us travel vaccine

From vaccines to testing: What travelers need to know before the new US travel system on Nov. 8

• The U.S. is launching a new travel system on Nov. 8.
• Vaccinated foreign air travelers will need to show proof of full vaccination and test for COVID-19.
• The new travel system also adds more stringent testing requirements for unvaccinated U.S. travelers.

The United States is about to make it much easier for vaccinated international travelers to visit.  

The White House announced that a new air travel system will take effect Nov. 8, allowing entry for fully vaccinated foreign tourists .  The system is set to launch nearly two years after the U.S. began imposing travel restrictions to prevent the spread of COVID-19 . 

The move by the White House will essentially have the U.S. drop its travel ban on dozens of countries while also making entry more challenging for the unvaccinated. The new system will allow entry for foreign nationals only with vaccinations approved for emergency use by the World Health Organization and would add testing requirements for unvaccinated Americans.

Here’s what we know about the new travel requirements:

What are the entry requirements for foreign nationals?

Starting Nov. 8, non-citizen, non-immigrant air travelers   will need to show proof of full vaccination as well as a pre-departure negative coronavirus test taken within three days of travel before they can board a plane to the U.S. 

Learn more: Best travel insurance

Acceptable forms of proof of vaccination include:

• Digital or paper verifiable record, such as a vaccination certificate or a digital pass with a QR code.  
• Nonverifiable paper record, such as a printout of a COVID-19 vaccination record or COVID-19 vaccination certificate.
• Nonverifiable digital record, such as a digital photo of a vaccination card or record, downloaded vaccine record, downloaded vaccination certificate or a mobile phone application without a QR code.  

The U.S. will accept nucleic acid amplification tests, including PCR tests, and antigen tests. The rules will go into effect for passengers on planes leaving for the U.S. at or after 12:01 a.m. ET on Nov. 8.  

Airlines will collect basic personal contact information   from all U.S.-bound travelers for contact tracing. Airlines are required to keep the information on hand so the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention   can reach out to travelers who may have been infected or exposed to COVID-19.

Masking will be required, but there will be no quarantine mandate for vaccinated travelers or unvaccinated children .

► US  travel bans: How COVID-19 travel restrictions have impacted families and couples

The change will make entering the U.S. possible for travelers from countries now listed on the U.S. travel ban, which prohibits entry for travelers who have been in any of the regions within the past 14 days. The travel ban  took effect in early 2020 and includes :

• United Kingdom
• Republic of Ireland
• South Africa
• The European Schengen area (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City)

Currently, the U.S. asks international air passengers only to get tested within three days of their flight to the U.S. and show either the negative test result or proof of recovery  from COVID-19 before boarding. 

What about the land borders with Mexico and Canada?

New travel rules will also take effect for foreign nationals arriving by land or passenger ferry.

Starting Nov. 8, fully vaccinated foreign nationals can cross the land borders for nonessential reasons such as tourism or visiting friends and family . These travelers will need to verbally attest to their reason for travel and vaccination status and be prepared to show proof of vaccination  upon request. U.S. Customs and Border Protection will accept both digital and paper records showing proof of vaccination, including documents not in English.   Foreign nationals will also need appropriate travel documentation to enter the country.  

CBP will spot-check travelers' vaccination documents, and those without documented proof of vaccination can be denied entry. Travelers under 18 will be exempt from the vaccination requirement as long as they are traveling with a fully vaccinated adult, according to Matthew Davies, CBP's executive director of admissibility and passenger programs.  

The new travel rules will go into effect as soon as a port of entry opens on Nov. 8, or at midnight for ports that operate 24 hours a day changes will go into effect at midnight on Nov. 8 for ports that operation 24 hours a day.  

U.S. citizens reentering the country should also bring a Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative document, such as a valid passport, trusted traveler program card, enhanced driver's license or enhanced tribal card. 

Entry rules along the border will change again in early January, with all travelers – including those traveling for essential purposes – required to show proof of full vaccination. 

► US land borders: Travelers in Mexico and Canada plan their next US visit after new land border policy announced

Which vaccines does the US accept for travel?

The CDC has announced that vaccines approved for emergency use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and World Health Organization will be accepted for air travel. White House officials expect the CDC to approve the same vaccines for travelers entering the U.S. by land or ferry.  

The FDA has authorized three COVID-19 vaccines for emergency use during the pandemic: Moderna, Johnson & Johnson and Pfizer-BioNTech, the last of which has received the FDA's full stamp of approval.

Vaccines with WHO approval for emergency use include:

• Johnson & Johnson
• Pfizer-BioNTech
• Oxford-AstraZeneca/Covishield 

The CDC confirmed that it would accept a mix-and-match approach to vaccinations. Travelers who have any combination of FDA- or WHO-approved vaccines will be considered fully vaccinated.

The new travel policy does not accept foreign travelers who have had COVID and received just one shot in a two-dose series. White House press secretary Jen Psaki said Tuesday that the administration will "continue to review" its entry requirements.  

► Covaxin gets WHO emergency approval: Travelers vaccinated with Covaxin can enter US   

► 'You feel lonely and left out': These fully vaccinated travelers want to visit the US. They may not be allowed in.

How do the new rules affect kids? 

Foreign nationals under 18 are exempt from the vaccination requirement. Children under two will not need to take a pre-departure COVID test.

Kids 2 and older traveling with a fully vaccinated adult can test three days prior to departure, while children traveling alone or with unvaccinated adults will need to get tested within one day of departure. 

Currently, all air passengers 2 or older, including U.S. citizens and permanent residents, need to show a negative coronavirus test to fly to the U.S.

What are the entry requirements for Americans?

The new travel system adds more stringent testing requirements for unvaccinated U.S. travelers.

Starting Nov. 8, unvaccinated U.S. citizens and permanent residents will need to take a test one day before departure and test again upon arrival in the U.S. 

► New travel rules: What US travelers need to know about the new COVID rules for international flights

Entry requirements will not change for vaccinated Americans. They will still need to show proof of a negative coronavirus test taken no more than three days before departure. 

Americans will not need to be fully vaccinated to board international flights to the U.S.

Are there any exemptions?

There is a limited set of travelers who are exempt from the vaccine requirement for entry.

Children under 18, certain COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial participants and travelers with adverse reactions to the vaccines – such as people who have had severe anaphylactic allergic reactions to a prior COVID-19 vaccine –  will be exempt.

People traveling on non-tourist visas from countries with less than 10% of its population vaccinated who need to enter the U.S. for emergency or humanitarian reasons are also exempt from the vaccine requirement. There are about 50 countries considered to have low vaccine availability at this time.

These exempt travelers will generally need to show that they will comply with public health mandates, including a requirement to be vaccinated in the U.S. if they plan to stay more than 60 days.  

Unless they have recovered from COVID-19 within the last 90 days, unvaccinated travelers  must agree to be tested with a COVID-19 viral test three to five days after their arrival and quarantine for seven days, even if their post-arrival test comes back negative. 

Unvaccinated travelers who are not U.S. citizens or permanent residents must also agree to self-isolate if their post-arrival test is positive or if they develop COVID-19 symptoms. 

Unvaccinated children under 18 will not need to quarantine but will still need to take a post-arrival test. 

► Who is exempt?: These select groups of unvaccinated foreign travelers can enter the US

The CDC will not give exemptions  to people who object to the vaccinations due to religious or moral convictions. 

There will also be testing accommodations for travelers who can prove they recently recovered from the coronavirus. These travelers will need to show a positive COVID-19 viral test result on a sample taken no more than 90 days before their flight's departure and a letter from a licensed healthcare provider or public health official saying they are cleared for travel.  

Follow USA TODAY reporter Bailey Schulz on Twitter: @bailey_schulz . 

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• Fact Sheets

Frequently Asked Questions: Guidance for Travelers to Enter the U.S.

Updated Date: April 21, 2022

Since January 22, 2022, DHS has required non-U.S. individuals seeking to enter the United States via land ports of entry and ferry terminals at the U.S.-Mexico and U.S.-Canada borders to be fully vaccinated for COVID-19 and provide proof of vaccination upon request.  On April 21, 2022, DHS announced that it would extend these requirements. In determining whether and when to rescind this order, DHS anticipates that it will take account of whether the vaccination requirement for non-U.S. air travelers remains in place.

These requirements apply to non-U.S. individuals who are traveling for essential or non-essential reasons. They do not apply to U.S. citizens, Lawful Permanent Residents, or U.S. nationals.

Effective November 8, 2021, new air travel requirements applied to many noncitizens who are visiting the United States temporarily. These travelers are also required to show proof of COVID-19 vaccination. All air travelers, including U.S. persons, must test negative for COVID-19 prior to departure. Limited exceptions apply. See  CDC guidance  for more details regarding air travel requirements.

Below is more information about what to know before you go, and answers to Frequently Asked Questions about cross-border travel.

Entering the U.S. Through a Land Port of Entry or Ferry Terminal

Q. what are the requirements for travelers entering the united states through land poes.

A:  Before embarking on a trip to the United States, non-U.S. travelers should be prepared for the following:

• Possess proof of an approved COVID-19 vaccination as outlined on the  CDC  website.
• During border inspection, verbally attest to their COVID-19 vaccination status. 
• Bring a  Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative  compliant border crossing document, such as a valid passport (and visa if required), Trusted Traveler Program card, a Department of State-issued Border Crossing Card, Enhanced Driver’s License or Enhanced Tribal Card when entering the country. Travelers (including U.S. citizens) should be prepared to present the WHTI-compliant document and any other documents requested by the CBP officer.

 Q. What are the requirements to enter the United States for children under the age of 18 who can't be vaccinated?

A:  Children under 18 years of age are excepted from the vaccination requirement at land and ferry POEs.

Q: Which vaccines/combination of vaccines will be accepted?

A:  Per CDC guidelines, all Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved and authorized vaccines, as well as all vaccines that have an Emergency Use Listing (EUL) from the World Health Organization (WHO), will be accepted.

