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NOW FEATURING

The alternative limb project.

The work of The Alternative Limb Project, produced by Sophie de Oliveira with Collaborators

Discover the wonders of the human body.

BODIES...The Exhibition, located at Luxor Hotel & Casino, has been experienced by more than 15 million people worldwide. Using an innovative preservation process, the Exhibition showcases real, full-bodies and organs, providing a detailed, three-dimensional vision of the human form rarely seen outside of an anatomy lab.

Bodies...the exhibition, located at luxor hotel & casino, has been experienced by more than 15 million people worldwide., using an innovative preservation process, the exhibition showcases real, full-bodies and organs, providing a detailed, three-dimensional vision of the human form rarely seen outside of an anatomy lab..

Exhibition Highlights

• The Exhibition showcases 13 whole-body specimens and more than 260 organs and partial body specimens.
• These real human bodies have been meticulously dissected and preserved through an innovative polymer process.
• The bodies are respectfully presented, giving visitors the opportunity to view the beauty and complexity of their own organs and systems.
• The Exhibition provides an up-close look inside our skeletal, muscular, respiratory, nervous, digestive, reproductive/urinary, fetal (optional) and the treated body.
• Authentic human specimens on display to illustrate health concerns such as cirrhosis of the liver, arthritis, smoking and over-eating.
• A healthy lung is featured next to a black lung ravaged by smoking in a vivid comparison more powerful than any textbook image.

The Alternative Limb Project , founded by Sophie de Oliveira Barata , uses the unique medium of prosthetics to create highly stylized wearable art pieces that empower the wearer and inspire a positive dialogue about the human body.

Model: Kelly Knox | Photo by Omkaar Kotedia

The Alternative Limb Project , founded by Sophie de Oliveira Barata , uses the unique medium of prosthetics to create highly stylized wearable art pieces that embower the wearer and inspire a positive dialogue about the human body.

BODIES…The Exhibition is open daily.

Mar 11 – sept 8: 11 am – 8 pm, last admission 1 hour before close., tickets purchased through the mgm/luxor box office are valid 30 days from the date of purchase..

• General Admission $34.00
• Senior (Over 65) $32.00
• Military $27.00
• Children (4-12) $26.00
• Child (0-3) FREE
• Locals (with valid ID) $27.00
• Combo ticket Adult $44.00
• Combo ticket Child $38.00
• *Prices do not include taxes or service charges.

Last admission at 7PM.

Purchase Tickets (Toll Free): 800.557.7428 Purchase Tickets (Local): 702.262.4400

For group or school reservations of 10 or more, please call 702.262.4230 or email [email protected]

Comprehensive BODIES Teacher Guides are available and free of charge. Included are lesson plans and activity pages that can be used before, during, and after a field trip to the Exhibition. The guide also contains additional teaching suggestions and classroom resources. Chaperones required. The recommended length of visit is 1.5 – 2 hours.

For more information and resources visit Teacher Resources

For group or school reservations of 10 or more, please call 702.262.4230 or email [email protected]

The 6 Best Virtual Tours of the Human Body for Interactive Anatomy

Understanding the human body can be tough. These virtual anatomy tours make it easier for medical students and everyone else.

When it comes to interactive virtual views, you can go to any place in the world and even outer space. So, a virtual tour through the human body shouldn't be beyond us anymore.

There are some excellent virtual anatomy tools for professionals and laypersons alike. Unfortunately, tools like Visible Body can be expensive.

The six interactive 3D anatomy tools below offer a mix of free and paid options and just might be what you are looking for.

1. Zygote Body 3D Anatomy Online Visualizer

If you are searching for Google Body, you won't find it as Google shuttered it. Zygote Body has continued its development and you will find the same detailed 3D models of the human body.

The virtual anatomy tool works in any browser with WebGL that makes it possible to render interactive 2D and 3D graphics.

You can view basic anatomy layer by layer with the free plan but nothing more. Click, drag, rotate the human 3D model to view anatomical structures. The search box is a quick way to jump to specific parts of the human body.

The free Lite version is useful for viewing basic male and female anatomy. But for more, you have to sign in with a paid subscription to use advanced features like the "virtual" dissection of each layer along with more value-added content.

2. Anatomy Learning

You can use the Anatomy Learning Android app or open it in a WebGL enabled browser like Chrome. Then, interact with the specific parts of the human anatomy by rotating the 3D dimensional models or zooming into the parts.

Anatomy Learning showcases +6000 anatomical structures. Guided learning helps you study the human body layer by layer. Viewing the underlying body parts is as easy as adding or subtracting each layer from the 3D model.

Want to test your knowledge of anatomical terminology? Practice with the built-in quizzes to cushion your memory.

Download: Anatomy Learning for Chrome | Android (Free, in-app purchases)

Kenhub is a complete learning portal for anatomy students worldwide. The high-quality anatomy illustrations, a comprehensive body atlas, videos, and articles are all reviewed by medical professionals.

Sign in with your email, Google, or Facebook account. A simple questionnaire helps set up your learning profile. Beginners can start off with English terminologies while medical students should opt for anatomical terms as they begin the lessons.

Pick a topic on anatomy, histology, or familiarize yourself with medical imaging plates. Learning anatomy involves a lot of memorization and rote, so use the quizzes at every opportunity to plug your knowledge gaps.

Kenhub isn't completely free. You can use the free version to access the entire anatomy atlas and articles on the site. The free trial of 60+ minutes should give you a fair idea about the extras available in the Premium plan .

Also, check out Get Body Smart . Their partner website has animated text narrations and quizzes to help you study the structures and functions of the anatomical systems.

The site also has a Daily Anatomy Flashcards app to help you practice on the go.

Download: Daily Anatomy Flashcards for iOS (Free)

4. eSkeletons

eSkeletons isn't only about understanding human anatomy. It is an interactive comparative tool that enables a student to view the bones of both human and non-human primates and to learn more about them from the site's anatomical database.

A mouseover on the skeleton selects a specific bone for a closer look. You can look into things like morphology and articulations. A QuickTime movie gives a 3D view of the specific skeletal part.

eSkeletons is a University of Texas initiative. Think of it as an online anatomy museum. In fact, one of the links on the site will take you to a separate site on Lucy , the world’s most famous fossil.

5. Teach Me Anatomy

The mobile apps for Android and iOS can be the anatomy encyclopedia in your pocket if you are a pre-med or medical student. You can also use the website but the app is handier as an instant reference.

The highlight of the content is the 1000 full-color illustrations and clinical images. A growing collection of 300 articles by medical professionals can help you get through this tough subject.

And then there are the interactive 3D models to take you through a virtual tour of the human body.

Just like Kenhub earlier on the list, you can check if your memory is slipping up with the 1700 multiple choice questions and explanations.

Teach Me Anatomy has a Free plan with access to all articles and 600 quiz questions. The Premium tier opens up all resources including the virtual 3D Biodigital Human Model.

Download: Teach Me Anatomy for Android | iOS (Free, in-app purchases)

6. Complete Anatomy

Medical students and teaching institutions might need a software that is even more high-resolution with its details. Complete Anatomy is a robust anatomical learning and teaching platform that comes with a subscription.

It could be the alternative to Visible Body you are looking for.

Complete Anatomy covers 13,000 anatomical structures and is completely interactive. Students and teachers can demonstrate procedures with the different 3D and augmented reality tools available.

For instance, you can virtually place the model into any real life environment to simulate a dissection.

Complete Anatomy has different subscription plans for students, educators, and professionals.

Virtual Classrooms for Interactive Anatomy

Now, you don't have to rely on your memory alone. Thanks to these virtual tours, learning a tough subject like anatomy gets a lot easier. They are also user-friendly so you can always use them to understand a health issue or for fun virtual dives through the human body even if you are not a medical student.

But if you are a medical student then there's no substitute for the hard yards involved in studying anatomical terms. Maybe, these memorization apps will help you with the active recall that's required for this subject.

