computer programmer travel requirements

Computer Programmer Career Path

Computer programmers translate project specifications into a script of instructions that computers can understand and interpret into functioning programs. Essentially, programmers make computer systems and applications work.

Successful programmers are fluent in a variety of languages, as each language has a specific set of strengths, limitations, and real-world uses, and multiple languages are used in tandem to create versatile programs.

Sought-after programming languages in 2023 include Python, Java, C#, C++, C, PHP, Ruby, Go, and Rust. Additionally, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are the main components of websites, so while not technically programming languages, these are valuable skills for coders.

Compare top-rated online programs in computer programming and software development.

Top Programming Degrees:

• AS in Computer Science
• BS in Computer Science - Software Engineering
• MS in IT - Software App Development

Top Programming Courses:

• IBM Full Stack Software Developer
• Google Crash Course on Python
• HTML, CSS & Javascript for Web Developers

Accredited universities and computer schools offer a range of programming courses and degrees that fulfill the computer programmer education requirements. Compare top-rated training programs in computer programming below.

Programmer Skills & Responsibilities

Typical day-to-day activities and in-demand skill sets for this position include the following. On a daily basis, computer programmers:

• Write code using a variety of languages, e.g., Python, Java, C, C#, C++, Ruby, and PHP.
• Update, optimize the performance, and expand the functionality of existing programs.
• May work in a team setting to design complex computer systems and business applications.
• Meticulously test for and correct code errors (a.k.a. “bugs”) in a process called debugging.
• Create and use snippets (pre-defined chunks of common code) to speed up coding jobs.
• Insert detailed comments into their coding projects so coworkers can follow their process.
• Work closely with software developers, architects, and engineers to keep projects on scope.
• Use database development skills in hot platforms like SQL to build data-driven applications.

Computer Programmer Salary

The median annual wage for computer programmers is $97,800, according to the latest report from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Here are the average salaries for popular programming jobs by skill level and language:

These are the top-paying cities and metropolitan areas for computer programmers:

The hourly wage for computer programmers ranges from $25 to $80, depending on location, known programming languages, mastery of each platform, portfolio strength, and experience.

Sources: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | Analysis of Online Job Boards

Computer Programmer Education Requirements

Hands-on programming experience remains the key requirement for becoming a computer programmer. Hiring managers will typically ask to see a portfolio with samples of your best computer programming projects and applications. Those new to this field can learn the requisite programming languages and start compiling a portfolio through an accredited degree program or specialized certificate in computer programming, web development, computer science, or a related programming-centric field of study.

Marketable skills to look for in a computer programming education program include HTML, CSS & JavaScript (the building blocks of web pages), hands-on programming in hot languages like Java, C, C++, PHP, Python, and Go, computer systems analysis, database design, and software development. We also recommend soft skills courses in topics like effective interpersonal communication and email writing, as these competencies will help differentiate you from lower-priced programmers overseas, and quality-focused hiring managers will appreciate these skills.

Choose the learning style that works best for you, as campus-based and online training formats both work well with the subject matter in computer programming.

Research and compare top-reviewed computer programmer training programs in the U.S. and online below.

Computer Programmer Training

Compare college degrees, professional certificates, and self-paced online courses matching the computer programmer education requirements and career path.

Computer Programmer Certifications

Desirable certifications for computer programmers include the following:

• Oracle Certified Associate (OCA): Java Programmer
• Oracle Certified Professional (OCP): Java Programmer
• MCPD: Microsoft Certified Professional Developer
• MCSD: Microsoft Certified Solutions Developer
• MTA: Software Development Fundamentals
• MTA: HTML5 App Development Fundamentals
• MTA: Software Testing Fundamentals
• CIW: Web Foundations Associate
• CIW: Web Design Professional
• CIW: Web Development Professional
• CIW: Web Security Professional
• CIW: Web and Mobile Design Professional

Job Openings

Your experience and education in computer programming qualify you for a variety of roles, including:

• Computer Programmer jobs
• Programmer Analyst jobs
• Web Developer jobs
• Java Programmer jobs
• PHP Programmer jobs

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Computer Programmer Job Outlook

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics forecasts employment for computer programmers to decline by 11% from 2022 to 2032, making it one of the only IT career paths not growing its job count this decade. While overall demand for coders is strong, computer programming can now be done from anywhere in the world, driving many organizations to hire programmers from other countries that pay lower wages. This globalized hiring strategy also has its downsides, such as the challenges of managing projects and remote workers across time zones, and language and culture barriers, which can lose companies the cost-savings they gained from hiring overseas.

The best way to improve your computer programmer job outlook is to keep up your skills and experience in the most demanded and versatile programming languages . For instance, programmers with Objective-C and Java skills can branch out into mobile app development , one of the world's fastest-growing and highest-paying computer jobs. Health care is a key growth industry for computer programmer employment, as medical practices are developing a host of new applications to adopt and improve electronic health record (EHR) management, e-prescription programs, and other digital services.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' Occupational Outlook Handbook

Frequently Asked Questions

IT insiders answer common questions from aspiring computer programmers.

Do computer programmers travel?

Most computer programmers don’t travel for work on a daily basis. In fact, many coders now opt to work remotely on most if not all days. For those who enjoy traveling for recreation, becoming a computer programmer is a great career path as the remote-friendly nature of the work allows for the freedom to explore.

How much does it cost to become a computer programmer?

Because the education requirements for computer programming jobs vary widely, so does the cost of becoming a coder. Most programmer jobs require a relevant bachelor’s degree - the average net price (after financial aid) for a bachelor’s in computer programming is $18,981, according to the National Center for Education Statistics. For those seeking more entry-level coding roles or who just don't have the time and money for a bachelor’s, the average cost for a programming associate degree is $12,314, and the average cost for an accelerated coding boot camp is about $13,000.

How much do computer programmers make an hour?

The average hourly wage for computer programmers is $47.02, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. This is well above the average hourly wage for all jobs in the nation which is $29.01.

Related Careers

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• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
• Analysis of Online Job Boards
• National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)
• Stack Overflow 2023 Developer Survey

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How to Become a Computer Programmer

By Andrea Delgado

Published: March 6, 2024

Computer programming has emerged as a highly sought-after skill in today’s technology-driven world. Computer programmers play a vital role in shaping the digital landscape, from developing software applications to creating innovative solutions. This article will provide essential insights into the skills and requirements needed to embark on a successful journey toward becoming a computer programmer, helping aspiring individuals navigate the path to a rewarding career in programming.

Career Summary

Computer programmer salary.

The salary range for Computer Programmers can vary significantly depending on different factors. Here is a general overview of a computer programmer’s salary range from entry-level to executive positions according to data from glassdoor.com :

• Entry Salary (US$66k)
• Median Salary (US$73k)
• Executive Salary (US$105k)

The average income of Computer Programmers in the United States is generally higher than the national average income for all occupations , which was around US$61,900 in May 2022, according to the BLS .

What Does a Computer Programmer Do?

A computer programmer is responsible for writing, testing, and maintaining code that enables computer systems and software applications to function. They analyze user needs and design programs to meet those requirements, utilizing various programming languages and tools. Additionally, computer programmers debug and troubleshoot programs, ensuring they run smoothly and efficiently.

Computer Programmer Career Progression

Career progression for computer programmers can vary based on individual skills, experience, and professional goals.

Here are three general stages of career progression:

• Entry-Level Programmer: At the beginning of their career, computer programmers often start as entry-level developers or junior programmers. They typically work under the guidance of senior programmers and focus on tasks such as coding, testing, and debugging software applications.
• Mid-Level Programmer: In this stage, programmers take on more complex tasks, work on larger projects, and may have opportunities to lead small teams. Mid-level programmers are responsible for designing and implementing software solutions, optimizing code, and collaborating with other stakeholders.
• Senior Programmer or Software Architect : The senior programmer or software architect level represents the highest level of expertise and responsibility in the programming career path. They often have extensive experience and a deep understanding of programming languages, frameworks, and system architecture. They are involved in strategic decision-making, lead large-scale development projects, and provide technical guidance to other team members.

