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Eiffel Tower may have inspired Van Gogh’s The Starry Night, says expert

James Hall believes painting’s ‘pyrotechnical music of the stars, sky and clouds’ recalls Paris monument’s spectacular opening

Art experts have long struggled to explain the inspiration behind Vincent van Gogh’s The Starry Night, in which towering cypress trees are depicted against a swirling night sky over a hillside village. Created during his incarceration in an asylum near Saint-Rémy in the south of France, it is one of a series of paintings of cypress trees interpreted as an exploration of abstraction or a mystical evocation of nature.

Now the art historian Prof James Hall, a former Guardian art critic, has a new theory to explain Van Gogh’s fascination with these colossal evergreens: the Eiffel Tower.

He argues that the artist began this series in June 1889, shortly after the Paris monument was unveiled as the star attraction of the International Exposition, whose opening was accompanied by a spectacular late-night show of pyrotechnics, electric light and explosions that he says are repeated in the “pyrotechnical music of the stars, sky and clouds” of Van Gogh’s painting.

Hall said: “For Van Gogh, the cypress tree is a natural alternative to the Eiffel Tower, the centrepiece of the exhibition. Starry Night is a rural and cosmic counterpart to the light show that marked the opening of the exhibition.”

In June 1889, Van Gogh wrote to his brother Theo: “The cypresses still preoccupy me, I’d like to do something with them like the canvases of the sunflowers because it astonishes me that no one has yet done them as I see them. It’s beautiful as regards lines and proportions, like an Egyptian obelisk.”

Hall said: “The tower was bombastically marketed as a symbol of French technological prowess, and even more impressive than the pyramids. Van Gogh idealised ancient Egypt, and he thought the cypress tree was as beautiful and well-proportioned as an obelisk.”

Hall, whose previous books include The Artist’s Studio: A Cultural History , is a research professor at Southampton University. His research will appear in the April issue of the scholarly Burlington Magazine.

He observes that in 1886, when Van Gogh had just arrived in Paris, a competition to build the monument was launched and won by Gustave Eiffel’s open-lattice wrought-iron feat of engineering, and that its planning and preparation were constantly in the news.

In 1887, a Paris newspaper published a letter signed by leading artists and writers condemning it as a “dizzily ridiculous tower”, and by the time Van Gogh left Paris in February 1888 its construction had risen above the skyline, reaching its first platform.

An 1888 official guide proclaimed that whereas the pyramids were built by slaves for tyrants, this monument was “a manifestation of pure science, august art and liberty of labour”. Newspapers and journals, including Le Monde Illustré, which Van Gogh read in Saint-Rémy, carried “wonderstruck” illustrated reports of the opening.

Hall writes: “Van Gogh’s Starry Night is nature’s and history’s response to Eiffel’s bombastic shuddering metal monster that sought to surpass the Egyptians … The obeliscal cypress dominates Saint-Rémy and its church spire in much the same way that the 300-metre Eiffel Tower dominates Paris.

“The cypress tree was the first part to be painted. Its base is bulked up with a smaller tree, which makes its shape more pyramidal and closer to that of the tower. Something similar happens in Wheatfield with Cypresses, where Van Gogh left a gap between a big and small cypress, and both seem to lean into each other like the tower’s legs.”

In May, the Metropolitan Museum in New York stages the first exhibition devoted to Van Gogh’s fascination with the “flamelike evergreens”, reuniting The Starry Night and Wheat Field with Cypresses, among international loans.

• Vincent van Gogh

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Although his life was short , Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) gave us so much. Unfortunately, he got little joy or recompense during his lifetime. Even with a very brief painting career, he left a vast body of work behind. When you're in Paris at, be sure to take a stroll to the banks of the Seine, where the Musée d'Orsay holds the best of 19th-century art, including twenty-seven stellar van Gogh paintings. Here are his ten must-see paintings at the Musée d'Orsay.

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10 van Gogh Paintings You Don't Want to Miss

1. portrait of the artist – 1887.

Is van Gogh to blame for the now-ubiquitous selfie? Perhaps. After all, he painted dozens of self-portraits. In fact, he painted more than thirty in the three-year period from 1886 to 1889. In a letter to his sister Vincent explained that he used himself as a model because it cost less than paying a model. Since he used a mirror when he painted them his features have been reversed, and this is how we still picture him. Found in Musée d'Orsay room 71.

