history of tourism in iceland

From Iceland — Iceland On The Brain: 1200 Years Of Tourism

Iceland on the brain: 1200 years of tourism.

Published September 3, 2014

Everyone knows that Ingólfur Arnarson (that chap with the spear thing on the hill overlooking the city centre) was Iceland’s first settler. But, he was not the first person to set foot upon it. A few years before the settlement, which is assumed to have started in 874, a Swede named Garðar arrived, naming the place Garðarshólmur before abruptly leaving again (thankfully, modern-day Swedish tourists no longer feel entitled to go around naming the country after themselves). Not long after, a Norwegian named Hrafna-Flóki (“Raven-Flóki”) arrived to spend an entire winter on the island and, not much impressed, subsequently re-named it Iceland, as a warning to others. Flóki never returned, but the name stuck. Iceland’s first tourism boom ended soon after, as people from Flóki’s homeland, disregarding the brand name, started settling, bringing along scores of reluctant Irishmen to till the fields and such.

In fact, it was probably the Irish who arrived first of all, as the Sagas mention the presence of Irish monks predating any Norse settlement. No one knows how long they stayed, as they disappear quite suddenly from the sources, perhaps after incidents involving Viking battle-axes, or perhaps departing of their own accord to pre-empt such incidents. In any case, they may have used Iceland as some sort of spiritual retreat, entering the annals of history as Iceland’s first ever tourists.

The Dog-Day King

It was only in the late 18th and early 19th centuries—when young aristocrats started travelling the world, inventing modern tourism in the process—that people started visiting Iceland to see the sights. Incidentally, much like the ongoing tourism boom, this one was presaged by a volcanic eruption . In 1783 Laki erupted, killing almost quarter of the population and blowing ash everywhere, destroying crops all over Europe, and possibly causing the widespread hardships that led to the French Revolution . The sans-culottes may not have been aware of the Iceland connection, but in 1809, the revolution came these shores in the form of Iceland’s most famous 19th Century visitor, Jörgen Jörgensen.

Jörgen was a Dane, in the service of English soap merchants. He took over the country, declared independence from Denmark and ruled for 100 days before being deposed by the British Navy, who then returned the island to the Danes. Jörgen went to his grave in Australia decades later, still calling himself the King of Iceland. Over here, he’s still fondly referred to as Jörgen the Dog-Day King, in reference to the dog days of summer that he ruled here.

Of course, Jörgen wasn’t really a tourist without purpose. He came to engage in trade, and just happened to proclaim himself ruler of the island during his visit. His boss, however, a certain Joseph Banks, can perhaps legitimately be said to be the first modern tourist to Iceland. And of course, he came here by accident.

Shakespeare insults us

Iceland is rarely mentioned in English literature before the late 18th Century, although a couple of examples do spring to mind. Shakespeare was apparently familiar with the Icelandic sheep dog, “Pish for thee, Iceland Dog! Thou prick-eared cur of Iceland!“ being one of his better insults. And the great scholar Dr. Samuel Johnson, a man of wide and profound learning, was known for being able to quote verbatim a whole chapter on snakes in Iceland from Niels Horrebow’s ‘Natural History of Iceland’ from 1752. It ran thusly: “There are no snakes in Iceland.”

But it was Sir Joseph Banks who led the first English expedition to Iceland, thereby bringing the country to the attention of educated Englishmen for the first time.

Sir Banks had in fact been planning an expedition to the Pacific along with James Cook, but since this turned out to be too expensive, he decided on Iceland instead. A member of Banks’ expedition, Uno Von Troil, published an account in which he comments on the country’s whales, volcanoes and cuisine, but concludes that it is a “dreary land so little favoured by nature that one is tempted to believe it impossible to be inhabited by any human creature.” But, as with Hrafna-Flóki, Von Troil’s warnings did not keep people away. Rather the opposite, as English visitors now started coming to our shores, many of them to see the already-famous volcanoes.

The French discover Iceland

At the time, Iceland’s best-known sight was the volcano Hekla. A medical student named Henry Holland visited it in 1810, later describing the effect of entering the crater as “at once extraordinary and pleasing—The magical palaces of an eastern tale, could not have been better illustrated to the eye.” Holland’s account, like most travelogues to this day, describes Iceland as at once magical and exotic, even comparing it to the orient rather than to Europe. More travellers subsequently came to Iceland in the 19th century; many of them developing a deep fascination for the country, a condition which later scholars of these travels have sometimes called “Iceland on the brain,” more recently termed “Icelandophilia.” One of these new fans was William Morris, whose translation of the Icelandic Sagas had a profound impact on modern day fantasy writers such as CS Lewis and JRR Tolkien.

The most famous work of 19th century literature set in Iceland is of course Frenchman Jules Verne’s ‘Journey To The Centre Of The Earth.’ Verne never actually came to Iceland (in fact, he rarely left his office), but based his descriptions on travelogues by his countrymen. The French scientist Gaimard, referenced by Verne, explored everything from the Icelandic potato to the nether parts of Icelandic women to determine if they looked the same as in other countries.

The invention of the dirty weekend

By the turn of the 20th Century, then, we can already see the beginnings of tourism in Iceland. Perhaps surprisingly, it was the British who brought environmental tourism, the Americans who brought cultural tourism and the French who came to research the loins of local women.

But foreigners only started coming in large numbers during World War II, when the British Army arrived in 1940, with American troops following a year later. As in the Napoleonic Wars, this was more to occupy the country than explore the sights, and after the end of the war, the soldiers were sent home or confined to their base in Keflavík. With 60,000 foreign soldiers suddenly stationed in a country of 120,000, the occupation certainly increased Icelanders’ awareness of the outside world, but the outside world paid little attention in return.

And no wonder. During the first decades of the Cold War, Iceland seemed a dreary place. There were few visitors, and it was difficult to leave due to expensive flights and currency restrictions. In order to get foreign currency, one would have to make an appointment with a manager of one of the local banks, and his goodwill determined how much you would get. Obviously, it helped if you were related.

Slower but lower

In the ‘50s, the airline Loftleiðir started flying transatlantic routes between New York and Luxemburg employing outdated propeller aircraft. “We are slower, but we are lower,” was the company motto. In the late ’60, Loftleiðir became known as “the Hippie Express,” transporting young Americans to Europe who cared more about low cost than punctuality. Among those taking the trip was a young Bill Clinton. Iceland became a stopover for transcontinental travellers, but ironically, it was still very expensive to fly from Iceland, as the company held a de facto monopoly. Flights from Iceland to the USA, for instance, were much more expensive than the other way around.

Enter Björk

When I was a young lad in the UK in the ‘80s, Iceland seemed to exist in most people’s imaginations—if at all—as a little known place that was probably home to polar bears and Santa Claus.  Icelanders prided themselves on winning various Miss World and Strongest Man in the World titles, cementing the prevailing image of Iceland as a nation of latter-day Vikings and supermodel waitresses. But the proper outside recognition Icelanders so lusted for was in the end spurred by music.

In the mid-‘80s, the world’s most famous Icelander was a well-respected fellow named Magnus Magnusson, a BBC TV presenter who was born in Iceland, but had spent his whole life in Scotland. As if to assert his Icelandicness, Magnus went on to translate many of the Sagas into English, and retained Icelandic citizenship until the day he died.

Then came Björk. When the Sugarcubes’ “Birthday “was voted single of 1988 by Melody Maker in 1988, young people in the UK started developing an interest in the country.

Björk’s solo career started taking off in 1993, and it wound up bringing even more international attention than her band had. Iceland was fast becoming a modern country, but in the video to her breakthrough single “Human Behaviour,” Björk still can’t resist indulging in a little bit of Iceland exoticism, which seems to have not changed much since the 19th century, presenting herself as a pixie closely in tune with nature.

Britpop in Iceland

When “Cool Britannia” took off in London the next year, Iceland felt the effects immediately. It had never before seemed so close to the centre of the universe. Instead of the burnt-out hard rock bands that used to stop by Iceland during the ‘80s (Status Quo, Meatloaf, Kiss, Europe), some of Britain’s hottest acts started coming over to play and party as Björk mingled with the world’s most popular and progressive acts in London and New York.

Everyone from Blur’s Damon Albarn to Mel B of the Spice Girls could now be spotted on the streets of Reykjavík, sometimes arm in arm with local paramours. In the wake of Björk, Sigur rós, Gusgus, múm, Quarashi, and others who made a splash internationally (the most recent example being Of Monsters and Men). The movie ‘101 Reykjavík,’ largely set in Albarn’s old haunt Kaffibarinn (still going strong!), helped establish Reykjavík as a party Mecca and the Iceland Airwaves festival, which soon attracted many visitors, was started in 1999.

And in the wake of the stars came the general public. Running into tourists, exchange students and other visitors to Iceland stopped being an oddity and became a somewhat regular occurrence. Iceland might still be exotic, but it was no longer completely unknown.

Growing Pains

• damon albran
• goslingwatch
• iceland on the brain
• shakespeare is ok
• sigtryggur baldursson
• stars they're just like us
• tourism in iceland
• Valur Gunnarsson
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History Of Tourism In Iceland

Let’s face it, Icelandic tourism is booming. In the last five years, more visitors have been drawn to the land of fire and ice than ever before. In fact, in 2017, over 2 million people visited Iceland- was more than six times the total population, It’s safe to say, then, that many people are curious about the history of Icelandic tourism.

Iceland has been a popular tourist destination for the last 40 years. But it hasn’t always been the case. In fact, tourism in Iceland is a much newer phenomenon than you might think. With that in mind, let’s journey back and take a look at the history of Icelandic tourism.

In fact, tourism in Iceland goes back to the late 19th century, when the first tourists began to visit this spectacular island. The history of tourism in Iceland can be divided into four general time periods: 1871-1939, 1939-1974, 1974-1989, and 1989-present day. Before going into detail about each period, we need to look at the history of tourism in general.

The History of Tourism

It has become an important industry around the world and a major source of revenue for many countries. According to The World Tourism Organization’s 2015 report on international tourist arrivals, there were 1.2 billion departures on international trips during 2014 alone. That was an increase of 4% over 2013 figures!

Tourism has had a significant impact on Iceland. In fact, Iceland currently attracts over two million tourists each year! This figure continues to rise year after year. These tourists are responsible for roughly 20% of Iceland’s total gross domestic product (GDP). The History of Icelandic Tourism.

The history of tourism in Iceland began in the 19th century when Iceland was still part of Denmark. A group of Danish and British businessmen founded The Icelandic Tourist Association (now called IceGuide) in June 1893 with the purpose of stimulating interest in Icelandic travel and promoting Icelandic tourism. 

The founders were inspired by developments in the Faroe Islands, where tourism had taken off. One of the founding fathers was Sigurður Ísleifsson, a man who later became Iceland’s first Ambassador.

The first tourist office was opened in Reykjavík on 16 September 1893 and was run by Einar Þorgilsson, following his appointment as Head Guide by IceGuide. 

Icelandic Tourist Bureau in London

In December 1893, a branch of IceGuide was established in London to promote interest in traveling to Iceland. The London Office was headed by Björn Guðbrandsson, and its first task was to publish an information brochure about Iceland. In 1895, around 500 tourists visited Iceland, most of the Danish or British. The first international tourists that traveled to Iceland were Dutch and American. 

Iceland is a country that attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors every year. The Icelandic tourism industry has had a long history and strong growth over the past decade. Iceland is an international destination for travelers from many countries, with the main attraction being the unspoiled nature, geothermal areas, and glaciers, as well as cultural attractions such as the Iceland Sagas.

History of tourism in Iceland

Iceland was first settled by Nordic and Celtic people in the 9th century AD but remained uninhabited for centuries until settlers from Norway established permanent settlements in the 9th century.

Settlement began in southwestern Iceland. Expeditions to Greenland and Vinland (probably Newfoundland) were launched from this base, but the colonies were abandoned after a few years.

The first Norse settlement in Iceland was established at Reykjavík in 870. More settlers arrived from Norway in the following decades and eventually intermarried with the indigenous Gaelic population. Christianity was adopted around 999–1000, although Norse paganism persisted among some segments of the population until 1262 (see heathenry).

The Kingdom of Norway entered into a personal union with Denmark in 1380, and from 1381 until 1814, it was under Danish rule and formed a part of the state of Denmark.

Became must see location

In order to understand how tourism in Iceland began, we have to travel back in time to 1874 when two Danish boys, Hans and Jón Pálsson, were taken by their father on a trip to North America.

Since they were the first Icelandic teenagers who had ever traveled this far away from home, they decided to keep a journal about their adventures. The American West was just opening up for settlers and tourists alike, and these young travelers got the chance of a lifetime. They saw a vast country that was wild, rugged, and natural.

In December 1891 Jón Pálsson returned from his trip with a gift for his father: A Life-Sized Buffalo Skull. His father was so taken with it that he decided to take it on tour across Iceland so that everyone could see it. In 1892 this buffalo skull was displayed at the Alþingi (parliament) in Reykjavík, where it caused quite a stir. It was then decided that more Icelandic people should be able to see this exotic creature.”

Iceland, the land of fire and ice, has long been a popular tourist destination, but only recently has it become a must-see location. Flights to Iceland are now more frequented than ever before, and its airports have become one of the best destinations for flights around Europe.