• Problem-Solving
• Flexibility and Remote Work
• Competitive Salaries
• Long Hours and High Workloads
• Continuous Learning and Rapid Technological Changes
• Isolation and Limited Social Interaction
• Repetitive Tasks and Maintenance Work

Useful Skills to Have as a Computer Programmer

• Programming Languages
• Data Structures and Algorithms
• Debugging and Troubleshooting
• Version Control
• Software Development Lifecycle

Popular Computer Programmer Specialties

• Full-Stack Developer
• Front-End Developer
• Back-End Developer
• Mobile App Developer
• Data Scientist
• DevOps Engineer
• Security Engineer
• Game Developer
• Embedded Systems Developer
• AI/ML Engineer

How to become a Computer Programmer

To become a computer programmer, you can follow these common steps:

• Obtain a High School Diploma or Equivalent: Start by completing your high school education or obtaining a General Education Development (GED) certificate. Focus on subjects like mathematics, computer science, and programming if available.
• Earn a Bachelor’s Degree (Optional): While not always required, a bachelor’s degree in computer science , software engineering, or a related field can provide a solid foundation and improve your job prospects. Pursuing a degree also offers opportunities for internships and networking.
• Learn Programming Languages: Familiarize yourself with programming languages commonly used in the industry, such as Python, Java, C++, or JavaScript. Online tutorials, coding boot camps, and self-study resources can help you gain proficiency.
• Practice and Build Projects: Enhance your skills by practicing coding and building small projects. Start with simple exercises and gradually take on more complex challenges. This hands-on experience will help you develop problem-solving abilities and improve your coding proficiency.
• Gain Practical Experience: Look for internship or entry-level positions that allow you to gain practical experience in a professional setting. Working on real-world projects and collaborating with other programmers will provide valuable insights and enhance your skill set.
• Expand Your Knowledge: Continuously learn and explore new technologies, programming languages, and frameworks. Attend workshops, participate in online communities, and engage in self-study to stay updated with the latest trends in the field.
• Build a Portfolio: Develop a portfolio showcasing your coding projects and accomplishments. This portfolio will serve as evidence of your skills and can be shared with potential employers or clients to demonstrate your abilities.
• Network and Connect: Attend industry events, join programming communities, and connect with professionals in the field. Networking can provide valuable opportunities, mentorship, and insights into job openings.
• Apply for Jobs and Internships: Start applying for programming jobs or internships that align with your skills and career goals. Tailor your resume and cover letter to highlight relevant experiences and projects.
• Interview Preparation: Prepare for interviews by researching common programming interview questions and practicing coding problems. Showcase your problem-solving abilities , communication skills, and passion for programming during the interview process.

Remember, the path to becoming a computer programmer can vary, and alternative routes, such as coding boot camps or self-study, can also be effective. The key is to focus on continuous learning, practical experience, and building a strong foundation in programming concepts.

Average Time and Costs of Obtaining a Degree in Computer Programming

The time and costs of obtaining a degree in Computer Programming can vary depending on several factors, such as the type of degree, the institution, and whether you pursue full-time or part-time studies.

Here are some general considerations:

• Time: A degree in Computer Programming, such as a bachelor’s degree, typically takes 3 to 4 years of full-time study . However, the duration can vary based on factors like credit requirements, program structure, and the pace at which you complete your coursework.
• Costs: The costs of obtaining a degree in Computer Programming can vary significantly depending on factors like the institution’s tuition fees, location, and whether you qualify for any scholarships or financial aid. On average, tuition for a bachelor’s degree in Computer Programming in the United States can range from $20,000 to $60,000 per year , depending on the school.

It’s important to note that these estimates are approximate and can differ based on individual circumstances and choices. Additionally, pursuing an associate degree or diploma in Computer Programming may require a shorter time commitment and have lower costs compared to a bachelor’s degree program.

To get accurate and up-to-date information on the specific time and costs associated with obtaining a degree in Computer Programming, it’s recommended to research and reach out to the institutions you are interested in attending. They can provide detailed information regarding their program durations, tuition fees, and financial aid options.

Internship Opportunities for Computer Programmers

Internship opportunities for computer programmers can provide valuable hands-on experience and help individuals apply their programming skills in a professional setting.

Here are some potential avenues for finding internship opportunities:

• University Programs: Many universities and colleges have career services departments that can assist students in finding internships. They may have partnerships with local businesses or technology companies that offer internship programs specifically for computer programming students.
• Tech Companies: Large technology companies often have formal internship programs aimed at providing practical experience to aspiring programmers. Companies like Google, Microsoft, IBM, and Apple offer internships for computer programming students. Check their websites for information on application deadlines and requirements.
• Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs): SMEs and startups are also great places to find internship opportunities. These organizations may have less formal internship programs but can provide hands-on experience and the chance to work on diverse projects.
• Professional Networks and Job Boards: Utilize online job boards and professional networking platforms like LinkedIn to search for internship opportunities. Many companies post internship positions on these platforms, allowing you to directly apply or connect with hiring managers.
• Government and Non-profit Organizations: Government agencies and non-profit organizations also offer internship programs for computer programmers. These opportunities may focus on specific areas like cybersecurity, data analysis, or software development for social impact.
• Personal Networking: Tap into your personal network, including friends, family, and professors, to inquire about internship opportunities. Sometimes, companies may not advertise internships publicly but could be open to taking on interns through personal connections.

Can I Become a Computer Programmer through Online Education?

Yes, it is possible to become a computer programmer through online education. Online education has become increasingly popular and widely accepted, providing flexible learning options for individuals interested in pursuing a career in computer programming.

Here are some key points to consider:

• Online Coding Bootcamps: Online coding boot camps offer intensive, focused training programs that teach programming skills in a relatively short period. These boot camps often provide a structured curriculum, hands-on projects, mentorship, and career support. They can be an efficient way to learn programming and gain practical skills.
• Online Degree Programs: Many universities and colleges offer online degree programs in computer science, software engineering, or related fields. These programs provide comprehensive education, cover theoretical and practical aspects of programming, and lead to a recognized degree.
• Self-paced Learning: Online platforms and resources, such as interactive coding tutorials, video lectures, and coding challenges, enable self-paced learning. Websites like Codecademy , FreeCodeCamp , Mozilla Developer Network , and W3Schools offer a wide range of programming courses that you can complete at your own pace.
• Virtual Coding Communities: Online coding communities and forums provide platforms for asking questions, sharing knowledge, and collaborating with other programmers. Platforms like GitHub , Stack Overflow , and CodePen allow you to engage with the programming community, showcase your projects, and seek feedback.

What is the Work-Life Balance of a Computer Programmer?

The work-life balance of computer programmers can vary, but in general, they often work standard full-time hours of around 40 hours per week. Some flexibility in work hours may be available, especially for freelancers or remote positions. There may be occasional overtime during project deadlines, and the nature of programming work requires focus and concentration. Remote work opportunities and continuous learning are also common in the field. Balancing work and personal life involves setting boundaries and prioritizing well-being.

What Skills Will I Learn as a Computer Programmer

As a computer programmer, several useful skills can enhance your abilities and contribute to your success in the field.

Here are some important skills to have as a computer programmer:

• Programming Languages: Proficiency in programming languages such as Python , Java , C++ , JavaScript , or Ruby is essential. The ability to write clean, efficient, and well-structured code in multiple languages expands your versatility and widens the range of projects you can undertake.
• Problem-Solving: Strong problem-solving skills are crucial for programmers. The ability to analyze complex issues, break them down into smaller parts, and develop effective solutions through logical thinking and algorithmic design is fundamental to programming.
• Data Structures and Algorithms: Understanding data structures (e.g., arrays, linked lists, trees) and algorithms (e.g., sorting, searching) is vital for efficient program design and optimization. Knowledge of these foundational concepts helps you select the right data structures and implement algorithms that enhance program performance.
• Debugging and Troubleshooting: Effective debugging skills allow you to identify and fix errors in code efficiently. Being able to analyze and trace code execution, utilize debugging tools, and employ systematic approaches to identify and resolve issues is invaluable in programming.
• Version Control: Proficiency in version control systems like Git enables you to manage code repositories, collaborate with other developers, track changes, and handle code merges efficiently. Understanding how to use branching, merging, and commit mechanisms facilitates effective team collaboration and code management.
• Software Development Lifecycle: Familiarity with the software development lifecycle (SDLC) helps you navigate through various stages, from requirements gathering and design to testing and deployment. Understanding methodologies like Agile or Scrum can aid in effective project management and collaboration.
• Communication and Collaboration: Strong communication skills facilitate effective collaboration with team members, clients, and stakeholders. Being able to explain complex technical concepts, actively listen, and work well within a team environment enhances project success and fosters positive professional relationships.
• Attention to Detail: Attention to detail is crucial in programming to ensure accuracy and minimize errors. Paying close attention to syntax, logic, and code documentation helps produce high-quality, bug-free code.
• Time Management: Effective time management skills are essential to meet project deadlines and handle multiple tasks efficiently. Being able to prioritize work, manage resources, and allocate time appropriately allows for the timely delivery of projects.

What’s the Career Outlook for Computer Programmer?

According to the BLS , employment of computer programmers is projected to decline 10 percent from 2021 to 2031 . Despite declining employment, about 9,600 openings for computer programmers are projected each year, on average, over the decade. All of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to other occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Computer programming offers various specialties that allow professionals to focus on specific areas and become experts in their chosen domains.