2. Self Portrait – 1889

This self-portrait was in the private collection of Paul and Marguerite Gachet (the children of Dr. Gachet, see painting no. 6, below) until 1949. It was completed during Vincent's most turbulent personal period in Saint-Remy and expresses the change he had undergone — more sombre blue tones replace the intense sunny colors of his other Provençal work. D'Orsay room 71.

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Discover what's on when you're here, 3. starry night over the rhone – 1888.

"To express hope by a handful of stars…" 33-year old Vincent wrote to his brother Theo.

The painting was finished while van Gogh was in Arles, just before he committed himself to the asylum in Saint-Remy. In fact, he was in the asylum when he painted his other famous night work, also called Starry Night , depicting the view from his asylum room.

The location for Starry Night Over the Rhone was, as you might guess, the banks of the mighty Rhone River, just a short walk from the Yellow House on Place Lamartine (where van Gogh lived with Paul Gauguin). It's incredible to imagine that this masterpiece was kept behind closed doors, in a private collection in the Netherlands, until 1922. Thankfully for us the painting can now be admired at Musée d'Orsay. Found in room 72.

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4. la méridienne – 1889.

Van Gogh also painted this idyllic scene while he was in the asylum. He had little access to subjects during his internment, so he made do by copying paintings of other artists. He did more than thirty copies of some of his favorite artists — Emile Bernard, Virginie Demont Breton, Eugene Delacroix , Gustave Doré, and Hiroshima, the Japanese print master.

Twenty-one of van Gogh's works were inspired by the French painter Jean-François Millet (1814-1875). Rather than just produce an exact copy, van Gogh brought his own talents to the works by altering the composition through his unique use of perspective, color, and technique. Theo believed these copies were some of Vincent's best work.

In La Méridienne — inspired by Millet's Noonday Rest (the original completed in 1866 and now at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston) — van Gogh remained true to Millet's composition, but he brought his bold color palate of violet and yellow to add his signature intensity to the work. Room 71.

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The most popular paris experience, 5. van gogh's room in arles – 1888.

"When I saw my canvases again after my illness, what seemed to me the best was the bedroom." Vincent to Theo in 1989.

Painted in October 1888 , when he was living in the Yellow House with Gauguin, van Gogh was very pleased with the composition and the colors. He made three versions — the first was damaged by water, one is on display in Chicago, and the third is here at Musée d'Orsay in Paris. Room 72.

6. Portrait of Dr Gachet – 1890

"I would love to paint portraits, which in a hundred years will seem like ghosts to those who see them."

Gachet's fatigue leaps out of the deep blue background of this portrait of van Gogh's friend, Dr Gachet, painted just a few months before Vincent's death. His first impression of the doctor wasn't favorable. He wrote to Theo, "I think that we must not count on Dr. Gachet at all. First of all, he is sicker than I am, I think, or shall we say just as much, so that's that. Now when one blind man leads another blind man, don't they both fall into the ditch?"

But just two days later he wrote to his sister Wilhelmina, "I have found a true friend in Dr. Gachet, something like another brother, so much do we resemble each other physically and also mentally." Vincent painted two versions — one sold at auction in 1990 for $82.5 million. Room 71.

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7. l'arlésienne – 1888.

Vincent van Gogh painted six similar paintings in Arles in November 1888. L'Arlésienne means the woman of Arles . His model, Madame Marie Jullian, ran the Café de la Gare at 30 Place Lamartine where van Gogh was a lodger as the Yellow House was being readied for his short and turbulent stay with Paul Gauguin. D'Orsay room 72.

In a letter to Theo, van Gogh wrote about the portrait, "I have an Arlésienne at last… slashed out in an hour, background pale lemon, the face grey, the clothes black, deep black, with unmixed Prussian blue. She is leaning on a green table and seated in an armchair of orange wood."

8. Fritillaires Couronne Impériale – 1887

Fritillaries are a type of lily that grow from bulbs They're not sunflowers, but with this work we get a hint of what's to come when van Gogh would eventually master his sunflowers a few years later. Note the thick brushstrokes and brilliant use of color, hallmarks he would perfect in Sunflowers .

Fritillaires was done when van Gogh lived in Paris , where he first encountered the Impressionists and became aware of light and color. Of his 900 or so works, van Gogh only signed about 130 — Imperial Fritillaries in a Copper Vase is one of them. D'Orsay Room 71.