In recent years, tourism in Iceland has boomed due to various reasons. Some of these reasons include the arrival of low-cost air travel companies such as WOW Air and a general increase in the ease with which people can book a trip to Iceland without having to worry about complicated currency exchanges or conversion rates.

Iceland is one of the most popular tourist destinations in western Europe, with over 2 million tourists traveling there annually. This means that more people are visiting Iceland each year than ever before to enjoy its remarkable landscapes, wildlife, gastronomy, and culture.

The first civilizations to inhabit Iceland was the Irish monks who arrived from Ireland in 850 AD. As they traveled, they left behind Irish books and manuscripts, which led to the first library that was built in Iceland. The Christian religion became a popular belief among many Icelanders, but during pagan times worshipers would pray to spirits that resided in their surroundings, such as waterfalls or volcanoes.

Iceland’s current population is approximately 345,000 people. This was a large increase from just over 100 years ago when there were only about 50,000 inhabitants.

The country is also known for being extremely green, with over 70% of it covered by forests and nature reserves. These figures suggest that Icelandic tourism is growing at an unparalleled rate and will do so for many years to come.

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The Rise and Fall of Iceland’s Tourism Miracle

Andrew Sheivachman, Skift

September 11th, 2019 at 2:30 AM EDT

Life has changed for Icelanders as the country's tourism industry faces a slump. While many are looking at the change as an opportunity to reassess their business, the widespread decline of tourism across the country presents intractable problems.

Down in the icy tunnel, the glacier is sweating. A dozen tourists slip around in the dark, taking selfies and scooping water into bottles from slushy puddles whenever the guide stops walking. Water streams down in thick rivulets throughout, dousing everyone in frigid water.

At the Into the Glacier attraction in northern Iceland, the waves of rapacious tourists snapping up dirty water from a rapidly melting glacier is a stark reminder of the state of Iceland’s tourism sector.

Iceland has been the poster child for the positive and negative effects of the overtourism phenomenon. Tourism growth helped the country recover after a brutal financial crisis and has empowered a new breed of entrepreneurs. Tourism revenue now accounts for 42 percent of Iceland’s economy, an increase from around 27 percent in 2013, according to Statistics Iceland.

With tourism taking on increased importance, the country’s fishing and manufacturing sectors have contracted over time. The change has made the country’s overall economy reliant on foreign visitors.

“It’s never been about the tourists, it’s more about the industry itself,” said Inga Hlín Pálsdóttir, director of Visit Iceland . “After the financial crisis, we were always worried. Are we going into the same bubble? Are we going in the same direction, that this is a bubble that is going to burst?”

Nearly a decade into Iceland’s unprecedented growth as a global tourism hotspot, a variety of issues have led to an economic slowdown that many, surprisingly, see as a good thing for the country’s travel sector.

As the wave of overtourism crested in Iceland over the summer, the country is looking for what’s next. Fortunes have been made and lost over the last decade, with many now looking to the future of Iceland as a more mature tourism destination. Skift returned after three years to Iceland  in July, speaking to more than a dozen tourism leaders and residents about the country’s troubles and path forward.

What was different this time was a sense of concern for the country’s overheated tourism industry, What’s more, there is a worry about a malaise left in the wake of an unprecedented boom period that helped bring the country out of an economic recession. Instead of embracing tourism growth, nearly everyone said it is now time for the country to sit back and take stock of how tourism fits into a more sustainable overall economy for Iceland.

The city of Reykjavik remains dotted with cranes as new construction projects have blossomed in recent years. New international shopping outlets, like H&M, have invaded the city at the same time. Generic restaurants and boutiques have popped up, bringing with them new inauthentic locations for travelers to shop and eat.

Many expect these types of projects to be put on hold as the country’s business community grapples with a reality where tourism may not be a reliable cash cow. As Reykjavik has transformed itself into a modern international city, the rest of Iceland may have been left behind. With the lack of a serious cultural backlash against tourism, most have now realized just how crucial the travel sector is to Iceland’s future prospects.

Much in Iceland has changed since Skift visited three years ago. The attitude of Icelanders is now much more cautious, as the business people and small towns lifted up by tourism face the prospect of forging ahead with fewer visitors. Let’s look at how the country got to this point and how its tourism leaders are adapting despite deep uncertainty.

The Big Picture

To understand where Iceland stands today, it’s important to chart the last decade of the country’s evolution following a devastating financial crisis in 2008. Iceland had relied on heavy industries and fishing to power its economy, but over-leveraged banks helped lead to a dramatic drop in the value of the Icelandic krona and led to a rise in unemployment as the country had to be bailed out by the International Monetary Fund.

Tourism in Iceland began to grow following the April 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in the country’s south. It was cheap to visit and costs were affordable due to the country’s weak currency; the eruption acted as a global billboard for Iceland’s natural beauty.

As time went on and its economy recovered, prices began to rise for residents and tourists alike. What was once an affordable vacation became pricier despite the cheap flights that continued to bring passengers to Iceland. Gas and food became pricier for Icelanders, too, putting pressure on households across the country.

“Iceland was in fashion, and the exchange rate of the krona was attractive from the UK, where the boost in tourism really started,” said Magnus Arni Skulason, chairman of Reykjavik Economics , a consulting group. “Tourists from the UK started it, then the U.S., then Germany and other European countries. Post-Brexit, there was a big impact on medium-income Brits who wanted to come to Iceland. And then the appreciation of the krona made it more expensive to come here.”

Now Iceland’s economy is in its first slump since its financial crisis began in 2008. The strong krona, the collapse of Wow Air, the Boeing 737 Max fiasco, and rising labor costs have each contributed to the current downturn.

“We were going down as well, regardless of Wow Air, and that was because the currency was too strong,” said Bjarnheiður Hallsdóttir, head of the Icelandic Travel Industry Association . “It was mainly that but it was a few things at the same time which caused this rather strong decline.”

It’s been a near perfect storm of factors that have led tourism growth numbers to fall and left many Icelanders wondering whether tourism is truly the answer for Iceland’s future. The unexpected collapse of Wow Air in late March helped kick off the massive decline in tourism; tens of thousands of passengers who were planning to visit Iceland on the cheap can simply no longer visit.

Statistics don’t bear out a catastrophic collapse of Iceland’s tourism sector. Far from it, in fact; tourism in 2019, so far, has fallen to 2017 levels, according to leaders across Iceland’s tourism sector judging by their businesses. The full picture won’t emerge until the end of the year, when Iceland enters the shoulder season for its tourism industry.

The latest tourism accounts from Statistics Iceland show what tourism executives have noticed in their own businesses. In June, the beginning of Iceland’s busiest traditional tourism period, tourist visitation dropped by 15 percent year-over-year. Tourism VAT turnover dropped 12 percent, mimicking the visitation drop.

To put a potential 15 percent decline into perspective, Iceland experienced 5.4 percent growth in international visitation in 2018 and 24.1 percent growth in 2017 according to the Iceland Tourist Board. So a 15 percent decline over the next year would bring visitation back to 2017 levels, which represents a 400 percent increase from 2011 visitation levels.

A few wrinkles emerge that show how the slowdown is affecting the types of vacations people are taking. Hotel stays were flat year-over-year in June, while Airbnb stays dropped 11 percent. Unpaid accommodations, like camping, declined a massive 30 percent, presenting more evidence that Iceland’s tourism economy is shifting away from affordability to a more expensive and upscale proposition for travelers.

Iceland’s hotel sector has been built up during the boom, growing 9 percent in number of rooms from July 2014 to July 2019, according to STR . Seven hotels totaling another 1,129 rooms are in the country’s pipeline, and many in the tourism sector are concerned those properties will be shelved if economy uncertainty persists. Strong regulations against Airbnb, limiting rentals to 90 days each year, have also decreased the ability of travelers to use homesharing services.

Still, housing in Reykjavik remains incredibly more expensive than elsewhere in the country.

The flip side is that tourism’s growth outside of the Reykjavik area, which has helped revitalize sleepy towns and empowered entrepreneurs to build businesses, is perhaps most severely affected by this slowdown.

Vehicle traffic around Iceland’s ring road has decreased across all of the country’s regions, with East and West Iceland seeing double-digit year-over-year declines in July. All those remote villages and fishing towns which rode the wave of increased tourism are now feeling the effect of fewer visitors during the peak summer travel season.

“In a way this growth was unexpected and then too much,” said Hallsdóttir. “But on the other hand, we have a lot of new investment and new companies which are suffering right now because of that. For the long term thinking, it’s good that we have a little break now regarding the tourism infrastructure. And then I’m talking about the public sector. The private sector is ready and was ready when the big boom came, but the public sector wasn’t.”

Air Trouble

While the collapse of Wow Air helped touch off the downturn, the struggles of national carrier Icelandair over the last year bear some responsibility as well.

Wow Air, the low-cost carrier launched by entrepreneur Skúli Mogensen in 2012, eventually grew to a 20 plane fleet before economic trouble hit in 2018. New widebody planes increased its operating costs and the airline had trouble filling the extra seats on these planes. The airline began to lose money before collapsing into bankruptcy on March 28, 2019 following a failed acquisition by Icelandair .

The collapse immediately made it more difficult and expensive for U.S. travelers, who account for about a third of total visitors to Iceland, to visit this year. High costs already deterred U.S. visitors with 7.1 percent fewer visiting from August 2018 to July 2019 than in the previous year.

Chinese visitors continued to surge 14.8 percent over the same period while top European destinations except for Poland declined. Chinese visitors also spend the most of any traveler, likely helping stanch some of the bleeding from the widespread decline in tourism.

At the same time, rival Icelandair was beset by its own problems. It was forced to lease aircraft after grounding its fleet of nine Boeing 737 Max aircraft, leading to a decline in capacity and increased costs as the summer travel season began. Strong competition from European carriers also limited its ability to grow airfares in 2018, causing it to lose money.

It sold off 80 percent of its Icelandair Hotels division to Malaysian investor Vincent Tan as part of a plan to focus solely on air transportation and tourism operations.

“The MAX aircraft were intended to cover 27 percent of Icelandair’s passenger capacity in 2019,” said Icelandair CEO Bogi Nils Bogason in a recent earnings report.” For this reason, the position in which the company now finds itself as a result of the suspension of the MAX aircraft is without any precedent and has a significant impact on the operations and performance of the Company… We have also placed emphasis on ensuring seating capacity to and from Iceland, with the result that the number of Icelandair’s passengers traveling to Iceland has increased by 39 percent in the second quarter compared to the same period last year.”

The loss of Wow Air, then, has helped to boost the future prospects of Icelandair once the Boeing 737 Max situation is sorted out.

The growth of both airlines essentially eliminated seasonality for Iceland’s tourism industry, and a lasting disruption is likely to bring it back in a major blow to the sector’s less established players. An analysis by Airlines Reporting Corp., which provides services to most global passenger airlines, found that its partner airlines have actually sold more tickets to Iceland in 2019 than 2018, presenting some hope that the downturn will be limited in scope.

“Both Icelandair and Wow Air were adding seat capacity during the winter,” said Sveinbjörn Indridrason, managing director of Isavia , Iceland’s airport authority. “Last year there was no seasonality in Iceland. So you had this summer traffic three months, these shoulders four months and then the winter traffic five months. Similar distribution passenger-wise, not per passenger. So the seasonality just went out of the Iceland market.”

Sveinbjörn Indridrason

A side effect of the decline in flights has been the limited ability for Icelandic goods to reach global markets, injuring economic sectors outside of tourism in the process. International cargo shipping has increased from 35.2 million tons in 2010 to 57.4 million tons in 2018, broadening the ability of Icelandic companies to sell goods in foreign markets.

For what it’s worth, the hub strategy which helped power the growth of aviation in Iceland is still being pursued by Isavia. While the company’s master plan from 2015 did not anticipate the massive surge in new routes and arrivals, this downturn is helping to bring the sector back to its original projections.

“When Wow Air went bankrupt it was not bad timing if you look at it from a construction perspective,” he said. “So we are not in the middle of any real construction so we don’t have to lay down any hammers and have like a half-built terminal building with a lot of invested costs but maybe not the revenues to finish it.”

Indridrason confirmed that he had been contacted by representatives of WAB Air, which had designs to restart Wow Air’s operations in the near future as an Icelandic company, and American investor Michelle Ballarin who purchased Wow Air’s assets following the bankruptcy. In early September, Ballarin announced her plans for Wow Air to begin service once again over the next year although experts are unsure of how realistic her timetable is.

“There’s a reason Wow Air failed the first time,” said Jay Shabat, senior analyst at Skift Airline Weekly . “There was simply too much capacity in the market and what’s known of the plan to revive it doesn’t inspire much confidence.”

There have also been rumblings of the potential for a new international airport near Keflavik to help supercharge tourism growth and the country’s cargo business. It’s a thorny political issue, but Indridrason noted there would be many challenges faced by operating two busy airports so close to each other.

Even if the government wanted to close Keflavik and operate a single international airport, the U.S. Navy’s base at the airport complicates the matter.

Perhaps the biggest opportunity to grow tourism would be through a more robust network of regional airports across the country. Right now, tourists are forced to transfer from Keflavik to Reykjavik City Airport, nearly an hour away, in order to fly into one of Iceland’s smaller domestic airports.