Accepted Vaccines:

• More details are available in CDC guidance  here .
• 2 weeks (14 days) after your dose of an accepted single-dose COVID-19 vaccine;
• 2 weeks (14 days) after your second dose of an accepted 2-dose series;
• 2 weeks (14 days) after you received the full series of an accepted COVID-19 vaccine (not placebo) in a clinical trial;
• 2 weeks (14 days) after you received 2 doses of any “mix-and-match” combination of accepted COVID-19 vaccines administered at least 17 days apart.

Q. Is the United States requiring travelers to have a booster dose to be considered fully vaccinated for border entry purposes?

A:  No. The CDC guidance for “full vaccination” can be found here.

Q: Do U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents need proof of vaccination to return to the United States via land POEs and ferry terminals?

A:  No. Vaccination requirements do not apply to U.S. citizens, U.S. nationals, or Lawful Permanent Residents (LPRs). Travelers that exhibit signs or symptoms of illness will be referred to CDC for additional medical evaluation.

Q: Is pre- or at-arrival COVID testing required to enter the United States via land POEs or ferry terminals?

A: No, there is no COVID testing requirement to enter the United States via land POE or ferry terminals. In this respect, the requirement for entering by a land POE or ferry terminal differs from arrival via air, where there is a requirement to have a negative test result before departure.

Processing Changes Announced on January 22, 2022 

Q: new changes were recently announced. what changed on january 22.

A:  Since January 22, 2022, non-citizens who are not U.S. nationals or Lawful Permanent Residents have been required to be vaccinated against COVID-19 to enter the United States at land ports of entry and ferry terminals, whether for essential or nonessential purposes. Previously, DHS required that non-U.S. persons be vaccinated against COVID-19 to enter the United States for nonessential purposes.  Effective January 22, all non-U.S. individuals, to include essential travelers, must be prepared to attest to vaccination status and present proof of vaccination to a CBP officer upon request. DHS announced an extension of this policy on April 21, 2022.

Q: Who is affected by the changes announced on January 22?

A: This requirement does not apply to U.S. citizens, U.S. nationals, or U.S. Lawful Permanent Residents. It applies to other noncitizens, such as a citizen of Mexico, Canada, or any other country seeking to enter the United States through a land port of entry or ferry terminal.

Q: Do U.S. citizens need proof of vaccination to return to the United States via land port of entry or ferry terminals?

A: Vaccination requirements do not apply to U.S. Citizens, U.S. nationals or U.S. Lawful Permanent Residents. Travelers that exhibit signs or symptoms of illness will be referred to CDC for additional medical evaluation. 

Q: What is essential travel?

A:  Under the prior policy, there was an exception from temporary travel restrictions for “essential travel.” Essential travel included travel to attend educational institutions, travel to work in the United States, travel for emergency response and public health purposes, and travel for lawful cross-border trade (e.g., commercial truckers). Under current policy, there is no exception for essential travel.

Q: Will there be any exemptions? 

A: While most non-U.S. individuals seeking to enter the United States will need to be vaccinated, there is a narrow list of exemptions consistent with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Order in the air travel context.

• Certain categories of individuals on diplomatic or official foreign government travel as specified in the CDC Order
• Children under 18 years of age;
• Certain participants in certain COVID-19 vaccine trials as specified in the CDC Order;   
• Individuals with medical contraindications to receiving a COVID-19 vaccine as specified in the CDC Order;
• Individuals issued a humanitarian or emergency exception by the Secretary of Homeland Security;
• Individuals with valid nonimmigrant visas (excluding B-1 [business] or B-2 [tourism] visas) who are citizens of a country with limited COVID-19 vaccine availability, as specified in the CDC Order
• Members of the U.S. Armed Forces or their spouses or children (under 18 years of age) as specified in the CDC Order; and
• Individuals whose entry would be in the U.S. national interest, as determined by the Secretary of Homeland Security.

Q: What documentation will be required to show vaccination status?

A:  Non-U.S. individuals are required to be prepared to attest to vaccination status and present proof of vaccination to a CBP officer upon request regardless of the purpose of travel.

The current documentation requirement remains the same and is available on the CDC website . Documentation requirements for entry at land ports of entry and ferry terminals mirror those for entry by air.

Q: What happens if someone doesn’t have proof of vaccine status?

A: If non-U.S. individuals cannot present proof of vaccination upon request, they will not be admitted into the United States and will either be subject to removal or be allowed to withdraw their application for entry.

Q: Will incoming travelers be required to present COVID-19 test results?

A: There is no COVID-19 testing requirement for travelers at land border ports of entry, including ferry terminals.

Q: What does this mean for those who can't be vaccinated, either due to age or other health considerations? 

A: See CDC guidance for additional information on this topic. Note that the vaccine requirement does not apply to children under 18 years of age.

Q: Does this requirement apply to amateur and professional athletes?

A: Yes, unless they qualify for one of the narrow CDC exemptions.

Q: Are commercial truckers required to be vaccinated?

A: Yes, unless they qualify for one of the narrow CDC exemptions. These requirements also apply to bus drivers as well as rail and ferry operators.

Q. Do you expect border wait times to increase?

A:  As travelers navigate these new travel requirements, wait times may increase. Travelers should account for the possibility of longer than normal wait times and lines at U.S. land border crossings when planning their trip and are kindly encouraged to exercise patience.

To help reduce wait times and long lines, travelers can take advantage of innovative technology, such as facial biometrics and the CBP OneTM mobile application, which serves as a single portal for individuals to access CBP mobile applications and services.

Q: How is Customs and Border Protection staffing the ports of entry? 

A: CBP’s current staffing levels at ports of entry throughout the United States are commensurate with pre-pandemic levels. CBP has continued to hire and train new employees throughout the pandemic. CBP expects some travelers to be non-compliant with the proof of vaccination requirements, which may at times lead to an increase in border wait times. Although trade and travel facilitation remain a priority, we cannot compromise national security, which is our primary mission. CBP Office of Field Operations will continue to dedicate its finite resources to the processing of arriving traffic with emphasis on trade facilitation to ensure economic recovery.

Q: What happens if a vaccinated individual is traveling with an unvaccinated individual?  

A:  The unvaccinated individual (if 18 or over) would not be eligible for admission.

Q: If I am traveling for an essential reason but am not vaccinated can I still enter?

A:  No, if you are a non-U.S. individual. The policy announced on January 22, 2022 applies to both essential and non-essential travel by non-U.S. individual travelers. Since January 22, DHS has required that all inbound non-U.S. individuals crossing U.S. land or ferry POEs – whether for essential or non-essential reasons – be fully vaccinated for COVID-19 and provide related proof of vaccination upon request.

Q: Are sea crew members on vessels required to have a COVID vaccine to disembark?

A:  Sea crew members traveling pursuant to a C-1 or D nonimmigrant visa are not excepted from COVID-19 vaccine requirements at the land border. This is a difference from the international air transportation context.

Entering the U.S. via Air Travel

Q: what are the covid vaccination requirements for air passengers to the united states  .

A:  According to CDC requirements [www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/noncitizens-US-air-travel.html | Link no longer valid], most noncitizens who are visiting the United States temporarily must be fully vaccinated prior to boarding a flight to the United States. These travelers are required to show proof of vaccination. A list of covered individuals is available on the CDC website.  

Q: What are the COVID testing requirements for air passengers to the United States?  

A:  Effective Sunday, June 12 at 12:01 a.m. ET, CDC will no longer require pre-departure COVID-19 testing for U.S.-bound air travelers.

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Fact Sheet: Biden Administration Releases Additional Detail for Implementing a Safer, More Stringent International Air Travel   System

As we continue to work to protect people from COVID-19, today, the Biden Administration is releasing additional detail around implementation of the new international air travel policy requiring foreign national travelers to the United States to be fully vaccinated. This updated policy puts in place an international travel system that is stringent, consistent across the globe, and guided by public health. Starting on November 8, non-citizen, non-immigrant air travelers to the United States will be required to be fully vaccinated and to provide proof of COVID-19 vaccination status prior to boarding an airplane to fly to the U.S., with only limited exceptions. The updated travel guidelines also include new protocols around testing. To further strengthen protections, unvaccinated travelers – whether U.S. Citizens, lawful permanent residents (LPRs), or the small number of excepted unvaccinated foreign nationals – will now need to test within one day of departure. Today, the Administration is releasing the following documents to implement these requirements: 1) a Presidential Proclamation to Advance the Safe Resumption of Global Travel During the COVID-19 Pandemic; 2) three Centers for Disease Control and  Prevention (CDC) Orders on vaccination, testing, and contact tracing; and 3) technical instructions to provide implementation details to the airlines and their passengers.  With science and public health as our guide, the United States has developed a new international air travel system that both enhances the safety of Americans here at home and enhances the safety of international air travel. The additional detail released today provides airlines and international air travelers with time to prepare for this new policy ahead of the November 8 implementation date. As previously announced, fully vaccinated foreign nationals will also be able to travel across the Northern and Southwest land borders for non-essential reasons, such as tourism, starting on November 8. Additional detail on amendments to restrictions with respect to land borders will be available in the coming days. Travelers can find full details about today’s air travel announcement on the CDC and Department of State websites.  A summary is below: Fully Vaccinated Status:

• Starting on November 8, non-citizen, non-immigrant air travelers to the United States will be required to be fully vaccinated and to provide proof of vaccination status prior to boarding an airplane to fly to the U.S.

Proof of Vaccination:

• For foreign nationals, proof of vaccination will be required – with very limited exceptions – to board the plane.
• Match the name and date of birth to confirm the passenger is the same person reflected on the proof of vaccination;
• Determine that the record was issued by an official source (e.g., public health agency, government agency) in the country where the vaccine was given;
• Review the essential information for determining if the passenger meets CDC’s definition for fully vaccinated such as vaccine product, number of vaccine doses received, date(s) of administration, site (e.g., vaccination clinic, health care facility) of vaccination.
• The Biden Administration will work closely with the airlines to ensure that these new requirements are implemented successfully.