• Click+drag with the mouse to rotate, scroll to zoom.
• Or use the buttons in the upper left. The Home button resets the view.
• Change from Capsule to Orbit mode in the upper right to enable full 3d
• rotation and hold Ctrl down to pan the view. (Premium users only)
• Use the opacity slider on the left to reveal layers.
• Click on the toggle below the slider to control layers individually.
• Use the searchbox at the upper right to search, or click on entities to select them.
• Click on the background or on the X to undo selection.
• Ctrl+click on entities to quickly hide entities. (Cmd+click on mac.)
• Shift+click on entities or labels (or click on the 'pin' icon in a label) to pin an entity. This will keep it selected while you select more.
• Use the visibility icon on an entities name to hide an item. Unlike Ctrl+clicking an entity the visibility tool will leave hide the items until 'Unhide All' is clicked on the upper right.
• Use the 'Zoom to' tool on the items name to center the view on the item.
• Use the down arrow on the items name to reveal information about the item.
• Use the 'Pin' tool on the items name to pin an item allowing you to select multiple items.
• Use the model select icon above the anatomy slider on the left to load different models.
• My Scenes allows you to load and save scenes you have created. All annotations, pins and visible items will be saved.
• Zygote Scenes is a collection of scenes created by Zygote Media Group with annotations identifying anatomical landmarks.
• Hierarchy is a list of all the entities you have in your current scene. You can turn parts on and off using the check marks by each object or group of objects.
• Annotations allows you to create your own notes and markers that will be saves when you save your scene.
• Pick returns you to the default mode of picking parts and rotating your camera.
• Slice allows you to slice the parts in your scene in either an X, Y or Z plane.
• Explode moves all the parts in your scene away form a central point that you can interactively position.
• Quiz when enabled when you pick a part rather than displaying the part's name a multiple choice menu will appear allowing you to quiz yourself.
• The snapshot icon at the top center will take a snapshot of your scene that can then be saved as a jpg or drawn on with the included pen tools.

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Real Bodies

Real bodies exhibition.

You’ll never see your body the same way again! REAL BODIES uses real human specimens that have been respectfully preserved to explore the complex inner workings of the human form in a refreshing and thought-provoking style. System by system, the exhibition provides an approachable and fascinating insight into what's happening inside every one of us.

Contact Us to Learn More  

This powerful exhibition explores life by displaying real, perfectly preserved human bodies and more anatomical specimens. More than a simple display of human specimens, REAL BODIES will connect audiences to a deeper sense of what it means to be alive.

The exhibition pushes boundaries while seamlessly blending art, science, and emotion as a museum of the self. Exploring these systems within the body, REAL BODIES reveals deep synergy between breathing, hunger, the rhythm of the heart, love, motion, thought and medicine that makes each person unique.

Key Features

• Anatomical, cultural, and emotional narratives transform the way we view the human body
• Digs deeper into the beauty of the body, mind, and soul than any other exhibition of its kind
• Explore the entire human experience from the first breath to the last with dramatic, compelling, and emotionally moving immersive galleries
• Unique perspectives on human anatomy and its importance to world cultures
• Presents the human body’s complex systems through a series of approachable art gallery displays
• Reveals the synergy between breathing, hunger, the rhythm of the heart, love, motion, thought, and medicine that makes each person unique
• Presents the complex and cascading effects that the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has on human health.

REAL BODIES takes visitors on a journey asking them to explore who they are, where they come from and what they choose to do with the life and body they have been given.

Contact Sales person for the exact specimen list available as specimens vary from exhibition to exhibition.

• Anatomist’s Study
• What Becomes of Us

5,000–10,000 sq ft

475–925 sq m

Contact Us to Learn More

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Your Health

A doctor reveals the hidden wonders of the human body.

Terry Gross

In his new book, The Unseen Body, Dr. Jonathan Reisman offers a guided tour inside the human body, from the remarkable design of our organs to the messages contained in our body fluids.

TERRY GROSS, HOST:

This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross. We're going to talk about the hidden world inside our bodies, the remarkable design of our organs, the messages contained in our body fluids, and how things can turn foul when something goes wrong. My guest, Dr. Jonathan Reisman, is an internist, pediatrician and ER physician, and the author of the new book, "The Unseen Body." Each chapter is about a specific body part or body fluid from his perspective as a doctor. So there's chapters on the throat, heart, feces, genitals, liver, brain, skin, urine, blood and so on. It's fascinating material, but I want to acknowledge at the start that our conversation will include discussion of body fluids and genitals. And I know that makes some people uncomfortable or squeamish. I suspect Dr. Reisman will try to convince you that you needn't be squeamish about the complexity of the human body.

Before studying medicine, his passion was studying the natural world and ecology. As a medical student, he found that exploring the body felt similar to exploring the outside world. Each organ was a different creature with its own unique appearance and behaviors. He's practiced medicine in remote and culturally unique regions of the world, including the Arctic, Antarctica, high altitudes in Nepal, people living on the street in Calcutta, in India, and among the Oglala Sioux in South Dakota. He currently works in several ERs in the Philadelphia area.

Dr. Jonathan Reisman, welcome to FRESH AIR. It's a fascinating book. I know you're fascinated by our insides, our organs, our body fluids. It's part of what drew you to medicine. But many people are squeamish about looking even at a video of a chest cut open during surgery. Why do you think that the body can seem so revolting or upsetting?

JONATHAN REISMAN: Well, thanks so much for having me here today, Terry. I think that a lot of people are simply, you know, grossed out or repulsed by what they're not used to. You know, when we go about our daily lives, we don't see the body's innards. We don't see our internal organs. And we try to do our best to try not to see the, you know, the excreted bodily fluids that come out of us too. Just our normal daily life does not involve seeing those deeper parts of the body. And part of the reason I named my book "The Unseen Body" is because I'm trying to open up, you know, that unseen portion of the body that we all don't see in our daily lives, pull back the curtain, if you will, on how all the organs work, how fascinating they are, but also how they impact every aspect of our lives from daily life and, you know, all the milestones of our lives from birth to death and beyond.

GROSS: The first time you could open a cadaver as a medical student, did you find it revolting or fascinating?

REISMAN: I actually found it absolutely fascinating on that first day. In fact, before the end of the very first day of medical school, during which they had us start in the anatomy lab, which is the class in which we would dissect the cadaver over the coming months, before the end of the very first day of medical school, I decided that, when I died, I would want to donate my body for the same medical school dissection, you know, the same thing that was happening between me and the three other medical students that shared this cadaver, you know, kind of exploring its innards and sort of seeing what's inside this strange man that we never knew in life. And, you know, as an extension, when you look inside the body of another person, you're necessarily looking inside your own, seeing how you are built, how organs are, you know, organized inside of you. And so it kind of takes on this very self-reflective and philosophical nature. And I was really taken with that from Day 1 and resolved - and I'm still sticking to it - when I die, I want to donate my body for medical student dissection.

GROSS: Well, let's start talking about a part of the body that does not make people squeamish. I'm thinking of the throat. When you were in med school, you were amazed at how stupidly designed the throat seemed. What seemed stupid about it?

REISMAN: You know, what is its basic function? The throat helps us deal with whatever enters our body, you know, usually through the mouth. We drink. We eat. We inhale. Air comes in through the mouth and the nose. All of it ends up in the throat. And it's the throat's very, very important job to deal with all of it. Specifically, the throat has to take food, drink saliva, other things that we mean to swallow and make sure they go into the one tube, the esophagus, the food tube, which goes down to the stomach. The tube right next to the esophagus, literally millimeters away, is the windpipe, which goes down to the lungs. And every single time something passes through the throat, its most important job is to make sure that that - whatever it is besides air does not go down the windpipe.

This - the design seemed fairly stupid to me because if you mess up just once, if you try to talk while swallowing just once or laugh with your mouth full, as we all know, sadly, you know, you can aspirate, choke and die just from one little slip up. So it seemed sort of silly to have these two tubes right next to each other. And every time we swallow food and drink or every time we thoughtlessly swallow our own saliva, which happens basically all day, every day of our lives, that material comes within a few millimeters of slipping into the windpipe, therefore a few millimeters within killing us.

And so it seemed like such a really poor design. Like, maybe food and drink and air could enter the body through different orifices. Of course, it can't because of how we form in the womb. But it seems like a big problem that can cause a lot of trouble, and especially in contrast to other parts of the body, which seemed so exquisitely designed, so brilliantly constructed to keep us alive, to ensure our survival. The throat almost seemed like a really easy way to die.

GROSS: So, to make matters even worse, for people who are older and have weaker swallowing muscles or who have any kind of like dementia or illness that weakens those muscles, it's so easy to choke on food and have it go down the windpipe instead of down the esophagus. And that leads to aspirational pneumonia. Would you describe what that is?

REISMAN: Sure. And, you know, any pneumonia is an infection in the lungs. Aspiration pneumonia in particular is a specific kind caused by aspirating food or drink or saliva into the wrong tube, into the windpipe. You know, the throat is so dangerously designed. And to top off all of its dangers, the No. 1 strain of pneumonia causing bacteria in the world lives in our throats right above the entrance to the lungs. And so one small mishap, one little bit of food or saliva can go down there. It can drag those bacteria with it, and that can turn into a pneumonia, which is a very common problem for the elderly and infirm.

