gorham's cave gibraltar visit

Take advantage of the search to browse through the World Heritage Centre information.

Share on social media

Unesco social media, gorham's cave complex.

• Description

The steep limestone cliffs on the eastern side of the Rock of Gibraltar contain four caves with archaeological and paleontological deposits that provide evidence of Neanderthal occupation over a span of more than 100,000 years. This exceptional testimony to the cultural traditions of the Neanderthals is seen notably in evidence of the hunting of birds and marine animals for food, the use of feathers for ornamentation and the presence of abstract rock engravings. Scientific research on these sites has already contributed substantially to debates about Neanderthal and human evolution. 

Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

Ensemble des grottes de Gorham

Les falaises calcaires escarpées, situées dans la partie est du rocher de Gibraltar, renferment quatre grottes dont les gisements archéologiques et paléontologiques attestent la présence néandertalienne, pendant une période de plus de 100 000 ans. Ce témoignage exceptionnel sur les traditions culturelles des Néandertaliens se traduit notamment par des traces  de  chasse aux oiseaux et aux animaux marins à des fins alimentaires et par l’utilisation de plumes ornementales, ainsi que par la présence de gravures rupestres de caractère abstrait. Les recherches scientifiques menées sur le site ont d’ores et déjà contribué de manière importante aux débats sur l’homme de Neandertal et sur l’évolution humaine.

كهوف الإنسان البدائي/ العصور الحجريّة في جبل طارق والبيئة المحيطة بها

source: UNESCO/CPE Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

Grottencomplex van Gorham

De steile kalkstenen kliffen aan de oostelijke zijde van de Rots van Gibraltar bevatten vier grotten met archeologische en paleontologische afzettingen die getuigen van bewoning door Neanderthalers gedurende een tijdspanne van meer dan 125.000 jaar. De culturele tradities van de Neanderthalers blijken uit de aangetroffen resten die bewijzen dat ze op vogels en zeedieren jaagden, veren gebruikten ter ornamentatie en de aanwezigheid van abstracte rotstekeningen. Wetenschappelijk onderzoek in deze grotten heeft substantieel bijgedragen aan de debatten rondom Neanderthalers en menselijke evolutie.

Source: unesco.nl

Outstanding Universal Value

Brief Synthesis

Located on the eastern side of the Rock of Gibraltar, steep limestone cliffs contain four caves with extensive archaeological and palaeontological deposits that provide evidence of Neanderthal occupation over a span of 100,000 years. These caves have provided extensive evidence of Neanderthal life, including rare evidence of exploitation of birds and marine animals for food; and use of bird feathers and abstract rock engravings, both indicating new evidence of the cognitive abilities of the Neanderthals. The sites are complemented by their steep limestone cliff settings, and the present-day flora and fauna of Gibraltar, much of which can be also identified in the rich palaeo-environmental evidence from the excavations. While long-term scientific research is continuing, these sites have contributed substantially to the debates about the Neanderthal and human evolution. The attributes that express this value are the striking cluster of caves containing intact archaeological deposits that provide evidence of Neanderthal and early modern human occupation of Gibraltar and the landscape setting which assists in presenting the natural resources and environmental context of Neanderthal life.

Criterion (iii): Gorham's Cave Complex provides an exceptional testimony to the occupation, cultural traditions and material culture of Neanderthal and early modern human populations through a period spanning approximately 120,000 years. This is expressed by the rich archaeological evidence in the caves, the rare rock engravings at Gorham’s Caves (dated to more than 39,000 years ago), rare evidence of Neanderthal exploitation of birds and marine animals for food, and the ability of the deposits to depict the climatic and environmental conditions of the peninsula over this vast span of time. The archaeological and scientific potential of the caves continues to be explored through archaeological research and scientific debates, providing continuing opportunities for understanding Neanderthal life, including their capacity for abstract thinking.

The boundary includes all elements necessary to express the Outstanding Universal Value of this property, including the setting of the caves in relation to the topography and vegetation of Gibraltar (limestone cliffs, fossil sand dunes, fossil beaches, scree slopes, shorelines and flora and fauna). The property is vulnerable to sea level rises, flooding and other effects of climate change.

Authenticity

The authenticity of this property is demonstrated by the substantial stratified archaeological deposits in the caves, the landforms that contain the caves and demonstrate the geomorphological history of Gibraltar, and the cliff vegetation and fauna that can be associated with the environmental conditions of the past.

Protection and management requirements

The property and most of the buffer zone are located within the Gibraltar Nature Reserve (Upper Rock Nature Reserve). The property and its buffer zone are given legal protection by Gibraltar Heritage Trust Act (1989), the Nature Protection Act (1991) the Town Planning Act (1999), the Town Planning (Environment Impact Assessment) Regulations (2000), and the Nature Conservation Area (Upper Rock) Designation Order (2013). The individual caves containing evidence of Neanderthal and early modern human occupation are protected as Schedule 1 Category A (maximum protection) sites under the Gibraltar Heritage Trust Ordinance.

Development is regulated by the Town Planning Act and by implementation of policies in the Gibraltar Development Plan (2009), including the 2014 Town Planner’s amendments. Planning controls and procedures are enforced by the Development and Planning Commission.

The area of sea adjacent to the property is located within the Eastern Marine Conservation Zone, protected as a marine area of conservation through European Union legislation (European Marine Special Area of Conservation), and Gibraltar legislation (Marine Nature Reserve Regulations (1995), the Marine Strategy Regulations (2011) and the Marine Protection Regulations (2014)).

The property is managed by the Gibraltar Museum. The Executive Management Group (comprised of relevant government agencies) oversees the implementation of the management system, assisted by the Museum’s multi-disciplinary World Heritage team. The Executive Management Group reports to a Steering Committee (Advisory Forum) which includes a wide spectrum of stakeholders. The International Research and Conservation Committee assists in establishing research programs and reviewing scientific outcomes. Levels of resourcing, including staffing are reviewed annually.

Management plans are in place for the property and for the (larger) Gibraltar Nature Reserve. The latter will be revised to ensure compatibility with the World Heritage inscription and to ensure priority is given to the retention of the Outstanding Universal Value of the property. The management system is further supported by the Risk Preparedness Plan, Research and Conservation Strategy and Integrated Visitor Strategy. A five-year Archaeological Excavation Action Plan (2016-2020) outlines the planned work and addresses the need to balance excavation and the conservation of deposits.

• Gorham’s Cave Complex World Heritage Site
• Gorham’s Cave (Gibraltar) Facebook page
• Gorham's Cave (Gibraltar) Facebook group
• Twitter account
• YouTube account
• Instagram page

Accessibility

• None Grayscale Inverted Colors Without Blue Without Green
• None Links Titles Just text
• Default Black on White Yellow on Black Green on Black White on Black

TODAY’S WEATHER

Find information quickly and easily

Gorham's cave.

The Gorham's Cave Complex is the name given to the area covering some 28 hectares on the eastside of Gibraltar from sea level to the top of the Rock. In July 2016, it was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its exceptional testimony to the occupation, cultural traditions and material culture of Neanderthal and early modern human populations through a period spanning approximately 120,000 years. The striking cluster of sea level caves contain archaeological deposits that provide evidence of Neanderthal and early modern human occupation of Gibraltar, and the landscape setting and natural species which assist in presenting the natural resources and environmental context, including climatic conditions, of Neanderthal life. The Gibraltar Nature Reserve forms part of the buffer zone to the WH site and together they represent over 40% of the territory of Gibraltar.

Gibraltar has a longstanding association with the Neanderthals. The first complete skull was found and presented to the Gibraltar Scientific Society by Lieutenant Edmund Flint of the Royal Artillery in 1848 - eight years before the famed remains found in the Neander Valley near Dusseldorf in Germany, which gives its name to these people. A second skull – the Devil's Tower Child – was found in Gibraltar in 1926.

The Gorham's Cave Complex is of major significance in understanding the global story of human evolution and adaptation. Gorham's and Vanguard Caves have been archaeologically excavated over the past 26 years, and results have shown that Gibraltar was last refuge for the Neanderthals around 32,000 years ago.. An international, multi-disciplinary research project has revealed the vital importance of the site in our understanding of a critical juncture in human evolution and of the Neanderthals in particular. Now there is a wealth of information on where and how the Neanderthals and early modern humans lived and behaved, what plants, birds and animals they were familiar with and ate, where they acquired materials for their tools and what their environment was like. There is evidence of their complex social behaviour, dress and unique elements including a rock engraving carved by the Neanderthals in Gorham's Cave, which indicate their ability for abstract thought.

Tours of the WHS

There are several options for visiting the World Heritage Site:

Unescorted walking tours  along the Mediterranean Steps Neanderthal landscape.

Pre-booked guided walking tours to Gorham's Cave,  led by experts from the Gibraltar National Museum and its World Heritage Team. These are subject to a strict annual quota so booking ahead is highly recommended. Tours can be booked at the Gibraltar National Museum, by telephone (+350) 200 74289, or by email:  [email protected]

Specialised boat trips,  provide views from the sea of the WHS including Gorham's and Vanguard Caves (and neighbouring sea caves). Tours on the Dolphin Adventure can be booked by telephone (+350) 200 50650 or by email:  [email protected]

Europa Advance Batteries Viewing Platform,  offer views of the site in the context of two continents and a Strait connecting two major water bodies. Parking for coaches and cars is available at the viewing platform and at Europa Point a short walk away. Tickets can be bought on site, or from the Gibraltar National Museum.