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9. eugène boch – 1888.

"I very much like the looks of this young man with his distinctive face, like a razor blade, and his green eyes," Vincent wrote to Theo in 1888, describing the Belgian painter Eugène Boch, who he met in Arles.

As soon as Vincent met him an idea for a portrait took shape, "I should like to paint the portrait of an artist friend, a man who dreams great dreams… I would like to convey in the picture my appreciation, the love that I have for him. So I will paint him just as he is, as faithfully as I can." Instead of showing the ordinary wall of his shabby apartment, Vincent painted infinity — a simple background of a rich, intense blue sky. Van Gogh called it The Poet and it hung on the wall of his bedroom in the Yellow House. Room 72.

10. The Church in Auvers-sur-Oise – 1890

Following his artistically fruitful yet personally disastrous stay in Provence, Vincent moved to Auvers-sur-Oise, a village an hour outside of Paris. Theo was concerned with Vincent's health and put him in touch with Doctor Gachet, a painter and a friend to many artists.

During the last two month s of his life van Gogh finished seventy paintings, one per day. The Church in Auvers-sur-Oise is his only painting that depicts the early Gothic church in Auvers, and it's one of our favorites. Room 71.

Vincent van Gogh died from a gunshot wound (there is some debate on whether it was self-inflicted) on July 29, 1890. He was just 37 years old and penniless, but he would come to be considered one of the greatest painters who ever lived. He is buried next to his brother Theo in the cemetery in Auvers.

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This guided tour from Paris follows the footsteps of two of the most popular artists who ever lived — Claude Monet & Vincent van Gogh. Your expert driver/guide mets you in central Paris to take you on the trail of these two Impressionist painters. First stop is at Giverny, about an hour from Paris, to visit the house and gardens of Claude Monet. You'll recognize the lily pond and Japanese bridge that his painting immortalized.

Next up is a short drive to Auvers sur Oise, the picturesque village where Vincent van Gogh spent the final days of his life in 1890. You'll recognize the landscape and the Gothic church painted by van Gogh. "I would definitely recommend it to anyone who loves the art of Monet and van Gogh," says a typical 5-star review.

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2022 Konbini

Et si… le tableau le plus connu de Van Gogh était finalement inspiré de son dégoût pour la tour Eiffel ?

© Anthony Delanoix via Unsplash ; Vincent van Gogh/Art Institute of Chicago

Par Lise Lanot

Publié le 29/03/2023

Journaliste arts amoureuse du chaos, je passe mon temps à chercher les talents qui racontent la beauté et les travers de ce monde.

Inspiré de la tour Eiffel ou plutôt du dégoût de Van Gogh pour la glorification de la Dame de fer.

La Nuit étoilée  de Vincent van Gogh fascine les foules depuis sa création, en 1889, et charrie des interrogations quant à sa conception : qu’a pu inspirer l’artiste à peindre ce paysage bleu rempli de courbes et de courts traits lumineux ? Pourquoi les astres qui parsèment le ciel sont-ils si flamboyants, si larges ?

À voir aussi sur Konbini

Plusieurs théories ont été énoncées au fil des années. En 1981 , on évoquait déjà la possibilité que le peintre néerlandais ait souffert d’une intoxication à la digitale (une plante toxique), qui aurait causé chez lui une xanthopsie (un trouble de la vision qui teinte de jaune les objets regardés) et des hallucinations visuelles.

Vincent van Gogh, La nuit étoilée, 1889. (© Musée d’Orsay)

40 ans plus tard, le professeur d’histoire de l’art James Hall vient contredire cette théorie – ou, en tout cas, l’agrémenter d’une explication inédite – remarquant que La Nuit étoilée  a été réalisée la même année que l’exposition universelle de 1989, où la tour Eiffel fut dévoilée et valorisée comme un étendard du talent français et de la technique française, souligne The Guardian .

Sur le même sujet...

Pourquoi des chercheurs pensent que les œuvres de Monet n’auraient pas cette gueule sans la pollution ?

James Hall rappelle que l’événement fut accompagné d’un magistral spectacle pyrotechnique. Les feux d’artifice – peut-être jaunis par les troubles de Van Gogh – ont pu lui inspirer ce paysage taché d’explosions lumineuses.