GROSS: Yeah. And I'm sure you've had a lot of patients who've gone in and out of the hospital because they choke easily on food and get aspirational pneumonia, recover, go home, choke again, go back to the hospital and so on. You say that you came to see pneumonia as an escape hatch for the body at the end of life. Can you talk about that?

REISMAN: I tell the story of Suzanne (ph), who bounced back to the hospital again and again with aspiration pneumonia. And, you know, her end-of-life-experience, she ended up dying of that second bout in the hospital, she had made it clear in her living will that she didn't want extraordinary measures. She didn't want to be on a ventilator. And all of her family agreed. And so it sort of gave me this different perspective. It was actually for me as a young doctor one of the most tension-free end-of-life experiences of a patient that I had had. These can often be very stressful with a lot of family tensions that are once hidden coming to the fore. But in this case, everyone agreed it was all very peaceful, almost, even though it was sad.

But, you know, the aspiration pneumonia came to be seen by me as a way out when your quality of life tends to ebb. You know, when you have dementia and you can no longer think, no longer talk or no longer recognize your loved ones, your throat isn't working properly, and you tend to aspirate. And then aspiration pneumonia that results can almost be a way out from a degraded existence. And while it's never my place to determine when someone's quality of life is too low for them to continue living, this is a recurrent problem that does happen to the old and infirm. And it used to be called old man's friend. So aspiration pneumonia was called this because it often does provide this end - a dignified end to prolonged suffering and illness.

GROSS: Well, let's take a short break here. Then we'll talk some more. If you're just joining us, my guest is Dr. Jonathan Reisman, author of the new book "The Unseen Body." We'll be right back. This is FRESH AIR.

(SOUNDBITE OF LOOP 2.4.3'S "ZODIAC DUST")

GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. Let's get back to my interview with Dr. Jonathan Reisman, a doctor of internal medicine, pediatrics and emergency medicine. His new book is called "The Unseen Body: A Doctor's Journey Through The Hidden Wonders Of Human Anatomy."

So before I ask you the next couple of questions, I want to tell our listeners that if you're squeamish about medical discussions of body fluids, these next few questions might not be for you. On the other hand, what Dr. Reisman has to say may make you more interested in how your body works and make you less uncomfortable with the jobs it has to perform.

So another example of unusual design that can lead to problems is the parts of our body responsible for urination, defecation and sexual pleasure and, for women, giving birth are all crammed together in this one little region. And that's one of the reasons women get UTIs. What do you see as a doctor when you look at the design?

REISMAN: Right. So actually, it makes me think of the same design pattern and reasons for why the esophagus and the windpipe are so dangerously close to each other. You know, basically, all of us started out as a microscopic - a fertilized ovum. But after that, we grew into a small flat disk that then rolls itself into a little tube. And as we grow in the womb and then grow, you know, outside the womb after birth, we basically become a more and more complicated tube, but we do retain that basic structure, that basic blueprint for the body. And so the tube has an entrance at the top where food, drink, saliva and air also come in, and that tube divides into the windpipe and esophagus, creating all the aspiration-related problems we talked about.

At the other end, all the exits - you know, they start out as one exit, and then they divide into basically two holes in men, three holes in women. And it does cause, you know, problems like you're talking about - urinary tract infection, where bacteria from the one exit of the anus can get close to the urethra and get into the bladder and cause that infection. It's just one of the downsides of the human body's design that you have to deal with on a day-to-day basis as a doctor.

GROSS: Were you initially uncomfortable dealing with the genital area, including the anus, because of its sexual aspects or just because of, like, the yuck aspects of defecation?

REISMAN: I would say I had less of a problem with kind of the yuck aspects of it since I probably stopped maturing at 13 year old...

GROSS: (Laughter).

REISMAN: ...At 13 years old, like most men. But I would say it was more the social aspects that were difficult. You know, when you start training to be a doctor, you end up talking about everything from sex to defecation with complete strangers who you met just a moment before. And so often, you know, in the presence of someone who maybe resembles my own grandmother, you know, bringing up these topics can make you feel very uncomfortable since they're topics you'd never bring up to most people that you meet in daily life. But that's one of the most amazing things about medicine, is you meet these strangers, and a second later, you're hearing from them about their deepest, darkest, most personal, you know, secrets, aspects of their life, what's stressing them out, what's worrying them. And so that, unfortunately or fortunately, has to include the grosser aspects of what it means to live in a human body.

GROSS: You actually have a favorite body fluid. What is special about urine to you as a doctor?

REISMAN: So urine has a unique place among bodily fluids. You know, most of a doctor's job is interpreting bodily fluids - you know, testing them, sending them to the lab to gather data to figure out what is wrong with a patient, what's the cause of their symptoms or the sign of disease or the pain. But I find that as a doctor, urine really has this broad array of messages it can tell me about my patients. You know, every bodily fluid is a language, and it speaks to doctors. And if we can interpret its messages, we can hear what it's telling us about what's wrong with the patient.

Urine is kind of the perfect example of this and provides such a wealth of information. You know, for instance, take the color. Red urine can tell me that a patient perhaps has a kidney stone. Perhaps they have a urinary tract infection. Perhaps they have a tumor on their kidney or on their bladder. In that way, the red color is telling me the possibilities of what could be afflicting this patient. But urine has this ability to tell you about the entire body, not just the urinary tract through which it flows and comes out of the body. You know, so the same red urine, for instance, could be telling me about muscle breakdown, which can turn the urine red. It could be telling me about a problem with red blood cells, all these things that are kind of unrelated to the kidneys and urinary tract themselves.

And even, for instance, with diabetes, you know, we end up - it often presents because people urinate a lot. So there's no obvious connection between the pancreas, where the problem is located, with diabetes Type I. Yet we can find these clues in the urine, and then we often test the urine itself for various chemicals that can tell us about the pancreas and its failing to make enough insulin. So in that way, urine is sort of this crystal ball where you can sort of divine all these unrelated things about the body as a whole.

GROSS: You work with a lot of people living on the street in India, in Kolkata. So a lot of patients - I mean, those patients were obviously very poor. I think there's a lot of diarrhea in living conditions like that. You even picked up some of that yourself while you were living there. Diarrhea in children can lead to fatal dehydration if not treated. What were some of the clues you looked for in patients' stool in India, dealing with patients living on the street, to learn more about what their problem was and whether it was a serious problem or not?

REISMAN: So just like other bodily fluids can give messages to a doctor to figure out what's going on, stool is another one, and we interpret it in similar ways. So when someone has diarrhea, you know, which - a term that can really vary quite differently in different people. So it's important to understand what a person's, you know, baseline stooling pattern is before saying that they are - either have diarrhea or constipation.

But in India, I did see a lot of diarrhea. And diarrhea actually remains one of the most important causes of death in children under 5 in much of the world, which is quite shocking. Here in the U.S. - you know, as a pediatrics resident in Boston, I treated a lot of kids with diarrhea and never saw any of them get very sick. Some simple IV fluids, you know, fixed them, and they went home a few days later. But in India, it's a much bigger problem. IV fluids are harder to come by. Even oral rehydration solution, which could help a lot of children, is not always readily available.

But you know, we look for similar things in anyone with diarrhea, whether in India or here. We look for the presence of blood, the presence of fever, sometimes the presence of mucus. Certain colors in the stool can tell us certain things about what - which bacteria might be causing it, whether it's bacterial or viral or caused by amoeba.

GROSS: In the U.S., a really bad problem related to diarrhea is C. diff, which is usually a hospital- or nursing home-acquired infection that leads to very severe and uncontrollable diarrhea that can really lead to death if it's either untreated or if the treatment doesn't work. And the treatment is often antibiotics, but that doesn't always work. And even if it does, the C. diff can come back. And one of the treatments being used now, I think on a pretty experimental basis, is fecal transplants. And we've talked about this before on the show, but it sounds like you've dealt with it directly. So let's start with describing what that is and why it seems like a promising treatment.

REISMAN: So fecal material transplant - or FMT, or just fecal transplant - is a new, experimental modality where basically you take the stool from one person's colon and with it comes all these species of bacteria, fungus, virus, even some parasites. All of these different creatures live inside of all of us, and that's normal. And we, in some ways, depend on them for health to an extent that, you know, we had not known until recent decades.

And specifically, the C. diff diarrhea is caused by - most commonly, a doctor will prescribe a patient antibiotics for an infection, and while they do kill that microbe causing the infection, they have the, you know, unintended side effect of killing much of the normal, healthy, desirable microbes that live in our colon. It's sort of like there's this empty ecological niche now in this person's colon, and bacteria that take advantage of it include C. diff, or Clostridium difficile. And C. diff tends to proliferate in this now empty - you know, more empty colon and can really cause severe diarrhea. As you said, it can lead to death, or it can lead to the need to surgically remove the colon entirely.