• Gibraltar National Archives
• Gibraltar National Museum
• Gibraltar Heritage Trust
• Gorham's Cave
• Moorish Castle

Hon Dr John Cortes MP

Minister for the Environment, Sustainability, Climate Change and Education

Find us on social media

Gorham's Cave Complex, UNESCO World Heritage Site

Top ways to experience Gorham's Cave Complex, UNESCO World Heritage Site and nearby attractions

Most Recent: Reviews ordered by most recent publish date in descending order.

Detailed Reviews: Reviews ordered by recency and descriptiveness of user-identified themes such as wait time, length of visit, general tips, and location information.

Also popular with travelers

Gorham's Cave Complex, UNESCO World Heritage Site - All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go (2024)

• (0.23 mi) Beautifully Appointed Self Catering Beach Front Apartment Refurbished 2019
• (1.09 mi) Rock Hotel Gibraltar
• (1.62 mi) The Eliott Hotel
• (2.09 mi) Ocean Village holiday apartment, 5 shared pools
• (2.25 mi) Sunborn Gibraltar
• (0.56 mi) Bistro Point
• (1.27 mi) Mamma Mia
• (1.73 mi) Fern's Curry Sushi and Indo Chinese Wok
• (1.73 mi) Curry & Nigiri
• (1.98 mi) Aquaterra

Accessibility

• None Grayscale Inverted Colors Without Blue Without Green
• None Links Titles Just text
• Default Black on White Yellow on Black Green on Black White on Black

• History of a National Museum
• A Brief History Of Gibraltar
• Military History
• Natural History
• Selected Artefacts
• Calpe Conference
• Education & Outreach
• Gibraltar Museum Caving Unit
• Underwater Research Unit
• Institute of Life and Earth Sciences
• Gibraltar Scientific Society
• Academic Publications
• Virtual Museum
• Gorham's Cave Complex
• News & Events
• Gorham's Cave Complex
• World Heritage

In January 2015 the Gorham’s Cave Complex was put forward by HM Government of Gibraltar and the United Kingdom Government for inscription as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Gibraltar National Museum prepared the bid on behalf of HM Government of Gibraltar.

The process of inscription to become a World Heritage Site takes about 18 months. The final decision was taken by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in July 2016, and the Gorham’s Cave Complex was officially inscribed as “ an exceptional testimony to the occupation, cultural traditions and material culture of Neanderthal and Early Modern Human populations through a period spanning more than 120,000 years .” It became the UK’s 30 th World Heritage Site.

The Gibraltar site is a Neanderthal occupation site used for around 100,000 years. Situated on the east side of the Rock, the 28-hectare site rises from sea level, where several caves including Gorham’s and Vanguard are located, to the highest point of the Rock 426 metres above sea level at the top of the Mediterranean Steps.

Visit the official website for the Gorham's Cave Complex here

View of Gorham's and Vanguard Caves from the sea

Gorham's Cave in the mist

Entrance to Vanguard Cave

Looking out from inside Gorham's Cave

Excavating the upper levels of Gorham's Cave

• Gibraltar Caves Project
• Visiting the World Heritage Site
• Neanderthals

18-20 Bomb House Lane PO Box 939, Gibraltar

+350 200 74289

[email protected]

Gorham's Cave Complex

Inscribed on Unesco's World Heritage list in 2016, these four archaeologically rich cliffside caves on Gibraltar's southeastern coast were inhabited by Neanderthals from around 127,000 to 32,000 years ago. Though the caves themselves are off-limits, you can see them from the nearby viewing platform.

Get In Touch

https://www.gibmuseum.gi

Lonely Planet's must-see attractions

Punta Paloma

20.08 MILES

One of Andalucía's most fabulous beaches, Punta Paloma, 10km northwest of Tarifa, is famous for its huge blond sand dune. At its far western end, you can…

Playa de Valdevaqueros

19.28 MILES

Sprawling between 7km and 10km northwest of Tarifa, to the great white dune at Punta Paloma, Valdevaqueros is one of Tarifa's most popular kitesurfing…

Plaza de África

15.89 MILES

This is the charming heart of Ceuta, with manicured tropical plantings, a square of freshly renovated cobblestone pathways and some of the city’s finest…

Murallas Reales

15.79 MILES

The most impressive sight in Ceuta is the medieval Royal Walls, which date back over 1000 years and have been passed from Arab to Portuguese to Spanish…

Baelo Claudia

24.13 MILES

The ruined town of Baelo Claudia is one of Andalucía's most important Roman archaeological sites. These majestic beachside ruins – with views across to…

Gibraltar Museum

Gibraltar's swashbuckling history unfolds in this fine museum, which comprises a labyrinth of rooms and exhibits ranging from prehistoric and Phoenician…

Upper Rock Nature Reserve

The Rock is one of the most dramatic landforms in southern Europe. Most of its upper sections fall within the Upper Rock Nature Reserve. Tickets include…

Parque Marítimo del Mediterráneo

15.84 MILES

This creative maritime park is a real hit in the summer and perfect for families. One of several parks developed by the artist and architect César…

Nearby Gibraltar attractions

1 . O’Hara’s Battery

About a 1km (15-minute) walk south down St Michael’s Rd from the top cable-car station, O’Hara’s Rd leads up to the left to O’Hara’s Battery, an…

2 . Ibrahim-Al-Ibrahim Mosque

Mainland Europe's southernmost mosque is a symbol of the racial and religious symbiosis of Gibraltar's past and, to some degree, its present. Opened in…

3 . Europa Point

Gibraltar's southernmost tip, at the end of Europa Rd, hosts a mosque, a Catholic church, a 19th-century lighthouse, the restored 1878 Harding's Battery…

4 . St Michael’s Cave

About 25 minutes' walk south down St Michael's Rd from the top cable-car station (or up from the Apes' Den), this natural grotto is crammed with…

5 . Nelson’s Anchorage

At the southwestern end of town, Nelson's Anchorage pinpoints the site where Nelson's body was brought ashore from the HMS Victory after the Battle of…

6 . Upper Rock Nature Reserve

7 . Windsor Suspension Bridge

The spine-tingling, 71m-long Windsor Suspension Bridge spans a 50m-tall gorge within the Upper Rock Nature Reserve.

8 . Skywalk

This glass-floor top-of-the-rock Skywalk sits within the Upper Rock Nature Reserve.

• Accessibility
• None Grayscale Inverted Colors Without Blue Without Green
• None Links Titles Just text
• Default Black on White Yellow on Black Green on Black White on Black

• All Attractions
• Upcoming Events
• Restaurants, Cafes & Bars
• Gibraltar Visitor Guides
• What to See and Do Booklets
• Gibraltar Map
• All Hotels & Hostels
• Hotel Grading
• How to get here
• Hopper Ticket
• Gibraltar Pass
• 1 Day in Gibraltar
• 2 Days in Gibraltar
• 3 Days in Gibraltar
• 5 Days in Gibraltar
• 7 Days in Gibraltar
• A Historical Walk Through Town
• An Art Walk in Gibraltar
• Walk through the Alameda Botanic Gardens
• A Post Box Walk
• Haunted Gibraltar
• Gibraltar For Families
• Irish Town Tour
• Gibraltar's Street Signs
• Crossing the Runway

UNESCO World Heritage Site: Gorham's Cave Complex

Explore popular gibraltar experiences.

See what other visitors like to do

• All Experiences (132)

All UNESCO World Heritage Site: Gorham's Cave Complex in Gibraltar

Gorham’s cave complex world heritage site and tours.

South District

Mediterranean Steps

Nature Reserve, Upper Rock

Mon-Sun 09:00-18:15

Included in Nature Reserve Fee

UNESCO World Heritage Site Viewing Platform

Mon-Fri 10:00-14:00

Sign up for special travel offers, competitions and updates:

Marketing permissions.

Gibraltar Tourist Board will use the information you provide on this form to be in touch with you and to provide updates and travel offers. You can change your mind at any time by clicking the unsubscribe link in the footer of any email you receive from us, or by contacting us at [email protected] or +350 200 74950. By clicking below, you agree that we may process your information in accordance with these terms.We use Mailchimp as our marketing platform. By clicking below to subscribe, you acknowledge that your information will be transferred to Mailchimp for processing. Learn more about Mailchimp's privacy practices.

Back to Main Menu

• What to see and Do Booklets
• General Information
• Driving & Parking
• Customs & Visas
• Information Offices and Opening Times
• Nightlife on the Rock
• Public Holidays
• Public Toilets
• Stamps & Coins
• Tour Operators
• Gibraltar Travel Agents
• Guided Walking Tours
• Public Buses
• Routes 5 & 10 (Frontier buses)
• Gibraltar for MICE
• Summary of all Venues
• Incentive Ideas
• DMCs & Services
• Pre-History - 1540
• 1914 - Present Day
• Gibraltar Heritage Trust
• 11 Wheelchair Accessible Things to Do in Gibraltar
• Thinking Green
• Nautilus Project
• Underwater Camera
• Brand Guidelines
• Photo Gallery
• Virtual Tours

Get your personal Gibraltar travel guide

Download the smartguide app now to get started..