Accepted Vaccines:

• CDC has determined that for purposes of travel to the United States, vaccines accepted will include FDA approved or authorized and World Health Organization (WHO) emergency use listed (EUL) vaccines.
• Individuals can be considered fully vaccinated ≥2 weeks after receipt of the last dose if they have received any single dose of an FDA approved/authorized or WHO EUL approved single-dose series (i.e., Janssen), or any combination of two doses of an FDA approved/authorized or WHO emergency use listed COVID-19 two-dose series (i.e. mixing and matching).
• More details are available in the CDC Annex here .

Enhanced Testing:

• Previously, all travelers were required to produce a negative viral test result within three days of travel to the United States.
• Both nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), such as a PCR test, and antigen tests qualify.
• As announced in September, the new system tightens those requirements, so that unvaccinated U.S. Citizens and LPRs will need to provide a negative test taken within one day of traveling.
• That means that all fully vaccinated U.S. Citizens and LPRs traveling to the United States should be prepared to present documentation of their vaccination status alongside their negative test result.
• For those Americans who can show they are fully vaccinated, the same requirement currently in place will apply – they have to produce a negative test result within three days of travel.
• For anyone traveling to the United States who cannot demonstrate proof of full vaccination, they will have to produce documentation of a negative test within one day of departure.

Requirements for Children:

• Children under 18 are excepted from the vaccination requirement for foreign national travelers, given both the ineligibility of some younger children for vaccination, as well as the global variability in access to vaccination for older children who are eligible to be vaccinated.
• Children between the ages of 2 and 17 are required to take a pre-departure test.
• If traveling with a fully vaccinated adult, an unvaccinated child can test three days prior to departure (consistent with the timeline for fully vaccinated adults). If an unvaccinated child is traveling alone or with unvaccinated adults, they will have to test within one day of departure.

Limited Exceptions from the Vaccination Requirement:

• There are a very limited set of exceptions from the vaccination requirement for foreign nationals. These include exceptions for children under 18, certain COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial participants, those with medical contraindications to the vaccines, those who need to travel for emergency or humanitarian reasons (with a US government-issued letter affirming the urgent need to travel), those who are traveling on non-tourist visas from countries with low-vaccine availability (as determined by the CDC), and other very narrow categories.
• Those who receive an exception will generally be required to attest they will comply with applicable public health requirements, including, with very limited exceptions, a requirement that they be vaccinated in the U.S. if they intend to stay here for more than 60 days.

Contact Tracing:

• The CDC is also issuing a Contact Tracing Order that requires all airlines flying into the United States to keep on hand – and promptly turn over to the CDC, when needed – contact information that will allow public health officials to follow up with inbound air travelers who are potentially infected or have been exposed to someone who is infected.
• This is a critical public health measure both to prevent the introduction, transmission, and spread of new variants of COVID-19 as well as to add a critical prevention tool to address other public health threats.

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U.S. to ease Covid travel entry rules, require vaccinations for foreign visitors

WASHINGTON — The Biden administration will require all international travelers coming into the United States to be fully vaccinated and tested for Covid-19 under a new system that will open up air travel to vaccinated foreign nationals from dozens of countries for the first time since the early days of the pandemic.

Starting in early November, foreign nationals will be allowed to fly into the U.S. if they are fully vaccinated and able to show proof of vaccination prior to boarding a U.S.-bound flight, White House Covid coordinator Jeffrey Zients said.

The requirement will ease travel restrictions that limited entry into the U.S. in many cases for noncitizens who had recently been in 33 countries , including many European nations and the United Kingdom, regardless of vaccination status. But for travelers outside of those countries, the new system will put stricter requirements in place that could be a barrier to those living in countries where vaccines are in short supply.

"We will move to this much stricter global system, so we will have a consistent approach across all countries, it will require foreign nationals to be vaccinated, to prove they're vaccinated, and then to go through the testing and contact tracing regiments," Zients said.

The U.S. will also start putting into place additional testing requirements, he said. Foreign nationals will have to be tested three days prior to departure to the U.S. and show proof of a negative test, and unvaccinated Americans will have to test within one day of departure and be required to test again after their arrival.

The CDC will also require airlines to collect information for each U.S.-bound traveler, including their phone number and email address, to aid public health officials in contact tracing.

While there is still no vaccination requirement for domestic air travel, Zients said nothing is off the table.

"We clearly have a track record that shows we're pulling available levers to acquire vaccinations and we're not taking any measures off the table on specific authorities used for implementation," he said.

Zients didn't detail what vaccines will qualify and what would constitute as fully vaccinated and said the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention would provide further details. The new policy applies only to air travel and not land border crossings, which have been closed to nonessential travel between Canada and Mexico.

Shannon Pettypiece is senior policy reporter for NBC News digital.

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COVID-19 international travel advisories

If you plan to visit the U.S., you do not need to be tested or vaccinated for COVID-19. U.S. citizens going abroad, check with the Department of State for travel advisories.

COVID-19 testing and vaccine rules for entering the U.S.

• As of May 12, 2023, noncitizen nonimmigrant visitors to the U.S.  arriving by air  or  arriving by land or sea  no longer need to show proof of being fully vaccinated against COVID-19. 
• As of June 12, 2022,  people entering the U.S. no longer need to show proof of a negative COVID-19 test . 

U.S. citizens traveling to a country outside the U.S.

Find country-specific COVID-19 travel rules from the Department of State.

See the  CDC's COVID-19 guidance for safer international travel.

LAST UPDATED: December 6, 2023

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Think Travel Vaccine Guide

As a health care provider, be sure to prepare your globe-trotting patients for travel by providing a quick pretravel risk assessment, consultation, and care. THINK TRAVEL:

• Ask your patients if they plan on any international travel .
• Make sure they are up- to- date on all routine vaccines before their trip.
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• Yellow fever
• Japanese encephalitis
• Meningococcal diseases

For destination-specific vaccine recommendations, search CDC’s Destination pages.

Think about...

*Travelers may also need routine (non-travel) vaccines or boosters before travel including influenza; measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR); tetanus (Td or Tdap); varicella; pneumococcus; and polio. Check CDC’s Destination Pages for country-specific vaccine recommendations.

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• Everyone 5 years and older get 1 updated COVID-19 vaccine to protect against serious illness .
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• Find a COVID-19 vaccine or booster: Search vaccines.gov , text your ZIP code to 438829, or call 1-800-232-0233 to find locations near you.

When You Get the Vaccine

• What are the possible side effects?

Vaccine Information for Specific Groups of People

• What if I’m at risk for severe illness?
• Can my child get vaccinated?
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Vaccines for Travelers

Vaccines protect travelers from serious diseases. Depending on where you travel, you may come into contact with diseases that are rare in the United States, like yellow fever. Some vaccines may also be required for you to travel to certain places.

Getting vaccinated will help keep you safe and healthy while you’re traveling. It will also help make sure that you don’t bring any serious diseases home to your family, friends, and community.

On this page, you'll find answers to common questions about vaccines for travelers.

Which vaccines do I need before traveling?

The vaccines you need to get before traveling will depend on few things, including:

• Where you plan to travel . Some countries require proof of vaccination for certain diseases, like yellow fever or polio. And traveling in developing countries and rural areas may bring you into contact with more diseases, which means you might need more vaccines before you visit.
• Your health . If you’re pregnant or have an ongoing illness or weakened immune system, you may need additional vaccines.
• The vaccinations you’ve already had . It’s important to be up to date on your routine vaccinations. While diseases like measles are rare in the United States, they are more common in other countries. Learn more about routine vaccines for specific age groups .

How far in advance should I get vaccinated before traveling?

It’s important to get vaccinated at least 4 to 6 weeks before you travel. This will give the vaccines time to start working, so you’re protected while you’re traveling. It will also usually make sure there’s enough time for you to get vaccines that require more than 1 dose.

Where can I go to get travel vaccines?

Start by finding a:

• Travel clinic
• Health department
• Yellow fever vaccination clinic

Learn more about where you can get vaccines .

What resources can I use to prepare for my trip?

Here are some resources that may come in handy as you’re planning your trip:

• Visit CDC’s travel website to find out which vaccines you may need based on where you plan to travel, what you’ll be doing, and any health conditions you have.
• Download CDC's TravWell app to get recommended vaccines, a checklist to help prepare for travel, and a personalized packing list. You can also use it to store travel documents and keep a record of your medicines and vaccinations.
• Read the current travel notices to learn about any new disease outbreaks in or vaccine recommendations for the areas where you plan to travel.
• Visit the State Department’s website to learn about vaccinations, insurance, and medical emergencies while traveling.

Traveling with a child? Make sure they get the measles vaccine.

Measles is still common in some countries. Getting your child vaccinated will protect them from getting measles — and from bringing it back to the United States where it can spread to others. Learn more about the measles vaccine.

Find out which vaccines you need

CDC’s Adult Vaccine Quiz helps you create a list of vaccines you may need based on your age, health conditions, and more.

Take the quiz now !

Get Immunized

Getting immunized is easy. Vaccines and preventive antibodies are available at the doctor’s office or pharmacies — and are usually covered by insurance.

Find out how to get protected .

Update April 12, 2024

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Vaccinations

Important notice to immigrant visa applicants concerning vaccination requirements.

United States immigration law requires immigrant visa applicants to obtain certain vaccinations (listed below) prior to the issuance of an immigrant visa. Panel physicians who conduct medical examinations of immigrant visa applicants are required to verify that immigrant visa applicants have met the vaccination requirements, or that it is medically inappropriate for the visa applicant to receive one or more of the listed vaccinations:

• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Influenza type b (Hib)
• Meningococcal
• Pneumococcal
• Tetanus and diphtheria toxoids

In order to assist the panel physican, and to avoid delays in the processing of an immigrant visa, all immigrant visa applicants should have their vaccination records available for the panel physician's review at the time of the immigrant medical examination. Visa applicants should consult with their regular health care provider to obtain a copy of their immunization record, if one is available. If you do not have a vaccination record, the panel physician will work with you to determine which vaccinations you may need to meet the requirement. Certain waivers of the vaccination requirement are available upon the recommendation of the panel physician.