So it makes perfect sense. If someone is suffering from C. diff because their normal, healthy microbes were decimated by antibiotics, take those normal, healthy microbes from someone else who has them in - you know, in large numbers in their colon. Take it from that person, and put it into the recipient's colon. And this treatment is experimental, though it's more or less accepted these days 'cause many studies have shown that the cure rate is better than antibiotics, which is the only other treatment we have besides surgical removal of the colon. So it's very promising, and people theorize it could be useful in many other areas of health and disease as well.

GROSS: You describe the fecal matter being put in a capsule and swallowed. And I thought, how can that be? We've all been taught at such a young age that you never, ever let anything that's touched fecal matter near your mouth. So how come it's OK to actually swallow it in a capsule?

REISMAN: So this is a very good question. And, you know, in the early days of fecal transplants, it was often delivered during a colonoscopy, where the liquid stool was sort of just placed in the colon while you're there during a colonoscopy. But it's been, you know, made more easy to deliver in the form of pills. And you're absolutely right. You know, one of the biggest discoveries of the 19th and early 20th century is that these microbes are killing us and that, specifically, diarrheal disease is spread by someone else's infectious stool making it into the water or food supply. And it's exactly that - getting someone else's stool into your intestines that's causing all these children in poor countries like India to die before their 5th birthday.

And yet, you know, this tenet of germ theory that we've clung to so strongly turns out to be completely overturned by this fecal transplant, which is an accepted treatment. And it is surprising. I call it the most iconoclastic treatment in all of medicine 'cause it basically overturns our most cherished ideas that kind of created modern medicine, the understanding of microbes and how they infect and kill us.

GROSS: Let's take a short break here. If you're just joining us, my guest is Dr. Jonathan Reisman. He's the author of the new book "The Unseen Body." We'll be right back. I'm Terry Gross, and this is FRESH AIR.

(SOUNDBITE OF HOWARD SHORE'S "MAIN TITLE")

GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross. Let's get back to my interview with Dr. Jonathan Reisman, author of the new book "The Unseen Body." It's about the insides of our bodies, the remarkable design of our organs, the messages contained in our body fluids and how things turn foul when something goes wrong. Each chapter is about a specific organ or body fluid from his perspective as a doctor. He's an internist, pediatrician and ER physician who's practiced medicine in remote regions and unique cultures, including the Arctic, high altitudes in Nepal, urban slums in Calcutta, India, and among the Oglala Sioux in South Dakota. He currently works in several emergency rooms in the Philadelphia area.

You've had some very obese patients. And you say that your obese patients needlessly suffered. What are some of the messages you took away from that experience?

REISMAN: One of the messages that was shouted at me is just that our health care system is not designed for the biggest people. And I think overweight and obese people know that very well. Every time they go to the doctor's office, maybe the blood pressure cuff isn't big enough. Maybe the chairs in the waiting room aren't big enough, you know? Every aspect of our care is not set up for this really growing portion of our population. And so it's a real deficiency.

But it also brings up questions of, you know, what weight should we make things, you know, fit to? How high should the bed in a CAT scanner go in terms of the weight it can tolerate, you know? How wide should our wheelchairs be? And how much weight should crutches be able to take when someone sprains ankle, you know? These are all questions that we don't really have the answer to. But, you know, a large proportion of modern humans are overweight and of a certain size. And we need to accept that fact, I think, and make sure that they're getting care.

GROSS: You quote the head of the Massachusetts General Hospital Obesity, Metabolism and Nutrition Institute. And he basically says that we call obesity a disease, but we treated differently than all other diseases. Doctors tend to see it as a patient's failure rather than a disease. In what sense do you think of it as a disease? And what are the implications of that for treating it?

REISMAN: I compare it to addiction, actually, in the book, where in recent years, I think doctors have finally and begrudgingly come around to seeing addiction as sort of this combination of, you know, a person's will to do what they want and to make their own choices, sometimes bad choices - but also, the disease aspect is where there's this propensity to do that due to genetics, due to, you know, that person's brain and the individual structure and chemical makeup of the brain, not to mention past traumas in life, which tend to make people, you know, more prone to using substances to alleviate the kind of bad memories and other bad experiences they're having. I think that we've finally come to see addiction as this - as a disease. We're being constantly encouraged to treat addiction, especially because of the opioid epidemic, you know, ravaging our society.

I think there has not yet been that realization or that shift in treating obesity as a disease. There's surgery, of course, you know, bypass and other gastric surgeries that help people lose weight and are quite successful. There are actually now many medications that can also help people who are overweight and obese. As Dr. Kaplan said when I talked to him for the book, these medicines are woefully underused by primary care doctors. And he believes that it's because doctors don't see obesity as a disease, which is probably something we need to start doing, you know? All the other aspects of modern life, all the other deleterious effects on human physiology that we experience living our modern lifestyles - like kidney disease, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol - these are all factors that we can treat. And there's many medicines on the market for doctors to choose from to treat their patients. But obesity is sort of seen as different. It's not seen as just an outgrowth of modern life. But it's seen as a personal failing. And I think we have to change that.

GROSS: One of the many things you've done in medicine is work as a hospitalist. So what's your diagnosis of hospitals and the ways that they are not suited to regaining health?

REISMAN: Oh, the list is very long. You know, sleep loss among the sick is an epidemic in hospitals these days, you know? Everyone's losing sleep. No one's sleeping well, partly because of stress and our smartphones and other screens. But in the hospital, too, there's just this constant barrage of noise and alarms going off and light coming in through the windows. And it's very hard to sleep in hospitals. And that's one of their big downsides that would be improved on if people were still at home.

GROSS: Yeah. You say you used to wake up patients to, like, you know, check their vitals and talk with them. And with terminal patients now, you won't do that anymore.

REISMAN: That's right, when I was training and I had a long list of patients. And I was still very inefficient with my movements, my rounding, where I saw each patient one by one in the morning before I had to meet with an attending physician and kind of describe what I planned to do for that patient that day. And so I often, in a rush in the morning, woke up one patient after the other. I often felt terrible about it. I would hesitate to do it. But sort of the pressure of residency, the pressure pushing me towards having all my plans ready and all my notes written by the time I would talk to my attending, sort of, you know, put me - sort of forced me to do it. I don't want to take any blame away from myself. I am one of those health care workers who wake people up needlessly while they're trying to get their restful sleep in the hospital.

I describe in the book one patient in particular who I had as a resident. He was suffering from terminal gastric cancer. And he was very young, just in his 30s. And every day on rounds, I woke him up in the morning even though I felt horrible about it, even more horrible than usual because I knew his case was terminal. There was an oncologist sort of overseeing me and sort of making the larger decisions about treatment and how to manage the cancer. But I was the one sort of examining him each day, writing for his IV fluids, repleting all his electrolytes, which were depleted because of poor diet and the toxic chemo treatments he was getting. And so waking him up in the morning felt especially egregious because I felt like I was sort of waking him up back to the reality of his terminal cancer, you know, instead of letting him sleep more and maybe dream of healthful, long life.

I was waking him up and almost re-diagnosing him every morning by bringing him back to reality and saying, you know, here you are, back in the hospital. It was not a bad dream. And, you know, you're - don't have many weeks to live. And so from that moment on, I had sort of decided for myself, for the terminally ill, unless it was absolutely necessary, I made a rule for myself as a hospitalist that I would never wake someone up again.

GROSS: Let me reintroduce you here. If you're just joining us, my guest is Dr. Jonathan Reisman, author of the new book "The Unseen Body." We'll be right back. This is FRESH AIR.

(SOUNDBITE OF PAQUITO D'RIVERA'S "CONTRADANZA")

You worked with patients who had liver disease hoping for a liver transplant, and you saw the fluids that build up in the body with that disease and cause a lot of pain for the person who has it. And even when you aspirate the fluid, it tends to build up again. So reading the liver chapter in your book, I thought, this doctor is never going to eat liver again. And it was actually the opposite. You hated liver, and you started eating it after attending to patients who had liver disease. Can you explain that?

REISMAN: Terry, my journey to kind of become what we might call a foodie began in medical school, which is the opposite of what anyone would expect, specifically began in the class anatomy lab where I was dissecting the cadaver. You'd think that would be where people go to lose their appetite completely. But for me, it was the opposite. There was a professor, actually, who really enjoyed pointing out which of the human muscles we were learning corresponded to which cuts of beef that we might have heard of. So for instance, you know, the infra spinatus muscle of the shoulder corresponds to the flat iron steak, and psoas major muscle inside our abdomens correspond to the filet mignon. And we learned about which muscles of the thigh correspond to the top round and bottom round and eye of round, et cetera.