Here are some popular computer programmer specialties:

• Front-End Developer : Front-end developers specialize in creating user interfaces and interactive elements that users directly interact with. They are skilled in HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and frameworks like React or Angular.
• Back-End Developer : Back-end developers focus on the server-side logic and infrastructure that supports web applications. They work with languages like Python, Java, or Node.js, and handle tasks such as database management, API integration , and server configuration.
• Full-Stack Developer : Full-stack developers are proficient in both front-end and back-end development. They can handle the complete development process, from designing user interfaces to implementing server-side logic and databases.
• Mobile App Developer : Mobile app developers specialize in creating applications for mobile platforms, such as iOS or Android. They have expertise in programming languages like Swift or Objective-C for iOS, or Java or Kotlin for Android.
• Data Scientist : Data scientists use programming skills to analyze and interpret complex data sets. They apply statistical modeling, machine learning, and data visualization techniques to extract insights and make data-driven decisions.
• DevOps Engineer : DevOps engineers focus on streamlining the development and deployment process by integrating development and operations. They use programming skills to automate infrastructure management, build deployment pipelines, and ensure efficient collaboration between development and operations teams.
• Security Engineer : Security engineers specialize in securing computer systems and networks against cyber threats. They develop secure codes, conduct vulnerability assessments, and implement security protocols to protect sensitive data and prevent unauthorized access.
• Game Developer : Game developers specialize in programming interactive and immersive video games. They use game development frameworks, graphics libraries, and programming languages like C++, C#, or Unity to create game mechanics, implement physics , and develop engaging gameplay experiences.
• Embedded Systems Developer : Embedded systems developers work on programming software for embedded systems like microcontrollers, IoT devices, or automotive systems. They develop low-level code, interface with hardware components, and optimize system performance.
• AI/ML Engineer : AI/ML engineers specialize in programming artificial intelligence and machine learning systems. They build and train models, implement algorithms, and work with large datasets to develop intelligent systems and applications.

What Type of Companies Hire Computer Programmers?

Computer programmers are in demand across various industries.

Here are some types of companies that commonly hire computer programmers:

• Technology Companies : Companies specializing in software development, technology services, or computer hardware often hire computer programmers. These can include large tech giants like Microsoft, Google, Apple, and IBM, as well as smaller startups focused on software or app development.
• Financial Institutions : Banks, insurance companies, and other financial institutions rely heavily on computer programming for their software systems, algorithms, and data analysis. They often hire programmers to develop and maintain their software infrastructure.
• E-commerce and Retail Companies : Online retailers and e-commerce platforms heavily rely on computer programming for website development, inventory management, and order processing. Companies like Amazon, eBay , and Shopify hire programmers to support their digital platforms.
• Gaming and Entertainment Industry : Video game development studios and entertainment companies hire programmers to create game mechanics, develop virtual environments, and write code for graphics and sound effects.
• Government Agencies : Government organizations at various levels employ computer programmers to develop and maintain software systems, manage databases, and support digital infrastructure.
• Consulting Firms : Consulting firms that provide technology solutions and services often have programming teams to develop custom software solutions for their clients.
• Educational Institutions : Universities, colleges, and schools employ programmers to support their educational technology systems, develop e-learning platforms, and maintain student information systems.
• Research and Development Organizations : Research institutions and laboratories hire programmers to support scientific research, develop simulation models, and analyze data.

Should I become a Computer Programmer?

Deciding whether to pursue a career as a computer programmer is a personal choice that depends on your interests, skills, and career aspirations.

Here are a few factors to consider when making this decision:

• Interest in Programming : Assess your level of interest and enjoyment in programming. If you find joy in problem-solving, logical thinking, and working with technology, a career as a computer programmer can be fulfilling.
• Aptitude for Programming : Evaluate your aptitude for programming. While programming skills can be learned and developed, having a natural inclination towards logic, attention to detail, and analytical thinking can make the learning process smoother.
• Career Growth and Development : Explore the potential for career growth and advancement in programming. With experience and specialization, you can progress to roles like software architect, team lead, or project manager . Continuous learning and keeping up with industry trends are essential for career development.
• Work Environment and Culture : Understand the work environment and culture typically associated with programming. Computer programming often involves working independently or in small teams, with a focus on problem-solving and attention to detail. Assess if this aligns with your work style and preferences.
• Future Technological Advancements : Anticipate the future of technology and its potential impact on programming. Programming languages and frameworks evolve rapidly, and staying updated with emerging technologies may be necessary for long-term career sustainability.

Ultimately, the decision to become a computer programmer should be based on a combination of your interests, skills, job prospects, and personal preferences. It can be helpful to explore programming through online tutorials, coding challenges, or introductory courses to get a taste of the field before committing to a career path. Additionally, speaking with professionals in the industry or seeking mentorship can provide valuable insights to inform your decision-making process.

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About the Author

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How to Become a Computer Programmer: Outlining the Education Requirements

Computers are an integral aspect of modern life. Think about it — when was the last time you went a day, or even a few hours, without your phone or laptop? Computers underpin our work and supply access to entertainment; technology lies at the heart of our economy and social landscape.

We need digital tools. So, naturally, we also need people who know how to build, change and improve them. Computer programming is a fantastic career option for tech-savvy professionals. In this article, we’ll walk you through how to become a programmer, the educational requirements and what the job landscape looks like.

Here are the steps to becoming a computer programmer:

• Determine what kind of programmer you want to be
• Familiarize yourself with the necessary skills
• Obtain an education
• Develop your application materials
• Put yourself out there

We’ll also explain what educational options like a coding bootcamp can do for you as you chart your path. Let’s get started!

Steps to Becoming a Computer Programmer

If you’re reading this article, you’ve probably asked yourself: Should I become a computer programmer?

Only you can decide what you want to do. However, if you do choose to become a coder, you can rest assured that the process probably won’t be as complicated or time-consuming as you expect. Below, we’ve listed a few concrete steps you can take to learn coding and prepare yourself for a career in computer programming.

1. Determine what kind of programmer you want to be

“Computer programmer” seems like a self-explanatory description — and during the 1980s, when personal computers were only just entering the consumer market, it might have been. But as our use of computers and digital tools has broadened, so too has the use of the term itself.

Anyone who writes computer code (commonly referred to simply as “code”) is technically a computer programmer. What distinguishes positions is how professionals use and apply the code they write. As an aspiring computer programmer or “coder,” you could opt to go into countless specialties such as web development, application design and data science, among others.

There are specializations within these broad paths, too. Web development, for example, features three major sub-specialties: front end, back end and full stack. The first is primarily concerned with building the parts of a website that the average visitor can see and manipulate, such as text, videos, pictures and menus. The second specialty concerns the back end of a website — the server-side. These professionals work on the underlying databases and structures that give websites their functionality.

As you might have already guessed, full stack professionals have command over the front and back ends of a website. If you aren’t sure exactly where you want to take your programming career, you may want to consider building a foundation in full stack web development skills . It’s a role in high demand; in 2020, over a third (38 percent) of hiring managers (PDF, 2.8 MB) said that recruiting full stack developers was their top priority above finding back end developers and data scientists.

Full stack development is a fantastic profession in its own right — but by assembling a versatile coding toolbox, you can also build bridges to other professional paths. By taking a full stack route, you maximize your potential for career exploration while gaining the immediate skills you’ll need for an entry-level coding job.

Make a note of any industries you might want to break into, as well! While coders are often associated with the tech industry, they aren’t restricted to it. Skilled programmers can find jobs in a variety of fields, including retail, transportation, hospitality and healthcare.

Once you’ve established clear educational and career goals, you can start considering how to become a programmer.

2. Familiarize yourself with the necessary skills

Regardless of the position you ultimately want to attain, you’ll need to acquire a few basic skills to make the cut for entry-level programming skills. As you pursue your education and figure out how to become a programmer, the following in-demand coding languages and skills should be at the top of your academic priority list.

Programming Languages

All coders — especially those on the full stack track — need to have command over a few core languages. These include:

JavaScript is a front end scripting language often used by front end programmers to imbue websites with dynamic action. Basic animations, for example, are usually coded in JavaScript, as are buttons and forms. In 2020, it was the top language sought by hiring managers (PDF, 2.8 MB) .

Python is a high-level, open-source programming language that was designed to be intuitive and easy to use. It is mostly used in back end programming and data science.

HTML, or HyperText Markup Language, is the foundational language used to design the form and structure of web pages and sites. It is applied primarily in front end development.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is often used in tandem with HTML to define a consistent layout and appearance across a site. Once specified within a cascading style sheet, developers can apply specific font styles, colors and other design elements to any page that references that CSS file.

Structured Query Language, or “SQL,” is a query language used for accessing, modifying and removing data from relational databases. It is often used in the development and management of websites.

NoSQL is a database that, in contrast to SQL, is non-relational. This means that it stores and accesses data using key-value pairs, which are used to access objects’ properties via a dictionary-style interface rather than the traditional rows and columns of a relational database.

Java is a popular programming language used to build web applications. It is object-oriented, which means it develops programs by creating “objects” that contain data and coded procedures. Java is most often used in back end programming.

C# (pronounced “C Sharp”) is an object-oriented programming language that back end programmers often use when creating web applications and Windows programs.

Soft Skills

Developers need to know how to code, of course — but they also need to have a robust set of nontechnical skills. Your “soft” repertoire should be well-stocked with interpersonal skills before you even enter the job pool.

Problem Solving

Development is, at its core, about problem solving. Seeing a program “break” due to a faulty line of code or logical flaw is an all-too-common experience in the programming world. As a professional developer, you’ll need to be patient and persistent enough to tease apart frustrating bugs and find solutions.