• Gorham’s Cave

Gibraltar’s Gorham’s Cave is a unique archaeological site located on the eastern side of the Rock of Gibraltar, formed by Jurassic limestone, with a known length of 330 feet (100m) and a height of 115 feet (35m). The further research goes , the longer the cave might get in the future.

In 2016 this site was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is considered one of the most important Neanderthal sites in the world. The cave’s significance lies in the fact that it has yielded a wealth of information about the way early humans lived and evolved.

Gorham’s Cave can be visited with Gibraltar Tours private tours or by booking our Platinum Tour of Gibraltar package. This cave was first discovered in the 19th century, but it wasn’t until the 20th century that archaeologists began to explore its significance. Since then, the cave has been the subject of extensive research, with scientists studying the fossils, artefacts, and rock formations found within its walls.

The cave is named after Captain A.Gorham, who first explored the site in 1907 while opening a fissure that led to the sea cavern, he since then inscribed his name on the walls of the cave, which have given the cave its name until the present date.

Gibraltar’s Gorham’s Cave is believed to have been used by early humans, including Neanderthals, as a shelter and hunting ground. Evidence of their presence has been found in the form of fossils, Pottery, stone tools, and other artefacts. Archaeologists found an old burial site that was buried beneath layers of sediment containing fish, bird, and mammal bones and carved animal bones and flint objects.

Although the skull was damaged, it was still included in the collection of the Gibraltar National Museum. The age of the skull remained unknown for a long time until a DNA analysis in 2019 showed that it belonged to a woman who lived 7,500 years ago. This discovery made it the oldest remains of a modern female woman found in Gibraltar so far. The DNA analysis also showed that the woman’s genetic ancestry was from far east of the Iberian Peninsula, providing new information about how ancient humans migrated during the spread of agriculture in Europe.

From the many Gibraltar Attractions, Gorham’s Cave is one of the most interesting things to do in Gibraltar. With Gibraltar Tours you will be able to explore the site and learn about its significance as it offers a fascinating insight into the lives of early humans.

Other significant finds at the cave include evidence of the use of fire, which was essential for cooking and warmth, as well as the use of marine resources such as shellfish. These findings indicate that early humans were adapting to their environment and were able to survive in the challenging conditions of Gibraltar’s harsh climate.

In conclusion, Gorham’s Cave is a fascinating, unique and significant archaeological Neanderthal site and its stunning natural beauty make it a must-visit destination for anyone interested in history, archaeology, or nature.

Gibraltar’s Gorham’s Cave popular Gibraltar attraction can only be visited by pre booking with Gibraltar Tours, and accessibility may not be adequate for all people as there is a long steep staircase down to the Cave’s entrance via Europa Point’s viewing platform in Europa advanced road. All visits must be accompanied by the Gibraltar National Museum Gibraltar Tour guides.

• Standard Gibraltar Tour
• Extended Gibraltar Tour
• Intermediate Gibraltar Tour
• Climatic Gibraltar Tour
• Customized Gibraltar Tour
• Extended Bus Tour
• Standard Bus Tour
• Dolphins Tour

WHAT TO SEE

• Pillars of Hercules
• St. Michaels Cave
• Gibraltar Monkeys
• Windsor Suspension Bridge
• Great Siege Tunnels
• Moorish Castle
• Europa Point
• 100 Ton Gun
• World War 2 Tunnels
• O’Hara’s Battery

GET IN TOUCH

Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Copyright © 2023 All Right Reserved, GibraltarTours.gi Website Design By Piranha Designs

• All Gibraltar Tours
• All Gibraltar Sights
• City Under Siege Exhibition
• Military Heritage Centre
• 360 Round the Rock
• Main Street
• Testimonials
• +34 711004772
• info@gibraltartours.gi

Neanderthals at Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar

The Last Neanderthal Standing

• Excavations
• Ancient Civilizations
• History of Animal and Plant Domestication
• M.A., Anthropology, University of Iowa
• B.Ed., Illinois State University

Gorham's Cave is one of numerous cave sites on the Rock of Gibraltar that were occupied by Neanderthals from about 45,000 years ago to perhaps as recently as 28,000 years ago. Gorham's cave is one of the last sites that we know were occupied by Neanderthals: after that, anatomically modern humans (our direct ancestors) were the only hominid walking the earth.

The cave is located at the foot of the Gibraltar promontory, opening right onto the Mediterranean. It is one of a complex of four caves, all occupied when the sea level was much lower.

Human Occupation

Of the total 18 meters (60 feet) of archaeological deposit in the cave, the top 2 m (6.5 ft) includes Phoenician, Carthaginian, and Neolithic occupations. The remaining 16 m (52.5 ft) include two Upper Paleolithic deposits, identified as Solutrean and Magdalenian. Below that, and reported to be separated by five thousand years is a level of Mousterian artifacts representing a Neanderthal occupation between 30,000-38,000 calendar years ago (cal BP); beneath that is an earlier occupation dated about 47,000 years ago.

• Level I Phonician (8th-3rd century BC)
• Level II Neolithic
• Level IIIa Upper Paleolithic Magdalenian 12,640-10,800 RCYBP
• Level IIIb Upper Paleolithic Solutrean 18,440-16,420 RCYBP
• Level IV Middle Paleolithic Neanderthal 32,560-23,780 RCYBP (38,50-30,500 cal BP)
• Level IV Basal Mousterian, 47,410-44,090 RCYBP

Mousterian Artifacts

The 294 stone artifacts from Level IV (25-46 centimeters [9-18 inches] thick) are exclusively Mousterian technology, mad of a variety of flints, cherts, and quartzites. Those raw materials are found on fossil beach deposits near the cave and in flint seams within the cave itself. The knappers used discoidal and Levallois reduction methods, identified by seven discoidal cores and three Levallois cores.

In contrast, Level III (with an average thickness of 60 cm [23 in]) includes artifacts which are exclusively Upper Paleolithic in nature, albeit produced on the same range of raw materials.

A stack of superimposed hearths dated to the Mousterian was placed where a high ceiling permitted ventilation of smoke, located near enough to the entrance for natural light to penetrate.

Evidence for Modern Human Behaviors

The dates for Gorham's Cave are controversially young, and one important side issue is the evidence for modern human behaviors. Recent excavations at Gorham's cave (Finlayson et al. 2012) identified corvids (crows) in the Neanderthal levels at the cave. Corvids have been found at other Neanderthal sites as well, and are believed to have been collected for their feathers, which may have been used as personal decoration .

In addition, in 2014, Finlayson's group (Rodríguez-Vidal et al.) reported that they had discovered an engraving at the back of the cave and at the base of Level 4. This panel covers an area of ~300 square centimeters and consists of eight deeply engraved lines in a hash-marked pattern. Hash marks are known from much older Middle Paleolithic contexts in South Africa and Eurasia, such as Blombos Cave .

Climate at Gorham's Cave

At the time of the Neanderthal occupation of Gorham's Cave, from Marine Isotope Stages 3 and 2 before the Last Glacial Maximum (24,000-18,000 years BP), the sea level in the Mediterranean was considerably lower than it is today, annual rainfall was some 500 millimeters (15 inches) lower and the temperatures averaged some 6-13 degrees centigrade cooler.

Plants in the charred wood of Level IV are dominated by coastal pine (mostly Pinus pinea-pinaster), as is Level III. Other plants represented by pollen in the coprolite assemblage including juniper, olive, and oak.

Animal Bones

Large terrestrial and marine mammal assemblages in the cave include red deer ( Cervus elaphus ), Spanish ibex ( Capra pyrenaica ), horse ( Equus caballus ) and monk seal ( Monachus monachus ), all of which show cutmarks, breakage, and disarticulation indicating they were consumed. Faunal assemblages between levels 3 and 4 are essentially the same, and herpetofauna (tortoise, toad, frogs, terrapin, gecko and lizards) and birds (petrel, great auk, shearwater, grebes, duck, coot) showing that the region outside of the cave was mild and relatively humid, with temperate summers and somewhat harsher winters than are seen today.

Archaeology

The Neanderthal occupation at Gorham's Cave was discovered in 1907 and excavated in the 1950s by John Waechter, and again in the 1990s by Pettitt, Bailey, Zilhao and Stringer. Systematic excavations of the interior of the cave began in 1997, under the direction of Clive Finlayson and colleagues at the Gibraltar Museum.

Blain H-A, Gleed-Owen CP, López-García JM, Carrión JS, Jennings R, Finlayson G, Finlayson C, and Giles-Pacheco F. 2013.  Climatic conditions for the last Neanderthals: Herpetofaunal record of Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar.   Journal of Human Evolution  64(4):289-299.

Carrión JS, Finlayson C, Fernández S, Finlayson G, Allué E, López-Sáez JA, López-García P, Gil-Romera G, Bailey G, and González-Sampériz P. 2008.  A coastal reservoir of biodiversity for Upper Pleistocene human populations: palaeoecological investigations in Gorham's Cave (Gibraltar) in the context of the Iberian Peninsula .  Quaternary Science Reviews  27(23–24):2118-2135.