And I realized that the same knowledge that goes into understanding the human body, how muscles are shaped, how they connect to bone, help us move, how tendons, ligaments and joints are all, you know, structured together, how they're designed, that's the same knowledge that a butcher might use to effectively butcher an animal, to to get that certain cuts of meat to be in their optimal state for cooking. And so I found that there was a lot of overlap in knowledge that would help me as a doctor and help me learn to butcher. And I actually did - in that first semester of anatomy lab, I went to a slaughterhouse to see how they, you know, operate, how they turn these bodies into meat. And the liver in particular was an interesting case because I always thought it was absolutely gross when I was growing up. Chopped liver was often around on holidays, and everyone in my family loved it. I thought it was repulsive - the taste, the appearance, the smell.

But after medical school, after I learned kind of a mind-boggling amount about the liver, how it functions on the microscopic level, the cellular level, how it works inside of us, and it's connected to our other organs, I couldn't quite get over the fact that that incredibly complex biological entity of the liver that keeps us healthy our entire lives is the exact same thing that goes into chopped liver and gets spread on crackers, you know, on my family's holidays. I couldn't quite get over that. And I thought how sort of magical the transformation was from this living, incredibly complex organ to food. And so it kind of spurred me to try it again. And I slowly got used to it. And now I love liver.

GROSS: So as you say, you went to a slaughterhouse. It was a kosher slaughterhouse. And you were learning there about the barrier between the outside and the inside of the body. Can you tell us what you learned?

REISMAN: I had sought out a slaughterhouse. I actually didn't know it was kosher until I got there. I noticed there was a group of rabbis looking at the animal's lungs. And so I realized this was a kosher slaughterhouse, which at first didn't make any difference. But as I spoke to one of the rabbis about how - what exactly they were doing kind of highlighted this important principle of anatomy for me. So basically, they basically look at the lungs in particular. And what they're looking at is to see how much disease those lungs have experienced during the animal's life. So if the animal's had multiple bouts of severe pneumonia, which are visible on the lungs in the form of these fibrous scars that kind of scar the lung to the inside of the chest cavity, the more pneumonia that the animal suffered, the less kosher the entire animal's body gets.

So reading the lungs can tell you about the meat on their, you know, hamstring. But the ultimate test was when they blew up the lungs with air and then looked to see if any of that air was sneaking out through these scars on the surface of the lungs. So they pooled water in their hands and held it over the scars to see if bubbles would come up through it, just like when you have a maybe flat tire and a person is looking for where the air is coming out, you use water to see where it's bubbling through. And what that would tell them is that this animal was sort of violated, right? The external world, which comes into our body through the lungs in the form of the atmosphere that we inhale, it's not really inside our bodies until it crosses that membrane. It can be deep in our alveoli, deep in our lungs. And it's still not inside the body until it diffuses across the lining of the lungs and into the bloodstream.

And so if air was indeed coming out through that scar, it kind of told them that this very important and secret outline of the body that keeps the outside out and the inside in had been violated, and therefore the animal was not kosher at all. And so that taught me something about this membrane that we have underlying all of our bodies, tissues called the basement membrane that sort of creates this outline, this sacred barrier between the inside and the outside.

GROSS: Now, in keeping with this idea, this idea that you've connected medicine with expanding your taste in food, you actually have collaborated with a chef named Ari Miller on something called Anatomy Eats, in which my understanding is you take people to a dinner and the chef explains the food. And you explain what?

REISMAN: So for each dinner, we concentrate on one of the bodily systems. For instance, we held a cardiovascular system dinner where all the main ingredients in the dishes came from the cardiovascular system. So we served three species of heart, cooked in three different ways. We served blood cookies and blood sausage. And we served bone marrow. And for each of those body parts, I describe how that body part works, how it functions in us, in health and disease. You know, both us and the animals, we have similar and analogous body parts that work roughly similar. And so the goal is to sort of draw the attendees to these dinners, draw their attention to how their own body is working, and to see how that function, that anatomy and that physiology comes into the food as as it is prepared from the same body part.

So, you know, I showed them the heart. We cut it open. And I showed them where the coronary arteries are and all the valves and how blood surges through the heart in this way and that. And sort of while they're eating, the conversation continues about their own heart. And in that way, it's sort of a deeper perspective on the food. You know, everyone wants to know sort of more about their food. They want to be more connected to their food these days and know how it's raised and under what conditions and make sure that it was, you know, kind of healthful. And for me, the same thing goes for body parts, you know, understanding how these body parts function in us but also in the animals that we eat, knowing how they function in life and how the anatomy and physiology can be translated into butchering well and preparing well. For me, that creates a deeper connection with the food that I want to have, and so we try to share that with our attendees.

GROSS: So what do your vegan friends think of your collaboration with the chef in which you show the raw organs, talk about the muscles and the blood and everything and then cook it and serve it?

REISMAN: Well, you know, they're not always thrilled about it, naturally, understandably. But I think that actually someone like me who wants to know every dirty truth about the food I'm eating - I don't want anything hidden, you know, I don't want meat showing up as this disembodied red slice in the saran wrap in the grocery store. I want to know exactly where it came from and how it worked in life - that perspective and the vegan perspective I think are closer to each other than people who maybe eat meat but don't want to know the truth, you know, want to hide from their own consciousness the fact that this liver, you know, was in an animal's abdomen before it came to be spread on a cracker on your plate. I think, you know, people who want to know about where food comes from are similar, and they might decide to not eat it because it where of where it comes from or they might decide to excitedly eat it more because of where it comes from. So I think the desire to know where food comes from is what makes people who go to anatomy eats dinners and vegans more similar than they might appear.

GROSS: So I know you plan to donate your body to science, which was a decision you made when you were a medical student after cutting open your first cadaver. What is the process like when you do that? I know how to say that you want it donated, but then what happens? And then what happens to the remains of your body after it's donated to science?

REISMAN: It depends on what you want your body to go to. So in my case, I want to donate my body for medical school dissection as I experienced from the first day of med school. So actually, in that case, you actually contact medical schools themselves and you donate your body to an individual med school, and then they help with the - kind of the arrangements after that. And, you know, once - it took about four or five months for us to dissect our cadavers. And, you know, once we had really looked through the entire body - and the person's looked like a shell of their former selves for sure - after that, they're actually cremated. And we had a ceremony at our medical school where we kind of honored these people who we never met and knew nothing about, you know, who donated their bodies so that we can learn. And still to this day, that - what I saw inside that man's body is, you know, still what I use to kind of understand what's going on inside of all of my patients and my own body. So it was a very archetypal experience.

GROSS: Well. Dr. Jonathan Reisman, a pleasure to talk with you. Thank you so much.

REISMAN: It's been an honor.

GROSS: Dr. Jonathan Reisman is the author of the new book "The Unseen Body." After we take a short break, jazz critic Kevin Whitehead will remember trumpet player and bandleader Ron Miles. He died last week at age 58. This is FRESH AIR.

(SOUNDBITE OF GOMEZ SONG, "BUENA VISTA")

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Tour of the Body: A Window to Anatomy

For more than five decades, Logan’s anatomy lab has served as an integral part of a student’s education and provided an opportunity for others to explore, learn and gain a better understanding of the structures and complexities of the human body.

In 2018 alone, hundreds of individuals―from nurses and emergency medical technicians to optometry students―visited Logan’s anatomy lab through a program called Tour of the Body. While other universities offer an anatomy experience as a portion of a credited course or for a cost, Logan’s Tour of the Body is a free service geared toward the University’s mission to engage with the broader community.

Logan Assistant Professor Meadow Campbell, PhD, says each tour can be customized to the group’s interest, but in most cases visitors will hold organs or perform procedures, giving them a chance to either refresh their knowledge or gain a new perspective.

“The tours are quite literally and figuratively a visceral experience,” she said. “Most of the people who come through the tours have never seen or touched a human cadaver before.”

Often, people are surprised at the size of various structures and fascinated by the brain, said Dr. Campbell. “‘I’m holding all of someone’s memories, thoughts and feelings in my hand’ is a sentiment I’ve heard many times,” she said.

For more experienced visitors who have studied and/or dissected other mammals, Tour of the Body offers them a chance to relate what they know about a rat, cat or pig, for example, to a human. Dr. Campbell said this connection helps them understand their own body at a deeper level.

Upper-trimester students benefit as well, by serving as guides. Dr. Campbell said the student tour guides are highly knowledgeable about human anatomy, and they are also personable and engaging teachers with a passion to share their knowledge with the community.

“Our guides demonstrate structures, ask questions, draw connections between regions of the body and often try to tailor the tours to each individual audience,” said Dr. Campbell. “By the time our students get to the point where they could be a guide, they are often several trimesters removed from their anatomy courses, so it offers them a chance to refresh this foundational knowledge. I often hear, ‘I had no idea chiropractors had to learn this much anatomy!’”