Communication

It doesn’t matter how brilliant you are at writing code — if you can’t collaborate with your teammates or explain your efforts to supervisors, you will not be effective at work. All programmers need to have the ability to communicate their thoughts, actions and intentions clearly to technical and non-technical audiences.

Time Management

How well can you structure your schedule? If you plan to become a computer programmer, you must know how to keep yourself accountable and productive at work. Because developers often work in teams, falling behind might not only pose a problem to you — it could hold up your entire department. Learn how to manage your time!

3. Obtain an education

Now you have a better idea of the skills you’ll need to succeed as a computer programmer — but how should you obtain them?

The answer depends on you.

Today, there are three primary academic paths available to aspiring coders: college education, bootcamp learning and self-directed study. But before we discuss the three in detail, we need to talk about you and your situation.

The truth is, there is no one-size-fits-all route for those wondering how to become a programmer. The route you choose should suit your unique needs, preferences and goals. The path a tech-savvy high school graduate chooses, for example, might differ from the one a front end coder takes who simply needs to brush up on their back end skills. Before you enroll in an educational program, you should ask yourself the following questions:

• How much coding knowledge or industry-relevant experience do you have?
• How much time and money can you commit to your education?
• What is your schedule availability (full-time, part-time, evening, weekend?)
• What is your preferred turnaround time for gaining an education and entering the job force?
• What kind of learner are you (i.e., do you prefer structured, instructor-led learning environments or self-directed ones)?

Once you have your answers, you’ll be better able to determine which of the three educational options will work best for you.

Turnaround: 4 years Cost: $$$ Schedule: Full-time, in-person

A four-year degree is one of the most popular routes into computer programming. According to Stack Overflow’s 2020 Developer report , roughly 75 percent of professional developers have at least the equivalent of a bachelor’s degree or higher. Of those, the majority (61.9 percent) majored in computer science. Other popular fields of study included mechanical engineering, IT, natural science and mathematics.

College learning has its perks. The four-year turnaround offers students the time they need to gain a comprehensive understanding of programming practice and theory. Students can learn within collaborative class environments and have hands-on support from veteran coding instructors. College learners also have the opportunity to tap into their institution’s alumni networks — this could help some motivated students land internships and other professional placements.

However, while college programs may be ideal for learners who can dedicate four years to full-time study, they may not suit those who want to make mid-career pivots, have families to support or simply want to enter the job market quickly. University programs are also expensive ; the average annual cost of attending a state college is $9,687. The yearly tuition for the typical private college is even higher: $35,087. College can also come with other costs, like room and board.

If you don’t have the time or money to dedicate to a four-year college degree, you may want to opt for a more flexible academic option.

Coding Bootcamp

Turnaround: 3 to 6 months Cost: $$ Schedule: Full-time, part-time, in-person, virtual

If you want to learn the skills to become a full stack developer as quickly as possible, then you may want to consider a coding bootcamp . If you go the coding bootcamp route, you can learn functional, job-ready coding skills within just three to six months . These intensive programs feature experienced instructors and collaborative class environments. Bootcamps are often designed with flexibility in mind, and many offer part-time and virtual learning options alongside their full-time programs, which may be more approachable for learners who need to maintain a job or balance their education with familial responsibilities.

These intensive programs are also substantially cheaper than college degrees. According to Course Report’s most recent Market Size Study , average bootcamp tuition was just $13,584 in 2019 — that’s under a third of the tuition cost posed by a four-year degree at the average public college.

Employers value bootcamps, too. Research from HackerRank (PDF, 2.8 MB) indicates that the majority of hiring managers feel that bootcamp graduates can learn new languages and technologies quickly (71 percent), have strong practical experience (61 percent), and are eager to take on new responsibilities (52 percent).

For all their benefits, however, bootcamps aren’t without their cons. While the quick turnaround can be appealing to learners who want to make an immediate career pivot into web development, it does not allow for the comprehensive coverage that four-year degrees provide. While drastically cheaper than a college education, bootcamp programs do also pose tuition costs that may feel significant to some learners. Many providers, like Berkeley Boot Camps, offer interest-free payment plans to help offset the price for qualified students.

Generally speaking, bootcamps are best for learners who want to make a quick career pivot or industry professionals who need to brush up on their coding skills before seeking a more advanced role.

Self-Directed Study

Turnaround: 1+ years Cost: $ Schedule: Variable, virtual

If you are a highly motivated learner who prefers to learn independently, you may want to consider building your coding skills via self-directed learning .

Today, it’s technically possible to become a coder solely through free online courses, books and tutorials . This academic route is inexpensive and can be adapted to suit any schedule — but generally speaking, it shouldn’t be taken unless you’re confident that you can keep yourself on track.

Following a self-imposed curriculum isn’t easy. As an independent learner, you don’t have an instructor to provide support nor a formal schedule to keep you accountable. Moreover, employers may not feel as comfortable hiring you if you don’t have an educational institution to vouch for your skills. If you plan to go the self-directed route, you’ll need to stock your portfolio with exceptional projects to “prove” your capabilities.

Additional Resources:

• Three Tried and True Ways to Hold Yourself Accountable — Inc. 
• Learn HTML and CSS With This Free 11 Hour Course — freeCodeCamp  
• Computer Programming — Khan Academy

4. Develop your application materials

Once you have your education, you should turn your attention to developing a robust application that showcases your capabilities as a programmer.

In addition to a well-polished resume, you should assemble a portfolio that demonstrates your mastery of in-demand programming languages and technologies. Do not feel obligated to include every project you have ever completed. In fact, doing so can be actively detrimental to your job search — after all, quantity is no substitute for quality.

Instead, curate a few projects that showcase your skills and proficiencies, especially those related to or required by the jobs you’re applying for.

• 5 Programmer Resume Examples for 2021 — Beam Jobs
• The Best-Looking Web Developer Portfolio Examples — Slider Revolution
• 4 Secrets to Building a Portfolio That’ll Make Everyone Want to Hire You — The Muse

5. Put yourself out there

It doesn’t matter how talented you are — if you don’t put yourself out there, no one will know you’re available for hire.

Getting a job will require quite a bit of effort on your part. Networking is a must; making connections with industry professionals via formal events and social networking platforms can give you access to valuable career resources. If you acquired a degree in a relevant field or your alma mater offers a computer programming program, you can also reach out to alumni and career services to expand your professional network and find job openings.

When it comes to applying for open positions, dare to be bold; apply even if you are unsure whether your experience and skills meet the requirements. Interview practice is valuable on its own, and you can also learn a lot about employers and the industry through this process. It may take some time to hear back from prospective employers, but it is crucial that you keep submitting applications and updating your resume and portfolio.

Lastly, remember that the more you learn, the more valuable you will be in the eyes of future employers — so be sure to keep furthering your education!

Educational Requirements for Computer Programmers

How much formal education does a computer programmer need to get a job? The educational requirements for computer programming are a bit complicated.

While most computer programmers opt for four-year degrees, only 9.7 percent of professional developers view an undergraduate education as “critically important.” In fact, significantly more — 39.5 percent — believe a college degree is only somewhat important or not at all necessary.

Employers hold a similar perspective. One recent report from HackerRank (PDF, 2.8 MB) found that nearly one in three hiring managers has selected bootcamp graduates to fill a role. Of those, 39.2 percent viewed bootcamp graduates as being as qualified for the role as college-educated coders, and 33 percent found bootcampers to be better qualified.

That said, it would be difficult to break into the programming sector without any formal education. People who opt to learn coding through independent study will need a standout professional portfolio, excellent connections or both to find a job in the field.

Aspiring programmers who want to position themselves ahead of the proverbial pack may want to complement their (in)formal education with certifications. Certifications can make you appear more valuable and knowledgeable to potential employers because they provide concrete evidence of your skills.

Additionally, even if you have already secured a programming job, obtaining further certifications can make you more marketable and give you an advantage as you pursue advancement opportunities. While college programs and bootcamps do not offer certifications, they can give you the foundational knowledge you need to obtain one.

Programming Certifications

Getting officially certified in a programming language can help bolster your resume.

• C++ Certified Associate Programmer Certification — C++ Institute
• Certified Entry-Level Python Programmer — The Python Institute
• Java Certification — Oracle University

Database Certifications

Obtaining a certification from notable companies like IBM or Microsoft can impress future employers and be useful if you plan to go into data science.

• MySQL Certification — MySQL.com
• Oracle Database Certifications — Oracle University
• MongoDB (NoSQL) Professional Certification — MongoDB University

Like a formal four-year degree, certifications aren’t strictly necessary for aspiring computer programmers — but they won’t hurt your job hunt, either.

Securing an Entry-Level Position

If you want to get hired as a computer programmer, you need to have demonstrable programming knowledge and skills as well as a tailored resume, sufficient portfolio and solid references. Drawing on your professional network will be instrumental in the job search process; your industry connections can easily lead to new opportunities. Plus, if your colleagues know you’re looking for an entry-level position, they can put in a good word for you or share news of new job openings.

As you work toward obtaining a suitable education, keep an eye out for job listings. Even if you are not ready to apply to specific positions, you can get a good idea of what employers want to see in applicants. This will allow you to better exhibit your skills and appear more competitive as a candidate when you are prepared to step into the job pool.