Finlayson C, Brown K, Blasco R, Rosell J, Negro JJ, Bortolotti GR, Finlayson G, Sánchez Marco A, Giles Pacheco F, Rodríguez Vidal J et al. 2012.  Birds of a Feather: Neanderthal Exploitation of Raptors and Corvids.   PLoS ONE  7(9):e45927.

Finlayson C, Fa DA, Jiménez Espejo F, Carrión JS, Finlayson G, Giles Pacheco F, Rodríguez Vidal J, Stringer C, and Martínez Ruiz F. 2008.  Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar—The persistence of a Neanderthal population.   Quaternary International  181(1):64-71.

Finlayson C, Giles Pacheco F, Rodriguez-Vida J, Fa DA, Gutierrez López JM, Santiago Pérez A, Finlayson G, Allue E, Baena Preysler J, Cáceres I et al. 2006.  Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe.   Nature  443:850-853.

Finlayson G, Finlayson C, Giles Pacheco F, Rodriguez Vidal J, Carrión JS, and Recio Espejo JM. 2008.  Caves as archives of ecological and climatic changes in the Pleistocene—The case of Gorham's cave, Gibraltar.   Quaternary International  181(1):55-63.

López-García JM, Cuenca-Bescós G, Finlayson C, Brown K, and Pacheco FG. 2011.  Palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic proxies of the Gorham’s cave small mammal sequence, Gibraltar, southern Iberia.   Quaternary International  243(1):137-142.

Pacheco FG, Giles Guzmán FJ, Gutiérrez López JM, Pérez AS, Finlayson C, Rodríguez Vidal J, Finlayson G, and Fa DA. 2012.  The tools of the last Neanderthals: Morphotechnical characterisation of the lithic industry at level IV of Gorham’s Cave, Gibraltar .  Quaternary International  247(0):151-161.

Rodríguez-Vidal J, d'Errico F, Pacheco FG, Blasco R, Rosell J, Jennings RP, Queffelec A, Finlayson G, Fa DA, Gutierrez López JM et al. 2014. A rock engraving made by Neanderthals in Gibraltar.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  Early Edition. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1411529111

Stringer CB, Finlayson JC, Barton RNE, Fernández-Jalvo Y, Cáceres I, Sabin RC, Rhodes EJ, Currant AP, Rodríguez-Vidal J, Pacheco FG et al. 2008. Proceedings of the National Academy Neanderthal exploitation of marine mammals in Gibraltar.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  105(38):14319–14324.

• Neanderthals - Study Guide
• Sima de los Huesos, the Pit of Bones
• Vindija Cave (Croatia)
• Acheulean Tradition
• Dzudzuana, 30,000 Year Old Cave in Georgia
• Multiregional Hypothesis: Human Evolutionary Theory
• Introduction to the Middle Paleolithic
• The History of Spain's Gran Dolina
• La Ferrassie Cave (France)
• Denisova Cave - First Evidence of the Denisovan People
• Complete Guide to the Denisovans, a Newer Hominid Species
• Guide to the Châtelperronian
• Upper Paleolithic Sites in Europe
• Klasies River Caves
• Why Don't We Call Them 'Cro-Magnon' Anymore?
• Kostenki - Evidence for Early Human Migrations into Europe

Unveiling the Hidden Gem: Gorham’s Cave Complex, Gibraltar

Gorham’s Cave Complex in Gibraltar is a mesmerizing destination that has captured the hearts of digital nomads seeking adventure, history, and natural beauty. Nestled on the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula , this UNESCO World Heritage site offers a unique blend of prehistoric wonders, stunning landscapes, and modern amenities. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll dive into the reasons behind its soaring popularity, the best times to visit, a detailed itinerary, transportation tips, accommodation options, dining experiences, and even coworking opportunities. Get ready to embark on an unforgettable journey to Gorham’s Cave Complex!

Table of Contents

1. Description and Why It’s Become So Popular

Gorham’s Cave Complex: A Journey Back in Time

Gorham’s Cave Complex is a series of four interconnected caves located on the eastern face of the Rock of Gibraltar. These caves, namely Gorham’s Cave, Vanguard Cave, Hyaena Cave, and Bennett’s Cave, have not only provided critical archaeological insights but also offer awe-inspiring vistas of the Mediterranean Sea.

The popularity of Gorham’s Cave Complex can be attributed to its historical significance as one of the last known habitations of Neanderthals in Europe . In fact, it was here that scientists discovered the world’s first known engravings made by Neanderthals, dating back over 39,000 years. This incredible revelation has drawn history buffs, archaeology enthusiasts, and curious travelers from around the globe.

A Natural Wonderland

Beyond its historical significance, Gorham’s Cave Complex boasts striking natural beauty. The towering limestone cliffs and crystal-clear waters create a picturesque backdrop that is nothing short of enchanting. The caves themselves are a marvel of nature, with intricate stalactites and stalagmites decorating their chambers. It’s no wonder this destination has found its way onto the bucket lists of travelers and digital nomads alike.

A Haven for Adventure Seekers

For those with an adventurous spirit, Gorham’s Cave Complex offers opportunities for hiking , rock climbing, and cave exploration. The surrounding area is also home to diverse wildlife, making it a haven for nature enthusiasts. Whether you’re interested in history, nature, or simply breathtaking views, Gorham’s Cave Complex has something for everyone.

2. When to Visit

The Best Times to Experience Gorham’s Cave Complex

The ideal time to visit Gorham’s Cave Complex largely depends on your preferences and interests. Gibraltar enjoys a Mediterranean climate, characterized by mild winters and warm summers, making it a year-round destination. Here are some considerations for choosing the best time to visit:

1. Spring (March to May): Spring brings pleasant weather , with mild temperatures and blooming wildflowers. It’s an excellent time for outdoor activities and exploring the caves without the summer crowds.

2. Summer (June to August): Summer is the peak tourist season, attracting visitors from all over the world. While the weather is warm and perfect for swimming , be prepared for larger crowds and higher accommodation prices.

3. Autumn (September to November): Early autumn is another great time to visit, as the weather remains pleasant, and the crowds start to thin out. It’s an ideal period for a balanced experience of sightseeing and relaxation.

4. Winter (December to February): Winter is the least crowded season, and you can often find lower accommodation rates. Although the weather is cooler, it’s still mild compared to many other European destinations, making it a budget-friendly option.

In summary, the best time to visit Gorham’s Cave Complex depends on your preferences for weather and crowd levels. Each season has its unique charm, so choose the one that aligns with your interests.

3. Full Itinerary

Exploring the Treasures of Gorham’s Cave Complex

To make the most of your visit to Gorham’s Cave Complex, we’ve put together a detailed itinerary that covers the highlights of this captivating destination.

Day 1: Arrival in Gibraltar

• Morning: Arrive at Gibraltar International Airport or cross the border by land from Spain . Check in to your chosen accommodation.
• Afternoon: Start your journey with a visit to the Gibraltar Museum to gain insights into the region’s rich history, including the discovery of Neanderthal remains at Gorham’s Cave. Enjoy a leisurely walk through the charming streets of Gibraltar and savor some local cuisine.

Day 2: Gorham’s Cave Exploration

• Morning: Begin your day with a guided tour of Gorham’s Cave Complex. Explore the archaeological wonders and learn about the fascinating history of the Neanderthals who once inhabited the area.
• Afternoon: Take a hike along the scenic Mediterranean Steps, a challenging trail that offers breathtaking views of the coastline and the cave complex. Be sure to bring comfortable hiking shoes and plenty of water.
• Evening: Relax at one of Gibraltar’s picturesque beaches , such as Eastern Beach, and enjoy the sunset over the horizon. Grab dinner at a local restaurant and try some delicious seafood dishes.

Day 3: Outdoor Adventures

• Morning: Embark on a rock climbing adventure on the limestone cliffs surrounding Gorham’s Cave Complex. There are options for all skill levels, and experienced guides are available to ensure your safety .
• Afternoon: If you’re a wildlife enthusiast, take a boat tour to spot dolphins, whales, and other marine creatures in the waters around Gibraltar.
• Evening: Head back to Gibraltar town for an evening of entertainment at one of the lively pubs or bars. Engage with locals and fellow travelers, and soak in the vibrant atmosphere.

Day 4: Departure

• Morning: Before leaving, visit the Great Siege Tunnels, an impressive network of tunnels and chambers carved out of the rock during the 18th century. It’s a testament to Gibraltar’s historical significance.
• Afternoon: Depending on your departure time, enjoy some last-minute shopping for souvenirs or relax at the beach. Bid farewell to Gibraltar and head back to your next destination, feeling enriched by the experiences of this remarkable journey.

This itinerary provides a balanced mix of history, adventure, and relaxation, ensuring you make the most of your visit to Gorham’s Cave Complex.

4. How to Get There and How to Get Around

Getting to gibraltar.

Gibraltar is easily accessible by both air and land, making it a convenient destination for digital nomads.

By Air: The Gibraltar International Airport (GIB) offers flights from various European cities , including London, Manchester, and Madrid . If you’re coming from farther afield, you can connect through major European hubs. The airport is located just a short drive from the city center.

By Land: Gibraltar shares its border with Spain, and you can reach it by bus, car, or even on foot. The land border crossing is straightforward, but keep in mind that there may be waiting times during peak hours.