Only a physician can determine which of the listed vaccinations are medically appropriate for you, given your age, medical history and current medical condition. For more detailed information, please visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Panel Physician Technical Instructions for Vaccination .

More Information

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Protect Your Trip »

Where can you travel if you're vaccinated.

Americans who have received a COVID-19 vaccine can travel with fewer restrictions. Here's what to know.

Where You Can Travel if Vaccinated

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Some countries are allowing vaccinated individuals to visit without proof of negative COVID-19 tests.

Can vaccinated people travel? This question has been top of mind for many Americans as millions receive the COVID-19 vaccine each day. After more than a year of social restrictions, canceled trips and postponed events, Americans are eager to start exploring again. But, of course, traveling should come second to safety.

Health officials and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend fully vaccinated people act with caution when traveling internationally as more countries open to vaccinated people. Fully vaccinated travelers are less likely to get and spread COVID-19, but there are still risks involved with international travel and even vaccinated individuals may be exposed to or could contract some COVID-19 variants. (The CDC considers a person fully vaccinated two weeks after his or her final vaccine dose, no matter which brand of vaccine received.) Currently, the CDC recommends vaccines developed by Pfizer (two doses), Moderna (two doses) and Johnson & Johnson (one dose). Vaccines developed by AstraZeneca and Novavax are in Phase 3 clinical trials in the United States. Depending on the country you're visiting, you'll need to supply documented proof of a vaccine (in the form of the record card you receive at your place of vaccination), as well as some additional information. This official documentation will typically allow you to bypass any testing or quarantine requirements.

Though vaccinated travelers will surely be safer than their unvaccinated counterparts when it comes to sharing public spaces like airplanes, vaccinated people should take special care when traveling, according to Dr. Tom Kenyon, the chief health officer at Project HOPE, an international global health and humanitarian organization. While the top-notch air filtration systems on airplanes and mask requirements lessen the concern of in-flight virus transmission, travelers should know "the situation you're traveling to is more important than the flight," Kenyon said. Vaccinated individuals can likely still bring disease (coronavirus and others) into other states and countries by traveling there. Beating the coronavirus is a global effort as much as it is a nationwide concern, Kenyon added, saying, "we'll never control [the virus] here if it's left uncontrolled everywhere else." Vaccinated individuals should continue to practice safety measures, including social distancing, hand-washing and mask-wearing while traveling, according to the CDC.

If you are vaccinated and decide to travel, you'll want to check with the State Department for information on returning from your visit. As of Dec. 6, the CDC requires all passengers, regardless of vaccination status, traveling to the U.S. from a foreign country (including American citizens) to show proof of a negative COVID-19 test taken no more than one day before their flight. In mid-April, the State Department updated travel advisories for dozens of countries to Level 4: Do Not Travel, warning Americans to reconsider international travel due to the ongoing pandemic. As of Aug. 30, the European Union removed the U.S. from its safe list of countries and advised member countries to reinstate travel restrictions. However, it’s up to individual countries to decide on restrictions for incoming travelers, so keep an eye out for official announcements from any European destinations as things are changing quickly. Visit the State Department website for additional details on travel advisories. Before embarking on your next journey, be sure to consult your physician and the CDC guidelines as well, which change often.

See below for a list of countries open to fully vaccinated travelers. (Note: This information was accurate at the time of publication and will be updated as additional information becomes available.)

Fully vaccinated travelers can bypass testing requirements when traveling to Albania as long as they show proof of vaccination. (Those who can prove they recovered from COVID-19 in the past six months can also enter without testing.) Expect health screening procedures in airports, and prepare to abide by social distancing guidelines and a curfew. Make note that on your return home, there are restrictions to what countries you can pass through, according to the embassy website .

As of July 1, only travelers who can prove they have been fully vaccinated at least three weeks before arriving can visit Anguilla. They will have to apply for entry to the island before traveling and upload results from a negative coronavirus test taken 48 to 120 hours before travel. Once on the island, they will be subject to additional testing and must remain at their place of accommodation until arrival test results come back negative. For more information, visit Anguilla’s tourism board website .

[See more of Anguilla: Things to Do | Hotels | When to Visit | Photos .]

Tourists from the U.S. are allowed to enter Argentina as of Nov. 1, as long as they are fully vaccinated (and they received the second dose 14 days before arrival in Argentina). They must also show proof of a negative coronavirus test taken no more than 72 hours prior to travel. For more information, visit the U.S. embassy website .

As long as they can provide proof of vaccination, immunized Americans can enter Armenia without taking a coronavirus test 72 hours in advance. They won’t be required to quarantine upon arrival. Learn more about the pandemic atmosphere in the country at the U.S. Embassy in Armenia website or the Armenian government's travel restrictions website .

According to its website, which is updated frequently with information on travel restrictions, Aruba is welcoming U.S. vacationers to the island. Fully vaccinated Americans can travel to Aruba, but they must also provide a negative coronavirus test taken within 72 hours. Regardless of vaccination status, all U.S. travelers must purchase Aruba Visitor Insurance to ensure they are covered if health issues arise during their stay. This insurance cost varies depending on each traveler's age and length of stay; to find out how much it costs, check out the Aruba Visitor Insurance calculator.

[See more of Aruba: Things to Do | Hotels | When to Visit | Photos .]

Americans can enter this European nation by providing proof of vaccination (or proof of recovery from the coronavirus). Once in Austria, they can bypass the 10-day quarantine requirement. For additional info, see the embassy website .

[See more of Austria: Innsbruck Travel Guide | Salzburg Travel Guide | Vienna Travel Guide | Best Hotels .]

Vaccinated travelers are welcome to enter the Bahamas. However, vaccinated visitors can no longer bypass the country’s testing requirements: They must submit a negative coronavirus test result to the online health visa portal within five days of arrival. All travelers must still complete the Travel Health Visa application. For more information, visit the embassy website .

[See more of the Bahamas: Things to Do | Hotels | When to Visit | Photos .]

Any fully vaccinated travelers arriving to Bahrain can bypass quarantine and pre-flight testing requirements by showing proof of vaccination. Because Bahrain no longer considers the U.S. a “red list” country, vaccinated travelers are also exempt from testing after arrival. Travelers must download the BeAware Bahrain app before travel. For more information, visit the embassy website .

As of May 8, vaccinated individuals can visit Barbados as long as they show proof of vaccination and proof of a negative coronavirus test taken no more than three days before travel. Vaccinated travelers no longer have to submit to a second test upon arrival, but they might be chosen at random for a rapid antigen test after disembarkation. Because the country’s protocols can change at any time, visit Barbados’ protocol website before planning a trip.

[See more of Barbados: Things to Do | Hotels | When to Visit | Photos .]

Vaccinated Americans can bypass the seven-day quarantine requirement when they travel to Belarus. However, they will still be required to present proof of a negative test taken no more than three days before traveling. For the most up to date information, visit the embassy website .

As of Sept. 1, only vaccinated Americans can visit picturesque cities like Brussels , Bruges and Antwerp. American travelers can enter without taking coronavirus tests but must provide proof of vaccination. A test upon arrival and a period of self-quarantine pending receipt of a negative test result is also required, as is a second test again on day seven. Travelers will have to complete a Passenger Locator Form and submit to health screenings at the airport. For more information, visit the embassy website .

This Caribbean nation is open to fully vaccinated individuals from all countries, as long as they show proof their final dose was administered no less than two weeks before traveling. Travelers should present their COVID-19 vaccination record cards upon arrival. However, proof of vaccination does not mean vaccinated travelers can bypass testing requirements: As of Aug. 9, all must show proof of a negative coronavirus test taken no more than 96 hours prior to arrival. For more information, visit the country's tourism board website .

[See more of Belize: Things to Do | Hotels | When to Visit | Photos .]

All travelers regardless of vaccination status must provide proof of a negative COVID-19 test in order to visit Bermuda. Those who are fully vaccinated will take another test on arrival and quarantine for about 24 hours until they receive negative results. Unvaccinated travelers, on the other hand, must quarantine for 14 days after arrival at a designated hotel. For more information, visit the U.S. Embassy in Bermuda website .

[See more of Bermuda: Things to Do | Hotels | When to Visit | Photos .]

Vaccinated visitors can enter by showing proof of a negative test taken 48 hours before arrival and a completed Health Declaration form. Bonaire has deemed the U.S. a “very high-risk” country, so all American travelers regardless of vaccination status must take a rapid antigen test on the fifth day of their stay. Unvaccinated travelers face additional testing requirements. Additional information is available on the Bonaire Crisis website , which outlines specifics for travelers.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

According to The U.S. Embassy in Bosnia-Herzegovina , vaccinated Americans can enter the country and bypass testing requirements as long as they can show proof of vaccination completed 14 days before arrival. There are no interstate travel restrictions once in the country nor quarantine requirements.

British Virgin Islands

The British Virgin Islands requires vaccinated travelers to present proof of a negative coronavirus test taken no more than five days before arrival. They will also have to show proof of vaccination. However, vaccinated individuals can bypass arrival testing, quarantine requirements and payment for a BVI Gateway Traveller Authorisation Certificate. Some ports of entry, such as cruise ship stops at St. Thomas Bay Dock and Soper’s Hole Dock, are reserved for vaccinated travelers only. For more information, read the government's official statement or visit the embassy website .

[See more of the British Virgin Islands: Things to Do | Hotels | When to Visit | Photos .]