Fatigué de la glorification de cette Dame de fer, le peintre aurait voulu, selon le critique d’art, plutôt mettre à l’honneur les beautés de la nature et notamment les paysages provençaux qu’il chérissait tant : “Le cyprès est une alternative naturelle à la tour Eiffel pour Van Gogh, pièce centrale de l’exposition universelle.  La Nuit étoilée  est la contrepartie rurale et cosmique du spectacle de lumière qui a marqué l’ouverture de l’exposition.”

Plutôt marqué par l’histoire antique égyptienne, Van Gogh aurait vu le cyprès comme un équivalent parfait aux obélisques qu’il admirait tant. Des décennies après leur création, nombre de chefs-d’œuvre continuent de titiller l’imagination des passionné·e·s – récemment, une équipe de chercheur·se·s rapportait par exemple que la pollution causée par les révolutions industrielles aurait inspiré les impressionnistes .

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LE TOUR EIFFEL A LA VAN GOGH Drawing

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I love Paris and had a vision to create the Seine river view of the Eiffel Tower with a distinctive sky based on Van Gogh's famous "Starry Starry Night" painting.

Original Created: 2017

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Born in NYC, Dee is an accomplished award winning international artist with numerous One Woman Art exhibits and group shows. Dee's versatile colorful artworks include these series: NYC Abstracts, Tropical Island Girl, Kaleidoscopic Dreams, I Love NYC, Paris, South West, Digital Art World and many more.

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Van Gogh Gallery

The Kröller-Müller Museum is Vincent van Gogh’s second home. With almost 90 paintings and over 180 drawings, the museum has the second-largest Van Gogh collection in the world.

The story of his life and work

Since the opening of the Kröller-Müller Museum in 1938, the works of Vincent Van Gogh have hung in the heart of the building: a corridor around a small patio, now called the Van Gogh gallery.

MR AND MRS KRÖLLER-MÜLLER AND THEIR ADVISOR H.P. BREMMER

 Vincent and Helene

In August 1880, when he decides to concentrate on his artistic practice after unsuccessful careers as an art dealer, teacher, theology student and preacher, Van Gogh is 27 years old. The pastor's son is convinced that he can also be of service to God as an artist. Helene, herself in search of a spiritual dimension in her life, can identify with the way in which Van Gogh also seeks this in his life: in humankind and in nature.

The Eiffel Tower

• Georges Seurat

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The Eiffel Tower by Georges Seurat was painted in 1889 as oil on wood panel and is typical of his French Post-Impressionist style.

The painting of arguably France's most famous landmark is created using tiny and precise dots and paint strokes in order to create a dreamy yet accurate portrayal of the Eiffel Tower.

Georges Seurat utilised precise geometric dimensions in order to then be able to play so artfully with colour and technique. The colours are vivid and bright, with the top of the Eiffel Tower disappearing dreamily into the clouds above.

As an artist, Georges Seurat was famous for his use of colour, and he pioneered a technique called Pointillism, which meant using a collection of small dots in order to create a large and easily recognisable image.

Pointillism was very much influenced by the techniques of Impressionism and helps to trick the viewer's eye into blurring together all of these tiny dots and delicate brushwork into a fuller, more defined image. The technique was at first mocked by critics, but has seen go on to find worldwide respect and acclaim both inside and outside of the artworld itself.

The Eiffel Tower was always a great point of interest for Georges Seurat, himself a Parisian native, and he began his art studies at the famous Ecole Municipale de Sculpture et Dessin. This initial training helped to cement Georges Seurat's interest in contrasts, taking inspiration from the classics and Old Masters in order to shape his own techniques, of which The Eiffel Tower is of course a great example.

He was also greatly inspired by the artist Eugene Delacroix, who was also renowned for his use of colour. As Georges Seurat began to grow as an artist in his own right, he pulled away from Impressionism and focused more of his time using his own Pointillism techniques. During this time, Georges Seurat also went on to set up the artistic group, Le Société des Artistes Independants, in order to further the cultivation of new ideas between fellow artists of a similar mindset, including Henri-Edmond Cross and Paul Signac.

As with The Eiffel Tower by Georges Seurat, the artist often drew inspiration from the world and sights around him, with other well-known paintings including Bathers at Asnieres and A Sunday afternoon on the Island of La Grand Jatte. The Eiffel Tower by Georges Seurat was painted towards the end of his career and currently hangs in the California Palace of the Legion of Honor in San Francisco.