Many proponents of increased tourism across Iceland believe an increase in domestic flights from Keflavik would help boost the industry as it spreads across the country. Right now, direct flights are available for tourists from Keflavik to Akureyri in Northern Iceland but not to other areas. Besides occasional charter flights direct from international destinations that already happen, a more robust series of routes and airports have the potential to boost future growth.

“If you need to build infrastructure that can handle serious international traffic [in these smaller regions], it would be very costly and will probably never be profitable,” said Indridrason. “The domestic airport system, it’s a public transportation system funded by the State of Iceland. And public transportation always needs to be funded by the municipalities or the individual States. But you can’t combine those things if you don’t bring [travelers first to boost the economies in those regions].”

Tour Operator Woes

Part of the problem is that many emerging tourism companies acted to take advantage of the boom by growing quickly instead of taking a more measured and conservative approach.

Travelers are still spending on package tours when they visit, despite flights and accommodations eating up a more significant portion of travelers’ budgets, according to data from the Iceland Tourist Board.

While travelers continue to spend, the margins operators are likely to have shrunk.

“Wow Air went down in April, and that obviously had an effect,” said Hjalti Baldursson, CEO of Reykjavik-based tour operator technology company Bokun , which is owned by TripAdvisor and operates the technology backbone for most tour companies in Iceland. “There was a small decrease in May. April was 1 percent up year-on-year, but other months are up significantly in terms of booking numbers. That doesn’t tell the story of whether the companies profitable, because if you look at the average order value measured in dollars that is going down quite significantly. This has to do with currency fluctuations between the Icelandic króna and the U.S. dollar.

“The margin of the companies that are selling is going down. On top of this, there is big competition in Iceland. There are more and more companies coming into the market that are providing good products.”

Bokun’s data also show an increase in direct online booking, meaning operators pocket more of a booking’s value, increasing the margins on their products in the process. The cost of labor, though, presents a major challenge to tour operators operating on thing margins.

“Another thing influencing companies in Iceland is that salary costs are going up,” said Baldursson. “Iceland has been coming off its own success, the economic metrics of the country are extremely good. It’s a very healthy economy and in all measurements a rich country. So getting staff and competing with lower paid staff in other markets is becoming harder and harder.”

Evidence backs this claim up. Iceland has the fifth highest gross domestic product per capita among European countries, and the country’s wages increased 6.7 percent from 2016 to 2018. The country’s strongest unions also recently locked in a wage increase, putting more pressure on low-margin businesses. Even with seasonal workers from other European countries working during peak periods, the cost of labor remains a major obstacle to growth.

The economic contraction is leading to a wave of consolidation in Iceland’s tour industry. On Skift’s last trip to Iceland three years ago, we spoke to Hjörvar Sæberg Högnason, who had founded tour operator Reykjavik Sightseeing in order to appeal to the new wave of international visitors to Iceland.

Hjörvar Sæberg Högnason

Since then a race to the bottom on pricing coupled with rising labor costs and the high value of the krona have caught up to Högnason. Competition with the established Gray Line Iceland and Reykjavik Expeditions , the other two major bus tour operators in Reykjavik, had led the company down an unsustainable path once signs of a tourism slowdown began to emerge late last year.

An effort to grow his business by partnering with Blue Lagoon for the spa’s shuttles, and earning the concession for Keflavik’s city shuttle to Reykjavik, also proved challenging with respect to low margins and the complications of running a bus tour operation alongside shuttles.

In an effort to compete going forward, Gray Line Iceland and Högnason’s Reykjavik Sightseeing announced a merger earlier this year to provide a competitive advantage against Reykjavik Expeditions.

“There’s increasing talk of companies needing to merge,” said Högnason. “We’re nowhere near a catastrophe; the situation gives us the time to step back and run our businesses in a more economic fashion.”

He also noted that self-guided tours and the ease of renting a car likely contributed to a downturn in business for bus tour operators. A recent report suggests 80 percent of visitors to Iceland rent a car at some point in their trip .

“Year-round, we think there will be more car rentals on the road,” said Högnason. “You have all the international car rental brands and local ones; I’d imagine they are in a bidding war for travelers right now.”

In the rush to compete over the last three years, money was invested in growing his fleet and branding at the expense of innovating in the actual tour experience. Finding skilled, qualified guides remains a challenge particularly as Iceland’s tourism sector continues to mature.

“We need to do it extra well, in a way that makes people excited to come back the next day,” said Högnason. “The agenda is to teach travelers how to behave and embrace the traveler experience. There is decreasing demand, so let’s make sure they leave with a positive impression.”

North American tourists explore downtown Reykjavik. (Andrew Sheivachman / Skift)

Much like Wow Air couldn’t survive a blip in demand after a potential merger with Icelandair was tabled, so too are tourism companies consolidating in order to better weather this uncertain period. A return to strong growth instead of the explosive growth the country has seen this decade will ensure that business practices shift and become less risky for operators and their employees.

“It is quite easy to run a company if your business is growing 50 percent,” said Baldursson. “Then you’re typically worried for the customers and not the operational efficiencies. Now when we’re seeing small double digit growth, maybe, as for example, in July we saw a 15 percent growth, in June we saw a 7 percent growth in number of bookings. We’re seeing that companies have a tendency now to look more into their costs and cost base. It’s an opportunity for them, and I think it’s a healthy revamp of their operations that they’re running through right now.”

Another wrinkle could spell future trouble for Iceland’s tour sector: the quiet rise of cruising in ports across Iceland. Overall, the number of cruise ships entering port has increased from 476 in 2016 to 750 in 2018, according to Cruise Iceland. Passengers arriving in port grew from 326,850 to 441,789 over the same period, a 35 percent increase in the number of potential visitors to Iceland’s port cities.

Cruise passengers tend to cause congestion at a city’s most popular attractions without contributing much to the local economy.

The biggest beneficiaries have been not just Reykjavik, but the smaller cities across the country that see few international visitors from tours and domestic flights. With the high costs associated with a trip to Iceland expected to remain, a more affordable cruise vacation is becoming a compelling option for vacationers.

“Above all the ports are happy about it,” said Hallsdóttir, head of the Icelandic Travel Industry Association. “Some of the smaller communities in the rural areas very far away from Reykjavík, they are getting some business at least. This is a topic we have to really have to think about and regulate before it gets over our heads.”

Something for Everyone

As a tourism hotspot matures, it tends to lose some of the authenticity that made it attractive to visit in the first place. Iceland, too, with its ample natural beauty and unique culture isn’t immune to the forces of globalization, as evinced by the transformation of Reykjavik into something resembling a traditional international city.

As investment dollars have flowed into tourism, new attractions have been under development that wouldn’t be out of place in any major travel destination around the world. The difference is that these attractions are being designed for not just travelers, but native Icelanders as well.

One example is Perlan , a landmark overlooking Reykjavik which has been converted into a museum and restaurant with stunning views of the city. A dome built around six water tanks, the building used to house a rotating restaurant on its top floor. Today, the building attracts visitors during the week and Icelanders on the weekends.

By appealing to locals instead of just tourists, the somewhat strange attraction has found new life in an Iceland where the new can coexist with the old.

“Flying is now more expensive, and accommodations are more expensive; Southern hotels aren’t fully booked,” said Eva Björnsdóttir, the reception manager at Perlan, of the country’s prospects amid a tourism decline. “Icelanders need to come together and help each others’ businesses. We need to make sure that travelers have a good time, not just in one place, but across their entire trip. They’re competing for the same guest. We need to think of Iceland as a whole experience for travelers.”

Another newcomer to Reykjavik is FlyOver Iceland , a mixed media experience where visitors go on a virtual flyover around Iceland’s most scenic landmarks.

On a hard-hat tour of the attraction in the final stages of construction, it was clear Flyover Iceland could exist in any major tourist destination; the concept, created by the Canadian company Pursuit, already has similar operations in Toronto and Las Vegas.

“A lot has happened in the tourism sector over the last year,” said Eva Eiríksdóttir, manager of marketing and brand experience for FlyOver Iceland. “It has cooled down and people were panicking, but the slow down is probably a good thing.”

Eiríksdóttir pointed out that the weather is often bad in Iceland, increasing the demand for indoor activities like FlyOver Iceland for visiting families and residents. With high property values and rent prices in downtown Reykjavik as well, new attractions could provide the impetus for the development of new neighborhoods and communities too.

These types of attractions aren’t just popping up in Reykjavik, though. New spas, attractions, and experiences are popping up in the country’s North and South regions, offering a blend of Icelandic culture and modern convenience. One of the most absurd is 1238: The Battle for Iceland, a virtual reality experience that puts visitors inside a variety of historical viking battles.

The attraction is located in Skagafjörður, which sits about 3 hours by car from Reykjavik and 90 minutes from secondary city Akureyri, showing how regions outside Iceland’s capital have benefitted from the tourism boom.

Instagram and Its Discontents

Speaking with tourism experts and locals alike, concerns about the damaging effects of increased tourism on Iceland’s environment were minimal.

Iceland is a victim of climate change like so many places but has chosen to focus on sustainability in the areas it can control, like traveler behavior and waste management. A major campaign to encourage visitors to drink tap water instead of bottled water, for instance, has found success this year as news of the demise of Icelandic glacier Okjokull entered global headlines.

Tourists prepare to enter a glacier in outside of Husafell, Iceland. (Andrew Sheivachman / Skift)

Specific cases of overtourism, though, gravely concern many who have tired of people exploiting the environment for profit.

Many tie the rise of social media to the growth of Iceland’s tourism sector in an integral way, and it’s difficult to see a way out.

“There’s an issue with locations and the number of people visiting them,” said Joe Shutter, a Reykjavik-based photographer who leads small group photography tours across the country. “You can have a well behaved visitor and a not very well behaved visitor. They both have two feet. There is a certain critical mass. There’s a scale transformation that takes place. Location A: 10 people visit. Location B: 100 people visit. The damage is more than ten times worse on location B. Damage goes up exponentially. Some places literally cannot handle it.”

He gave an example of an Instagram influencer who had recently posted specific information for travelers to visit a remote and beautiful location he shoots at, replete with geotag information. When he asked the influencer to remove the geotag, the influencer simply said it would violate their ethics to do so and updated their caption with a warning for travelers not to litter or damage the location.

“This is the absolute lowest common denominator of how anybody should behave with a modicum of decorum in a location,” said Shutter. “I explained to them that two feet are two feet. And a hundred feet are worse than ten. And that a scale transformation takes place with that and that means that behaviors have to be modified in that sense in that certain places literally can’t handle that.”

Others say it should be up to the government to select specific places to protect instead of residents working to limit what areas that tourists can access. The Icelandic government has some of the strongest sustainability standards in Europe, but has been hands off when it comes to limiting where tourists can visit.

“If it’s a natural site and it has to be protected then there has to be a protection put on that area and with that comes regulation,” said Katarzyna Maria Dygul, who works with Visit Iceland on public relations and social media. “You can also put a quota on that, like you have all around the world a quota of how many people can visit a location because of that. Or when there’s vegetation, then the local authorities also have to understand that with the growing number of people they will have to adjust. People will not be able to go all the way on that vegetation but instead there will be a viewing patio or platform. That’s fine because… half a year later, other people who come will never expect to go on the grass. They will expect to stand on the platform.”

Dygul and Shutter are co-owners of The Space , a co-working space and art studio in downtown Reykjavik that wouldn’t be out of place in Berlin or Brooklyn.

This tension was also present during Skift’s earlier trip to Iceland. Many who are concerned about the effect of increased tourism on the environment and roads, for instance, also believe that increased fees or restrictions will drive away the travelers the country needs to continue its strong tourism growth.

An Icelander takes a smoke break in downtown Reykjavik. (Andrew Sheivachman / Skift)

It’s one thing, though, to appeal to the individual values or ethics of the individual traveler and encourage them to drink tap water or avoid driving their truck off a cliff. It’s another to curb the damage caused by social media’s herd mentality.

“The big group of people who come here are millennials,” said Dygul. “This is a group generally that is more empowered to do things on their own. We work with influencers all the time and it’s very easy to filter out those people who maybe have a large following and stunning content but basically the same content as everybody else… when you have another few hundred thousand people that do not know anything about photography but they want to take the same picture, you’re suddenly in a very different dilemma.”

The line between being a beneficiary or a victim of social media is slim in the age of overtourism. With Iceland’s tourism growth in doubt, it’s possible that the need to attract tourists will outweigh calls to limit tourism and its damage to the environment.

Others, though, have a more conservative vision for the future of tourism in Iceland. In the town of Húsafell, about 90 minutes from Reykjavik, sustainability and hospitality merge in a manner that attracts both international tourists and Icelandic families.

The small town is a destination for Icelanders looking to camp, and the family which owns the town built Hotel Húsafell to cater to the growing cadre of international tourists in 2015. The town also operates as a jumping off point for glacier and lava cave tours. There’s no Instagram bait, save for the mountains in the distance where Icelandic strongman competitions once took place.

The small hotel is popular with families and groups who tend to stay for just a day or two on their vacation, according to Kristján Guðmundsson, marketing manager for Hotel Húsafell. China is a major source market. During slow periods and the shoulder season, the property offers Icelander-only rates to increase demand. The small stature of the hotel, and popularity of Húsafell as a camping destination, make it less likely to be severely impacted by reduced tourism demand.

The hotel and the entire town is powered by sustainable geothermal energy, as well, with food from local fisheries and farms. The ownership is considering building a spa for international visitors, and is currently building a bath in a perilous, but scenic, valley nearby.