Getting Around Gibraltar

Gibraltar is a small territory, and most attractions, including Gorham’s Cave Complex, are within easy reach. Here are some transportation options to help you explore the area:

1. Walking: The compact size of Gibraltar makes it a pedestrian-friendly destination. Many attractions are within walking distance from each other in the town center.

2. Biking: Renting a bicycle is a great way to explore the area at your own pace. You can easily cover more ground and enjoy the scenic routes around the Rock.

3. Taxis: Taxis are readily available and are a convenient option for reaching destinations outside the town center or for getting to and from the airport.

4. Rental Cars: If you plan to explore the surrounding region or prefer the flexibility of having your own vehicle, rental cars are available from the airport and within Gibraltar.

5. Where to Stay – Examples

Gibraltar offers a range of accommodation options to suit various budgets and preferences. Here are three examples that cater to different tastes:

1. The Caleta Hotel

• Location: Located along the eastern coast of Gibraltar, The Caleta Hotel offers stunning views of the Mediterranean Sea and easy access to Gorham’s Cave Complex.
• Amenities: This 4-star hotel boasts comfortable rooms, an outdoor swimming pool, a fitness center, and an on-site restaurant serving both local and international cuisine.
• Price Range: $$-$$$

2. O’Callaghan Eliott Hotel

• Location: Situated in the heart of Gibraltar, O’Callaghan Eliott Hotel is within walking distance of many attractions, including the Gibraltar Museum.
• Amenities: This modern hotel offers well-appointed rooms, a rooftop pool with panoramic views, a restaurant, and a bar.

3. Hostel Casa Pepe

• Location: For budget-conscious travelers, Hostel Casa Pepe is a cozy option in the center of Gibraltar, close to restaurants and shops.
• Amenities: The hostel provides dormitory-style rooms, free Wi-Fi, a communal kitchen , and a relaxed atmosphere.
• Price Range: $

These are just a few examples of the diverse accommodation options in Gibraltar, catering to different budgets and preferences. Be sure to book well in advance, especially during peak tourist seasons.

6. Where and What to Eat

Gibraltar offers a delectable culinary scene that reflects its multicultural heritage. Here are some must-try dishes and dining spots:

Must-Try Dishes

1. Gibraltar Fried Calamari: Sample tender and crispy calamari, often served with aioli, a garlic mayonnaise dip.

2. Rosto: This traditional dish features marinated pork or beef cooked with onions, tomatoes, and spices, served with crispy bread.

3. Gibraltar Curry: Explore the unique flavors of Gibraltar’s curry, influenced by Indian and Moroccan cuisine.

Dining Recommendations

1. The Kasbar: A popular choice for Mediterranean and Moroccan-inspired dishes, with a cozy atmosphere and live music.

2. Bianca’s Restaurant: Known for its seafood specialties and stunning seafront views, this restaurant offers an unforgettable dining experience.

3. Nunos Restaurant: A family-run restaurant serving Spanish and Mediterranean cuisine with a friendly and welcoming ambiance.

4. The Gibraltar Arms: A classic British-style pub where you can enjoy traditional pub fare and a wide selection of drinks.

5. Street Food Stalls: Explore the local street food scene for quick bites like Gibraltar’s famous “chip butty” (french fries in a sandwich).

7. Coworking Opportunities or Locations Nearby

Digital nomads can stay productive while exploring Gorham’s Cave Complex by taking advantage of nearby coworking spaces. Here are a few options:

1. GibSpace : Located in Gibraltar, GibSpace offers flexible coworking memberships, high-speed internet, and a collaborative environment conducive to productivity .

2. Sunborn Gibraltar : The Sunborn Gibraltar is a luxury yacht hotel with an on-board coworking space, providing a unique and inspiring workspace.

3. WOTSO Workspace : Situated in nearby Marbella, Spain, this coworking space offers various membership options and is easily accessible for day trips from Gibraltar.

Gorham’s Cave Complex may be a historical treasure, but it’s also a place where digital nomads can balance work and adventure seamlessly. With coworking spaces nearby and an array of activities to enjoy, it’s an ideal destination for those seeking both professional growth and personal enrichment.

In conclusion, Gorham’s Cave Complex in Gibraltar is a destination that beckons travelers with its unique blend of history, nature, and adventure. From exploring ancient caves to savoring local cuisine and enjoying coworking opportunities, this captivating spot has it all. So, pack your bags, embark on this extraordinary journey, and uncover the hidden gem that is Gorham’s Cave Complex.

Related Websites:

• Gibraltar Tourism
• Gorham’s Cave Complex UNESCO World Heritage Site
• Gibraltar International Airport

No products in the basket.

The best things to do and places to visit in Moscow, Russia

Updated On 14th October, 2021

While Moscow isn’t always at the top of everyone’s Europe bucket list , it’s certainly one of the best places to visit in Europe if you’re looking for a more alternative adventure! In this blog post I plan on sharing some of the free things to do in Moscow, as well as the best places to visit in Moscow, so that you can enjoy some of the best things to do in Russia! 

Moscow, the capital of Russia, sits in the European part of the country. It’s an incredibly beautiful city, which I personally found to be more beautiful than Saint Petersburg (which is often people’s preference). The capital is certainly a lot busier, and less laid back than Saint Petersburg , but it’s a much more colourful and vibrant city, full of stunning and unique architecture.

Visiting famous landmarks such as The Kremlin and St Basil’s Cathedral, enjoying some of the green space in Gorky Park, watching a ballet in the Bolshoi Theatre… these are just a few reasons that you should visit Moscow! On top of that, because of visa restrictions (we’ll get onto that later), it’s also one of the most unique destinations in Europe. 

There is a common misconception that Moscow is a dangerous city, but now that I’ve visited, I don’t believe this to be true. I would say the same rules apply here as to other large cities: avoid walking in dark areas alone at night, keep an eye on your belongings on public transport, and be streetwise. There’s no reason to avoid visiting this energetic city and miss out on these amazing things to do in Moscow! 

It would take months if you wanted to truly explore Moscow because it’s a huge city, but I’m going to share some of my favourite things to do in Moscow and places to visit in Moscow so that you can prepare for your upcoming adventure! Even if you’re only there for a few days, you should be able to fit in these highlights from my trip. 

Other blog posts you might be interested in...

• The best things to do in St Petersburg
• A 2-week Norway road trip
• A complete guide to Helsinki
• A complete guide to Tallinn
• Europe: the ultimate travel guide
• The best capital cities to visit in Europe
• The best things to do in Europe: the ultimate Europe bucket list

Where is Moscow?

If you’re wondering ‘Where is Moscow, Russia?’ then you’ve come to the right place! Moscow in in west Russia, the European part, and it’s the capital city. 

How do you get to Moscow?

Getting a visa for moscow:.

To get into Russia, you need to get a visa. The processing time is approximately 20 days, and you’ll need to have your fingerprints taken at a visa centre in London , Edinburgh or Manchester. You can find out more about getting a visa for Russia here.  

Getting to Moscow:

Once you’ve got your visa, the easiest way to get to Moscow from the UK is by flying. Direct flights between London and Moscow take just under four hours, and with an airport layover you’re looking at a 6-7 hour trip. You can also fly in from many other major European and international cities. 

Top tip: Check out flights to and from Copenhagen on  Skyscanner here.

Check out how to pack a weekend away in a carry-on suitcase here.

16 best places to visit in Moscow...

1. st basil’s cathedral.

The most iconic building in Russia and one of the most iconic buildings in the world. St Basil’s Cathedral is one of the best places to visit in Moscow, if not the best! 

St Basil’s is situated on Red Square, where you’ll also find many other popular places to visit in Moscow. In my opinion this still stands out against them all. There’s something about the multi coloured domes against the Moscow skyline that I found quite spectacular. 

Although I’d already been in Russia for several days, it wasn’t until I was at this amazing piece of architecture that I really felt I was in Russia.

The cathedral was built by order of Ivan the Terrible, and apparently after the architect completed it, Ivan blinded him so that he could never build anything more beautiful. Whether or not this story is true, it certainly adds a bittersweet feeling as you stand admiring the beauty of St Basil’s Cathedral.

Inside is a museum displaying many historic items once used at the cathedral, which costs 700 rubles to enter. In my opinion it’s worth the entry fee, as simply seeing the ornate interior walls is a spectacle in itself.

2. The Kremlin

This historic fortress that sits on Red Square is probably the largest landmark and one of the most popular places to visit in Moscow. It’s the official residence of the President, although he doesn’t actually live there. It’s been rebuilt many times since it was first constructed in 1147 out of wood, before Ivan III the Great ordered it to be made from stone, which is the Kremlin you’ll recognise today. 

This place is huge, and there’s quite a lot to see. The first problem I had was finding where the entrance was. Even though I had a pre-booked ticket, I was then told I still had to visit the ticket office to exchange it for another ticket. I also needed my passport, so make sure you have yours if you plan to visit the Kremlin. After a lengthy queue I finally had a ticket I could use to enter the Kremlin, and had to go through security. The security here is thorough, so make sure you don’t take too much in with you. I had my pockets full, and it was a nightmare emptying them and explaining each item, before I was finally allowed in. Once inside you can pay for extra tickets to visit the various museums, however there’s also quite a lot to see simply on the grounds if you don’t want to spend too much. 