Dr. Campbell said she doesn’t know of another program like the Logan University Tour of the Body. “It’s truly a community service, and many visitors leave with a renewed appreciation for overall health and well-being.”

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Body: An Amazing Tour of Human Anatomy Hardcover – October 17, 2005

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• Print length 96 pages
• Language English
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• Publisher ‏ : ‎ DK Children (October 17, 2005)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 96 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 075661371X
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0756613716
• Reading age ‏ : ‎ 10 - 17 years
• Grade level ‏ : ‎ 5 - 12
• Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 2.1 pounds
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 10.5 x 0.5 x 12 inches
• #1,116 in Children's Anatomy Books

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Body of construction worker missing after Key Bridge collapse recovered: Unified Command

Among the six workers killed in the disaster, three remain missing.

The body of one of the four construction workers who remained missing following the Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse was recovered on Friday, authorities said.

The recovered individual was identified by the Unified Command as 38-year-old Maynor Yasir Suazo-Sandoval. His family has been notified, authorities said.

Unified Command salvage dive teams located what they believed to be the missing construction worker around 10:30 a.m. ET on Friday and notified the Maryland Department of State Police, authorities said. State police deployed a recovery team along with dive teams from law enforcement partners and recovered Suazo-Sandoval.

The father of two migrated from Honduras over 17 years ago, according to Gustavo Torres, the executive director of CASA, a group that works with immigrants. He dreamed of starting a small business and brought joy and humor to his family, Torres told reporters last week.

MORE: Baltimore Key Bridge collapse: Victims include dad of 5

Suazo-Sandoval was one of six construction workers killed when a cargo ship crashed into the Baltimore bridge early on March 26, causing a near-total collapse of the span in the Port of Baltimore.

The bodies of two workers were covered a day after the collapse. Divers found them trapped in a red pickup truck that was submerged in approximately 25 feet of water near the middle span of the bridge, Maryland State Police said.

The workers were identified by police as Alejandro Hernandez Fuentes, 35, a native of Mexico who lived in Baltimore, and Dorlian Ronial Castillo Cabrera, 26, a native of Guatemala who lived in Dundalk, Maryland.

Three workers remain missing and are presumed dead. They include Miguel Luna, a father of five from Usulutan, California, in El Salvador, his family told ABC News.

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Biden tours collapsed Baltimore bridge as clearing proceeds and declares 'your nation has your back'

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A 35-year-old from Camotán, Chiquimula, in Guatemala, and a worker from Mexico also remain missing, according to their respective country's foreign ministry.

"There are families still waiting to hear if we have found their loved one," Colonel Roland L. Butler, Jr., superintendent of the Maryland Department of State Police, said in a statement on Friday. "I can promise you, we are fully committed to finding closure for each of these families."

Baltimore Mayor Brandon Scott said the recovery of the third victim "brings us one step closer to closure," though added that "my heart continues to be with all the families still waiting anxiously for their loved ones."

"I am grateful for the first responders who have maintained focus on recovering the remaining victims and continued their work to clear the channel with the utmost care," he said in a statement. "We will continue to do everything in our power to support these families, and provide whatever they need to persevere through this unthinkable tragedy."

MORE: Biden visits site of Baltimore's Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse

The recovery of the victim occurred the same day that President Joe Biden visited the site of the collapse.

Biden thanked first responders for their efforts and later was scheduled to meet with family members of the six workers killed in the bridge disaster.

"They were hard workers laboring in the middle of the night to repair potholes on a bridge that tens of thousands of travelers crossed every day," White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said during a briefing Thursday.

Editor's note: This story has been updated to correct the name of the organization CASA.

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69-year-old man charged in death of beloved ‘Star Trek’ tour guide

MILTON, N.Y. (WRGB) – A 69-year-old man is facing manslaughter charges in the case of a missing New York man.

Friends of the victim, identified as Thomas Krider, said he was a beloved character in the “Star Trek” and entertainment community.

Ronald Rayher was arrested and arraigned on charges of manslaughter in the second degree and tampering with physical evidence.

Court documents said Rayher moved and hid personal effects belonging to Krider from the scene after his death.

Police in New York reported Krider missing on April 6.

The 40-year-old victim, also known as T.J. Green, was an employee and tour guide at the “Star Trek” set tour in Ticonderoga.

James Crawley, a friend of the victim, said Krider was also a talented Elvis Presley tribute artist and “he will be remembered for his kind and trusting soul and his warm, friendly demeanor.”

“We are devastated by his loss and will keep him close to our hearts,” Crawley said.

Rayher is being held on a $250,000 bond. He is due back in court on May 21.

Copyright 2024 WRGB via CNN Newsource. All rights reserved.

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Biden Tells Baltimore: ‘Your Nation Has Your Back’

President Biden took an aerial tour of the site of the collapsed Francis Scott Key Bridge and met with the families of the six victims. The authorities later announced the recovery of a third body.

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By Erica L. Green and Campbell Robertson

Reporting from Baltimore

• April 5, 2024

President Biden told the people of Baltimore on Friday that “your nation has your back” as he stood in front of the collapsed Francis Scott Key Bridge, which was destroyed after a cargo ship plowed through it last week, killing six people.

Mr. Biden encountered a tangle more than a mile long of concrete and steel that has snarled traffic , devastated blue-collar communities and disrupted operations at one of America’s biggest ports, threatening chaos that could ripple across supply chains.

Mr. Biden took an aerial tour of the damage and received a briefing from officials overseeing the cleanup and rebuilding efforts, before meeting privately with families of six construction workers who plunged into the Patapsco River when the bridge collapsed.

“We’re going to keep working hard to recover each of them,” Mr. Biden said.

Hours after Mr. Biden departed, the local authorities announced the recovery of the body of a construction worker, the third to be found. They identified the man as 38-year-old Maynor Yasir Suazo Sandoval.

In his remarks, Mr. Biden described how the workers had been on a break from filling potholes right before disaster struck. Just seconds before, Mr. Biden said, one of the men, a 24-year-old, sent a message to his girlfriend that said, “We just poured cement, and we’re waiting for it to dry.”

Mr. Biden spoke of the pain of loss of loved ones, adding that “we’ll also never forget the contributions these men made to this city.”

In the week since the collapse, the administration has funded the harbor cleanup, unlocked $60 million in emergency funding to help rebuild the bridge, provided low-interest disaster loans to affected businesses and overseen efforts to manage any supply chain disruptions.

On Friday, Mr. Biden called on companies to commit to keeping employees — about 20,000 people depend on the port for jobs — on their payrolls as the port reopens. This week, senior administration officials, including Mr. Biden’s chief of staff, called major employers in the Baltimore area, including retail chains such as Home Depot and distributors like Amazon, to encourage them to retain workers.

“We’re going to move heaven and earth to rebuild this bridge as rapidly as humanly possible,” Mr. Biden said. He called on Congress to help fulfill his promise that the federal government pay to rebuild the bridge.

As he spoke, the bridge’s steel girders remained partially submerged in water, reaching skyward like arms from a grave. The giant cargo vessel was still carrying dozens of colorful containers, and pieces of the broken bridge were lying across the ship’s bow.

Local and federal officials said the road to recovery would be long.

“As you can see behind me, the physical impact of this tragedy is massive,” said Mayor Brandon Scott of Baltimore. “But let’s be clear, the human impact is immeasurable.”

At a briefing on response efforts, Brig. Gen. John P. Lloyd from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers described a “mangled mess” that was being tackled by 51 divers and 12 cranes. He told the president that one pending task was to remove a large section of the bridge sitting on the ship. The section weighs 5,000 tons and is 125 feet high.

The bridge crumbled in the dead of night when a 985-foot-long cargo vessel crashed into it shortly after departing the Port of Baltimore, a vital economic engine that handles more cars and farm equipment than any other port in the country. The vessel, the Dali, lost power before it hit the bridge but sent a mayday call that gave officials enough time to halt bridge traffic.

But it was not enough time to get to workers who were already on the bridge.

The bodies of two of the workers were recovered from the river on March 27. Recovery efforts for the remaining workers, who were presumed dead, later stalled. The authorities said the bodies were most likely encased in steel and concrete.

Mr. Biden spoke affectionately of his own ties to the port of Baltimore, including his family who worked as watermen in the 1850s and his many years commuting from Delaware.

The structure, which took five years to build, opened in 1977 and served as a critical transportation link on the East Coast. It was named after Francis Scott Key, the Maryland-born author of “The Star-Spangled Banner.”