Húsafell is just one example of many Icelandic towns that have taken a more measured approach to profiting off the tourism boom. Those who grew more slowly during the boom years seem better positioned to survive the current downturn.

Uncertain Times

In many ways, it is likely a slowdown in tourism will help Iceland’s tourism industry become not just more stable, but more sustainable. While the future of Iceland’s tourism sector remains murky, the bottom hasn’t fallen in the first few months of the downturn.

It may be time for the Icelandic government to finally make a concerted effort to prepare for Iceland’s future as a beacon for tourists, particularly if its other industries continue to struggle. With limited growth expected from its flagging fishing and manufacturing sectors, leaders need to articulate a vision for the country that goes beyond becoming more hospitable to foreign guests .

The lack of a major backlash against tourism has led to the lack of a cohesive government policy to oversee its growth. There is something of a vocal minority, as one source put it, but those people are simply annoyed at seeing more tour buses and rental cars driving by their farms.

“The government is going to finish a new tourism strategy,” said Hlín Pálsdóttir, director of Visit Iceland. “Like probably everywhere else in the world, the main focus is on sustainability. How can we be sustainable? Because what has not been that much discussed is how important tourism has been for the regions. Many people are actually moving back to their hometowns, And they didn’t really have that opportunity a few years back.”

The good news for environmentalists and those concerned with the environmental impact that overtourism has had on Iceland is that the slowdown will reduce the effect of tourism in the short term. It may limit domestic investment in the country’s tourism infrastructure, though.

“Some of the tourism sites need more investment; we have to regulate the traffic, the tourism flow in certain areas,” said Hallsdóttir, head of the Icelandic Travel Industry Association. “There has been a lot more consciousness from the public sector in the last two, three years. They know now what they have to do and are willing to do it. So I think we will cope. That’s my strong belief… We are hoping to get in line with the normal growth, which is about 4 or 5 percent per year. Not these crazy numbers from a few years ago.”

With tourism growth tailing off, Iceland needs to look to the future. Relying on tourists to boost its economy worked for nearly a decade, but leaders need to search for methods to build a more stable environment for workers and entrepreneurs.

Tourism is an export that is highly susceptible to shifts in both supply and demand. With a global recession likely on the way in coming years, even a quick recovery for Iceland’s tourism industry may leave its overall economy in a rut should global tourism decline.

Perhaps the lesson from the end to Iceland’s tourism boom extends beyond tourism itself: it’s time to take action during a crisis instead of waiting for another miracle.

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Tags: deep dives , iceland , overtourism

Photo credit: The Blue Lagoon in Grindavik, Iceland. Chris Ford / Flickr

• General information

History of Iceland

Explore the history of Iceland , the Land of Fire and Ice: discover who were its first settlers and delve into its Viking cultural heritage.

Iceland's first visitors

While tourism in Iceland has grown exponentially over the last decade, there may have been "tourists" visiting Iceland thousands of years ago. It is believed that one of the first to set foot on the Land of Fire and Ice was the Greek explorer Pytheas , who in around 330 BC wrote of an island that was six days north of the British Isles by boat. Could this have been Iceland?

Archaeological evidence suggests that a group of Gaelic monks, fleeing from Viking-occupied Ireland, settled on Iceland, but they didn't last there long. The first written records of settlement date from the 9th century and show the Vikings themselves reaching the island and making it their own.

The arrival of the Vikings

The political and social situation in Norway and the British Isles led to mass emigration, and the fleeing Vikings found Iceland purely by chance . A number of Scandinavian sailors arrived on the island accidentally, having got lost on their travels, and it was one of these,  Flóki Vilgerdarson , who gave the country its current name: Ísland, or  Iceland, Land of Ice . 

The first permanent settler is considered to be a Norwegian chieftain named  Ingólfur Arnarson who arrived in 871 and soon founded the town of  Reykjavik , or "Smoking Bay" after the geothermal steam rising from the earth. Historic objects remaining from this important period of Iceland's past can be found in the  National Museum of Iceland , including Viking horns, masks and sculptures .

The birth of Iceland

As Iceland's population grew, so did the need for organisation at a national level. Thus, in 930, the  Alþingi (Althing), or Icelandic Parliament , was established, making it one of the world's oldest existing parliaments . The Althing convened each summer in  Thingvellir National Park , where representative chieftains, or Goðar, amended laws, settled disputes and appointed juries.

The parliament ran Iceland successfully for a number of years until they were faced with a complicated dilemma: should Iceland be pagan, the religion of most of the Norse-god worshipping settlers ... or Christian, under pressure from Europe ? Around the year 1000, under threat of a civil war between the two religious groups, a chieftain was appointed to decide the future of the country. He decided that Iceland should convert to Christianity as a whole, but that pagans would be allowed to worship privately.

Crisis & colonisation

The 11th and 12th centuries saw the diminishing control of the centralised parliament and different clans fighting for power instead, leading to a period known as the Sturlung Era  in the first half of the 13th century, named after the most powerful Icelandic family at the time. During those years, confrontations between private militias and looting of farms and villages were constant:  Iceland was in complete chaos .

Faced with the island in crisis, King Haakon of Norway saw an opportunity to take over the country, and in 1281 Iceland was absorbed into his kingdom . This political crisis was compounded by the eruption of the Hekla Volcano in 1104 , which destroyed cattle and crops, and thus the country's economy. What's more, at the end of the 13th century the Black Death spread throughout Iceland and killed half the population.

In 1397, Iceland became part of the Kingdom of Denmark after Denmark and Norway joined under the Union of Kalmar. Danish domination over Iceland would last until the early 20th century, and the ensuing period of history was dark, marked by  witch hunts in the Westfjords , pirate attacks in places like Vestmannaeyjar   and more volcanic eruptions.

Icelandic independence

It wasn't until the 19th century that a strong nationalist sentiment emerged among the Icelandic population , prompted by similar movements across Europe and lead by Jón Sigurðsson. In 1843 a new Althing was assembled and in 1874, a thousand years after the first settlement on the island,  Denmark granted Iceland a constitution and home rule .

The road to full independence was not easy, as Iceland was once again experiencing an economic and demographic crisis due to the massive emigration of workers in search of opportunities. Another devastating volcanic eruption in 1875, this time of the Askja Volcano , poisoned many Icelandic livestock.

World War I isolated Iceland, with food shortages and declining living standards a worry, however, the country's competent control of internal affairs and international relations lead to Denmark recognising it as a sovereign state in 1918 . The occupation of Denmark during Second World War severed communication between the countries, and although Iceland refused British offers of protection against Nazi Germany in order to remain neutral, when the British Army invaded in 1940 , there was no resistance.

This occupation by the Brits, and later by the US Army, worked wonders for Iceland, reducing unemployment, boosting the economy  and ultimately leading to  Icelandic independence , which was declared on June 17 1944 with the proclamation of the Republic of Iceland. This date is still today the most important holiday in the country.

Iceland today

The 20th century, much like the rest of Icelandic history, was turbulent. After the end of World War II, Iceland became one of the most important Cold War enclaves between the United States and the Soviet Union due to its geographical position . Even today, the remains of American military planes can be seen in the Westfjords  and near Vík .

Iceland also had its own conflict between the 1950s and 1970s: the Cod Wars with Great Britain . Iceland's economic development and need to expand its fishing radius was not welcomed, but after two decades of dispute, the British government eventually gave in and accepted Icelandic conditions on catch limits and reduced the number of British fishing vessels in waters near Iceland.

Since the end of the Cod Wars, Iceland has developed economically, despite a number of ups and downs. In 2008, it returned to the forefront of the international scene by suffering one of the greatest economic and political crises in recent history . Fortunately, Iceland managed to recover after countless citizen protests and to turn its back on the banking system that had collapsed. Today, the unemployment rate in Iceland is one of the lowest in the world and its economy is one of the most buoyant.

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There is far more to Iceland than just the nature. Icelandic culture is just as diverse as the landscape. Our history might not be long, but we are proud of it and our many great artists.

Icelanders are proud that they still speak the ancient language of the Vikings, but they certainly don’t live in the past. Their cherished ancient heritage lives in harmony with the most exciting innovations from the world of arts and culture today. This refreshing mix of local, traditional, progressive and cosmopolitan culture appeals to almost every taste.

A brief history lesson

Iceland was the last European country to be settled, mostly by Norsemen in the 9th and 10th centuries. They came mainly from Norway and elsewhere in Scandinavia, and from the Norse settlements in the British Isles, from where a Celtic element was also introduced.

The language and culture of Iceland were predominantly Scandinavian from the outset, but there are traces of Celtic influence in some of the ancient poetry, in some personal names and in the appearance of present-day Icelanders.

In the beginning

The first permanent settler of Iceland was Ingolfur Arnarson, a Norwegian Viking who around 874 AD made his home where Reykjavik now stands. In 930 AD the Viking settlers of Iceland founded the world’s first parliament, known as the Althing . They established a constitution based on individual freedom and land ownership, with local chieftains gathering annually to elect leaders at  Thingvellir , a natural amphitheater formed out of lava.

Erik the Red and Leif the Lucky

It was a Viking era filled with optimism, even for Erik the Red, who arrived in Iceland after being banished from Norway for committing murder. Unfortunately Erik the Red committed murder again in Iceland and was to be banished from there as well, so he gathered a fleet of 25 Viking long ships and led a colonial expedition west to Greenland.

Before he left Iceland , Erik fathered the most famous Icelandic Viking, Leif Eiriksson who was also known as ‘Leif the Lucky.’ In the year 1000 Leif Eiriksson sailed even further west than his father, becoming the first European to reach North America, which he called Vinland.

Christianity and foreign rule

Also in the year 1000 Iceland adopted Christianity, followed by a prosperous period as described in the classic Icelandic Sagas. In 1262 Norwegian King Haakon asserted control over the island by instituting devastating taxes and trade embargos that were upheld when Iceland was taken over by Danish rule under a Scandinavian union.

From centuries of hardship to independence

For over six centuries Iceland was plagued with abysmal poverty, disease, starvation and natural disasters that nearly extinguished the small country. After so many centuries of hard times, an independence movement began in the early 19th century and reached full force under the outspoken leadership of a nationalist named Jon Sigurdsson. His efforts helped end the trade monopoly in 1854, and domestic autonomy was established in 1874, followed by home rule in 1904 and limited sovereignty in 1918. Ties to the Danish crown were fully broken in 1944 and today Icelandic Independence Day is celebrated on June 17, the birth date of Jon Sigurdsson.

The Arts in Iceland

Considering that Iceland has only 376,000 people, the number of museums and art galleries in the country is astounding. Even in small towns and out-of-the-way fishing villages, you will encounter some public place dedicated to preserving the national heritage or displaying the work of local artists.

From the avant-garde to the historical, Reykjavik’s galleries, museums and theaters support a vibrant yet sophisticated artistic culture. The Reykjavik Arts Festival, cutting-edge music festivals like Airwaves, special exhibitions and stage productions mean that the cultural calendar is always full of events for the visitor to enjoy.

Iceland is a nation of music lovers, with a trending music scene that has gained widespread international acclaim. The scene offers a diversity of styles and genres with everything from punk and indie rock to chamber music and hip-hop.

The Icelandic Symphony Orchestra

The capital boasts a large number of intimate music venues, as well as the newly opened  Harpa Concert Hall  which houses the Icelandic Symphony Orchestra. Iceland’s cultural season begins in the fall with the first concert by the orchestra, which has won fine reviews for its regional tour performances. Throughout the season the Icelandic Symphony Orchestra gives around 60 performances which include traditional classical concerts and contemporary music.

The Icelandic Opera

The Icelandic Opera also opens its cultural season in the fall and produces about two to four operas or other musical events throughout the winter at its new home at Harpa Hall. The Icelandic Opera is a world-class professional company, featuring Iceland’s top performers including the country’s newest opera star, Gardar Thor Cortes.

Contemporary music

Reykjavik is renowned for its ever evolving contemporary music scene with everything on offer from jazz to heavy metal every night of the week/throughout the year. Gigs are held in local cafes and tucked-away bars where you may up and coming bands or some of the more established acts that have gone on to international fame like Olafur Arnalds, Of Monsters and Men, Emiliana Torrini and Kaleo, just to name a few.

Music festivals

There are a number of wonderful music festivals throughout the country and the most celebrated are the Reykjavik Jazz Festival in August, Iceland Airwaves Music Festival held in November and the Secret Solstice festival in June, all of which draw bands and music fans from all over the world.

Visual arts

From avant-garde nightlife to sustainable geothermal energy systems, Iceland has never been short on innovation. Artists and designers find inspiration and innovation in Iceland’s outstanding surroundings which is evident in unique works of visual art from paintings to sculptures to jewelry and glass work.

The visual arts are highly valued in Icelandic culture as witnessed by the vibrant art scene displayed on walls everywhere from clothing boutiques and cafes to hotels and office spaces.Reykjavik has always been the hotbed of Iceland’s subversive creativity renowned for its vibrant, energetic character. A walk around the capital reveals dozens of cool galleries, as well as the pensive architecture of Gudjon Samuelsson, the color-drenched paintings of Johannes Kjarval and the bold sculptures of Einar Jonsson.