Bulgaria now considers the U.S. a “orange zone” country which means American citizens can once again travel from the U.S. to Bulgaria. Vaccinated travelers can enter by showing proof of vaccination with an EU Digital COVID Certificate and can bypass quarantine requirements. According to the embassy, at least 5% of all arrivals from orange zone countries will be subject to random rapid antigen testing upon arrival to Bulgaria. For the most up to date information, visit the U.S. embassy in Bulgaria website .

As of Aug. 9, vaccinated American travelers can travel to Canada. Visitors to this northern nation must be fully vaccinated with a Canada-approved vaccine (Pfizer, Moderna, J&J or AstraZeneca) and submit proof electronically through the ArriveCAN app. They must also show proof of a negative coronavirus test taken no more than 72 hours prior to entering. Select travelers may also be chosen at random to complete a test upon arrival. Americans can fly to Canada or choose to cross at a land border. Anyone who submits false vaccination records can be fined up to $750,000 and potentially face jail time. For more information, check out the Canadian government updates here .

This South American nation is open to fully vaccinated tourists as of Oct. 1. In addition to proof of a full vaccination cycle, travelers also need to show proof of a negative coronavirus test taken no more than 72 hours before departure, complete a Mobility Pass and have health insurance. They are also required to self-isolate until they receive negative results from their arrival tests. For more information, visit the Chilean tourism website .

Travelers both immunized and unimmunized can travel to Costa Rica. However, travelers who are vaccinated can enter the country without health insurance whereas others must purchase or show proof of health insurance to cover any COVID-19 costs. Visit the embassy website for the most up to date information.

This tourist hot spot in Eastern Europe now allows vaccinated visitors to enter without a negative coronavirus test (as long as they were vaccinated within the last 365 days). Visitors must present a certificate of vaccination that proves their final dose was administered at least 14 days prior. All travelers visiting Croatia for tourism purposes, both vaccinated and unvaccinated, must present proof of paid accommodation in the country. For more information, see Croatia’s Ministry of the Interior website .

[See more of Croatia: Dubrovnik Travel Guide | Split Travel Guide | Best Hotels .]

Vaccinated travelers visiting Cyprus can bypass the country’s testing and quarantine requirements as long as they provide proof in the form of a vaccination card. However, they will still be required to complete a Cyprus Flight Pass which details each traveler’s personal information. After arrival in Cyprus, travelers may also be randomly tested, even if they are vaccinated. For more information, visit the tourism board website or read the government regulations here .

[See more of Cyprus: Best Hotels .]

Czech Republic

Vaccinated travelers are exempt from testing requirements when entering the Czech Republic but most provide proof of vaccination. However, all travelers regardless of vaccination status must complete a Passenger Locator Form. There are no quarantine requirements nor travel restrictions within the country. For the most up to date information, visit the Ministry of the Interior website .

As of June 5, fully vaccinated travelers who have received the final dose of a European Medicines Agency-approved vaccine (Moderna, Pfizer, AstraZeneca or Johnson & Johnson) at least 14 days prior to travel can enter Denmark. If you’re traveling with children who have not been vaccinated, they will need to provide proof of negative coronavirus test results. Vaccinated travelers can enjoy full access to all the attractions this Scandinavian country has to offer without curfew or other restrictions. For more information, visit the U.S. embassy in Denmark website .

[See more of Denmark: Things to Do | Hotels | When to Visit | Photos .]

Americans are allowed to visit Dominica if they answer a health questionnaire and present proof of a negative COVID-19 test taken no more than 72 hours prior to arrival. Upon arrival, fully vaccinated Americans must take an antigen test, and if negative, they can bypass quarantine requirements and move freely about the island. Additional info on health and safety protocols for travelers is available here. More details are also available on the U.S. Embassy in Dominica website .

[See more of Dominica: Things to Do | Hotels | When to Visit | Photos .]

Travelers can visit Ecuador as long as they show proof of vaccination at the airport before departure as well as proof of a negative coronavirus test taken no more than 72 hours prior to travel. Entry into Ecuador also means vaccinated visitors can explore the famous Galápagos Islands , though there are special restrictions to travel here. At this time, unvaccinated people can also visit Ecuador as long as they show proof of a negative coronavirus test. For more information about visiting this country, see the U.S. embassy in Ecuador website .

El Salvador

This Central American country no longer requires proof of vaccination or proof of a negative test to enter. For more information, visit the embassy website .

Only vaccinated travelers can visit Estonia for tourism purposes. Those who have been immunized can bypass isolation requirements. Proof of vaccination must meet a set of requirements to be accepted. For example, documents must include the vaccine manufacturer and batch number, and they must be written in Estonian, English or Russian. Additionally, no more than six months can have passed since vaccination has been completed. For more information about traveling to Estonia, visit the country's tourism board website .

Fully vaccinated travelers from all countries are now eligible to travel to Finland. There are no movement restrictions or quarantine requirements once in the country. However, there may be health screening measures in place at ports of entry. Learn more by visiting the embassy website .

Travelers can once again pay a visit to the Louvre, the Palace of Versailles, wine regions, beaches and numerous other attractions in France. Entry will be granted to travelers who have completed a full vaccination course and show proof of vaccination at the airport. They must also show proof of a negative coronavirus test taken no more than 48 hours prior to travel and obtain a French Health Pass, the details of which can be found here . For more information, visit the embassy website .

[See more of France: France Travel Guides | Best Places to Visit | Best Hotels .]

French Polynesia

Vaccinated Americans can visit idyllic islands like Tahiti , Mo'orea and Bora Bora. They must complete an authorization application 30 days prior to travel. They must also present a negative COVID-19 test result – taken no more than 48 hours prior to departure – to their airline when boarding. They are then subject to an antigen test upon arrival before moving around the island. Vaccinated travelers do not have to quarantine; it’s recommended you bring your vaccination card with you as well. Unvaccinated travelers must have a compelling reason to travel here (tourism doesn’t count) and obtain government permission. Additional forms may also be required. Learn more about the current French Polynesian COVID-19 protocols on the tourism website .

[See more of French Polynesia: Tahiti Travel Guide | Bora Bora Travel Guide .]

Fully vaccinated travelers from around the world can visit the country of Georgia. Travelers just need to show proof that they received two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine (or one dose, in the case of the J&J vaccine) at the border checkpoints. For more information, read the country's official entry regulations here .

As of Aug. 15, Germany considers the U.S. to be a high-risk country. This means anyone who has been in the U.S. within 10 days of traveling to Germany must be fully vaccinated. If not fully vaccinated, they must have an important reason for traveling to Germany – tourism is not considered important. For more information, visit the country’s Federal Foreign Office coronavirus website .

[See more of Germany: Germany Travel Guides | Best Places to Visit | Hotels .]

Vaccinated travelers from designated countries, including the U.S., can now enter this tourism hot spot without providing a negative coronavirus test result as long as they present a vaccination card proving it has been 14 days since they received their final dose. Meanwhile, unvaccinated travelers over the age of 5 must present a negative coronavirus test result. Everyone must complete a Passenger Locator Form prior to entering the country. Travelers should note that many restaurants, stores and nightclubs in Greece have started requiring proof of vaccination to enter. For more information, visit the U.S. Embassy in Greece website .

[See more of Greece: Greece Travel Guides | Hotels | Best Greek Islands .]

All tourists entering Grenada must be fully vaccinated. They are also required to show proof of a negative coronavirus test result taken three days before travel and fill out a Pure Safe Travel Authorization Certificate. There is no quarantine requirement upon arrival. For more specific information, read Grenada’s travel advisory website .

[See more of Grenada: Things to Do | Hotels | When to Visit | Photos .]

Vaccinated travelers can visit Guadeloupe for tourism purposes while unvaccinated travelers must have a compelling reason for travel. Visitors will have to provide proof of vaccination and a negative PCR test result (within 72 hours of travel) or negative antigen test result (within 48 hours of travel). Vaccinated travelers are also exempt from quarantine, though there are strict lockdown measures in place. They must also complete a statement swearing they have not knowingly been exposed to the virus. For more information, visit the nation’s reopening website .

This Central American destination is welcoming visitors who can provide documentation they have received their final vaccine dose at least two weeks prior to travel. Guatemala is also open to those who haven't been vaccinated, but those individuals must test negative for the coronavirus no more than 72 hours before traveling. The vaccine documentation eliminates the need for a test. Once in Guatemala, there are health screenings at the airport, but there are no restrictions on interstate travel, dining or curfews. For more information on the country's requirements, visit the embassy website .

Americans planning to visit Guyana must provide proof of a negative test taken no more than 72 hours before traveling. They must also show proof of full vaccination. Before arrival in this South American country, visitors must also complete a passenger locator form to ensure easy contact tracing in the case of infection. For more information, visit the U.S. embassy website .

If fully vaccinated, American travelers can present a vaccine card in lieu of negative test results to enter Honduras. Visitors should note there will be health screenings in place at the airport, curfews around the country, and restrictions on certain essential activities, such as shopping. Learn more about what your trip to Honduras will look like on the U.S. Embassy website or visit the Honduras government website for additional details.

Vaccinated American travelers can enjoy the many beautiful landscapes around Iceland as long as they show an official document (written in Icelandic, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, or English) stating that the traveler has received one of four approved vaccines: Pfizer, Moderna, J&J or AstraZeneca. Even if you’re vaccinated, you’ll still have to show proof of a negative coronavirus test taken no more than 72 hours prior to travel. Vaccinated travelers can bypass quarantine requirements in Iceland, so upon arrival they can enjoy the Blue Lagoon , the Golden Circle and all other unique attractions at their leisure. For more information on traveling to Iceland, visit the government's official website .

[See more of Iceland: Things to Do in Reykjavik | Best Hotels .]

Vaccinated travelers with proper vaccination documentation are exempt from the mandatory quarantine requirements upon arrival in Ireland. Children traveling with vaccinated adults are exempt from quarantine as well. Also, keep in mind Ireland officials advise against all nonessential travel. See up-to-date information on the Ireland tourism board website .

[See more of Ireland: Ireland Travel Guides | Best Places to Visit | Best Hotels .]

