of a green and peaceful world is as strong as ever.

9. WWF. Launched on 23 November 1961, WWF-UK was the first national organisation in the WWF network. Today, it has offices in England, Scotland and Wales. It is a registered charity, with most of its income coming from voluntary sources, such as dedicated members, supporters and the business community

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Here at RNTO, we are seriously concerned about environmental issues and the impact of our business. Together with “DaDobro”, we have a huge calendar of activities throughout the year to promote protecting the environment in our office and in the places where our business operates: http://www.dadobro.com/.

We always operate green laundry practices where possible. During trips, we actively encourage guests to re-use their towels if they are staying for a few days. We advise customers of local walking routes and cycle paths and public transport options, where suitable. Our suppliers and guides live locally and encourage travellers to walk when possible. In addition to our classic tours to Russia, we offer special eco-tours such as “Green ring of Moscow” and “Bio-station clean forest”. For more information, please contact our travel manager.

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At RNTO, we aim to play a positive role in the communities where we operate and carefully manage the impact of our business socially. We are committed to the issues of diversity and creating a positive travel environment for our clients. As part of any trip discussion, we always update every traveller on the current social and political situation in Russia and minimise the risks or any potential damage, advising guests of local walking routes and cycle paths and public transport options, where suitable. We offer a wide variety of cultural experiences (including language lessons and visiting organisations for children with learning and development issues), promoting pride in the local indigenous culture.

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