Art galleries

Iceland is home to a wide variety of private and public galleries, many of which can be found in small towns and villages throughout the countryside. The capital is where the largest museums and galleries are located and among the most visited are the Culture House, Einar Jonsson Museum, and the National Gallery. Some museums are architectural delights in their own design, others galleries are intimate and cozy; while some of double as cafes or event venues.

Icelandic design

Design in Iceland is a field that has been growing rapidly from its craft-based roots into a thriving industry. A trait typical of contemporary Icelandic design is its pioneering spirit using sustainable products with a playful unique style. Using the country’s few natural resources as materials for products results in a range of designs unique to Iceland. Pottery made from volcanic lava, lights from dried fish sit alongside aluminum stools and belts created from salmon skin leather. The best time to soak up Iceland’s emerging and established design talent is during the Design Festival in Reykjavik held in March.

Artist such as Ólafur Elíason and Ragnar Kjartansson have found international fame with their innovative art.

Performance arts

The cultural scene in Reykjavik is renowned for its vibrant, energetic character. The city is packed with metropolitan delights and is especially strong in the performance arts, from film to theater and dance. A special Culture Night is held in August where the city becomes a living stage for theatrical performances in unexpected locations.

Iceland offers up exceptional theater with actors and directors of international caliber. The capital has a choice of many different venues and has two full-time companies performing at the National Theater and the Reykjavik City Theater year round. Broadway-style musicals bring out the best-of-the-best talent with very reasonable ticket prices.

The Icelandic Dance Company stages dance performances between September and March with the base of their operations at the City Theater in Reykjavik . The company which has toured extensively abroad is made up of both Icelandic and international dancers. In recent years the Icelandic Dance Company has gained recognition as a contemporary dance company on a global scale.

A blossoming genre on the Icelandic cultural scene is the film industry with Icelandic actors, writers and directors making waves on the international circuit. Filmmaker Fridrik Thor Fridriksson was nominated for an Academy Award in 1992 for ‘Children of Nature’ and was named one of the most influential filmmakers in Europe. Baltasar Kormakur is another heavyweight figure making a name for himself writing and directing major motion films such as A Little Trip to Heaven,Contraband, Everest and The Oath.

Iceland also has two Palme d’Or winners with Bjork as the Best Actress in Lars Von Trier’s ‘Dancer in the Dark,’ and in 2013 writer-director Gudmundur Arnar Gudmundsson won Special Mention for his short film ‘Whale Fjord’ at the Cannes Film Festival.

Icelandic composers are becoming increasingly sought after for television and fil scores and include Bafta winner Ólafur Arnalds and Academy Awards nominee Jóhann Jóhannsson.

Literary heritage

This outstanding literary history begins with ancient medieval literature made famous by the Sagas, the Edda poems and the Islendingabok (Book of Icelanders) and continues today with more books produced per capita than anywhere else in the world. The Icelandic language has changed very little over the centuries and modern Icelanders are still able to read the 1000-year-old Sagas which are on display at the Culture House in Reykjavik.

The Icelandic Sagas

The renowned Icelandic Sagas are one of the world’s most astonishing literary achievements and have had a significant influence on European culture. Between the 13th and 14th centuries Iceland experienced a golden age of writing when dozens of medieval Sagas, or ‘stories’ were written featuring the colorful lives of the early settlers, their lives, families and struggles.

Most historians and scholars agree that the Sagas are a combination of fact and fiction but all of the locations mentioned in the stories are real. Travelers interested in seeing where some of the most dramatic events of the Sagas took place will enjoy visiting Reykholt in West Iceland, Snaefellsnes peninsula, the Icelandic Saga Center at Hvolsvollur in the South, and Saudarkrokur in North Iceland.

The epic Edda

Early Icelandic literature also included the celebrated Edda poems, a collection of legends written between the 9th and 13th centuries with vivid descriptions of heroic and tragic tales from ancient Norse mythology.  The ‘Prose Edda’ was authored by Icelandic poet and historian Snorri Sturluson who presumably intended these writings to serve as a guidebook for beginner poets who aspired to become ‘skalds’. Skalds held an elevated, even mystical status in the community and in kingdoms because they were entrusted with preserving world history in their verse and lifting spirits. Even to this day, poetic talent in Iceland is highly regarded and seen as a noble trait.

Halldor Laxness and modern day literature

In the 19th and 20th centuries Icelandic literature flourished once again when Halldor Laxness was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1955 for his novel, Independent People.

The great Icelandic narrative tradition is alive and well in Reykjavik which was recently named UNESCO World City of Literature. The city was recognized for its strong presence of writers, poets and children’s book authors who give it a unique position in the world of literature.

Folklore and legends

Despite today’s globalized world of modern age technology and electronic media, there are ancient folklore beliefs that are alive and well in Iceland. Surveys show that more than half the nation believes in elves and ‘hidden people,’ or at least don’t deny their existence. (It’s considered bad luck to do so)

Elves – ‘the hidden people’

The ‘hidden people’ or huldufolk are like elves. They look like humans and are believed to live in the lava rocks. According to legend, Eve hadn’t finished washing her children when God came to visit, so she had to hide the unwashed children away, and they were destined to remain forever ‘hidden.’

The elves of Iceland are considered benevolent beings but are fiercely protective of their homes. Traditionally, great harm has come to those who disturb an elf’s dwelling. Respectful of their elfin neighbors, Icelanders go to great lengths to avoid disturbing rocks where elves are said to live. There are several cases where the highway department has consulted local ‘elf experts’ who recommend alternative routes for new roads so they will do the least harm to the Huldufolk.

Elves are invisible to nearly all humans, but are most likely to be spotted on certain days of the year: New Year’s Eve, Twelfth Night, Midsummer Night and Christmas. Visitors to Iceland can learn about elves in Hafnarfjordur, a town just outside Reykjavik that has special tours, an elf spotting map and a dedicated school offering a real elfin education complete with diploma.

The folklore story of Dimmuborgir

Trolls are equally elusive members of the Icelandic folklore. They only come out after dark because if they are caught in sunlight they turn into stone. The Icelandic countryside is scattered with oddly shaped lava formations that are said to be the bodies of petrified trolls, trapped in stone for all time.

One out of many Icelandic folklore stories involving trolls is the one of Dimmuborgir, the lava field in north Iceland. The story goes that one night, the trolls residing in the area decided to have a big party and invited all their troll friends to join. The party ended up being so much fun, that they forgot the sun was coming up. So, once the sun came up they turned into stone forever – which we know see as the lava pillars that make up Dimmuborgir. Those who have visited Dimmuborgir… well, all we can say is that must have been one heck of a party!

Christmas folklore

Iceland’s beloved folklore also adds to the mystique and thrill of the Christmas Season with no less than 13 mischievous Yule Lads or ‘jolasveinar’, who are supposed to be descendants of trolls or elves. They live in the mountains with their terrifying ogress mother Gryla and her giant black cat, which eats all the children who don’t receive new clothes for Christmas.

After Christmas, the Yule Lads head back to the mountains one at a time until they’ve all gone. On New Year’s Eve things get really interesting when, according to local folklore, elves become visible, people come out of their graves, seals take human form and cows develop human speech. Needless to say the holidays are not a dull time to visit Iceland.

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Iceland — History and Culture

Iceland’s history is bound up with its harsh environment, its Viking heritage and its language, little changed from its roots in Old Norse. Although many visitors may expect a more remote version of the Scandinavian countries, they’ll be surprised to find the culture here is totally individual to Iceland itself, with little except its first Norse settlers linking it to Norway, Denmark, or Sweden.

Iceland’s history as a settled island is as iconic as its natural beauty, and began well before the arrival of the Norsemen in 874 AD. Archaeological excavations have revealed the ancient ruins of cabins in the Reykjanes Peninsula, believed to have been the homes of the Papar, the Celtic Christian monks who arrived several hundred years earlier as missionaries from Scotland. The settlements were abandoned when the Norsemen arrived.

The first settler, Ingolfr Arnarson, homesteaded in Reykjavik and was quickly joined by more Norsemen and their Irish and Scottish indentured serfs. By 50 years later, the world’s first parliament was established and most arable land had been claimed. The settlers adopted Christianity by 1000 AD although paganism quietly continued in remote areas.

Civil war on the island resulted in Iceland being taken over by the Norwegian crown in 1262, with the united Denmark-Norway Kalmar Union alliance taking over in 1380. Subsequently, volcanic eruptions, poor soil, and the harsh climate brought agricultural Iceland to its knees, and two outbreaks of the Black Death plague over the following 100 years reduced its population by more than half.

Religious conflict in Denmark in the 16th century resulted in the Reformation and the adoption of Lutheranism in Iceland, formerly a Catholic country. By the 17th and 18th centuries, Denmark’s harsh trading restrictions were again breaking down the country’s economic stability and the 18th century epidemic of smallpox decimated the community and was followed almost immediately by the eruption of the Laki Volcano in 1783.

The Mist Hardships caused by the fallout from the eruption killed more than 50 percent of the country’s livestock, and a devastating famine decimated the population yet again. During the 19th century, the climate inexplicably worsened, forcing around 15,000 of the island’s 70,000 population to emigrate, mostly to Canada. In spite of the ongoing disasters, a new independence movement took root in the 1850s, spurred on by romantic nationalism in Europe.

By 1874, Denmark had capitulated and granted Iceland limited home rule and a constitution and, in 1918, an agreement was signed between the two countries, recognizing Iceland as a sovereign state for 25 years under a personal union with the Danish king. After Germany’s WWII invasion of Denmark, the Icelandic government took over the duties of the Danish king. Four short weeks later, Iceland was invaded and occupied by the British Armed Forces, who were replaced by the Americans in 1941.

In 1943, the 25 years of the Danish-Icelandic Act of Union expired and 97 percent of Icelanders voted for an independent republic, finally established a year later. In 1946, the Americans departed and the unpopular decision to join NATO was ratified in 1949. Three years later, as part of their Cold War strategy, American forces returned to the island as the Iceland Defense Force, staying until 2006.

Economically, Iceland had profited during WWII and during the 1950s, it enjoyed strong growth, boosted by its industrialized fishing industry and aided by the Marshall Plan. Liberalization and diversification of the economy resulted after 1994 due to the country’s signing up to the European Economic Area. Its burgeoning role in international politics focused on peacekeeping and humanitarian issues, and included expertise and aid to Bosnian, Kosovan, and Iraqi NATO-led interventions.

By 2007, following the privatization of Icelandic banks in 2003; the country’s economy was focused on financial services and became hugely successful. However, the boom went spectacularly bust in 2008, fuelled by the sub-prime mortgage crisis in the US. All three Icelandic commercial banks failed, causing a run on deposits and the biggest banking collapse in world history. By 2009, 5,000 Icelanders had emigrated as a result of the economic chaos. The economy has since stabilized and is expected to be in growth again by 2013.

Along with the Icelandic language, Iceland’s culture is strongly rooted in Norse traditions, expressed in the still-popular Sagas and ancient literature. The sheer isolation of the country from its European neighbors has protected its culture from outside influences and preserved its language as a direct descendent of Old Norse. Many Icelanders still remember the names of their long-ago ancestors’ farms and it’s assumed that it’s not necessary to put place names on maps as most people know them.

Iceland’s varied and rich cultural streams stem from the country’s early literary heritage and embrace traditional crafts such as silver smithing, weaving, and wood carving, as well as folk songs and traditional dance. The Viking heritage is a source of great pride, with Viking traditions, mores, and beliefs inextricably woven into modern culture.

Legends and folk tales abound here, with many Icelanders admitting a strong belief in the ‘hidden people’, strange, elf-like creatures with a Reykjavik museum dedicated to their lore. Belief in the huldufolk is an ancient tradition, respected by all Icelanders, many of whom claim to have seen the little creatures. Skepticism about their existence is not appreciated! Trolls feature strongly in local folklore, with the legends bound up with local geographic landmarks, and ghost sightings are accepted as normal.

Even the Christmas celebrations in this Christian country involve dark folk traditions far removed from the West’s jolly Santa Claus, a late arrival here. Children have a good reason to behave perfectly during Advent, as the Yuletide Lads, the sons of a fearful child-eating hag named Griga and her troll husband, are on the prowl. One arrives from its mountain home every day during the run-up to Christmas. It’s a perfect example of the binding of ancient and modern ways into a unique culture suited to the land.

Art, music, and the iconic literature of the country and its peoples are a binding cultural force here, and traditional music still flourishes, often based on religious links. The epic Norse rhyming ballads trace back to Skaldic poetry and, with their form revitalized in the early 20th century, are still much-loved today. Landscape poetry depicts the unique beauty of Iceland’s topography and many of the most-loved poems date back almost unaltered to the ancient Icelandic sagas.

Self-sufficiency, the work ethic, and independence are strongly valued here, and the brusque manners of Icelanders hide a friendly, helpful nature reflected in a dedication to the immediate community. Iceland’s long history of harsh conditions has resulted in a high rate of social cohesion backed up by regular contact with neighbors and friends. The country has a classless society based on a love of nature and a respect for its cultural heritage in a manner unknown in the modern-day Western world.

Whaling here dates back to Viking times and is a traditional aspect of Iceland, still playing a part in the country’s present-day economy. However you may feel about the practice, it’s best not to bring it into any conversation with Icelanders. Another conversational no-no is the country’s recent economic crash, an embarrassment to its peoples and best left undisturbed.