See more tips for travelling on a budget here. 

There’s so much to see here, including The Assumption Cathedral, Ivan the Great Bell Tower Complex, the Grand Kremlin Palace, the Armoury Chamber and Diamond Fund. There is also the Tsar Cannon (a huge artillery cannon), and the Tsar Bell. The Tsar Bell is the largest bell in the world. An incident with a fire and water being poured over the bell caused it to crack and for a slab to break off from it, which can now be seen propped up next to it.

As you walk around the grounds you’ll hear the sound of whistles. The guards patrolling the area will blow a whistle at anyone walking where they shouldn’t. Even if it’s just on the grass, or towards more restricted areas. This can sometimes be funny to watch, as often the tourists will be in a world of their own whilst a guard is blowing a whistle at them. Sometimes a guard will be stood face to face with a tourist angrily blowing their whistle before the tourist realises they need to get back onto the main path.

This is perhaps one of the more unusual places to visit in Moscow! Gum is a huge department store situated on Red Square. It’s an interesting department store to walk around, with several levels, although the shops inside are certainly quite pricey. It’s a beautiful building when it’s lit up at night, and it seems to fit in nicely amongst the other famous sights on Red Square. Even if you don’t plan to buy anything here, one of the best things to do in Moscow is to take a quick look inside, although bear in mind there are usually security checks before entering.

4. State Historical Museum

The large crimson building on Red Square is now the State Historical Museum. It was originally the first pharmacy in Russia, and later a University before finally becoming the museum it is today.

Unfortunately I didn’t go inside as my time was limited and there was so much else I wanted to see, but if you have the time I think it would be one of the best things to do in Moscow. There are items dating back to the 6th century, and maybe even further. There’s also a library inside storing many ancient manuscripts and the largest coin collection in Russia. 

5. Bolshoi Theatre

Bolshoi means big in Russian, so it roughly translates to large theatre. The Bolshoi Theatre is one of the foremost ballet companies in the world. The exterior of the building is an impressive sight, one of the most beautiful places to visit in Moscow, and it’s certainly worth admiring from the outside. There are guided tours of the interior, but if you really want to experience the theatre, one of the best things to do in Moscow is to watch a ballet here.

I was torn between booking a seat, but the ballets were very expensive. I’d have liked to have seen “Swan Lake”, (as at least I may have recognised some of the music). Unfortunately there were no performances on the days I was in Moscow, so I decided to pass. But if I return to Russia, then watching a ballet will be on my list of things to do.

6. Sparrow Hills

If you want a good view of the city, then Sparrow Hills is one of the best places to visit in Moscow. It’s a bit of a trek outside of the centre, but if you have the time then it offers an escape from the hustle and bustle of the busy city. There’s a viewing platform here which gives you fantastic panoramic views of Moscow.

Nearby you’ll see the magnificent Moscow State University building, which is one of the seven sisters of Moscow.

7. Seven Sisters

Whilst in Moscow, you’ll no doubt notice these magnificent soviet skyscrapers dotted around the city. At the time of construction they were the tallest buildings in Europe, Moscow State University being so until 1997. There are, as the name suggests, seven in total, which are: Hotel Ukraina, Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Apartments, the Kudrinskaya Square Building, the Hilton Moscow Leningradskaya Hotel, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Moscow State University, and the Red Gates Administrative Building.

If you visit Sparrow Hills, then you’ll come across Moscow State University, but I’m certain as you explore the city, you’ll see more of these giants against the Moscow skyline. One of the best things to do in Moscow is to see if you can locate all seven as you wander round the city! 

8. Nikolskaya Street

The start of this street is found by Red Square. It’s one of the most prominent pedestrianised streets in Moscow, filled with shops, restaurants and bars, so one of the best places to visit in Moscow if you’re looking for a bite to eat or some souvenirs!

What makes this street extra special are the thousands of bright lights in the sky above. After dark it looks simply magical with the many colourful lights overhead as you walk beneath them. One of the best things to do in Moscow is to visit Nikolskaya Street after dark and see them for yourself. It almost feels like Christmas in London!

There is another street nearby which also features similar lights, “Kuznetskiy Most”, which is also quite beautiful, but I thought “Nikolskaya Street” was ever slightly more impressive.

9. Izmailovo Kremlin and Izmaylovskiy Bazar

Did you know that The Kremlin in Red Square is not the only Kremlin in Moscow? Kremlin actually means a type of fortress, so there are many in Russia.

The Izmailovo Kremlin is a fairly new addition to the city, having been built in 2007 as a cultural centre. With its multitude of colours and historic style, it has a real fairytale feel to it. There are several small museums here for you to explore, devoted to subjects such as Russian folk art, vodka and bread (yes, bread). Visiting these is definitely one of the more unique things to do in Moscow! 

It’s a little way out of the centre, but it’s an interesting place to visit in Moscow to see something a little bit different, and it won’t be as overcrowded with tourists. 

Next to the Izmailovo Kremlin is the best market in Moscow for souvenirs. You’ll find good and poor quality items, but you’ll certainly pick up a bargain if you take your time and haggle for a good price. Many of the items here you’ll get for half the price you would in souvenir shops in the city centre. It’s here that I picked up several Matryoshka dolls for a very good price. I think I’d have paid more than double, or possibly even triple if I’d have bought them elsewhere.

10. Izmailovsky Park

Not too far from Izmailovo Kremlin you’ll find this huge park, one of the prettiest places to visit in Moscow. It’s easy to get lost here, so try to make sure you keep track of where you entered if you plan to go back the same way. There’s a lot to see in this park, a round pond, ferris wheel, playgrounds and sports grounds, shooting galleries, cinemas and a skate park.

There are often festivals, concerts and exhibitions at the park, on top of firework displays and dance parties.

The main reason I chose to visit the park was to find the painted trees. A local artist “Yevgenia Khlynina” has been painting on trees in this park, and one of the best things to do in Moscow is to explore the park looking for them. One of the most famous pieces of hers is the “Hedgehog in the Fog” from a famous soviet cartoon.

11. Gorky Park

The most famous park in Moscow is named after the writer “Maxim Gorky”. Although it’s likely you’ve heard it mentioned in the song “Wind of Change” by “The Scorpions”. 

There’s lots to do and see in the park with sports facilities and exhibitions. During the summer months this is one of the best places to visit if you’re looking for things to do in Moscow; there are often open air concerts and an open air cinema. There are many statues and sculptures in the park, including a small sculpture park area which features many interesting pieces.

One piece of advice: don’t visit Gorky Park or any other parks on 2nd August if you’re in Russia. 2nd August is Paratrooper day, which usually encourages a lot of drinking in the park, which is not always very welcoming.

12. Arbat Street

One of the oldest and busiest streets in Moscow, and the most famous pedestrian street in the city. Arbat is one of the most popular places to visit in Moscow. There are several shops including many dedicated to souvenirs, but although these will have a good range of goods, they will be quite expensive . You may see street performers and buskers, and there are often poets reciting famous works, if not their own works.

It’s within walking distance from the Kremlin, which should only take around 10 minutes.

There are actually two streets with this name, Old Arbat Street and New Arbat Street. Old Arbat Street is where you’ll find the pedestrianised area. New Arbat Street is a separate street which runs alongside a main road, filled with many bars and restaurants.

13. Metro station art

The best way to get around Moscow is by using the metro, and the metro is a tourist attraction in itself.

Although I obviously didn’t visit every metro station, I believe that every single station is unique in its own beautiful way. Many of the stations I passed through were impressive, quirky or simply jaw dropping. You’ll more than likely pass through many of them on the way to other sights, but I’d recommend the following:  Komsomolskaya, Novoslobodskaya, Mayakovskaya, Teatralnaya, Arbatskaya, Prospekt Mira and Ploschad Revolutsii (be sure to pet the dog statue for good luck).

There are of course many others for you to explore, but these are the ones I considered to be some of the most impressive places to visit in Moscow (even if they’re only metro stations!).

VDNKh is an exhibition centre with many monuments and museums. Now that it’s combined with the Botanical Garden and Ostankino Park, one of the best things to do in Moscow is to spend the day at this recreational centre enjoying a mix of nature and culture. The most popular museum in the complex which you shouldn’t miss on your trip to Moscow is the Museum of Cosmonautics.

15. Lenin's Mausoleum

Despite requesting to be buried with his mum in St Petersburg, it is at the foot of the Kremlin on Red Sqaure that you will find Lenin’s Mausoleum, where Vladimir Ilych Lenin has been frozen in time since 1924. It’s only open for a few hours a few times per week. Photography is not allowed, and you should line up on the western corner of the square (near Alexander Garden) to wait you turn to see the embalmed body. 

16. Novodevichy Convent

Novodevichy Convent, on the UNESCO World Heritage List, is one of the most beautiful places to visit in Moscow. Located south west of the centre you’ll find this stunning monastery. Inside you’ll find a cathedral and several churches, surrounded by high walls and 12 towers.

Where are your favourite places to visit in Moscow?

What about the best things to do in Moscow? Anything you’d add?

Love as always and happy adventuring…

I’m Spike! Solo traveller, cultural explorer and world adventurer! With 57 countries under my belt, I live and breathe travel. I never plan to stop exploring new destinations and experiencing new cultures.