The California and U.S. Job Outlook for Computer Programmers

The job outlook for coders is somewhat complicated. The national projection for computer programming jobs is currently decreasing; this trend is also occurring in California . On the other hand, careers in web development, which draw upon programming skills, are projected to grow in California and nationally over the next decade. These trends may not manifest in the same way across all states, but generally, web development is a growing industry .

The growing trend of remote work is likely to impact computer programming job opportunities, especially on a regional basis. Remote employment is projected to equalize the playing field , open more jobs to a broader talent pool and make geographic location less important. This development also means that, across the nation, programming, development and other comparable fields will experience less discrepancy in terms of salary and employment.

All in all: you should feel optimistic about your odds of landing a well-paying programming job, no matter where you happen to live.

Related Degrees and Bootcamps

Not sure you want to stay on the programming track forever? No problem! The skills you’ll build as a developer are transferable to countless similar and adjacent professions. Below, we’ve listed a few related career paths to consider.

Cybersecurity

With the advent of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence and cloud computing, privacy and security have become a top priority for individual consumers and corporations alike.

Cybersecurity is a fast-growing industry with high potential. Consider this — in 2019, the cybersecurity market was valued at nearly $66.86 billion . By 2030, researchers expect the market to top $182.32 billion. Demand for cybersecurity professionals has skyrocketed; according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics , jobs for information security analysts are expected to increase a full 31 percent between 2019 and 2029. This is significantly more than the mere 5 percent average.

Learning how to identify, prevent and counter cyber attacks as well as conduct critical analysis, configure virtual network machines and assess system and network vulnerabilities are all capabilities that could orient you for career success. You can learn these skills — and more — in a cybersecurity bootcamp .

Software Development

Software developers work in a variety of industries and on a wealth of projects, dedicating their time to tasks that run the gamut from writing and editing code to designing and optimizing app functions.

These professionals are relevant in nearly every part of the digital world; software developers work on almost every programming vertical, from building mobile apps and video games to social media sites and film production. It’s thus unsurprising, given our ever-increasing reliance on digital tools, that software developer roles are expected to increase by 22 percent between 2019 and 2029.

If these responsibilities sound enticing, consider learning how to become a software developer .

Data Science and Analytics

For those who are more mathematically or scientifically minded, data science and analytics may be the career path for you. The demand for skilled scientists and analysts is high in nearly every industry, notably healthcare, government, human resources and financial services.

Data science is arguably more challenging, especially for individuals who lack prior experience with programming, mathematics or other scientific fields, so you may need to pursue a data analytics bootcamp or other educational options such as an online master’s degree in data science before transitioning to this career path!

Should I Become a Programmer?

In short — yes! Computer programming is a fulfilling path that can lead to success in a variety of industries, fields and roles. While the outlook for computer programmers is on a mild decline, the need for skilled programmers, as well as web developers, information security experts and other related professionals, is on a sharp rise. Gaining core full stack skills can set you up for success and allow you to explore high-potential careers in tech.

Of course, becoming a programmer isn’t always easy; it requires hard work and dedication. But that effort can pay off handsomely, allowing you to grow and thrive in a rewarding profession.

If you are considering becoming a computer programmer, consider enrolling in Berkeley Coding Boot Camp . This intensive program is a great place to immerse yourself in the foundations of programming and help you lay a sturdy foundation for your future coding career.

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Guide to becoming a computer programmer in 2024

To the uninitiated, computer science and software engineering describe two very similar disciplines. In reality, these two fields are completely different. Computer science is centered around learning general computational principles and applying them to a range of fields like machine learning, database management, and information security. Software engineering on the other hand is engineering oriented and revolves around the practical skills necessary to design, develop, and maintain software systems.

Similarly, the role of a computer programmer and a software engineer are quite different. As previously mentioned, programmers typically work in a more specialized area of the development process. They are responsible for writing code and building software. Software engineers are still very much involved in the development process, but they are more likely to oversee broader areas as well. Software engineers are often responsible for conception of an idea, troubleshooting, and implementation as well as development.

It is important for all programmers to have a solid understanding of mathematics in addition to their ability to read, write, and debug code in multiple programming languages.

Coders and computer programmers occupy a unique position in the job market. It is common for large high-paying organizations to not require a computer programming degree or other bespoke education requirements. As long as you present the hiring team with a resume and portfolio of projects you’ve worked on, and are able to pass a technical interview, many companies don’t care if you don’t have a degree .

Many programmers that love writing code avoid engineering-focused roles as they will spend less time actively coding.

There are so many different flavors of programming that if you love to code, it may be daunting to determine what you want to pursue as a career. The best way to find out what you like to try as much as you can.

Just a few types of programmer jobs to look into are:

• Software application development
• Web development
• Front end, back-end, and full-stack
• Data science and machine learning
• Database administrator
• System design

Each of these disciplines require slightly different skills. Seek out as much as you can with respect to all the different fields, and remember that nothing is set in stone. If, in your education, you find that web development is not what you find interesting and would prefer to spend your time training artificial intelligence and studying neural networks , allow yourself the the time to pivot. The world of computer programming is so diverse that it can be hard to find a niche, but it is very rewarding once you settle.

The short answer is: no, but it does take a fair bit of work. The path to getting a coveted, high paying programming job is a long one, but one everyone is capable of. Stay tuned, and we’ll walk you through all the steps to employment in detail!

Oftentimes, the idea of a coder or a programmer is thought of as an impenetrable role. One that is impossible to access if you didn’t grow up as a math prodigy. While a strong background in math may expedite the path to becoming a programmer, it is by no means a firm pre-requisite. When examining what people associate with computer science or programming, it is easy to see why it’s lauded as difficult and insulated. If you asked the lay person to explain how YouTube, Google, or Facebook work, most would have a very rough idea, or none at all.

It is not hard to think like a computer, but it does require some adjustment. This article: How to think like a programmer is a great jumping off point if you feel unsure about your ability to jump into the weeds of programming languages and computer science.

How to become a computer programmer

Thrilled by the potential ease of training combined with the possible salary ? It’s no secret that programming jobs are highly sought after for this reason. Before you get ahead of yourself, it pays to have a plan. We’ll break down the steps to becoming a computer programmer, so you’ll have a clear idea of what to do and how much time it takes.

It’s worth noting : Everyone’s journey is different. You may plan for one thing, and something else entirely may end up happening. Learn how to embrace the plot twists .

Before you’re able to point yourself in the right direction you’ll need to do some research. You won’t be able to know exactly what type of computer programmer you want to be until you give it a shot. We recommend trying your hand at several disciplines before deciding to tunnel-vision on one particular path.

That said, be investigative. Read job descriptions, blogs, and even reach out to professionals on social media. Sending someone a LinkedIn message saying you’re curious about their job responsibilities and their career path is almost never a bad idea. If you approach someone with a genuine interest in their work, oftentimes they’ll take pleasure in talking to you.

There is a huge variety of job opportunities out there. We’ve compiled a couple lists of jobs that are ideal for those looking to gain experience or those seeking a non-traditional role.

• 10 entry-level tech jobs for junior developers
• Jobs you might not think to apply for as a software developer

There are plenty of different paths to pursue when it comes to education. Regardless of what you choose, this may be the most important step of the planning process. Every option has tradeoffs in terms of time and money invested.

Let’s break down all your options.

Deciding where and how to pursue your education is one of the biggest decisions in your journey. Everyone learns best in different ways, and we all have different capacities for commitment when it comes to time and money. If you’re unsure of where to start and what may be the best for you, a great way to get started is through an online course. There are plenty of free introductory courses that can give you an idea of what your learning process will be like and what it takes to learn computer programming.

You’ll need a different skill set depending on what specialization you end up pursuing, but we’ll go ahead and provide a synopsis of crucial skills for any general computer programmer. We’ll focus on hard skills in this list, so you can have a clear idea of what to seek out and how to fill gaps in your own knowledge.

• Data structures and algorithms
• Databases and SQL
• Control flow
• IDE’s and text editors
• Networking basics

It is generally a wise idea to try and gain experience concurrent with your education. There are tons of ways to get real world experience building projects as a computer programmer, so we encourage you to get creative with what you pursue.

There are several ways you can get meaningful experience.

• Join a hackathon
• Volunteer for a non-profit organization or submit your work to an open-source project
• Work on personal projects
• Get an internship

Internships

Getting an internship is definitely the best way to get experience as a computer programmer. Oftentimes, internships are exclusively available for full-time or part-time students working towards a degree. Some internships are open to non-students, but most stipulate that applicants must be working towards a bachelor’s degree or higher. Internships vary in length, but many are three months long and occur over summer break.

Depending on the internship and when you anticipate graduating, you may receive a full-time offer of employment following the internship.

Who it’s for : Full-time or part-time students who can commit to several months of work.

Luckily, there are plenty of other opportunities for non-students as well.

Hackathons are a relatively low commitment form of experience for those looking to spend a weekend coding. Most of the time, hackathons take place over a single day or weekend. They are all typically themed around one specific aspect of software development and design. Since they’re fairly specific in genre, they can be a great way to get some real-world exposure to an area of computer programming that you are interested in.