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Exploring the Rich and Unique Culture of Iceland: A Journey into Traditions and Customs

Welcome to the enchanting world of culture of Iceland, where deep-rooted traditions and customs intertwine to create a captivating tapestry of heritage. Iceland, a country known for its stunning landscapes and natural wonders, boasts a culture that is equally awe-inspiring. 

In this blog post, we will embark on a journey through the culture of Iceland. Let us uncover the significance of its traditions and customs that have shaped the country’s identity. Whether you are a local or a visitor, the allure of Icelandic culture promises a rich and immersive experience.

Culture of Iceland-History and Heritage

To truly understand the captivating culture of Iceland, we must journey back in time to uncover its rich history and heritage that stretches across a millennium. The story begins in the 9th century when courageous Vikings set foot on the shores of this extraordinary island.

These early settlers faced the daunting challenges of a rugged and unforgiving landscape . Where survival meant embracing the untamed forces of nature.

Treasured Sagas

At the heart of the culture of Iceland lies the treasured sagas, epic tales passed down through generations. These sagas weave together the lives, adventures, and conflicts of the first Icelanders. They offered glimpses into their beliefs, struggles, and triumphs. Immerse yourself in these sagas, and you will find yourself transported to a time when honor, loyalty, and the pursuit of greatness were held dear.

Throughout its history, Iceland has experienced both internal and external influences that have shaped its cultural tapestry. During the 14th and 15th centuries, the island fell under the rule of Norway and later Denmark. Yet, amidst foreign dominion, Icelanders remained resolute in preserving their distinct language, customs, and way of life, fiercely guarding their identity.

Eruption of the Laki volcano

The eruption of the Laki volcano in 1783 unleashed unimaginable hardships upon the Icelandic people. Devastating consequences, including crop failures and subsequent famine. They tested the resilience of the population and pushed many to seek new beginnings elsewhere through emigration.

The scars of this catastrophic event, known as the “Mist Hardships,” etched themselves deep into the collective memory of the Icelandic nation. It reinforced their spirit of perseverance and solidarity.

Independence

In the 20th century, a reawakening of national identity swept across Iceland, fueling the flames of independence. Finally, in 1944, Iceland achieved full sovereignty, casting off the shackles of Danish rule. This pivotal moment kindled a renewed sense of pride in Icelandic heritage. It strengthened the resolve to cherish and protect their cultural distinctiveness.

Today, Iceland celebrates its vibrant history and heritage through captivating museums, cultural institutions, and historic sites that dot the landscape. Wander through the halls of the National Museum of Iceland in Reykjavik , where artifacts, manuscripts, and immersive exhibitions breathe life into the stories of the past. Discover the ancient treasures that connect the present to a legacy forged by the indomitable spirit of the Icelandic people.

Evolution of the culture of Iceland

The evolution of the culture of Iceland over the ages and the unwavering preservation of traditions and customs. It bears witness to the resilience, adaptability, and deep-rooted sense of community that define the Icelandic spirit.

As we explore the history and heritage of Iceland, we unearth the foundation upon which the nation’s unique identity rest. A testament to the enduring legacy of those who braved the unknown to forge a remarkable civilization.

Culture of Iceland-Language and Literature

One cannot explore Icelandic culture without delving into the uniqueness of its language and the literary treasures it has produced. The Icelandic language , rooted in Old Norse, has remained remarkably unchanged for centuries. This linguistic preservation is a testament to the country’s dedication to its cultural heritage. 

Icelandic literature, particularly the sagas, and Eddas, showcases the country’s rich storytelling tradition. These ancient texts captivate readers with tales of gods, heroes, and everyday life. It provides invaluable insights into Icelandic culture and worldview.

Culture of Iceland-Arts and Music

Iceland’s arts and music scene is as vibrant as the landscapes that surround it. Traditional Icelandic art forms, such as wood carving and textile arts. It reflect the country’s connection to nature and its deep-rooted traditions. 

Today, Iceland boasts a thriving contemporary art scene, with local artists making significant contributions to the global art world. The music of Iceland is equally captivating, with traditional folk songs resonating with the soul and the haunting melodies of the Icelandic langspil stirring emotions. Exploring Icelandic arts and music offers a gateway to understanding the essence of the culture.

Culture of Iceland-Cuisine and Traditional Food

Icelandic cuisine is a true reflection of the country’s unique character. Traditional Icelandic dishes are a delightful blend of flavors and textures. Some of which may challenge the taste buds of the uninitiated. From the infamous fermented shark (hákarl) to the succulent smoked lamb (hangikjöt), Icelandic cuisine offers a culinary adventure like no other.

The traditional holiday meal, Þorramatur, brings together an array of preserved foods, showcasing the resourcefulness of Icelanders throughout history. Moreover, the use of unique ingredients like skyr (a traditional dairy product) and Icelandic moss adds a distinct touch to the gastronomic experience.

The growing popularity of modern Icelandic cuisine, which combines traditional elements with international influences, adds further depth to the country’s culinary landscape.

Culture of Iceland-Festivals and Celebrations

Icelandic culture comes alive during its vibrant festivals and cultural celebrations. One such event is Þorrablót, a mid-winter festival that honors the month of Þorri. This celebration brings together traditional music, dance, and food, providing a glimpse into the heart of Icelandic culture. 

Reykjavik Culture Night is another highlight, offering a kaleidoscope of artistic performances, exhibitions, and culinary delights throughout the city. These festivals and celebrations not only preserve Icelandic traditions but also create a sense of community and pride among locals and visitors alike.

Culture of Iceland-Nature and Folklore

Iceland’s awe-inspiring nature is deeply intertwined with its folklore and mythology. The country’s majestic landscapes, with their volcanoes, glaciers, and waterfalls, have inspired countless tales of wonder and enchantment. Icelandic folklore embraces the belief in hidden people (Huldufólk) and elves, who are said to inhabit the natural realm alongside humans. 

These mythical beings play a significant role in Icelandic culture. With stories of their interactions with humans and their impact on the land woven into the fabric of society. Exploring Iceland’s nature and folklore provides a deeper appreciation of the country’s cultural heritage.

The cultural wonders of Iceland are an invitation to embark on a remarkable journey of exploration and discovery. From its ancient sagas and the preservation of the Icelandic language to the thriving arts and music scene, this country is a treasure trove of rich traditions and customs. 

The culinary delights, with their unique flavors and ingredients, tantalize the taste buds and offer a glimpse into the resourcefulness of the Icelandic people. The vibrant festivals and celebrations bring the community together, showcasing the pride and joy in their cultural heritage. Moreover, the deep connection between Icelandic culture and nature, intertwined with folklore and mythology, adds an extra layer of enchantment to this captivating destination.

Whether you are planning a visit to Iceland or simply seeking to understand and appreciate its cultural richness. Immerse yourself in Icelandic traditions and customs promises an experience that will leave you forever changed.

The allure of Icelandic culture lies in its ability to transport you to a world where ancient tales come to life. Where artistic expressions captivate the senses, and where the bond between humans and nature is cherished.

So, pack your curiosity and an open heart, and set forth on a journey to Iceland, where you will encounter a culture that is as fascinating as the breathtaking landscapes that surround it. Let the allure of Icelandic traditions, customs, and cultural experiences guide you as you forge unforgettable memories and gain a deeper understanding of this extraordinary nation.

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Reset password, sea kayaking, one of the most exhilarating ways to experience antarctica, the arctic and beyond..

Sea kayaking holidays in the humbling wilderness of  Antarctica ,  the Arctic , and some of the world’s most biodiverse regions, are guaranteed to stir your soul. Paddle between brash ice and icebergs of all shapes and sizes, absorbing the majestic scenery as it unfolds before you. 

In Antarctica, keep your camera on-hand for unforgettable encounters with penguins, seals and whales, and occasionally leopard seals or orcas. In the Arctic, prepare to  paddle under nesting bird colonies, past massive glaciers and around large iceberg. 

Led by  experienced guides , you and your small group of like-minded adventurers will paddle between ice floes, brash ice and icebergs of all shapes and sizes. Paddling is one of the best ways to access and intimately explore the beautiful coastlines we visit and therefore make the most of your time in the wild and remote  destinations we visit . 

‘Getting out amongst it’ is our philosophy, and that is exactly what we do. Weather permitting, the sea kayaking activity is normally available anytime the other expeditioners go out. Rather than travelling large distances, our aim is to ensure you see as much as possible. We paddle between 5 to 15 kilometres (2 to 4 hours) per outing, often taking a snack and a flask of hot chocolate to enjoy on our excursion.

Each small group of kayakers (up to 10 per guide) will have their own intimate exploration of the small hidden bays and coasts that are inaccessible to Zodiacs. Of course, we also make time for your own shore excursions and wildlife encounters.

The elements play an important role in our sea kayaking program. It is important that you have an adventurous attitude and understand that the weather can impact our kayaking time.

For all of our trips, you must be active in the outdoors and have an adventurous spirit. The level of experience differs slightly depending on the region you are visiting.

For most temperate and polar you should be an intermediate paddler. In South Georgia however, conditions can be more varied and you require solid paddling experience in ocean swell and wind.

For our tropical trips some prior paddling experience is needed. We may encounter wind on these trips, however the water is fairly protected.

You do not need to be an expert or know how to roll. However, you must be able to swim and you should have experience in a wet exit and assisted re-entry. You should also be proficient at putting on a spray skirt by yourself and be comfortable paddling on seas with up to half a metre swell. It is also important that you gain some practice getting into a kayak from a pier, wharf, or deep shoreline where you can’t step into the kayak from standing position. You can easily practice all of this at home, plus paddling in a variety of weather conditions, before your trip. 

What about beginners up to the challenge?

Our guides do not offer instructional classes for beginners. Therefore, the sea kayaking option is unsuitable for complete novices. However, there is often ample time to gain the required experience before you depart. We may be able to recommend a reputable sea kayak operator in your area for some tuition prior to the trip.

Your guide will assess your ability on the initial paddle, and if you have insufficient experience, he or she reserves the right to restrict your participation in rougher conditions.

You should be fit enough to paddle for up to three hours and climb between moving Zodiacs on the water. Regular exercise is recommended, because the fitter you are the more you will enjoy the experience. The more paddles you can do before the trip, the better. We recommend at least three outings prior to your voyage.

Polar regions

During summer the air temperature in the Antarctic Peninsula, Greenland and Spitsbergen are generally above freezing but can range from -4°C to +5°C / 24.8°F to 41°F. The water temperature in the polar regions is close to freezing and winds sweep off the glaciers, making paddling a chilling experience. In South Georgia, there are stronger winds and swells than in Antarctica. Scotland, Iceland, Norwegian coasts are warmer with water temperatures of around 12 °C/ 53.6°F.

Temperate regions

The northern waters are warmer than the polar regions but water temperatures of around 12 °C/ 53.6°F mean you may opt to wear your paddle jacket on a warm, sunny day or our dry suits on a cool day. Surf landings are not likely, but you must be capable of paddling in a small swell or wind chop, with winds up to 20 knots. With that being said, we will not paddle if wind conditions are too strong and there is no sheltered area for paddling.

Tropical regions

In Costa Rica and Panama, April is the end of the dry season. The shoulder season begins in May, bringing increased humidity. Afternoon rain showers are possible in May with temperatures ranging from 26-36 °C (80- 96 °F). Winds are generally light at this time of year. The water temperature ranges from 27 -29 °C. Surf landings are not likely, but be prepared to paddle in a small swell or wind chop, with winds up to 15 knots. Again, we will not paddle if wind conditions are too strong and there is no sheltered area for paddling.

The Sea Kayaking activity is available for an additional surcharge and includes guided excursions and kayaking equipment. Fares for this activity start from US$900, AU$1,250, £460 or €550. 

Prices are indicative only and are variable. They are calculated based on the days of voyage, ability to carry out the activity and exchange rates.

Top reasons to choose a Sea Kayaking holiday

See wildlife unobtrusively

Kayaking is one of the best ways to spot rare wildlife, from penguins to puffins.

Better access

Access intimate bays and coves that bigger crafts can’t reach.​

Knowledgeable guides

Our experienced sea kayak guides will help bring your chosen destination to life.

Become an expert

Hone your kayaking skills and gain a hobby for life!

Make friends

Become lifelong friends with your small group of like-minded adventurers.

Stay fit on your holiday

Being active every day on your holiday means you don’t have to feel guilty about being spoilt by our expert chefs!

Enhance your experience

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Our guide to paddler ratio is 1:10 and we provide an accompanying safety Zodiac. There are 26 places available in Antarctica and tropical voyages, 20 in temperate regions, South Georgia and all Arctic trips except in Franz Josef Land where the maximum is 16 kayakers.

Kayakers must be 14 or over.

Sea kayaking is offered in place of regular shore excursions. We aim to paddle as often as possible. Depending on the voyage, we generally aim to paddle twice per day.

We will give you a drybag for extra clothing, binoculars and anything that needs to be kept dry. You should also carry a water bottle. We recommend bringing a waterproof camera or phone, or ensuring you have a good quality waterproof case.

If the weather changes during our outing we will head back to the ship and perhaps join a shore excursion. The ship’s captain, expedition leader and kayak guide always maintain close contact to ensure a safe paddling experience. We do not attempt to paddle too far away from the ship. The emphasis is on experiencing the destination rather than travelling long distances.