Mr. Biden’s response drew praise from Gov. Wes Moore, who said he received the first call from the White House at around 3 a.m., just 90 minutes after the collision.

“And every hour since we’ve worked hand in hand with this administration,” Mr. Moore said. “President Biden might not be a Marylander by birth. But I tell you, he’s proven what it means to be Maryland tough, and Baltimore strong.”

Scott Cowan, the president of the local chapter of the International Longshoremen’s Association, said he was encouraged by Mr. Biden’s visit but believed there was more to be done.

As the weeks go by, Mr. Cowan said, the situation for the 2,400 members of his local was getting more difficult. Around 400 people in the local were working at the moment, he said, with around 2,000 idled, roughly the inverse of the normal ratio.

If it had been a gradual work slowdown, people could have adjusted, he said, but “it was like hitting a wall” when the bridge collapsed and all but shut down the port.

“President Biden does know about ports,” Mr. Cowan said. “I think he wants to do so something. But obviously there’s Congress involved too.”

Jacey Fortin contributed reporting.

Erica L. Green is a White House correspondent, covering President Biden and his administration. More about Erica L. Green

Campbell Robertson reports on Delaware, the District Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Virginia, for The Times. More about Campbell Robertson

Convicted killer of college student Kristin Smart attacked at prison for second time

COALINGA, Calif. (AP) — Paul Flores, the  convicted killer of college student Kristin Smart , was stabbed Wednesday at a California prison, the second time he has been attacked by a fellow inmate in the past year, officials said.

Staff witnessed the stabbing shortly before 3:30 p.m. in the recreation yard at Pleasant Valley State Prison and were able to end the assault using verbal commands, according to a statement from the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.

An injured Flores, 47, was transported to an outside medical facility for treatment and later returned to the prison in fair condition, officials said.

The inmate suspected in the assault, whose name was not released, was placed in restricted housing, the corrections department said. The attack is being investigated as an attempted homicide.

Two suspected inmate-manufactured weapons were recovered, the department said. No other staff or incarcerated people were injured.

Flores was slashed in the neck in August by another inmate in the yard of the same prison in Coalinga in central California. Flores was hospitalized and returned to the prison two days later.

The man accused in that attack,  Jason Budrow , has pleaded not guilty to felony charges including attempted murder and assault by an inmate serving a life sentence.

Authorities didn’t mention possible motives for either attack.

Flores is serving a sentence of 25 years to life for the murder of Smart, a 19-year-old who disappeared from California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo over Memorial Day weekend in 1996.

Prosecutors maintained Flores killed Smart during an attempted rape in his dorm room at the university, where both were first-year students. He was the last person seen with Smart as he walked her home from an off-campus party. Her body was never found.

Flores was arrested in 2021, convicted in 2022 and  sentenced  last year.

Copyright 2024 The Associated Press. All rights reserved.

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The Moscow Metro Tour is included in most guided tours’ itineraries. Opened in 1935, under Stalin’s regime, the metro was not only meant to solve transport problems, but also was hailed as “a people’s palace”. Every station you will see during your Moscow metro tour looks like a palace room. There are bright paintings, mosaics, stained glass, bronze statues… Our Moscow metro tour includes the most impressive stations best architects and designers worked at - Ploshchad Revolutsii, Mayakovskaya, Komsomolskaya, Kievskaya, Novoslobodskaya and some others.

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The guide will not only help you navigate the metro, but will also provide you with fascinating background tales for the images you see and a history of each station.

And there some stories to be told during the Moscow metro tour! The deepest station - Park Pobedy - is 84 metres under the ground with the world longest escalator of 140 meters. Parts of the so-called Metro-2, a secret strategic system of underground tunnels, was used for its construction.

During the Second World War the metro itself became a strategic asset: it was turned into the city's biggest bomb-shelter and one of the stations even became a library. 217 children were born here in 1941-1942! The metro is the most effective means of transport in the capital.

There are almost 200 stations 196 at the moment and trains run every 90 seconds! The guide of your Moscow metro tour can explain to you how to buy tickets and find your way if you plan to get around by yourself.

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Biden tours collapsed Baltimore bridge as clearing proceeds and declares ‘your nation has your back’

President Joe Biden visited Baltimore Friday to get a firsthand look at efforts to clear away the remains of the Francis Scott Key Bridge which collapsed last week, killing six people. Biden vowed to “move heaven and earth” to rebuild the bridge.

President Joe Biden, aboard Marine One, takes an aerial tour of the collapsed Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore, Friday, April 5, 2024, as seen from an accompanying aircraft. (AP Photo/Manuel Balce Ceneta)

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President Joe Biden waves as he walks to Marine One for departure from the South Lawn of the White House, Friday, April 5, 2024, in Washington. Behind the President from left are Adm. Linda Fagan, Commandant of the United States Coast Guard, Maryland Gov. Wes Moore, and Lt. Gen. Scott Spellmon, Chief of Engineers and Commanding General of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. They are headed to Maryland. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon)

President Joe Biden participates in an operational briefing on the response and recovery efforts of the collapsed Francis Scott Key Bridge, Friday, April 5, 2024 in Dundalk, Md., from Brigadier General John Lloyd, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, left, as Maryland Gov. Wes Moore, right, looks on. (AP Photo/Manuel Balce Ceneta)

Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg, with the collapsed Francis Scott Key Bridge, seen rear, moves to speak, Friday, April 5, 2024 in Dundalk, Md. President Joe Biden is on scene getting a firsthand look at efforts to clear away the hulking remains of the collapsed Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore. (AP Photo/Manuel Balce Ceneta)

An aerial formation including Marine One, carrying President Joe Biden, flies in a formation with a decoy helicopter and a U.S. Marine Corps Osprey aircraft carrying members of the White House press corps, during a tour of the collapsed Francis Scott Key Bridge, Friday, April 5, 2024, in Dundalk, Md. (AP Photo/Julia Nikhinson)

DUNDALK, Md. (AP) — President Joe Biden got a firsthand look Friday at efforts to clear away the “mangled mess” of remains of the collapsed Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore , as cranes, ships and diving crews work to reopen one of the nation’s main shipping lanes.

Aboard Marine One, circling the warped metal remains and the mass of construction and salvage equipment trying to clear the wreckage of last week’s collapse, which killed six workers, Biden got an up close view of the devastation.

On the ground later, he received a briefing from local officials, the U.S. Coast Guard and Army Corps of Engineers on the situation in the water and its impacts on the region. The president also greeted police officers who helped block traffic to the bridge in the moments before it was hit by a ship — which helped avert an even larger loss of life.

“I’m here to say your nation has your back and I mean it,” Biden said from the shoreline overlooking the collapsed bridge in Dundalk, just outside Baltimore. “Your nation has your back.”

Eight workers — immigrants from Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador — were filling potholes on the bridge when it was hit by a huge cargo ship and collapsed in the middle of the night of March 26. Two men were rescued and the bodies of two others were recovered in subsequent days.

Authorities announced Friday evening that salvage divers had recovered, in the hours before Biden arrived, a third body from the water, that of Maynor Yasir Suazo-Sandoval, 38, one of the missing workers. They said the search for the other victims will continue.

The president also met for more than an hour with the families of those killed.

“The damage is devastating and our hearts are still breaking,” Biden said.

Officials have established a temporary, alternate channel for vessels involved in clearing debris. The Army Corps of Engineers hopes to open a limited-access channel for barge container ships and some vessels moving cars and farm equipment by the end of this month, and to restore normal capacity to Baltimore’s port by May 31, the White House says.

That’s important since longer delays in reopening shipping lanes could send shockwaves through the economy . As much as $200 million in cargo normally moves through Baltimore’s port per day, and it is the leading hub for importing and exporting vehicles.

More than 50 salvage divers and 12 cranes are on site to help cut out sections of the bridge and remove them from the key waterway. Officials told Biden they had all the resources they need to meet the targets for opening the channel into the Baltimore port.

The president announced that some of the largest employers affected by the collapse, including Amazon, Home Depot and Domino Sugar, have committed to keeping their employees on payroll until the port is reopened. That followed days of outreach by state and federal officials to try to mitigate the economic impact.

“From the air I saw the bridge that has been ripped apart,” Biden said, “but here on the ground I see a community that’s pulled together.”

It is still unclear, though, how the costs of cleanup and building a new bridge will be covered.

The Federal Highway Administration has provided $60 million in “quick release” emergency relief funds to get started. Exactly how much the collapse will ultimately cost is unclear, though some experts estimate recovery will take at least $400 million and 18 months .

Biden said within hours of the collapse that “the federal government will pay for the entire cost of reconstructing that bridge, and I expect the Congress to support my effort.”

Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell likened the bridge collapse to assistance that flows after natural disasters and saying ”the federal government will step up and do the lion’s share” of funding. But authorization could cause some squabbles in Congress.

The White House is asking lawmakers to authorize the federal government to cover 100% of the collapsed bridge cleanup and reconstruction costs, rather than seeking funding through a separate, emergency supplemental funding request.

In a letter to congressional leaders, Office of Management and Budget Director Shalanda Young noted similar techniques were used for recovery and rebuilding efforts that received bipartisan congressional support in 2007, when a highway bridge in downtown Minneapolis collapsed during evening rush hour, killing 13 people.

But some hard-line congressional Republicans are already lining up to demand politically controversial offsets for the funding. The conservative House Freedom Caucus issued a statement saying, “If it proves necessary to appropriate taxpayer money to get one of America’s busiest ports back online, Congress should ensure it is fully offset and that burdensome regulations” are waved. It was referring to potential federal spending cuts elsewhere and to regulations like the Endangered Species Act.

The caucus’s letter also suggested that approval for bridge recovery funds be tied to the Biden administration agreeing to lift a pause it has imposed on exportation of liquified natural gas.

The funding questions only serve to heighten the collapse’s political implications as Biden squares off with former President Donald Trump in November’s election.

It’s the second major disaster along the country’s busy northeastern hub in as many years. Last summer, an overpass along Interstate 95 in Philadelphia caught fire and collapsed after a tanker truck slammed into it. Federal and state officials moved quickly on temporary repairs and ultimately reopened that section of the highway faster than expected.

But the cleanup and repairs in Baltimore will take far longer and be far more costly, making the chances it is a net political positive for Biden — especially in time for Election Day — far murkier. That hasn’t stopped the Biden administration from championing anew a $1 trillion-plus public works package that cleared Congress in 2021.

The bridge collapse also has thrust into the national spotlight Maryland’s Democratic Gov. Wes Moore , 45, a leading voice in Biden’s reelection campaign’s effort to energize young voters on the 81-year-old president’s behalf. The governor accompanied Biden on the helicopter tour and during his briefings.

Biden has traveled the country showcasing construction projects on highways, bridges and tunnels. In 2022, he arrived for an event in Pittsburgh just hours after a bridge nearby collapsed . Promoting the public works package also has allowed the president to lean into his love of train travel and many years commuting to and from Washington on Amtrak as a Delaware senator.

Biden said Friday that he’d been over the bridge “about a thousand times” commuting from Washington to his home in Delaware, prompting the state Department of Transportation chief to quip, “thank you for the tolls, sir.”

Associated Press writer Lea Skene in Baltimore contributed to this report.

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Masters 2024: A year after ankle surgery, Tiger Woods still faces 'challenges' playing and walking Augusta National

Tiger Woods hits a shot during his practie round Tuesday at Augusta National.

AUGUSTA, Ga. — Time flies by and the surgeries on Tiger Woods’ body meld into a blur, so being on the grounds of Augusta National Golf Club this week is a reminder of where he was a year ago in recovering from his 2021 car crash.

Going into the Masters, Woods was hobbling around on a right ankle that ached constantly. There was no hiding it as he dragged his right leg around one of the hilliest golf courses the pros play. The unseasonably cold temperatures only made it worse, and though Woods impressively made the cut, he had to withdraw before the third round, ending his streak of playing 72 holes in every appearance here as a pro.

The following Wednesday, Woods’ team announced that he’d undergone ankle fusion surgery.

One year later, the pain in the ankle is gone. A very good thing in Woods’ life. But it doesn’t make him pain-free. As anybody with physical ailments knows, solving one issue can send reverberations through the rest of the body—especially for a golfer who has to adapt his swing.

“It's other parts of my body that now have to take the brunt of it,” Woods, a five-time Masters winner, said on Tuesday at Augusta, citing specifically his knee and back.

“The training that we have to do at home, it changes from day-to-day basis. Some days I just feel really good, and other days, not so much.

“I ache every day,” Woods said later. “And I prefer it warm and humid and hot. And I know we're going to get some thunderstorms [this week]. So at least it will be hot. It won't be like last year.”

Woods maintains that if everything goes well, he can contend for a sixth green jacket. Yet if you were to poll his peers and fans, they’re likely more concerned about him being able to walk 72 holes, rather than seriously compete over them. After all, Woods has walked 72 holes in a tournament twice in two years—in the 2023 Genesis Invitational and at last fall’s Hero World Challenge. He made the cut in the ’22 Masters, then hobbled to a pair of 88s. Later that season, Woods withdrew from that year’s PGA Championship after three rounds and missed the cut in the Open Championship.

Asked on Tuesday if there is a particular lie or stance that bothers him at Augusta, Woods smiled and said, “Every shot that's not on a tee box is a challenge. So, yeah, once we start the hole, it's a bit of a challenge.”

Woods, 48, has made only one PGA Tour start this season, at the Genesis Invitational he hosts at Riviera. But after opening with a respectable 72, Woods had to withdraw midway through the second round because of the flu. He started off the year with a plan to play once a month, but that hasn’t happened, with Woods skipping the Players Championship last month.

“I wasn't ready to play. My body wasn't ready. My game wasn't ready,” Woods explained. "And I thought that when I was at Hero, once a month would be a really nice rhythm. Hasn't worked out that way. But now we have major championships every month from here through July. So now the once a month hopefully kicks in.”

Playing 72 holes at Augusta would be a win all its own.

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Moscow Metro Underground Small-Group Tour - With Reviews & Ratings

Moscow metro underground small-group tour.

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Tour Information

Key Details

• Mobile Voucher Accepted
• Free Cancellation
• Duration: 3 Hrs
• Language: English
• Departure Time : 10:00 AM
• Departure Details : Karl Marks Monument on Revolution Square, metro stop: Square of Revolution
• Return Details : Metro Smolenskaya
• If you cancel at least 4 day(s) in advance of the scheduled departure, there is no cancellation fee.
• If you cancel within 3 day(s) of the scheduled departure, there is a 100 percent cancellation fee.
• Tours booked using discount coupon codes will be non refundable.

Go beneath the streets on this tour of the spectacular, mind-bending Moscow Metro! Be awed by architecture and spot the Propaganda , then hear soviet stories from a local in the know. Finish it all up above ground, looking up to Stalins skyscrapers, and get the inside scoop on whats gone on behind those walls.

Know More about this tour

We begin our Moscow tour beneath the city, exploring the underground palace of the Moscow Metro. From the Square of Revolution station, famous for its huge statues of soviet people (an armed soldier, a farmer with a rooster, a warrior, and more), we’ll move onto some of the most significant stations, where impressive mosaics, columns, and chandeliers will boggle your eyes! Moreover, these stations reveal a big part of soviet reality — the walls depict plenty of Propaganda , with party leaders looking down from images on the walls. Your local guide will share personal stories of his/her family from USSR times, giving you insight into Russia’s complicated past and present. Then we’re coming back up to street level, where we’ll take a break and refuel with some Russian fast food: traditional pancakes, called bliny. And then, stomachs satiated, we are ready to move forward! We’ll take the eco-friendly electric trolleybus, with a route along the Moscow Garden Ring. Used mainly by Russian babushkas(grannies) during the day, the trolleybus hits peak hours in the mornings and evenings, when many locals use it going to and from their days. Our first stop will be the Aviator’s House, one of Stalin’s Seven Sisters, followed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs — and you’ll hear the legends of what has gone on inside the walls. Throughout your Moscow tour, you’ll learn curious facts from soviet history while seeing how Russia exists now, 25 years after the USSR.

Local English-speaking guide

Pancake snack and drink

Additional food and drinks

Tickets for public transport

Souvenirs and items of a personal nature

Tips and gratuities for the guide

Additional Info

Confirmation will be received at time of booking

Dress standard: Please wear comfortable shoes for walking. For your Urban Adventure you will be in a small group of a maximum of 12 people

Traveler Reviews

This tour exceeded our expectations. Nikolai (Nick), our tour guide, was very knowledgeable, thorough, and has a great personality. He didn't take shortcuts and really covered everything that was on the agenda in great detail. We saw beautiful metro stations and learned the history behind them, including many of the murals and designs.

We did the tour with Anna her knowledge and understanding of the History surrounding the metro brought the tour alive. Well done Anna!

This tour was amazing!

Anna was a great tour guide. She gave us heaps of interesting information, was very friendly, and very kindly showed us how to get to our next tour.

Amazing beauty and history.

An excellent tour helped by an absolutely amazing guide. Anna gave a great insight into the history of the metro helped by additional material she had prepared.

great tour and guide - thanks again

great will do it again, Miriam ke was very good as a guide she has lived here all here life so knew every interesting detail.a good day