Who it’s for : Coders who want to try their hand at a competition for one particular specialization or domain of software development, design, or hacking.

Volunteering

Finding an organization to volunteer for can be a great way to network and express your values to potential employers. There are plenty of non-profit organizations out there that would need someone to write code. There is no real set time commitment when it comes to volunteering, as most organizations recognize that their volunteers have multiple things on their plate. The one downside to volunteering is that the structure of your organization is highly likely to change over time. Many volunteers overestimate their ability to fit things into their schedule and volunteer positions can change rapidly. If you’re considering signing up as a volunteer, carefully consider your schedule and reach out to senior members to better understand the expectations of the role.

Who it’s for : Computer programmers who align with the values of a volunteer organization and who wish to gain experience in a related field.

Contributing to an open-source project

Contributing to an open source project may seem daunting at first, but all we have to do is break it down. Helping open source projects out is a great way to develop some strong talking points for your eventual interview. The article Contributing to an open source project goes much more in depth than we will here.

If you’re familiar with GitHub, finding a project that interests you shouldn’t be too hard. After you’ve selected one you can check out the outstanding issues the project currently has. If you feel equipped to address one you can start coding. It is important to refer to any project guidelines and requirements prior to submitting a pull request for your code though.

Personal projects

If you feel like getting creative, a personal project is the perfect place to start. There is endless inspiration to be found anywhere on social media and GitHub.

According to the Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2022 , 88% of professional software developers also code as a hobby.

Personal projects can also be a great thing to bring up in a future interview as well. They can help demonstrate to an interviewer what inspires you to code, what you find interesting, and your overall understanding of what you have built. Even if you choose to spend the majority of your time gaining experience through some sort of structured program it is a good idea to make time to work on a side project.

Who it’s for : Any and all with a creative mind and a love of code.

Before you can start scoping out jobs to apply for you need to make sure you have an up-to-date resume (or CV), cover letter , and portfolio . Not every job will require you to submit all three, but it is good to have them prepared in the event you come across an attractive job that does.

There are tons of resources available for how to create a professional resume. If you’re currently enrolled in a school program odds are that you can schedule a personal consultation with career professionals to help guide you through the process. If you want a quick guide to reference, check out this article on how to write a resume specifically for computer programmers .

Quick tip : Instead of writing your resume in a regular word processor, you can stand out while still remaining professional with a design tool like Figma or Canva .

Cover letter

Although not always standard, most jobs will ask for a cover letter. Instead of writing a brand new cover letter for each application, spend a little more time up front to write a cover letter that can serve multiple purposes. Most companies will want similar things out of a cover letter, so you can usually get away with a cover letter that isn’t totally personalized to one organization. If you can write one master template and plug in certain, more specific sections as needed you’ll save time in the long run.

If you have a free GitHub account you can display and maintain your code from your personal and open-source projects in repositories accessible to potential employers. The most important part of a portfolio are the projects you’ve worked on. Many employers will ask with genuine interest about the projects in your portfolio. They want to know why you approached problems in a certain way.

If you want to see some portfolios of other software developers and computer programmers, a GitHub user has graciously compiled a comprehensive list for you to pick through. This repository can be found here: developer-portfolios .

Interview Prep

The final step in preparing for your job search is interview prep. Computer programming interviews are notoriously difficult. Technical interviews are designed to test your technical skills as well as your endurance and composure. Many take all day to complete, and some even ask you technical questions that don’t pertain to your current or prospective roles. If you’ve never completed a full loop technical interview before, you should budget plenty of time to prepare. According to the definitive interview prep roadmap you should set aside three months devoted exclusively to interview preparation.

It’s just as important to be prepared for your behavioral interview as it is to be ready to answer any technical questions.

When you’re ready to start the job search itself, you should make yourself active on professional social media. You can advertise yourself on LinkedIn and begin networking by reaching out to people you’d like to connect with. Alumni groups or even other software developers at companies you’d like to work for are solid places to start. If you choose to connect with active members of an alumni group, there are often Facebook pages or newsletters that document upcoming events you can sign up for.

There are plenty of online job boards to search through. LinkedIn , Indeed , ZipRecruiter , Dice , and Glassdoor are all great places to look for a job. Most allow you to schedule alerts for certain job postings so you can be an early applicant to competitive jobs.

Glassdoor is a great service when it comes to doing research about a particular company or role. Current or past employees can submit anonymous reviews about company culture and display their compensation. This can be a great way to weed out organizations that may not be as appealing as they seem. Knowing what others are paid in comparable roles is a great way to be prepared for the inevitable “ what are your salary expectations? ” question.

Finding a job may seem simple enough, but it can take a lot of work and time. Keep reading about what it takes to find a developer job you love .

As mentioned previously, there is no single answer for how long it takes to become a programmer. There are several determining factors as to how long your own journey may take.

• Education : This is the most time consuming step of the path. If you have a computer science degree, it won’t take you nearly as long as those without this foundation.
• Work experience : If you have professional or internship experience that is translatable to coding, you’re already well on your way.
• Technical skills : What knowledge of programming languages, mathematics, and computer science do you already have? Some introductory aspects of courses may be a breeze if they’re just a recap for you.
• Career goals : If you’re aiming for a junior role, you may need to budget less time for the job search than if you’re aiming for a more competitive role, such as a system designer.

So, it may take as little as a few months to as much as six years depending on what level you’re starting at.

It’s important to assess your situation, make a roadmap, and don’t get discouraged! Even the most perfectly crafted plan may fall through at a turn or two.

Again, your individual requirements are largely dependent on your career goals. For example, it is non-negotiable for a front-end developer to have a strong grasp on HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. If you intend on working in data science, however, your potential employers will want to know that you are skilled in Excel, Python, data science libraries, and machine learning . As for soft skills, you’ll need to work well on a team, be an effective communicator, and a creative problem solver.

Job outlook : According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average salary for computer programming jobs is $96,650.

For a detailed look at requirements for various specialties, check out the following articles:

• Software engineer
• Data engineer
• Back-end developer

Wrap up and next steps

Hopefully you found this short guide helpful. The path to becoming a computer programmer may seem a little daunting, but if you are able to break it down and focus on one step at a time you’ll become a pro with ease.

Computer programming is such a general field there are plenty of more acute topics to learn. Regardless of what area you find yourself pursuing, you can find interactive tutorials and courses, personalized for your skill level and goals. You can level up your technical skills at your own pace with Educative’s Learn to Code courses like Zero to Hero in Python . Our aim is to help learners achieve their dream career by providing you with step-by-step instructions and battle-tested resources.

No matter what educational path you end up choosing, you can refer to our blogs as instructions for how and where to take your next steps.

Happy learning!

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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CAREER GUIDES

Computer Programmer Career

What is a computer programmer.

Computer programmers use their skills to write and test the code that tell computers to accomplish certain tasks, such as retrieving data. Programmers use specific codes or computer languages, like  Java  and  C++ , to transform the program designs created by software developers and engineers into instructions that the computer can follow. If there are bugs or issues, computer programmers test the applications and fix the problems within the code. Programmers often reference code libraries to simplify their writing, and may build or use computer-assisted software engineering tools to automate the writing of some of the codes they use. Recently, programmers are spending much of their time working with software-as-a-service, or SaaS programs.

RESPONSIBILITIES

What does a computer programmer do?

• Write and test code for new programs. Programmers work closely with web developers and software developers. They are responsible for writing code for computer programs or mobile apps.
• Update existing programs. Programmers also create and implement updates for existing programs to improve them. These updates can be used to debug software, change programming languages, improve coding based on new standards, and more.
• Identify errors in code. Trial and error is key in coding, so computer programmers need to be able to troubleshoot parts of the program that aren't working correctly. Programmers who debug software are key for the future of programming, as they work with developers to ensure that software is fully functional.
• Rewrite programs for different operating systems. Different computers and operating systems will require unique programming languages in order for code to work well. Programmers are responsible for adjusting code so it can work on different operating systems.
• Create technical guides for programs. Programmers are often tasked with making the technical guides that explain to users, analysts, software engineers, or other developers how the computer program will work.

EDUCATION & BEST DEGREES

What education does a computer programmer need.

If you want to become a computer programmer, it's a good idea to  earn an IT degree  or computer programming degree. Getting a programming education has become more doable in recent years, with many universities offering the opportunity to  earn an IT degree online.  While most employers require a bachelor's degree, some will hire experienced individuals with an associate's degree or certificate. Computer science, software engineering, and other IT degree programs are ideal for a programming career. If you plan on applying your programming skills to a specific field, such as healthcare, it's a good idea to take some classes that will expand your knowledge of software in that industry.

While you are not required to be certified to become a computer programmer,  earning computer programming certifications  for specific languages may be helpful. Your best bet for career success is a  combination of certifications and a programming degree , which make you a well-rounded employee with both the technical skills and "soft skills." Employers look for in a professional who's cut out to go beyond entry level.

Best degrees for computer programming:

You're a creative and tech genius who wants the bigger opportunities....