Article Author

Tom Gurney in an art history expert. He received a BSc (Hons) degree from Salford University, UK, and has also studied famous artists and art movements for over 20 years. Tom has also published a number of books related to art history and continues to contribute to a number of different art websites. You can read more on Tom Gurney here.

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Le Tour Eiffel A La Van Gogh is a mixed media by Dulcie Dee which was uploaded on November 9th, 2017.

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Le Tour Eiffel A La Van Gogh

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. There are over 220 stations and 15 lines in the Moscow Metro. It is open from 6 am to 1 am. Trains come very frequently: during the rush hour you won't wait for more than 90 seconds! Distances between stations are quite long – 1,5 to 2 or even 3 kilometers. Metro runs inside the city borders only. To get to the airport you will need to take an onground train - Aeroexpress.

RATES AND TICKETS

Paper ticket A fee is fixed and does not depend on how far you go. There are tickets for a number of trips: 1, 2 or 60 trips; or for a number of days: 1, 3 days or a month. Your trips are recorded on a paper ticket. Ifyou buy a ticket for several trips you can share it with your traveling partner passing it from one to the other at the turnstile.

On every station there is cashier and machines (you can switch it to English). Cards and cash are accepted. 1 trip - 55 RUB 2 trips - 110 RUB

Tickets for 60 trips and day passes are available only at the cashier's.

60 rides - 1900 RUB

1 day - 230 RUB 3 days - 438 RUB 30 days - 2170 RUB.

The cheapest way to travel is buying Troyka card . It is a plastic card you can top up for any amount at the machine or at the ticket office. With it every trip costs 38 RUB in the metro and 21 RUB in a bus. You can get the card in any ticket office. Be prepared to leave a deposit of 50 RUB. You can get it back returning the card to the cashier.

SamsungPay, ApplePay and PayPass cards.

One turnstile at every station accept PayPass and payments with phones. It has a sticker with the logos and located next to the security's cabin.

GETTING ORIENTED

At the platfrom you will see one of these signs.

It indicates the line you are at now (line 6), shows the direction train run and the final stations. Numbers below there are of those lines you can change from this line.

In trains, stations are announced in Russian and English. In newer trains there are also visual indication of there you are on the line.

To change lines look for these signs. This one shows the way to line 2.

There are also signs on the platfrom. They will help you to havigate yourself. (To the lines 3 and 5 in this case). 

Moscow Metro Tour

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Description

Moscow metro private tours.

• 2-hour tour $87:  10 Must-See Moscow Metro stations with hotel pick-up and drop-off
• 3-hour tour $137:  20 Must-See Moscow Metro stations with Russian lunch in beautifully-decorated Metro Diner + hotel pick-up and drop off. 
• Metro pass is included in the price of both tours.

Highlight of Metro Tour

• Visit 10 must-see stations of Moscow metro on 2-hr tour and 20 Metro stations on 3-hr tour, including grand Komsomolskaya station with its distinctive Baroque décor, aristocratic Mayakovskaya station with Soviet mosaics, legendary Revolution Square station with 72 bronze sculptures and more!
• Explore Museum of Moscow Metro and learn a ton of technical and historical facts;
• Listen to the secrets about the Metro-2, a secret line supposedly used by the government and KGB;
• Experience a selection of most striking features of Moscow Metro hidden from most tourists and even locals;
• Discover the underground treasure of Russian Soviet past – from mosaics to bronzes, paintings, marble arches, stained glass and even paleontological elements;
• Learn fun stories and myths about Coffee Ring, Zodiac signs of Moscow Metro and more;
• Admire Soviet-era architecture of pre- and post- World War II perious;
• Enjoy panoramic views of Sparrow Hills from Luzhniki Metro Bridge – MetroMost, the only station of Moscow Metro located over water and the highest station above ground level;
• If lucky, catch a unique «Aquarelle Train» – a wheeled picture gallery, brightly painted with images of peony, chrysanthemums, daisies, sunflowers and each car unit is unique;
• Become an expert at navigating the legendary Moscow Metro system;
• Have fun time with a very friendly local;
• + Atmospheric Metro lunch in Moscow’s the only Metro Diner (included in a 3-hr tour)

Hotel Pick-up

Metro stations:.