Did you find this post helpful? I’d love you to share it for me.

Pin and save this blog post for later…

IT’S LOVELY TO MEET YOU

I’M MOLLIE AND I STARTED THIS BLOG BACK IN 2013 WHEN I HEADED OUT ON MY FIRST BACKPACKING ADVENTURE. 

I’D LOVE TO SHARE THE JOURNEY WITH YOU, WE’VE GROWN A LOT SINCE THEN!

Shop the google map legends

Search by adventure type, active travel, backpacking, budget travel, love and relationships, once in a lifetime, packing tips, solo travel, weekend getaways, where's mollie newsletter, travel shop, search by destination, other posts that you may like....

A Brisbane travel guide: The best things to do and see

A Backpacker’s Guide To Taupo, New Zealand

My 10 FAVOURITE Travel Moments of 2015

A guide to the Acatenango volcano hike, Guatemala

My birthday meal | the thai terrace, guildford.

Japanese Ramen at Shoryu, Covent Garden

VIDEO | My Guide To Packing Your Backpack

Recipe: Cinnamon Sweet Potato Chips

A 4-day Cornwall road trip itinerary: Padstow, Lands End and Eden Project

Privacy overview.

World  /  Europe  /  Russia  / Moscow, the best

Moscow, the best

We offer you to see virtual tour with the best panoramas of Moscow, Russia. Here you can see full virtual tour with 107 aerial panoramas.

As surprising as it may be, but Moscow, one of the most famous cities in the world, attracts only 5 million tourists a year.

Here are some numbers for comparison: Paris sees 29 million tourists a year, Berlin — 10 million tourists a year.

However, the reasons for such low interest in Moscow lies only in technical complexities of organizing the trip to Russia: there are numerous difficulties in getting visa and mysterious Russian weather often frightens sun-loving and demanding travelers. But those who do make it to the capital of Russia don't get disappointed. Moscow is Europe's largest metropolis with unforgettable atmosphere and unique historical monuments that reflect the history of Russia.

According to the legend Moscow is situated on seven hills. The Kremlin, a settlement around which the modern capital of Russia grew, is situated on one of those hills — the Borovitsky Hill. The first mention of Moscow dates back to year 1147, and since then, for almost nine centuries, the city experienced a myriad of events, and it has been destroyed and rebuilt over and over again.

The main attraction of Moscow, the famous Moscow Kremlin, was originally built from wood, but in the 14th century, after being destroyed again, it was rebuilt from a local white stone. It was from that moment on that Moscow was referred to as "Moscow of white stone" ("Moskva belokamennaya). The walls of the Kremlin were whitewashed long after white stone was replaced with burnt bricks: it was done in the memory of "Moscow of white stone", referring to the glorious part of the city's past.

At the beginning of the 16th century "the seven hills settlement" became the capital of the united Russian state, which gave stimulus to its economic and cultural growth. But while all towers and temples in Moscow were built of stone, the city fire destroyed almost all other old houses in 1812, and Moscow had to be rebuilt all over again.

Burned buildings were replaced with new ones, mostly in classical style: it's those buildings, as well as the modern style ones that were built in the end of the 19th century, that are now comprise what is called "the old Moscow ".

Architecture of the Soviet period has also left a great impact on the face of the city. The Shukhov Tower became one of the first notable sights of Moscow: a hyperboloid structure made from steel mesh shell was very innovative and bold for 1920s. Another notable landmark of the last century is the All-Russian Exhibition Center, one of the 50 largest exhibition centers in the world.

And the most famous buildings are the "Stalinist skyscrapers" — seven high-rise buildings built from the late 1940s to early 1950s. Despite the fact that the idea was taken from American skyscrapers, architects were able to create original architectural solutions, which were later called "Stalin's empire style" or "Soviet monumental classicism". Nowadays these high-rise buildings are considered to be the pinnacle of the post-war Soviet Art Deco style and the most important landmarks that end up on every photo of Moscow.

Three of the seven high-rise buildings are located near the famous Garden Ring. It's a circular avenue with circumference of 15.6 kilometers and a width of 70 meters built (paved with asphalt) on top of ancient earth mounds that were used to defend Moscow in the 16th century.

There were more than 130 rivers in Moscow, but now most of them are backfilled. However, the city can offer you very beautiful views of the water: the famous Moskva River, and the smaller Yauza River, Setun River, Shodnya River, Gorodnia River, and many others.

Bridges, just like Moscow's buildings, are unique monuments of Moscow. For example, the Crimean Bridge built in 1938 was the first of the six European bridges that is 168 meters in length. There is also the famous Borodinsky Bridge built to commemorate the Battle of Borodino. Among the most interesting modern bridges is Zhivopisny Bridge in Serebryany Bor, which has no analogues in the world. Its pylon has a form of a huge arch structure spanning from one river bank to the other at acute angle.

In 1990s the Victory Park was opened on Poklonnaya Hill to commemorate the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945). The park consists of several churches of different denominations, museums, monuments, a huge collection of military equipment, and 1418 fountains (1418 refers to number of days the war continued), which turn dark crimson during the night.

Even the shortest list of all historical landmarks and sights in Moscow will take more than one page. Moscow is a huge metropolitan city spread over an area of 2,500 square kilometers. It has numerous river and parks, narrow streets and big highways, cozy homes in classical style and cold skyscrapers. Each period gave Moscow something new: in 1940s the city was surrounded by a ring road (MKAD), in 1950s the capital saw the opening of the Olympic complex Luzhniki, in 1960s Ostankino TV tower was built in Moscow, in 1990s the largest business center called Moscow-City was built.

Moscow is the case where you just can't describe everything, and as they say, "A picture is worth a thousand words". AirPano team proudly presents panorama of Moscow, the city whose history is inextricably linked with the history of our country, and whose monuments refer to all areas of Russian culture and architecture.

Photo by Dmitry Moiseenko , Ivan Roslyakov , Stanislav Sedov , Sergey Semenov , Dmitry Chistoprudov

Open Gallery

Virtual Travels in 360°

Me trasporta a esa época de la historia, de grandes hombres y Zarinas.

Maria Ceballos, Colombia

Jimena Echandi, Costa Rica

Beautiful city and tremendous job of photography and capturing the eloquence of Moscow.

Ed Nelson, USA

ABSOLUTELY SPECTACULAR

NORM LAPALME, USA

Beautiful professional presentation that shows the beautiful city of Moscow, a big thank your team

Karel Hofmann, Czech Republic

An excellent visual presentation, which reveals the delightful, magnificent splendour of Moscow, The Best

Isaac Moses, United Kingdom

karthik Reddy, India

• United Arab Emirates
• Switzerland
• The Netherlands
• Puerto Rico
• United States
• New Zealand
• ➨ Choose from World Map
• Budget Travel
• Family Travel
• Getting Around
• Visas & Passports
• Work with Us

Browsing Category

• Czech Republic
• Saint Martin
• Uncategorized

Moscow Travel Guide: Best Things to Do + More [2023]

· everything to know about visiting moscow, including the best things to do and how to get around. ·.

Moscow is Russia’s vibrant capital city, and it also happens to be the largest city in all of Europe. The city’s long and infamous history makes it one of the most unique places we have ever visited.

The architecture ranges from centuries-old palaces to uniform, gray concrete buildings. The people range from cold and private to warm and welcoming. Moscow is a city is strong juxtapositions, and we learned a lot during our time there.

This post will break down all you need to know about visiting Moscow, including the best things to do, how to get there, how to get around, and more.

The Best Things to Do in Moscow

1. explore the red square.

The Red Square is the heart of Moscow. Most of the city’s top attractions can be found here, including just about everything on this list. The Kremlin, St. Basil’s Cathedral, and Lenin’s Mausoleum are all located here, and the State Historical Museum and GUM are not far from here, either.

The Red Square is a common home for parades, protests, and seasonal celebrations. There are massive Christmas celebrations here, with food vendors and carnival rides set up in numbers.

2. Check Out the Ziferblat

The Ziferblat is a café in Moscow that is unlike any café we have ever been to. While most cafes charge you for your drinks and food, the Ziferblat charges you for your time.

Upon arrival, you are given a clock. When you leave, the barista calculates how much time you spent in the café and charges you accordingly. This concept was created to help visitors to be more intentional with their time, and the cafe itself is incredibly charming.

For a detailed look at everything you need to know before you visit, make sure you read my post about visiting the Ziferblat Cafe in Moscow .

3. Marvel at St. Basil’s Cathedral

St. Basil’s Cathedral is one of the most iconic churches in the world, and it was the single thing we were most excited to see while in Moscow. Built almost 500 years ago, St. Basil’s Cathedral is recognized by its colorful domes and whimsical style. The church is of the Russian Orthodox faith, and the inside is just as wondrous as the outside.

St. Basil’s Cathedral is located on the edge of the Red Square, making it incredibly convenient to visit. Entrance for non-worshippers costs 800 rubles, and tickets can be bought at the church

4. Explore the Kremlin

The Kremlin is the largest active fortress in Europe, and it is the site of most of Russia’s government affairs. In addition to government buildings, the Kremlin Complex is filled with courtyards, towers, and museums that are open to the public. If you have the time, you could spend a couple of days fully exploring all that there is to see in the Kremlin.