You're a creative and tech genius who wants the bigger opportunities.

• Time:  60% of graduates finish similar programs within 35 months.
• Tuition:  $3,985 per 6-month term.
• Courses: 36 or 38 total courses in this program depending on your track.

Certifications included in this program at no additional cost are:

• CompTIA Project +
• AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner 
• ITIL®1 Foundation Certification

Skills for your résumé that you will learn in this program:

• Scripting and programming
• Web development
• Mobile application development 
• User experience design
• Software quality assurance

Problem solvers and math lovers needed! Your task:...

Problem solvers and math lovers needed! Your task:

Lay the groundwork for the computing breakthroughs that will enable tomorrow's technologies. Utilize your previous college courses or IT experience to help you complete your degree faster.

• Time:  60% of graduates in similar programs finish within 25 months.
• Courses: 38 total courses in this program.

You'll have the opportunity to earn these certifications:

• Linux Essentials
• Axelos ITIL Foundation
• Architecture and systems
• Data structures
• Computer theory
• Version Control

Web Application Deployment and Support Certificate – School of Technology

Enhance your résumé and take a step in your educational journey with the...

Enhance your résumé and take a step in your educational journey with the help of the Web Application Deployment and Support Certificate from the School of Technology.

• Time: 5 months from start to finish.
• Cost:  $2,950 for the certificate.
• Courses:  4 courses total in this program.

This certificate also offers  two industry certifications, Linux Essentials and AWS Cloud,  which will add extra power to your portfolio of experience. You  are also   guaranteed admission into a WGU School of Technology degree program . This certificate will prepare you for the next step in your career.

This program is ideal for individuals who have  3-5 years of IT experience  and a basic understanding of  scripting languages and SQL. Prerequisites include:  Experience with either Python or Java or another high-order OO (object-oriented) programming language along with Git, experience with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, and experience with a major DBMS (database management system) - MySQL (preferred), SQL Server, Oracle, MariaDB, etc.

Front End Web Development Certificate – School of Technology

The Front End Web Development Certificate equips learners with the skills...

The Front End Web Development Certificate equips learners with the skills necessary to create responsive, visually appealing, and functional websites.

• Time: 6 months from start to finish.
• Cost:  $3,950 for the certificate.
• Courses:  6 courses total in this program.

This certificate is designed to help aspiring web developers begin their journey, gain valuable experience, and add a critical credential to their résumé. You  are also   guaranteed admission into a WGU School of Technology degree program . This certificate will prepare you for the next step in your career.

This certificate can help build fundamental skills in front-end development, and also help those with no technical background begin to build vocational identity for a long-term career in IT. Learners will gain critical skills including version control, scripting, web development, JavaScript programming, and UI design. 

How much does a computer programmer make?

The  average salary for computer programmers is  $93,000 as of May 2021. Salaries typically start at about $50,000 with top earners making more than $155,240. Location, experience, and education levels all play a major part in your salary level.

What Is the Projected Job Growth?

Job outlook  for all computer occupations is expected to grow 11% by the year 2029, which is much faster than the national average. Technology is continuing to boom and programmers are in high demand as new programs regularly need to be developed to enhance operating systems. New software, upgrades, bug fixes, and more are regular needs for organizations involved in tech. Some computer programming positions are outsourced to other countries where labor is less expensive, and a bachelor’s degree can set you apart and ensure you have the credentials and skills employers are looking for.

What skills does a computer programmer need?

• Analytical abilities
• Troubleshooting skills
• Concentration
• Detail oriented
• Proficiency in programming languages
• Mathematical skills
• Communication
• Self-motivation
• Writing abilities
• Positive attitude
• Team player

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Interested in becoming a computer programmer?

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What does a computer programmer do?

Would you make a good computer programmer? Take our career test and find your match with over 800 careers.

What is a Computer Programmer?

A computer programmer writes, tests, debugs, and maintains the source code of computer programs and software applications. These programs are written in various programming languages and are used to perform specific tasks or functions, ranging from simple calculations to complex data processing and analysis.

Computer programmers collaborate with software engineers and developers to design, develop, and implement software solutions that meet the needs and requirements of end-users or clients. They may work on a wide range of projects, including web development, mobile app development, database management, system integration, and more.

What does a Computer Programmer do?

Duties and Responsibilities The duties and responsibilities of computer programmers vary depending on the organization they work for and the type of programming work they are involved in. However, some common tasks and responsibilities include:

• Coding and Programming: Writing, testing, and debugging code to create software applications, programs, and systems according to project requirements and specifications. This involves translating design requirements into computer code using programming languages such as Java, Python, C++, or JavaScript.
• Software Development: Collaborating with software engineers, developers, and project managers to design, develop, and implement software solutions that meet user needs and business objectives. This may involve participating in the software development life cycle (SDLC), including requirements gathering, design, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance.
• Problem-Solving and Troubleshooting: Analyzing software code and identifying and resolving technical issues, bugs, and errors. Computer programmers must have strong problem-solving skills to diagnose and address software defects, optimize performance, and ensure the reliability and functionality of software applications.
• Documentation and Documentation: Documenting code, processes, and procedures to maintain comprehensive records and facilitate collaboration among team members. This includes writing technical documentation, user manuals, and system specifications to communicate project requirements, code functionality, and implementation details.
• Quality Assurance and Testing: Conducting thorough testing and quality assurance (QA) processes to verify the functionality, performance, and security of software applications. This may involve writing and executing test cases, performing automated testing, and participating in code reviews to identify and address software defects and ensure adherence to quality standards.
• Version Control and Maintenance: Using version control systems such as Git or SVN to manage and track changes to software code and ensure code integrity, consistency, and versioning. Computer programmers are also responsible for maintaining and updating existing software applications to address new requirements, fix bugs, and incorporate enhancements or modifications.
• Continuing Education and Professional Development: Staying informed about advancements in technology, programming languages, and best practices through ongoing learning, training, and professional development activities. This may include attending conferences, workshops, or seminars, obtaining certifications, and participating in online courses or coding bootcamps to expand skills and expertise in relevant areas of programming and software development.

Types of Computer Programmers There are various types of computer programmers, each with their own specific skill set and focus. Here are some of the most common types of computer programmers:

• Back-End Developer : Back-end developers specialize in writing code that powers the server-side logic of web applications, managing databases, APIs, and other backend components. They work closely with frontend developers and other team members to ensure seamless integration between the frontend and backend components of web applications.
• Embedded Systems Developer : An embedded systems programmer specializes in developing software for embedded systems, such as microcontrollers, IoT devices, and automotive systems. They utilize programming languages like C or C++ to write code that controls hardware components and performs specific functions within these embedded devices.
• Front-End Developer : Front-end developers focus on creating the user interface and experience of web applications using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. They collaborate with designers and backend developers to implement responsive and interactive interfaces that enhance user engagement and satisfaction.
• Full Stack Developer : Full stack developers are proficient in both frontend and backend development, allowing them to work on all aspects of web application development. They are responsible for building and maintaining both the client-side and server-side components of web applications, ensuring seamless integration and functionality across the entire stack.
• Simulation Programmer : Simulation programmers develop software systems that simulate real-world processes, events, or phenomena. They create simulations for various industries, including engineering, science, healthcare, and gaming. This involves writing, testing, and optimizing code to accurately model and simulate complex systems.
• Software Engineer : Software engineers are considered a type of computer programmer. While the term "software engineer" may imply a broader set of responsibilities, including software design, architecture, and project management, software engineers also engage in programming as a core part of their role.
• Web Developer : Web developers specialize in building websites and web applications using programming languages such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and various server-side languages like PHP, Python, or Ruby. They write code to create and maintain the functionality, layout, and interactivity of websites, making them integral to the field of computer programming.

Are you suited to be a computer programmer?

Computer programmers have distinct personalities . They tend to be investigative individuals, which means they’re intellectual, introspective, and inquisitive. They are curious, methodical, rational, analytical, and logical. Some of them are also conventional, meaning they’re conscientious and conservative.

Does this sound like you? Take our free career test to find out if computer programmer is one of your top career matches.

What is the workplace of a Computer Programmer like?

The workplace of a computer programmer can vary depending on factors such as industry, company size, and specific job responsibilities. In general, computer programmers typically work in office environments, either independently or as part of a team. They may be employed by software development companies, technology firms, government agencies, financial institutions, or any organization that relies on software systems.

Computer programmers often spend much of their time at a desk or workstation, using computers and programming tools to write, test, and debug code. They collaborate with other programmers, software engineers, project managers, and stakeholders to understand project requirements, design software solutions, and ensure that applications meet user needs and quality standards. Communication skills are essential as programmers may need to explain technical concepts to non-technical team members or clients.

Depending on the nature of the projects they're working on, computer programmers may have flexible work hours and opportunities for remote work. However, they may also encounter tight deadlines and occasional overtime to meet project milestones or address urgent issues. The workplace culture for computer programmers can vary widely, with some organizations fostering a collaborative and innovative environment, while others may have a more structured or traditional approach to software development.

Frequently Asked Questions

Pros and cons of being a computer programmer.