As of Jan. 9, U.S. citizens are allowed to enter Israel provided they are fully vaccinated and boosted (or they have recovered from the coronavirus). They must also complete an entry statement form and show negative results from a test taken no more than 72 hours (24 if antigen test) prior to travel. For more information, visit the country’s Ministry of Health website or the U.S. embassy website .

[See more of Israel: Jerusalem Travel Guide | Tel Aviv Travel Guide .]

As of Aug. 30, individuals traveling to Italy must provide proof of vaccination (or proof of recovery from COVID-19) and proof of a negative coronavirus test taken within 72 hours of travel. Travelers must also fill out a passenger locator form. (Note: Children 6 and older accompanied by an adult must always provide a pre-departure negative COVID-19 test.) For more information, visit the U.S. embassy website .

[See more of Italy: Italy Travel Guides | Best Places to Visit | Best Hotels .]

American travelers coming from the U.S. can only enter Latvia for tourism purposes if they can prove they are fully vaccinated. Testing is not required. To learn more about entrance to Latvia, visit the embassy website .

As of Dec. 15, vaccinated travelers can enter Lebanon as long as they submit to coronavirus testing upon arrival. Those who aren’t vaccinated must show proof of a negative test taken no more than 96 hours prior to arrival, test again upon arrival and quarantine for 72 hours. All travelers must also enroll in the Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) PASS platform. For more information, visit the embassy website .

Travelers who come to Lithuania with documented evidence of full vaccination are exempt from the testing and quarantine requirements. For more information, visit the official government website .

The small European nation of Luxembourg is open only to vaccinated Americans. There are no quarantine requirements or movement restrictions once in the country. For more information, visit the embassy website .

As of July 19, Malta is accepting American visitors who come prepared with their official CDC COVID-19 vaccination record card (as long as it has been 14 days since their final dose). As of Aug. 1, vaccination cards must be approved through the VeriFLY app. If you arrive without a vaccination card, you’ll be subject to testing and forced to quarantine for 14 days at a government-mandated hotel (or otherwise face a fine). There is no quarantine requirement in place upon arrival, but visitors can expect health screenings at ports of entry. For the most up to date information, check out Malta’s tourism board website .

Fully vaccinated travelers can bypass the seven-day quarantine requirement after entering Martinique. The country considers a person fully vaccinated if it has been two weeks since the final dose of a two-dose vaccine or four weeks since the final dose of a one-dose vaccine (J&J). All travelers must also present proof of a negative coronavirus test taken 48 to 72 hours prior to departure, depending on the type of test. For more information, visit the embassy website .

[See more of Martinique: Things to Do | Hotels | When to Visit | Photos .]

Americans can visit this island nation as long as they provide proof of negative test results taken no more than 72 hours prior to travel. While unvaccinated travelers must quarantine for 14 days, vaccinated visitors are allowed to move about the island after testing negative on day seven. website .

This Eastern European country allows American travelers to enter by showing proof of vaccination. Testing may be required in some instances. There are no quarantine requirements or travel restrictions once in the country. For more information, visit the embassy website .

As of Sept. 14, travelers to Montenegro can provide proof of vaccination (or proof of recovery from coronavirus more than 14 days prior but less than 180 days) in lieu of test results. For more information, visit the U.S. embassy in Montenegro website .

The Moroccan government has suspended all regular passenger flights in and out of Morocco until at least Dec. 31. Prior to this suspension, immunized Americans visiting Morocco could provide vaccination certificates in lieu of negative test results. Travelers should also be prepared for sudden restrictions once in Morocco, such as curfew implementation or changes in interstate travel allowance. The country is in a “Health State of Emergency.” Learn more about the rules applying to specific travelers on the embassy website ; additional info is available on the Morocco tourism board website as well.

Nepal is open to both vaccinated and unvaccinated travelers. Vaccinated travelers must provide proof of a negative coronavirus test taken no more than 72 hours before travel. They can bypass quarantine requirements, though. All travelers regardless of vaccination status must have travel insurance that covers health, immediate crisis or rescue for the duration of the trip; proof of accommodation in Nepal; a completed International Travel Arrival Form; and either a Nepalese visa or a recommendation from the tourism board. Learn more by reading the Nepalese government protocol form here .

The Netherlands

As of early September, the Netherlands views the U.S. as a “high-risk” country, so American travelers can only enter the country if they are fully vaccinated or qualify for one of the E.U. travel ban exemptions. There are no quarantine requirements or movement restrictions for fully vaccinated Americans. For the latest information, visit the embassy website .

Vaccinated tourists can enter Panama without abiding by testing and quarantine requirements. Everyone regardless of vaccination status must complete an affidavit before arriving in Panama. For more information, visit the embassy website .

Americans can enter Peru by showing proof of vaccination instead of negative test results. Passengers must complete an affidavit of health as well. There are also health screening measures in place at ports of entry. For more updated information, visit the embassy website .

Vaccinated travelers from the U.S. and select other countries can now enter Poland. If you show proof of vaccination, you will be exempt from the mandatory 10-day quarantine. Starting Dec. 15, all travelers from outside the Schengen area must provide proof of negative test results taken no earlier than 24 hours prior to travel. For more information, visit the embassy website .

[See more of Poland: Krakow Travel Guide | Warsaw Travel Guide | Best Hotels .]

Vaccinated travelers can bypass the testing requirements by showing proof of vaccination when entering Portugal. Everyone must complete a Passenger Locator Card . For more information and updates, visit the embassy website .

Puerto Rico

As of May 28, travelers from the U.S. to Puerto Rico can present proof of vaccination instead of proof of a negative test. However, travelers coming from international destinations must still provide proof of a negative test even if they’re vaccinated. Travelers should note that many restaurants, hotels, bars and food courts in Puerto Rico have started requiring proof of vaccination to enter. For more information, visit the country’s tourism website .

[See more of Puerto Rico: Things to Do | Hotels | When to Visit | Photos .]

Qatar considers the U.S. to be a “green list” meaning both vaccinated and unvaccinated travelers can enter. They must also apply for a permit before traveling and submit to pre-travel testing. If vaccinated, you can bypass the quarantine requirement and arrival testing requirement. For more information, see the country’s Ministry of Public Health website or the U.S. embassy website .

Fully vaccinated individuals can bypass the quarantine requirement in Romania as long as they provide documentation of vaccination. The proof must come in the form of a document issued by the health unit that administered the vaccine, whether from Romania or another country. Travelers also must wait at least 10 days after their final vaccine dose to travel. For more information, visit the Romania tourism board website .

Saudi Arabia

As of Aug. 1, only vaccinated travelers can visit Saudi Arabia. All travelers regardless of vaccination status must have health insurance that can cover any coronavirus-related costs. Testing is required to enter. As of Oct. 10, everyone has to show proof of vaccination by a Ministry of Health-approved vaccine to enter any government and private establishments or take public transportation, according to the embassy website .

The island nation of Seychelles , off the eastern coast of Africa, is now accepting visitors from all over the world. Both vaccinated and unvaccinated travelers must provide proof of a negative coronavirus test (taken no more than 72 hours before travel) to visit. Visitors must also apply for a travel authorization and have sufficient medical insurance coverage. There are no movement restrictions, so travelers can enjoy the many attractions and beautiful beaches Seychelles has to offer. However, there is a curfew in place from 11 p.m. until 4 a.m. For more information, visit the country's official tourism website .

[See more of Seychelles: Things to Do | Hotels | When to Visit | Photos .]

As of Oct. 19, Americans can travel to Singapore. Travelers may apply to the Vaccinated Travel Lane (VTL) program to bypass quarantine requirements. Visitors must show proof of a negative test taken no more than 48 hours prior to traveling and submit to testing upon arrival. For more information, visit the embassy website .

Americans can travel to Slovakia without prior testing, and vaccinated travelers can bypass the 14-day quarantine requirement that unimmunized travelers face. Learn more on the country’s immigration website .

Only Americans who can provide a certificate of a COVID-19 vaccination (or who can prove they have recovered from COVID-19) are allowed to enter Slovenia for non-essential purposes. Visitors must also prove their final vaccine was administered at seven to 21 days before travel, depending on vaccine type. To find out more information, visit the Slovenia tourism board website .

[See more of Slovenia: Ljubljana Travel Guide | Best Hotels .]

Vaccinated American travelers can now sip sangria and sample tapas in this popular European vacation destination. Testing is not required, but as of Sept. 6 showing proof of vaccination is mandatory to visit Spain. American travelers also need to obtain a QR code from the online Spain Travel Health portal to gain entry. For more information and updates, visit the U.S. embassy in Spain website .

[See more of Spain: Spain Travel Guides | Best Places to Visit | Best Hotels .]

Vaccinated individuals can travel from the U.S. to Sri Lanka as long as they show proof of vaccination and proof of a negative test taken no more than 72 hours prior to travel. They can skip the 14-day mandatory quarantine. For more information, visit the embassy website .

Fully vaccinated Americans can visit St. Barts and bypass quarantine requirements as long as they show proof of a negative coronavirus test taken no more than 72 hours before traveling. Travelers will also be required to complete a written statement explaining they have not had contact with an infected individual within two weeks of flying. Visit the embassy website for more information.

[See more of St. Barts: Things to Do | Hotels | When to Visit | Photos .]

St. Kitts & Nevis

Only fully vaccinated American travelers can enter St. Kitts & Nevis. (Note: Unvaccinated travelers 18 or younger can still enter the country if they’re traveling with fully vaccinated guardians.) Travelers must complete a travel authorization form by uploading proof of vaccination as well as negative coronavirus test results taken no more than 72 hours before traveling. The St. Kitts tourism website and the Nevis tourism website are frequently updated with information regarding entry.

[See more of St. Kitts & Nevis: Things to Do | Hotels | When to Visit | Photos .]