The kayaks are made with a hard plastic and are easily paddled in swell and conducting shore landings, and through small patches of brash ice. We manoeuvre around the larger ice chunks and floes.

Kayaking in the poles offers a unique wildlife viewing experience. In Antarctica, we have many opportunities to encounter penguins, seals and whales, and occasionally we may even spot leopard seals or orcas. In the Arctic, we’ll paddle under nesting bird colonies, past massive glaciers and around large icebergs, however we maintain a safe distance from polar bears and walruses. Our guides carry rifles and flare guns in the Arctic to ensure your safety against polar bears.

Kayakers in wild temperate regions will have a unique wildlife experience, with possible encounters with seals and basking sharks. You will have the opportunity to view some of the largest sea bird colonies in the northern hemisphere.

The superb wildlife-viewing opportunities are endless in the astonishingly biodiverse nature reserves we visit. Kayaks offer a unique opportunity to view marine and land mammals, coral reefs, tropical fish, sea birds and an astonishing range of rainforest birds. We will bring our snorkelling gear with us during our paddles and take advantage of any opportunities to view marine life up close.

In the unlikely event of a capsize, your experienced guide will assist by righting the kayak, stabilising it then pumping it out. Paddlers will re-enter with the guide’s help, or with a support Zodiac. With drysuits and warm clothing underneath you will be comfortable in cold water for up to half an hour. Note that the kayaks have separate compartments with bulkheads, which means they will float after a capsize.

No. Each kayaking place is for one person only. Passengers are unable to share a kayaking place as we customise the kayaks and dry suits for each individual kayaker at the beginning of each voyage.

Balcony Stateroom Superior

Deck:  4 & 6

Cabin and balcony combined size:  29.2m² – 35.2m² (314.3ft² – 378.9ft²)

Private en-suite (wheelchair accessible)

Private balcony

Full size window

Closet space

Room-controlled thermostat

42″ flat-screen TV

Cabin Inclusion

• 1 x 3-in-1 polar jacket per person (polar voyages only)

Some of these rooms are equipped with wheelchair accessible bathrooms.

*Please note mini bar items are chargeable in all cabins except Junior Suite and Captain’s Suite

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Iceland History: Your Complete Guide

Posted Dec 09, 2022

Icelandic Culture

Iceland History is turbulent and rich. From profound Viking roots to devastating natural events, we'll unravel everything and make it easy for you!

Iceland’s rich history tells the story of this unique, remote island in the Atlantic Ocean. An Island that saw Viking conquests and centuries of Norwegian and Danish rule. It also lived an Allied occupation during World War Two, right through to becoming the independent republic it is today.

If you’re wondering ‘when was Iceland discovered?’, ‘who found Iceland?’ and ‘when was Iceland settled?’, stick around. We have all the answers right here in our complete Iceland history guide. Let’s dive into the intriguing stories that make up the history of this fascinating country through the centuries!

Where is Iceland?

First, where is Iceland? Located at the meeting point of the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates, Iceland is a subarctic island in the Atlantic Ocean . Believed to have first appeared above the surface of the ocean between 16 and 18 million years ago, Iceland is a relatively young island. Aptly nicknamed ‘the Land of Ice and Fire’, this geologically active country is scattered with volcanoes, lava fields, glaciers and geysers. 

Who Found Iceland and When Was Iceland Discovered?

Next up in our Iceland history guide, let’s explore who first discovered Iceland and how they came across this remote island.

It was actually Vikings who first discovered Iceland when their ships were blown off course. This happened not only once, but twice, on two separate voyages! The first Norwegian Viking to discover Iceland was a man called Naddod . He was sailing from Norway to the Faroe Islands in 861 and was blown off course, causing him to discover Iceland, which he called Snowland.

Naddod was followed by Gardar Svavarsson, a Swedish Viking, whose Viking ship was blown off course on his voyage from Sweden to the Hebrides. That makes him the second Scandinavian explorer to land on Iceland . Gardar the Swede, as he was known, became the first person to circumnavigate Iceland and determine it was an island.

Gardar founded the modern town of Húsavík in the north of Iceland and named the island ‘Gardar’s Island’. He then sailed home to tell his fascinating Iceland discovery story.

In 867, another Norwegian Viking called Floki Vilgerdarson became the first person to intentionally set sail for Iceland and find it . Forced to stay on the island longer than planned due to the fjord he needed to sail out of being blocked by ice, he named the country Iceland. It was not until the 870s until the first permanent settlers arrived in Iceland.

The First Settlers on Iceland: Vikings in Iceland

Irish monks who lived solitary lives are believed to be among the first people to live in Iceland during the 8th century . That's before the island’s habitation by Scandinavian Vikings. To fully answer the question, ‘when was Iceland settled?’, we have to visit The Book of the Icelanders (Íslendingabók).

Written 250 years after the event, in 1130, this book dates the settlement of Iceland between c. 870 - 930 AD. A second source from the 12th century, The Book of Settlements, (Landnámabók), affirms the date of Iceland’s settlement as the year 874 AD. Right when Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent settler in Iceland .

Ingólfur came from Norway to Iceland with his wife, half-brother, families and slaves to settle in what they would call Reykjavík. As the boat approached closer to Iceland’s shores, Ingólfur cast two wooden poles out to sea. He then vowed to settle wherever the poles landed, leaving the decision up to the gods.

For the first winter, Ingólfur settled on a cape that is today called Ingólfurshöfdi. He stayed there until his slaves found the pillars in a smoky southwestern bay three years later! That’s how Ingólfur founded Reykjavík , which literally means ‘smoky bay’ in Old Norse, so named due to the plumes of smoke rising from the island’s hot springs.

Ingólfur’s half-brother, Hjörleifur, also came along and settled in a cape called Hjörleifshöfdi. When Ingólfur went to visit his brother a year later, he discovered that he’d been murdered by his slaves.

Ingólfur found his brother’s murderers taking refuge on some islands and killed them. These islands are today called the Westman Islands (Vestmannaeyjar). They were named after the Western (Irish) men who lost their lives there.

Now we’ve answered the question ‘when was Iceland settled?’, let’s move on to find out how Iceland developed after this initial occupation.

Life in Early Iceland

What was life in Iceland like during the Viking Age? Let’s find out all about early Iceland history, including religion, politics, architecture and trading.

Establishing Iceland’s Parliament

Iceland was quickly settled due to Norwegians wanting to escape conflict at home and seeking new land to farm. A new form of governance was required, leading to the formation of the ‘Althing’, believed to be the oldest parliament in the world .

The parliament is located in Thingvellir National Park, which is part of the iconic Golden Circle route in Iceland. The Althing held its sessions in the park until the 19th century, when it moved to Reykjavík.

Turf Houses in Early Iceland

An estimated 40% of the land was covered with trees when the Vikings first settled on Iceland. These trees were quickly cut down to build houses , ships and fires. When almost all the trees were gone a century later, Turf houses (sod houses) started to be built .

These Viking houses were made of sod (the ground surface) piled into walls to provide insulation. Often built into a hillside, Turf houses had big fires in the center and needed frequent repairing due to water damage.

Iceland’s Trading in the Viking Age

Trading with neighboring Scandinavian countries and other European nations was vital to sustain life on Iceland. Although the country was rich in cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry and fish, other essentials were acquired through trade .

Here are some of the goods that Icelanders imported from various nations:

• Iron and furs from Sweden
• Whetstones, soapstones, barley and timber from Norway
• Walrus fur, skins and ivory from Greenland
• Silk, spices, wine, fruits, silver, jewelry and gems from Byzantium
• Wheat, tin, honey and barley from England
• Amber, wax and slaves from Russia
• Soapstone from the Shetland Islands

Iceland itself would export fish, animal fat and woolen clothing.

From Paganism to Christianity in Iceland

A key part of early Icelandic history, religion was one of the defining issues of the day. The Viking Pagan religion of the Norse gods was prevalent in Iceland , It was so until a man named Olaf Tryggvason, the King of Norway from 995 to 1000 AD, forced Icelanders to convert to Christianity.

The king sent flocks of missionaries in 995 AD and 999 AD to persuade Icelanders to take on Christianity . Having tried twice (unsuccessfully) the King resorted to more forceful methods. In a defining moment in Iceland’s history, he blocked the ports of Norway and closed all trading routes to Iceland .

A lawspeaker named Thorgeir Thorkelsson was elected to make the decision as to whether Iceland should convert to Christianity. He was elected due to his reputation as a peaceful and reasonable man. After spending one night under a fur blanket, he decided that Iceland should, in fact, adopt Christianity . This story is where the common Icelandic phrase ‘to lay under fur’ came from, which means to make a big decision!

As Iceland turned to Christianity, Thorgeir threw his pagan totem statues into the waterfall of the gods or ‘Godafoss’, as it is known today. He stipulated that three Pagan practices would still be allowed. These are: eating horse meat, holding Pagan party celebrations and killing ‘excess’ children. Icelanders believed that there were only a certain number of people that the island could hold.

As soon as the Church achieved complete control over the island, these practices were quickly forbidden.

Iceland Commonwealth

It existed between the establishment of the Althing in 930 AD and the pledge of allegiance to the King of Norway in 1262. The Icelandic Commonwealth, also known as the Icelandic Free State, was a political system with no coercive power over the citizens . No law-enforcement agencies existed in this Iceland Commonwealth.

‘Chiefs’ were chosen by the citizens and chiefdoms could be sold, given away or inherited . This system of minimal governance remained stable for at least three centuries and was commonly referred to as the ‘Golden Age’ in Iceland.

The Icelandic Commonwealth eventually collapsed due to external influences that disrupted the social balance. That led to fewer chiefs, each with more resources.

Iceland’s Civil War: The Age of the Sturlungs

A civil war shook Iceland in the 13th century, known as the Age of the Sturlungs, so-called due to the most powerful family clan of the time being the Sturlungs . The Icelandic Civil War was defined by conflicts between local chieftains, leading to wars fought by their followers. 

In 1220, Snorri Sturlung became a vassal of Haakon IV, the King of Norway from 1217 to 1263, with the mission to bring Iceland under Norwegian control. Snorri’s nephew, Sturla Strurlung, also became a vassal to the Norwegian King in 1235 and took a more aggressive approach. This led to the largest armed conflict in the history of Iceland, the Battle of Orlygsstadir (1238), where Sturla was defeated.

Another vassal and opponent of Sturla called Gissur Thovaldsson murdered Snorri on the King’s demands, due to his part in an attempted coup. Gissur pushed the King’s agenda, leading to the eventual signing of the Old Covenant. That ended the Icelandic Commonwealth and brought Iceland under Norwegian control .

Laki Eruption

Icelanders witnessed a series of volcanic eruptions through the 1700s, culminating in the eight-month Laki eruption. It is considered to be the greatest lava eruption on Earth in recorded history . Starting in June 1783 and ending in February 1784, this violent eruption spewed around 14 cubic kilometers of lava. Sadly, it killed almost all of Iceland’s livestock and 9,000 Icelanders.

Hunger, extreme heat and toxic gas were among some of the causes of death from the Laki eruption. The devastating consequences of this eruption were felt far beyond the shores of Iceland.

The whole of Europe was subject to dangerous weather changes, including acid rain and flooding. Monsoon cycles were disrupted in Africa and India too. Likewise, other nations suffered famine and poverty due to the eruption, including Egypt and France.

An Independent Iceland

Between 1870 and 1914, around 20,000 Icelanders immigrated to Canada and North America searching for better opportunities (and better weather!). They were also escaping the volcanic eruptions and hard labor of rural living in Iceland.

Most Icelanders who remained on the island wanted independence, leading to a defining moment in modern Icelandic history. In 1918, a contract called the Act of Union, which made Iceland an independent state within the Kingdom of Denmark, was signed. 

The final step to Iceland becoming independent took place in 1944 , when Iceland became a republic. 97% of Icelanders voted in favor of independence from Denmark. The leader of the Icelandic independence movement, the politician, Jon Sigurdsson, is credited as the man who founded modern Iceland.

The Occupation of Iceland During World War II

During World War II, the Axis powers occupied Denmark, leading to concern in Britain that Iceland would soon be their next target for occupation. Lying in the Atlantic between the Americas and Europe, Iceland’s location is of enormous strategic importance . The Allies knew that whoever occupied Iceland would have control over the sea and air in this large stretch of ocean.

Although Iceland remained neutral throughout World War II , the Icelanders were accommodating to the British soldiers and provided no resistance. When the British troops left as they were needed on the continent, they were replaced by US soldiers in Iceland, who remained there until 1946. During this time, many developments took place in Iceland, such as the building of airports, harbors, roads and hospitals.

Iceland History Facts: All About Iceland in the 21st Century

• Iceland became a founding member of NATO in 1949 , despite protests in Reykjavík at the remilitarization of the country.
• The US Navy remained in Keflavik Naval Airport until 2006.
• According to the NATO Defense Treaty, the US has a responsibility to defend Iceland for an undisclosed time period.
• Iceland hosted the Reykjavík Summit in 1986. It was a meeting about nuclear disarmament between US President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev.
• The world’s first democratically elected female head of state, Vigdis Finnboadottir , became President of Iceland in 1989.
• Iceland joined the European Economic Area in 1994.
• The 2008 financial crisis hit Iceland hard, leading to widespread unemployment and a collapse in the country’s GDP. Tourism would later help to boost the country’s economy again.
• In 2010, Eyjafjallajökull volcano erupted . It caused widespread disruption to air travel across Western Europe.
• The Icelandic Men’s Soccer Team played in the World Cup for the first time in 2018, making Iceland the smallest country to ever qualify.