Computer programming is an attractive career path for those interested in technology and software development. However, like any profession, there are pros and cons to being a computer programmer.

• Lucrative Salary: Computer programmers often enjoy competitive salaries, with the potential for high earning potential as they gain experience and expertise in specialized areas of programming.
• Job Opportunities: The demand for skilled computer programmers remains consistently high, offering plentiful job opportunities across various industries and geographic locations.
• Intellectual Stimulation: Programming involves solving complex problems and puzzles, providing continuous intellectual stimulation and opportunities for creativity and innovation.
• Flexibility: Many computer programming jobs offer flexible work arrangements, including remote work options and flexible hours, allowing programmers to achieve a better work-life balance.
• Continuous Learning: The field of computer programming is constantly evolving, requiring programmers to stay updated on the latest technologies, languages, and frameworks, providing ongoing opportunities for learning and professional development.
• High Pressure: Tight deadlines and demanding project requirements can lead to high levels of stress and pressure, especially when troubleshooting and debugging code to resolve issues.
• Sedentary Lifestyle: Computer programming typically involves long hours of sitting in front of a computer screen, which can lead to health issues such as eye strain, back problems, and poor posture if not managed properly.
• Isolation: Programming can be solitary work, requiring prolonged periods of focus and concentration, which may lead to feelings of isolation or social disconnection, particularly for remote workers.
• Burnout: The fast-paced and demanding nature of the industry can contribute to burnout, as programmers may feel pressure to constantly meet deadlines and stay ahead of the curve in terms of skills and knowledge.
• Repetitive Tasks: Depending on the nature of the projects, programmers may encounter repetitive tasks or maintenance work, which can become monotonous and less fulfilling over time.

Computer Programmers are also known as: Computer Developer Programmer

How to Become a Computer Programmer

Home / Technology / How to Become a Computer Programmer

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If you enjoy your computer, are good at math, and have good problem solving skills then you might like to become a computer programmer .

A computer programmer takes a set of design specifications and ideas, and translates them into a language that a computer can understand.

They write the programs we use and enjoy on our computers every day.

They also repair, update, and improve existing software programs.

When you become a computer programmer, you can look forward to joining an industry which is experiencing record amounts of growth.

This means that you will have good job prospects ahead of you, and lots of opportunities for promotion and professional development.

Table of Contents

Education Requirements to Become a Computer Programmer

Computer programmer job description, national average salary, average salary by state.

These are the top 5 earning states in the field:

What does a computer programmer do?

How much does a computer programmer make, how much does it cost to become a computer programmer, what is the demand for computer programmers, how long does it take to become a computer programmer.

If you’re at high school and would like to become a computer programmer, you should take subjects like computer science, math, and natural science.

If you can get a part-time job that involves computers, that will be very helpful.

If not, you could always volunteer in your school’s computer lab.

At some schools, you can enroll in course at vocational college, and start earning credit towards your qualification while still in high school.

The minimum educational requirement to become a computer programmer is a two year associate’s degree from a vocational college.

It’s becoming more common for those looking to enter the industry to gain a four year bachelors degree.

Real world experience is also important, so you should try and complete internships while at college.

A four year degree will offer more opportunity, and open the door to jobs with greater responsibility and a better pay package.

You major should be in computer science, or similar.

When you become a computer programmer, your job will be to create functional and bug free software and programs for a wide range of applications.

Some programmers specialize in particular kinds of programming.

For instance, some will develop games, while others will create business applications.

Usually, a programmer is given a design specification by computer software engineer.

It is their role to then translate the ideas into language a computer can understand.

Good technical ability, problem solving skills and creativity are required to excel in this field.

After they have completed a project, a computer programmer must take a program through a wide range of testing, and seek out any bugs, glitches, or flaws in the system.

A computer programmer can also work on existing software.

For instance, they may repair a program that has a glitch.

They might also make modifications or adjustments to existing software.

Here are some of the tasks of a computer programmer:

• Create computer programs
• Modify or repair existing programs
• Communicate with software engineers and other colleagues
• Keep up to date with new programming languages and technology advances

Computer Programmer Salary and Career Path

Starting out, getting your first job may be hard when you become a computer programmer.

Many start out in entry level roles for large companies, or sometimes in the retail sector in computer shops.

Others may get a role on an IT help desk.

You may be able to get a role as a programmer right away, especially taking into consideration the large amount of growth in the field.

Some fields are much more competitive than others.

For instance, if you want to work designing games, then you will have a much harder time than getting a job writing software for a bank.

As you gain experience, you will be able to work on more complicated projects and take on more responsibility.

Many computer programmers move on to become project managers, or information systems analysts.

The median wage of a computer programmer is $59,000 a year.

Growth is strong and opportunities plenty, especially once you have a few years experience.

Some similar roles to a computer programmer include:

• Computer Systems Analyst
• Network Administrator
• Software Engineer
• Video Game Designer

If you enjoy spending time on your computer, and think you would enjoy putting together programs for people to use and enjoy, then you might like to become a computer programmer.

It can be a lot of hard work to get a start, but once you’re in a good salary and secure employment are available for those who become successful.

The top earning state in the field is Washington, where the average salary is $183,610.

The top earning state in the field is Washington, where the average salary is $15,250.

The top earning state in the field is Washington, where the average salary is $88.27.

Frequently Asked Questions

Computer programmers write code that makes computer and mobile applications and software function properly.

A computer programmer typically collaborates with software developers and engineers and turn their designs into a language that the computer can “understand” and follow.

They also test the new applications and software to ensure that they work according to the developer’s and the client’s requirements.

The amount of programming work needed to develop an application or software depends on their complexity.

More complex applications require a team of programmers and can take up to a year or more to complete.

Computer programmers need coding skills, analytical thinking, concentration, attention to detail and troubleshooting skills.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual wage for computer programmers was $84,280 in May 2018.

Salaries for computer programmers vary between less than $50,000 and more than $130,000, depending on experience, expertise, employer and many other factors.

Computer programmers typically hold a bachelor’s degree in computer science or a related field but some employers may hire workers who hold an associate’s degree.

Tuition costs and other expenses vary widely depending on the school you choose and the program itself.

A bachelor’s degree program in computer science will cost you, on average, around $42,000-$43,000 while an associate’s degree programs cost around $21,000 a year on average.

You can also choose to become certified in a specific programming language to prove your skills to potential employers.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, overall employment for computer programmers is projected to decline 7 percent from 2018 to 2028.

This decline is caused in part, by the fact that many companies prefer to hire programmers who live in a country where wages are lower.

However, since the cost of managing projects who involve overseas programmers is high, some companies keep programming jobs in the United States.

Job prospects should be better for candidates who hold a bachelor’s degree in computer science or a related field and for those who know a variety of programming languages.

Most computer programmers hold a bachelor’s degree in computer science or a related field and know more than one programming language.

A bachelor’s degree program can be earned after 4 years of post-secondary studies.

Some employers also hire programmers who hold an associate’s degree if they have experience and good programming skills.

In conclusion, you can find employment as a computer programmer 2 years after graduating from high school but in order to have better employment prospects you should earn a bachelor’s degree in the field and you should know several programming languages.

Related Careers

Computer Systems Analysts work to ensure that all computer systems within an organization serve to support organizational goals.

Software developers are the brains behind the design, installation, testing and maintenance of software systems.

A computer support specialist provides technical support for a company, organization's customers, or their employer's staff.

A video game designer creates the core features of a video game to make it engaging for users.

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Computer Programmers

Requirements.

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Education and Training Requirements

High school.

In high school you should take any computer programming, software design or engineering, computer science, and mathematics courses available since these subjects directly prepare students for careers in computer programming. English and speech classes will help you to develop your communication skills.

Postsecondary Training

A bachelor’s degree is often required by employers, but some companies may only require programmers to have an associate’s degree. Most programmers have a degree in computer science, programming, or related areas, and learn a few popular programming languages while in school.

Some employers whose work is highly technical require that programmers be qualified in the area in which the firm or agency operates. Engineering firms, for example, prefer young people with an engineering background and are willing to train them in some programming techniques. For other firms, such as banks, consumer-level knowledge of the services that banks offer may be sufficient background for incoming programmers.

Other Education or Training

Student and professional members of the Association for Computing Machinery can access online computing and business courses via the association’s Learning Center. Visit http://learning.acm.org for more information. The IEEE Computer Society offers career planning webinars and continuing education courses to its members. Visit https://www.computer.org/education for more information.

Certification, Licensing, and Special Requirements

Certification or licensing.

Programmers may choose to become certified by the Institute for Certification of Computing Professionals. Certification is also provided by various product vendors and software companies. Although it is not required, certification may boost an individual's attractiveness to employers during the job search.

Experience, Skills, and Personality Traits

Familiarity with programming languages and completion of an internship and on-the-job experience in an entry-level position will be useful for aspiring programmers.

Personal qualifications such as a high degree of reasoning ability, patience, and persistence, as well as an aptitude for mathematics, are important for computer programmers. Other important traits include good problem-solving skills; creativity; the ability to work under pressure and meet deadlines; and strong communication skills.