Armed with a negative coronavirus test taken no more than five days before their trip to St. Lucia, Americans (5 and older) can visit this picturesque island nation. Before arrival, travelers will have to fill out a travel registration form, confirm reservations at a certified property and upload their negative test results in an online portal. Arrival testing will be conducted at random at all points of entry. Fully vaccinated travelers are free to explore the island while unvaccinated visitors must stay in their approved facility for at least 14 days or the duration of their vacation. Visit the embassy website or the tourism board website before traveling to learn more specifics.

[See more of St. Lucia: Things to Do | Hotels | When to Visit | Photos .]

St. Martin – St. Maarten

This Caribbean nation allows Americans to visit as long as they provide negative test results taken no more than 72 to 120 hours prior to departure, depending on which airport they’ll be flying to. In addition, travelers must fill out a mandatory health authorization application prior to departure. St. Maarten also requires travelers to have health insurance coverage that will cover COVID-19 related expenses. Unvaccinated travelers must quarantine for seven days upon arrival, but vaccinated travelers can bypass this requirement. Find more details on the U.S. embassy website and the country’s entrance website , which is frequently updated with the most recent travel entry requirements.

[See more of St. Martin – St. Maarten: Things to Do | Hotels | When to Visit | Photos .]

St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Travelers who have been vaccinated can bypass all quarantine requirements upon arrival in St. Vincent and the Grenadines. However, they must still take a negative test no more than 72 hours before arrival in the island nation in order to enter. For more information, visit the embassy website .

[See more of St. Vincent and the Grenadines: Things to Do | Hotels | When to Visit | Photos .]

Switzerland

Switzerland is open only to Americans who can show proof of vaccination. Travelers will need to show a COVID-19 certificate to enter many establishments including restaurants, bars, clubs, museums and fitness centers. For more up to date information, visit the embassy website or the Swiss government website .

[See more of Switzerland: Switzerland Travel Guides | Best Places to Visit | Best Hotels .]

Vaccinated Americans can now enter Thailand provided they have proof of a negative coronavirus test result issued no more than 72 hours before departure. Travelers must complete a certificate of entry application and be approved before travel (this could take up to 15 days); travelers must also have health insurance that covers treatment and medical expenses related to COVID-19. Health screenings are in place upon arrival. Requirements and restrictions are changing frequently, so make sure to check details before you go. For more information, visit the U.S. embassy website. For more information, visit the country’s official tourism website .

[See more of Thailand: Bangkok Travel Guide | Phuket Travel Guide .]

Turks and Caicos

Only fully vaccinated travelers can visit these popular islands. They must also show proof of a negative coronavirus test taken no more than three days before travel, and complete a health questionnaire. For more information, visit the embassy website .

Trinidad and Tobago

As of July 17, fully vaccinated travelers are permitted to enter Trinidad and Tobago. They must take a negative coronavirus test before traveling, and they will be subject to health screenings upon arrival. There are some restrictions on interstate travel within the country, and there is a daily 10 p.m. to 5 a.m. curfew in place. For more information, visit the embassy website .

[See more of Trinidad and Tobago: Things to Do | Hotels | When to Visit | Photos .]

This North African country, known for its Mediterranean climate, is now open to American visitors. Americans must show proof of a negative coronavirus test taken no more than 48 hours before arrival. Vaccinated travelers are exempt from the seven-day quarantine period upon arrival. Learn more on the embassy website .

United Arab Emirates

All travelers arriving from the U.S. must still show proof of a negative coronavirus test taken no more than 72 hours before arrival. Each emirate has differing quarantine requirements for incoming travelers. There are advanced medical screening measures in place at the ports of entry. Additionally, there are varying measures in place depending which emirate you're visiting. To help safely plan your trip to the UAE, visit the embassy website .

United Kingdom

Fully vaccinated Americans must provide proof of vaccination and submit to pre-travel testing by providing a negative COVID-19 test result taken within two days of travel. They must also complete testing upon arrival on or before day two of their stay in the U.K. (your arrival COVID-19 test must be booked and confirmed before you fly as you need to provide the details on your passenger locator form) and self-isolate until a negative result is returned. Travelers must also complete a passenger locator form within 48 hours before arrival to the U.K. Many major airports in the U.K. offer walk-in or drive-thru testing sites at the airport so you can test upon arrival and receive your result within 24 hours. For more information, visit the U.K.’s coronavirus website .

While the countries outlined above are open to vaccinated travelers, there are also several other countries Americans can travel to regardless of their vaccination status. However, more restrictions are in place in those cases, which can include negative COVID-19 test requirements and days of quarantine, among other stipulations.

Kenyon explains that vaccinated individuals can take a coronavirus test (not an antibody test) before traveling to help further ensure they're not infected. Also, while vaccinated individuals don't have to quarantine when they return home, Kenyon still advises monitoring your health in the following days to ensure you're not experiencing any symptoms.

You might also be interested in:

• Where Can Americans Travel Right Now?
• Is it Safe to Travel? How to Vacation Safely During the COVID-19 Pandemic
• The 15 Best Face Masks for Travel
• The Best Travel Insurance Companies
• When Will Cruises Resume?

Tags: Travel , Vacations , Coronavirus , Travel Tips , Vacation Ideas

World's Best Places To Visit

• # 1 South Island, New Zealand
• # 4 Bora Bora

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Technically Speaking: The Rainbow of Vaccine-related Books

Published on Apr 25, 2024

Vaccine Update for Healthcare Professionals

Do you know where you could find these vaccine-related resources?

• A quick chart of vaccine-preventable disease terms in multiple languages
• Information and resource web links for current infectious disease outbreaks affecting the pediatric population in multiple U.S. states
• Tables and graphics that summarize and clarify a large amount of complex information on vaccination-related issues, like the timeline of vaccine development and historical vaccine costs
• Destination-specific maps for international travel showing risk of vector-borne infectious diseases, like dengue, malaria and yellow fever

If you aren’t sure where to find these resources (or if you didn’t know they exist), you should be aware of a rainbow of vaccine-related books that can help. Find out which book can help you find the answers to the above examples, plus get more information about each book.

Example 1: A quick chart of vaccine-preventable disease terms in multiple languages

The best book to find this information is the one commonly known as “The Pink Book.” In addition to chapters on each vaccine preventable disease, this book includes chapters on principles of vaccination, general recommendations on immunization, immunization strategies for health care practices and providers, vaccine safety, storage and handling, and vaccine administration. “The Pink Book” offers a wide variety of appendices, such as “Catch-up Schedule Job Aids for Persons Aged 0 Through 18 Years,” “Vaccine Excipient Table,” “Latex in Vaccine Packaging” and “Vaccine-Preventable Disease Terms in Multiple Languages.” The entire book is available online at no charge.

Nickname : “The Pink Book”

Official name : The Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases

Organization : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Web link : https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html

Date : 14th Edition, 2021

Price: Free online or order a printed copy from the  Public Health Foundation Learning Resource Center for $50.

Description : “The Pink Book” provides comprehensive information on routinely used vaccines and the diseases they prevent. The 14th edition also includes general immunization recommendations; info about vaccine storage, handling and administration; and more.

The CDC also offers courses based on this publication. Online webinars offer continuing education credits , and in-person events are also offered occasionally, such as an upcoming one in Denver, CO . In-person events can also be scheduled through the CDC if certain requirements are met. Find out more.

Example 2: Information and resource web links for current infectious disease outbreaks affecting the pediatric population in multiple U.S. states

The best book to check for this information is “The Red Book” published by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). It contains the latest information about vaccines, emerging novel diseases, diagnostic modalities, and treatment recommendations for children. Additionally, AAP offers an online compendium of information on current infectious disease outbreaks in the U.S. that affect the pediatric population.

Nickname : “The Red Book”

Official name : Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases

Organization : American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)

Web link : https://publications.aap.org/redbook

Date : 33rd Edition, 2024

Price: AAP members have automatic access to  Red Book Online ; printed copies cost $140. The price for non-members is $175.

Description : This book outlines AAP recommendations and is a go-to guide for pediatricians. “The Red Book ”  is published every three years, but the online version is consistently updated with the latest recommendations from the AAP, ensuring that pediatric healthcare professionals have access to the most current information.

Aspects that are new in the 2024 Red Book:

• Updated chapters, including “Breastfeeding and Human Milk” and chapters related to vaccine and infectious diseases
• Expanded chapters, such as “Discussing Vaccines With Patients and Parents,” expanded tables, figures and algorithms; and an expanded listing of “Codes for Commonly Administered Pediatric Vaccines, Toxoids, and Immune Globulins”
• New chapters, such as on COVID-19 and Mpox 
• Updated and standardized approaches to disease prevention through immunizations, antimicrobial prophylaxis, and infection-control practices

Red Book Online Webinars are presentations from distinguished experts on important and timely topics on pediatric infectious diseases and immunizations. For example, in April 2024, AAP posted “Diagnosing Measles in the Pediatric Setting.” In this 10-minute webinar, Dr. O’Leary, the Chair of the AAP Committee on Infectious Diseases, describes the three steps pediatricians should immediately take if they have a patient suspected of having measles: Isolate the patient, report to public health, and collect the appropriate specimens. By quickly taking these steps, healthcare providers may help minimize the circulation of measles virus in their clinic and community. Viewers can download Dr. O’Leary’s slides to share at practice huddles and in-service meetings, so accurate information can spread — hopefully faster than the virus!

Example 3: Tables and graphics that summarize and clarify large amount of complex information on vaccination-related issues

The best book in which to find these resources is the one commonly known as “The Purple Book.” Just to show a few examples, Chapter 1 includes wonderful tables and graphics on antibody function, cytotoxic T-cell responses, a vaccine-preventable diseases timeline, the process of vaccine development and licensure in the United States, and the cost of vaccines in the routine childhood schedule from 2005 to 2020. Thorough and carefully organized, this book is assiduously updated. If you want a deeper understanding of the reasoning behind the recommendations, this is the book for you.