Komsomolskaya

Novoslobodskaya

Prospekt Mira

Belorusskaya

Mayakovskaya

Novokuznetskaya

Revolution Square

Sparrow Hills

+ for 3-hour tour

Victory Park

Slavic Boulevard

Vystavochnaya

Dostoevskaya

Elektrozavodskaya

Partizanskaya

Museum of Moscow Metro

• Drop-off  at your hotel, Novodevichy Convent, Sparrow Hills or any place you wish
• + Russian lunch  in Metro Diner with artistic metro-style interior for 3-hour tour

Fun facts from our Moscow Metro Tours:

From the very first days of its existence, the Moscow Metro was the object of civil defense, used as a bomb shelter, and designed as a defense for a possible attack on the Soviet Union.

At a depth of 50 to 120 meters lies the second, the coded system of Metro-2 of Moscow subway, which is equipped with everything you need, from food storage to the nuclear button.

According to some sources, the total length of Metro-2 reaches over 150 kilometers.

The Museum was opened on Sportivnaya metro station on November 6, 1967. It features the most interesting models of trains and stations.

Coffee Ring

The first scheme of Moscow Metro looked like a bunch of separate lines. Listen to a myth about Joseph Stalin and the main brown line of Moscow Metro.

Zodiac Metro

According to some astrologers, each of the 12 stops of the Moscow Ring Line corresponds to a particular sign of the zodiac and divides the city into astrological sector.

Astrologers believe that being in a particular zadiac sector of Moscow for a long time, you attract certain energy and events into your life.

Paleontological finds 

Red marble walls of some of the Metro stations hide in themselves petrified inhabitants of ancient seas. Try and find some!

• Every day each car in  Moscow metro passes  more than 600 km, which is the distance from Moscow to St. Petersburg.
• Moscow subway system is the  5th in the intensity  of use (after the subways of Beijing, Tokyo, Seoul and Shanghai).
• The interval in the movement of trains in rush hour is  90 seconds .

What you get:

• + A friend in Moscow.
• + Private & customized Moscow tour.
• + An exciting pastime, not just boring history lessons.
• + An authentic experience of local life.
• + Flexibility during the walking tour: changes can be made at any time to suit individual preferences.
• + Amazing deals for breakfast, lunch, and dinner in the very best cafes & restaurants. Discounts on weekdays (Mon-Fri).
• + A photo session amongst spectacular Moscow scenery that can be treasured for a lifetime.
• + Good value for souvenirs, taxis, and hotels.
• + Expert advice on what to do, where to go, and how to make the most of your time in Moscow.

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Moscow Metro Tour - With Ratings

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• Sightseeing Tours

Moscow Metro Tour

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Tour Information

Key Details

• Free Cancellation
• Duration: 1 Hr 30 Mins
• Language: English
• Departure Details : Get to the Biblioteka imeni Lenina (Lenin's Library, Red Line) or Alexandrovsky Sad (Alexander Garden, Light Blue Line) metro station. Use any exit. Find the Kutafia Tower of the Kremlin. The guide .. read more

The Moscow Metro has a long history to it. Also, the city has an extremely beautiful subway. It is very well maintained and is also extremely decorated. Each station and spot has a different artistic aspect to it. On this tour, experience the efficiency of Moscow Metro.

• Roam around the Revolution Square, with magnificent sculptures of the Soviet people
• Visit the Kurskaya Station Lobby, the Hall of Fame of the WWII
• Be awestruck at the Komsomolskaya , with impressive mural mosaics of Russian glorious victories
• See the artistic side of Novoslobodskaya , with the stained glass, although under the ground.

Know More about this tour

Take our Moscow Metro Tour and discover why our subway is recognized as the most beautiful in the world!

"They used to have palaces for kings, we are going to build palaces for the people!" said one of the main architects of the Soviet subway.

With us you will see the most beautiful metro stations in Moscow built under Stalin: Komsomolskaya, Revolution square, Novoslobodskaya, Mayakovskaya. Our guide will tell fascinating stories and secrets hidden underground, urban legends and funny stories.

How many babies were born on the Moscow metro? Where is the secret Metro 2? How deep is the Moscow metro? And where did Stalin give his speech in November 1941? Join out Metro tour and find out!

• Metro ticket

Cancellation Policy

• If you cancel between 0 hrs To 24 hrs before scheduled tour departure, the cancellation charge will be 100%
• If you cancel between 1 days To 180 days before scheduled tour departure, the cancellation charge will be 0%
• Please note that in case of No show, the cancellation charge will be 100% of the listed tour fare.
• Please note tours booked using discount coupon codes will be non refundable.
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