5. Walk Through Lenin’s Mausoleum

Vladimir Lenin is one of the most important figures in Russian history, and his body is located perfectly embalmed in a mausoleum in the Red Square. The Mausoleum is open to the public to visit, and as long as you are willing to go through a few security checks, it is easily one of the best things to do in Moscow. Its convenient location in the Red Square makes it a can’t miss attraction.

There is absolutely no photography allowed inside the Mausoleum. Do not test this rule.

6. Wander Along Arbat Street

The Arbat is a very popular street in Moscow that is lined with stores, cafes, and other touristy attractions. It is one of the oldest streets in the city, dating back to the 1400s. This street is both quaint and trendy, and there are many walking tours that introduce tourists to the neighborhood’s wonders and highlights.

7. Catch a Show at the Bolshoi Theatre

As a lover of the arts, it is hard to think of Moscow and not think of ballet. Russia has always been a top dog in the world of fine arts, and Bolshoi Theater is one of the best places to catch a performance. We were lucky enough to attend an Opera here, and it is a venue that you don’t want to miss out on if you enjoy opera, ballet, or orchestral performances.

8. Visit the State Historical Museum

The State Historical Museum is one of the most respected museums in Moscow. Despite its name, it is not really focused on the history of Russia as a nation. Rather, it contains a collection of artifacts from all throughout Russia’s history.

The museum’s collection is very broad in nature. It houses some items from indigenous tribes that used to occupy the region, pieces collected by the Romanov family, and more.

9. Wander Around GUM

GUM is an absolutely massive mall within walking distance of the Red Square. It isn’t just the size that draws visitors here; it’s the sense of luxury. The mall is so beautiful inside, much like the metro stations.

While visiting a mall might not sound like it belongs on a bucket list, this mall does. You will not want to miss out on visiting GUM while in Moscow.

10. Admire the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour

While St. Basil’s Cathedral is the most iconic church in Moscow, it isn’t the only one. The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour is absolutely stunning, with massive golden domes. It is the tallest Orthodox church in the world, and it is the seat of the Orthodox Patriarch of Moscow.

It is located just about a mile from the Red Square, just south of the Kremlin Complex. You can walk to it from the Red Square in about 20 minutes.

How to Get to Moscow

Flying to moscow.

Moscow has three major international airports: Sheremetyevo (SVO) , Domodedovo (DMO) , and Vnukovo (VKO) . All three of them are directly connected to downtown Moscow by the Aeroexpress trains, which leave every 30 minutes throughout the day. By Aeroexpress train, you can expect to get to the city center in 25-45 minutes depending on the airport that you fly into.

Sheremetyevo is the biggest and busiest of the three airports, and it is the one you are most likely to fly into – especially if you are coming from outside of Europe or the Caucus region. We flew into Sheremetyevo on a direct flight from New York City.

I usually provide backup airport options, because flying right into the city isn’t always the cheapest way to get where you’re going. Unfortunately, when it comes to Moscow, don’t really have a choice other than to fly right into Moscow. It is a very remote city, and it is usually the cheapest place to fly into in Russia as a whole.

Since Sheremetyevo is so busy, you will probably find a great flight option anyway. I wrote in  my post about finding cheap flights  that using hub airports will lead to more affordable airfare, and the same logic applies here. Even though Russia’s national airline, Aeroflot, is no longer a member of the SkyTeam Alliance, Moscow is still a major hub connecting passengers from all over the world.

READ OUR CHEAT SHEET

Train or Bus to Moscow

Trains and buses are one of the most popular ways to get around Europe. However, they’re of very little use when you’re trying to get to Moscow.

Moscow is hundreds of miles from the nearest major cities. The only major European city that can even be reached within 8 hours on the ground is St. Petersburg, and even the Baltic capitals of Riga, Vilnius, and Tallinn are over 12 hours away.

If you want to get to Moscow, the best option is almost always to fly. While the train routes to Moscow are scenic, they simply take forever.

How to Get Around Moscow

METRO | TROLLEYS | TRAMS | BUSES

Moscow has one of the most memorable metro systems in the world. Its metro lines are very deep underground, and the stations are absolutely stunning. Each station has its own unique style, but all of them contain escalators that seem to go on forever.

The system was built in an effort to showcase the power of the Soviet Union and its bright future. The plans were a form of propaganda, but they resulted in what is still one of the most visually appealing subway systems on earth.

Moscow’s metro system isn’t just pretty. It is also very useful and accessible. The system has 17 lines that connect the city and its surrounding area.

But wait; there’s more!

The Moscow metro system is also incredibly affordable, with each ride costing less than a dollar. The metro is by far the best way to get around Moscow, as it is almost impossible to beat the connection times and the low cost to ride.

Tickets can be bought at electronic, English-speaking kiosks in stations, or directly from ticket counters at certain larger stations. There are also day passes available, which are a very solid option if you plan on riding the metro several times per day.

The metro is by far the best way to get around Moscow.

In addition to the metro system, Moscow also has a network of buses, trams, and trolleys. This system is nowhere near as convenient or well-connected as the metro, though, and is likely of little use to you during your trip. There is no Uber in Moscow, but a similar app named Yandex is available if you need a ride in a pinch.

How Many Days Do You Need in Moscow?

Moscow is the biggest city in all of Europe, and it is absolutely loaded with things to do. You could spend weeks in Moscow and still find new things to do. Of course, most travelers don’t have that kind of time to spend in one place!

I recommend spending no less than three full days in Moscow, and ideally closer to five or seven.

Moscow is very spread out, and it can take some time to get from one major point to another. There are also so many places that are nice to just sit back and relax, which is hard to do when you’re in a hurry trying to cram activities into just a few days.

If you only have a week to visit Russia, I’d advise spending all of the time in one city. If you decide to split your time between Moscow and St. Petersburg, I recommend not trying to squeeze in any day trips beyond those two cities.

When Is the Best Time of the Year to Visit Moscow?

There are two different ways to approach this question. Personally, I think the best time to visit Moscow is around Christmas and New Year’s Day. While the weather will be absolutely freezing, Moscow is a surreal winter wonderland in December and January.

We were in Moscow right before Christmas. While it was very cold, you can always bundle up. Exploring the Christmas markets and pop-up ice skating rinks throughout Moscow is one of my favorite memories from anywhere I’ve traveled, and I dream of going back to do it again.

If you aren’t fond of the cold, Moscow is beautiful in the summer. It tends to get pretty cold in the shoulder seasons, so if you want warm weather, you should plan to visit in the summer. Moscow actually gets pretty warm in July and August, and there are a bunch of fantastic places to soak up the sun within the city.

The best time to visit Moscow is either around Christmas or from late May to August.

Is Moscow Safe to Visit?

While Moscow is a truly wonderful city, there’s no denying that visiting Russia comes with risks. As the country is run by an infamous communist dictator, concerns about visiting are valid. While we didn’t experience any sort of threat or negative treatment during our time in Moscow, we visited in a peaceful time.

In our experience, Russia doesn’t seem to detain normal Americans or Westerners to use as pawns. As a regular person, as long as you don’t commit any crimes, there is a slim chance you will run into any issues. However, Russia will not hesitate to enforce its laws against foreigners, and illegal behaviors will likely land you in a very compromising position.

Russia will not hesitate to enforce its laws against foreigners, and illegal behaviors will likely land you in a very compromising position.

To make matters worse, Russia has a bad reputation for gang violence. While the Russian mafia has very little interest in normal Western tourists, they won’t hesitate to pick a fight with anyone who ventures into their sphere of influence. If you seek out illegal substances or activities, you could be a target of the mafia.

If you seek out illegal substances or activities, you could be a target of the mafia.

Finally, since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, things are all very different. Russia is currently at war, and there are battles raging within 8 hours of Moscow. While it is still relatively safe to visit, that could change at any time as the war with Ukraine continues.

Is Moscow Worth Visiting?

Without a doubt, Moscow is worth visiting. It is one of the most unique major cities we have ever visited, and we hope to make it back one day. The Russian Orthodox churches are stunning, the city’s history is unlike any other, and the food is to die for.

While many visitors prefer St. Petersburg to Moscow, I think Moscow deserves a lot of hype of its own. Moscow is the beating heart of Russian culture and history, and it’s a place I highly recommend checking out if you have the chance.

That’s all we have for you about Moscow! I hope this post was helpful as you plan your trip to Russia’s capital.

Have you been to Moscow? Or is this your first time visiting? Comment below if you have anything to add to our travel guide!

Hi, I'm Greg. I'm an avid traveler who has traveled to over 50 countries all around the world with my wife and kids. I've lived in Italy, Mexico, China, and the United States, and I dream of moving abroad again in the future. With this blog, I provide my audience with detailed destination guides to my favorite places and pro-tips to make travel as stress-free as possible.

Leave a comment

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Meet The Author - Greg

Recent Post

How Much Does a Trip to Egypt Cost: Budget Breakdown

March 10, 2024

Best Time to Visit the India Gate in Delhi [2024]

March 1, 2024

Flying with a Sinus Infection: Tips to Avoid Pain

February 20, 2024

11 Best Things to Do in Breckenridge Besides Skiing

February 12, 2024

10 Best Beaches in Mexico for Families (We Lived Here)

February 3, 2024