Nickname : “The Purple Book”

Official name : The Vaccine Handbook: A Practical Guide for Clinicians

Author : Gary S. Marshall, MD , Chief, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Norton Children's and University of Louisville School of Medicine

Web link : https://pcibooks.com/books/view/49

Date : 12th edition, 2024

Price: The book is available as an app ( Android or Apple ) at no charge; the bound book costs $49.95.

Description : The "Purple Book" is a user-friendly guide to almost everything related to immunizations, including practical advice and background information related to vaccine program infrastructure, standards and regulations, business aspects of vaccine practice, general recommendations, schedules, special circumstances, and how to address vaccine-related concerns. The book also includes specific information about vaccine-preventable diseases and available products.

Example 4: Destination-specific maps for international travel showing risk of vector-borne infectious diseases

The best book for information on issues related to international travel is CDC’s “Yellow Book.” Whether you need disease-specific destination maps , global outbreak notices , or access to yellow fever vaccine , this is the book for you. It is helpful for healthcare providers as well as for travelers with questions.

Nickname : “The Yellow Book”

Official name : CDC Yellow Book: Health Information for International Travel

Web link : https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/yellowbook-home

Date : 2024

Price: Free online or order a printed copy from  Oxford University Press  or other major online booksellers, such as Amazon and Barnes & Noble, for $64.95.

Description : “The Yellow Book” is a resource for healthcare professionals providing care to international travelers. It compiles the U.S. government’s most current travel health guidelines, including pretravel vaccine recommendations, destination-specific health advice, and easy-to-reference maps, tables and charts. Along with disease-specific prevention and treatment recommendations, this book provides background and context necessary for understanding and addressing health threats associated with international travel.

The 2024 edition includes:

• Information related to COVID-19
• Updates related to practicing travel medicine in a virtual environment
• New standalone vaccine tables for bacterial and viral diseases
• Updated travel health recommendations for subgroups of international travelers, including those who are highly allergic, immune compromised, chronically ill, medical tourists, or who have substance use disorders
• Guidance for country-specific mosquito avoidance as well as information on vaccine and prevention recommendations for vector-borne pathogens

Other (less colorful) resources

Of course, these are not the only important resources and books for vaccine-preventable disease aficionados. “Flash Facts: Vaccines & Immunization — 2024” by John and Laurie Grabenstein offer the latest vaccine information at your fingertips. Available on paper or by using the Kindle app, this publication is great for busy clinics. Also, if you like to read about vaccines and vaccine history, be sure to check out Dr. Paul Offit’s new book, “Tell Me When It's Over: An Insider's Guide to Deciphering COVID Myths and Navigating Our Post-Pandemic World” in which he describes what we can learn from the most recent pandemic experience and “how to move forward with this virus that is likely here to stay.” Find more vaccine-related narrative books on the VEC’s “Vaccine Books” webpage .

Contributed by: Sharon G. Humiston, MD, MPH, FAAP

Categories: Vaccine Update April 2024 , Technically Speaking

Materials in this section are updated as new information and vaccines become available. The Vaccine Education Center staff regularly reviews materials for accuracy.

You should not consider the information in this site to be specific, professional medical advice for your personal health or for your family's personal health. You should not use it to replace any relationship with a physician or other qualified healthcare professional. For medical concerns, including decisions about vaccinations, medications and other treatments, you should always consult your physician or, in serious cases, seek immediate assistance from emergency personnel.

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U.S. Ends Last Covid Travel Barrier, Vaccine Mandate for Foreign Arrivals

By Ceylan Yeginsu

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International passengers traveling to the United States no longer have to show proof of vaccination against Covid as of midnight Thursday, when the coronavirus health emergency officially ended .

The Biden administration dropped its requirement for coronavirus testing last June but kept in place its vaccination policy for foreign travelers. In February, the House of Representatives voted to end the last remaining pandemic restrictions on May 11.

“As we continue to monitor the evolving state of Covid-19 and the emergence of virus variants, we have the tools to detect and respond to the potential emergence of a variant of high consequence,” President Biden said in a proclamation published on May 1.

“Considering the progress that we have made, and based on the latest guidance from our public health experts, I have determined that we no longer need the international air travel restrictions that I imposed in October 2021,” he added.

Why It Matters: Most other countries have dropped restrictions.

For 18 months during the height of the pandemic, the U.S. closed its borders to international travelers, separating families and costing the global travel industry billions of dollars.

In November 2021, those restrictions were eased, and international travelers were welcomed back to the United States with great fanfare. But foreign travelers were still required to be vaccinated and take a coronavirus test within three days of travel to all U.S. ports of entry. When the administration dropped its testing rule in June last year but kept vaccinations in place, it argued that they were still necessary to slow the spread of new variants of the virus entering the country.

As of last summer, the U.S. was one of the few remaining countries to maintain coronavirus travel restrictions, causing many travelers to choose alternative destinations that welcome them unconditionally.

The rules barred the world’s No. 1-ranked tennis player, Novak Djokovic, from competing in the U.S. Open in 2022 because he is not vaccinated.

Background: Spending by foreign travelers in the U.S. still lags.

The initial U.S. travel ban on international travel decimated the U.S. economy’s tourism sector and resulted in losses of nearly $300 billion in visitor spending and more than one million American jobs, according to the U.S. Travel Association, an industry group.

Until April last year, all passengers traveling to or within the U.S. were required to wear masks on airplanes — a contentious mandate that led to fistfights and altercations on planes and put off some international travelers from taking long-haul flights.

Even after the restrictions were eased, spending by international travelers in the U.S. was still down by 78 percent in March 2022 compared to 2019 levels and by 56 percent for business travel, the group said.

“Today’s action to lift the vaccine requirement eases a significant entry barrier for many global travelers, moving our industry and country forward,” Geoff Freeman, the chief executive of the association, said in a statement after the May 11 end date was announced.

Ceylan Yeginsu is a travel reporter. She was previously a correspondent for the International desk in Britain and Turkey, covering politics; social justice; the migrant crisis; the Kurdish conflict, and the rise of Islamic State extremism in Syria and the region. More about Ceylan Yeginsu

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WEATHER ALERT

4 warnings and an advisory in effect for 6 regions in the area

Malaria is still killing people in kenya, but a vaccine and local drug production may help.

Fred Ooko And Desmond Tiro

Associated Press

Copyright 2023 The Associated Press. All rights reserved

Friends and family lower the casket of Rose Bella Awuor, 31 years, after a funeral service at her home in Awendo, Migori County, Kenya Thursday, April. 11, 2024. Awuor fell ill in December and lost her five-month pregnancy before succumbing to malaria. It was the latest of five deaths in this family attributed to malaria. The disease is endemic to Kenya and is preventable and curable, but poverty makes it deadly for those who can't afford treatment. (AP Photo/Brian Ongoro)

MIGORI – As the coffin bearing the body of Rosebella Awuor was lowered into the grave, heart-wrenching sobs from mourners filled the air. Her sister Winnie Akinyi, the guardian to Awuor’s orphaned son, fell to the ground, wailing.

It was the latest of five deaths in this family attributed to malaria. The disease is common in Kenya, and it is preventable and curable, but poverty makes it deadly for those who can't afford treatment.

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In the family’s compound in the western county of Migori, three other graves are visible, that of Awuor’s husband and their other two children who died from malaria before the age of 2.

Awuor, 31, fell ill in December and lost her five-month pregnancy before succumbing to malaria. Her 11-year-old son is the family's only survivor.

Malaria is still a significant public health challenge in Kenya, though some progress may be coming. Parts of Kenya participated in an important pilot of the world’s first malaria vaccine , with a reported drop in deaths for children under 5. Kenya's health ministry hasn't said when the vaccine will be widely available.

The biggest impact is felt in regions characterized by high temperatures like Kenya's Indian Ocean coast, and places with high rainfall like the western region near Lake Victoria.

Kenya had an estimated 5 million malaria cases and over 12,000 deaths reported in 2022, according to the World Health Organization.

Most of those affected are children under 5 and pregnant women.

Kenya continues to combat malaria with traditional methods such as distributing bed nets that are treated with insecticides, spraying breeding areas, and promoting prompt diagnosis and treatment, but experts say progress against the disease with those approaches has plateaued.

Public health expert Dr. Willis Akhwale, special adviser for the Kenya End Malaria Council, said the COVID-19 pandemic slowed down distribution of drugs and treatment.

He said innovative treatment methods are needed in the wake of drug resistant cases reported in parts of Africa.

“We need to start looking at investments in new generation medicines. That should then be able to counter any resistance in (the) foreseeable future,” he said.

Akhwale said other needs include more funding and logistical support.

“In Kenya the shortfall in terms of the need is almost $52 million, so we need to close that gap,” he said, citing health ministry data. He recommended domestic funding and private sector support amid donor fatigue with crises around the world.

Wilson Otieno has been admitted to a hospital three times for malaria and has received outpatient treatment countless times. It's expensive for the 33-year-old accountant and father in the lakeside city of Kisumu.

Malaria is never “pocket friendly," he said.

Some progress has been made with local manufacturing of crucial medication.

The Kenya-based Universal Corporation Limited last year received the WHO’s approval to produce an antimalarial drug known as Spaq, a combination of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine.

The approval was an important step in Africa’s capacity to make lifesaving medications, a new focus for governments and public health officials after vulnerabilities were exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Africa relies heavily on drug imports.

“It will really help in lowering the dependency for imports as we saw during the COVID era, where whatever was being imported actually had huge supply disruptions,” said Palu Dhanani, the founder and managing director of UCL.

If you don’t get the right medicine at the right time, malaria can cause unnecessary deaths, Dhanani said.

Tiro reported from Nairobi, Kenya. Evelyne Musambi in Nairobi contributed to this report.

The Associated Press receives financial support for global health and development coverage in Africa from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust. The AP is solely responsible for all content. Find AP’s standards for working with philanthropies, a list of supporters and funded coverage areas at AP.org .

Copyright 2024 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed without permission.