Ready to Discover Iceland for Yourself?

Inspired to discover Iceland for yourself after reading our complete Iceland history guide? We don’t blame you! This fascinating country boasts a rich cultural heritage and incredible geology to match. From visiting the Sun Voyage statue in Reykjavík, based on traditional Viking boats, to exploring Thingvellir National Park, the seat of the world’s oldest parliament, Iceland has it all.

Set sail, hit the road and take to the skies to make your dream Icelandic vacation a reality! Reserve your rental car in Reykjavík now to give you the ultimate freedom to explore this magical island and discover its rich history.

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Reserve a rental car in iceland instantly.

Iceland History: Origin of Iceland (Maps, Population, Flag)

Iceland has a relatively short yet rich history. The island was discovered by Naddodd the Viking in 861 and inhabited in 870 by Norse and Celtic populations. Before this timeframe, Iceland was one of the largest uninhabited islands in Europe. The island itself had formed over 70 million years ago when the magma pocket beneath its surfaces triggered underwater eruptions. The landforms of iceland were sculpted under those forces over the years resulting in Iceland’s unique landscape. Today, Iceland has a population of 366.425 people. 

What is Iceland’s History?

Iceland’s history starts over 1000 years ago during the Viking age of exploration. The island was discovered by Naddodd the Viking in 861 and settled by a mixed population of Norse and Celtic people. However, there is some evidence about the island being inhabited before the early Norse settlers by Irish monks known as “The Papar.” They are also popularly called “wandering Christians” and are believed to have inhabited Iceland before the official Settlement Age. From 1918 to 1944, Iceland was established as a Kingdom. Today, with the national referendum from June 17, 1944, Iceland is a Republic. 

Where did Iceland originate?

Iceland originated in the middle of the Mid-Atlantic Rift around 70 million years ago. The catalyst that initiated the formation of Iceland is believed to have been the large magma pocket that still sits beneath the island. The magma pocket is called Iceland Plume and sits around 2000 meters inside Earth’s mantle. Iceland was slowly sculpted by the natural forces caused by strong underwater eruptions of the Iceland Plume. 

Who explored Iceland?

Iceland was discovered and first explored by Norwegian Vikings. According to the Landnámabók, Iceland was located by Naddodd the Viking. Naddodd was blown off course in 861 while sailing from Norway to the Faroe Islands. Naddodd named the island Snowland and told people about it upon returning to Norway. Then, six years later, Floki Vilgerdarson set out on an expedition to intentionally search for Iceland, and upon finding it, he named it Iceland. A few years later, in 870, Iceland was first inhabited. 

What are the historical eras of Iceland?

Based on the historic text Íslandssaga (A History of Iceland) from 1915 by Jón J. Aðils, the history of Iceland can be divided into ten eras. Here is a list of the historical eras of Iceland:

• Landnámsöld: Landnámsöld is the first era also known as the Settlement Age which lasted from 870 to 930.
• Söguöld: Söguöld or the Saga Age lasted from 930 to 1030.
• Íslenska kirkjan í elstu tíð: Íslenska kirkjan í elstu tíð or The early Icelandic church era lasted from 1030 to 1152.
• Sturlungaöld: Sturlungaöld or Sturlung Age lasted from 1152 to 1262.
• Ísland undir stjórn Noregskonunga og uppgangur kennimanna: the Norwegian Rule of Norwegian royal rule and the rise of the clergy lasted from 1262 to 1400.
• Kirkjuvald: The Kirkjuvald era or Ecclesiastical power lasted from 1400 to 1550.
• Konungsvald: Konungsvald or the Royal authority lasted from 1550 to 1683.
• Einveldi og einokun: The Einveldi og einokun era of Absolutism and monopoly trading lasted from 1683 to 1800.
• Viðreisnarbarátta: Viðreisnarbarátta or the Campaign for restoration of past glories lasted from 1801 to 1874.
• Framsókn: The Framsókn or Progress era lasted from 1875 to 1915. 

What are Icelandic Cultures?

Iceland is a Nordic country, which implies that it has significant Viking links. Icelanders are proud of their past and the various rituals that come with it, especially in the language, which has strong roots in the Old Norse language used by early Viking settlers.

Here you can see the cultures of Iceland .

• Iceland Food Culture: certain foods are part of the Icelandic food culture. Popular examples include Icelandic yogurt (skyr), fermented shark (hákarl), dried fish jerky (harðfiskur), sheep’s head (svið), and hot dog (pylsur).
• Iceland Music Culture: Icelandic folk music is versatile and includes various styles. Prominent performance styles are syngja (to sing), kveða (poetry), and sagnadansar (story dancing).  
• Iceland Architecture Culture: typical Icelandic architecture consists of low-rise buildings. Wood frames, pronounced pitched roofs, and traditional bright colors are the main hallmarks of Icelandic architecture.  
• Iceland Film Culture: the Icelandic cinema industry is notable with both movies and actors receiving sparkling international attention. The country has its own national file award named Edda Awards. 

Which language is spoken in Iceland?

The Icelandic language is the official and national language of Iceland. However, Icelandic people talk other languages as well. Other than Icelandic, the top three most commonly spoken languages in Iceland include Polish, Lithuanian, and English. Other popular languages in Iceland are German, Danish, Spanish, and French. 

What are the historical maps of Iceland?

The historical maps of Iceland are an objective indicator of how the country looked throughout its history and during different periods. There are many different maps showing different aspects, from geopolitical features to proximity to neighboring countries to popular ship routes. 

What are the neighboring islands to Iceland?

The neighbor islands to Iceland are:

• Greenland: the coordinates of Greenland are 71.7069° N, 42.6043° W
• Faroe Islands: the coordinates of the Faroe Islands are 61.8926° N, 6.9118° W
• Jan Mayen: the coordinates of Jan Mayen are 71.0318° N, 8.2920° W

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Iceland’s Growth as a Tourism Destination

I celand has rapidly gained popularity among tourists. Statistics show that about 2.3 million people came to visit Iceland last year. This means there were almost 7 times more tourists than locals as the island is inhabited by just 334,000 people. The raw beauty of this country and unique landscapes are definitely a magnet attracting tourists from all over the world. The natural wonders found here make Iceland a top tourism destination.

This has not always been the case. Not long ago, most travelers did not include Iceland on their travel list. It was really hard to find Iceland on the top of any travel ranking lists. Slowly and consistently, Iceland became one of the most popular destinations in the industry. The growing number of tourists brings many benefits to the country, but it also has catastrophic consequences for the environment. Will the land of ice and fire eventually stem the flow of tourists coming into the country?

Iceland’s growth as a tourism destination is an absolute success. In the past, Iceland’s economy depended mainly on the fishing industry and agriculture. The country then transformed itself into a rich and a modern nation. This economic growth was definitely good for Iceland, allowing its development within the global market.

Iceland had to adapt itself to the new needs of tourists. The first step was to renew the country’s infrastructure. New hotels, restaurants and tourist agencies sprang up. These significantly reduced the unemployment rate. New job vacancies were then available for both Icelanders and foreigners. Many people from different countries went to Iceland not only as a tourist but also to work. Most of those workers ended up in the tourism industry. Iceland’s days under the radar are long gone and the country is now a favorite tourist destination.

As Thordis Kolbrun Reykfjord Gylfadorrir, Iceland’s Tourism Minister said :

“We must be careful not to fall a victim to our own success. Some of the particularly popular corners of the country are simply unable to accommodate over a million people and this is the number of tourists visiting us now. If we allow these places to be visited by more people, they will be trampled on”.

There are some regions in Iceland that are deteriorating due to the number of visits every year. Among those in decline are Skogafoss waterfall, the Geothermal region of Geysir, Dyrholaey Penninsula, Gullfoss waterfall . They even had to close the Reykjadular trail because of worsening conditions. The list of damaged areas is, sadly, much longer than that.

So what’s causing the problem? Icelandic vegetation is extremely fragile and takes a long time to recover from people trampling on it. Most experts believe that Iceland should develop better methods to prevent further degradation of the environment. Close to most tourist attractions, there is a lack of adequate infrastructure.

Monitoring activities are rare and there are no specific ways to protect the flora and fauna of Iceland. Many paths are not signed properly. The lack of “no entry” signs to many roads is a common problem. Therefore, many tourists ignore the “no crossing” line made out of just a bunch of little stones and directly deviate from the path. The number of staff working at the main attractions is way too low in comparison to the number of tourists visiting them every day. Therefore, controlling these places is basically impossible. The government is constantly working to establish some new procedures to help to maintain the areas in the same untouched condition.

Everything has its advantages and disadvantages. Tourism growth in Iceland is not an exception here. It has been a blessing for Iceland but also a great threat to nature. Tourism in Iceland has become the main source of income for the country. This is why Iceland is now facing a difficult task – to find the balance between making a living and protecting the environment. Let’s hope people can still visit Iceland while it the country retains its beauty and extraordinary character.

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How Iceland Is Rethinking Tourism for the Long Haul

By Julia Eskins

Iceland has a New Year’s resolution. After a 10-month pause in tourism due to global lockdowns, the country is preparing for a new era of outdoor adventure—one that locals are hoping is more sustainable than before.

The Nordic island nation’s meteoric rise in popularity remains a controversial topic. Once named the fastest-growing destination in Europe, its economy has become reliant on flashpackers keen to marvel at glaciers, geysers, and green-streaked skies. But environmentalists have raised concerns about the impact of overtourism on delicate ecosystems. Iceland’s answer? Encourage people to stay longer, travel slower , and make use of the country’s greatest asset in a COVID-minded world: space.

Similar to other hot-ticket destinations like Venice and Amsterdam , which celebrated reduced pollution in 2020, Iceland experienced its own silver linings in a year of fewer visitors. Thingvellir National Park director Einar Sæmundsen noticed less litter on trails that were previously trampled by hikers. Meanwhile, locals enjoyed the quietude, with domestic travelers flocking to beloved sites, as well as the Westfjords and Eastfjords—two lesser-explored regions that are finally getting the attention and financial support from the Icelandic government to thrive.

“The growth we saw in the number of visitors up to 2019 was far too rapid and we were getting close to the edge of seriously unsustainable development,” says Tryggvi Felixson, a tour guide and Chair of Landvernd, the Icelandic Environment Association. “We are fortunate that Iceland is a relatively big country. It’s possible to distribute the traffic more evenly than we have done before.”

Iceland's national parks, like Thingvellir, pictured, have seen benefits from less foot traffic during the pandemic. 

More funding for infrastructure and conservation

Unlike destinations that tightened budgets in 2020, Iceland increased its spending on tourism by 40 percent. A substantial amount of the $1.73 billion ISK ($13.6 million) budget was used to improve infrastructure at tourist sites. Many of these places, like the basalt column-flanked canyon of Stuðlagil, became famous due to social media. The government is finally playing catch-up to build necessities like restrooms, parking lots, designated trails, and wheelchair-accessible entrances.

“It’s been challenging to stay ahead of social media,” says Skarphéðinn Berg Steinarsson, Director General of the Icelandic Tourist Board. “Visitors like to go around wherever they want and that's how we want to keep it. But we are sometimes unprepared for the sites they're visiting. Many of these places are much more delicate during the winter and spring when the frost is leaving the soil. A lot of traffic can spoil the environment.”

Iceland’s parliament is also now debating a proposal to establish a national park in the Highlands, which will cover and protect about 30 percent of the country, says Felixson.

A push for longer stays, alternative routes, and remote accommodations

Inexpensive flights once made Iceland a magnet for weekend jaunts, but with COVID-19, longer trips that include working remotely are becoming the norm. In November, Iceland announced a new visa for international remote workers. Foreign nationals, including Americans, are now eligible to stay in Iceland for up to six months, as long as they are employed with a company or can verify self-employment. Unlike other visas aimed at digital nomads, Iceland’s program has some important fine print. Your monthly salary must be at least 1 million ISK ($7,360) or about $88,000 per year to qualify.

The quality-over-quantity strategy is simple: attract high-earning professionals that can help stimulate the local economy without leading to overcrowding. The new visa program is just one aspect of Iceland’s shift toward attracting those craving a slower style of exploration.

“Not everyone has to drive the Ring Road,” says Steinarsson. “We’re encouraging people to travel around the country but, preferably, stay longer in each region.”

Offering alternatives to Route 1, which follows the circumference of the island, Iceland opened two new circuits in late 2020. One is the Westfjords Way, a 590-mile journey around the Westfjords peninsula, which was previously closed in the winter due to avalanche risks. The second new route is the Diamond Circle in North Iceland, a 155-mile circuit replete with waterfalls and wildlife.

The Sky Lagoon, one of the biggest tourism projects in Icelandic history, is set to launch in the spring. 

Harrison Pierce

María Casbas

CNT Editors

But that isn’t to say the capital should be completely overlooked. This spring, new geothermal spa The Sky Lagoon is set to open in Reykjavik . The project is one of the biggest in Icelandic tourism’s history at 4 billion ISK ($31 million). With its 260-foot oceanfront infinity pool and architecture inspired by the region’s traditional turf-houses, it could be an attractive alternative to the famous Blue Lagoon.

For those who want to experience nature away from the crowds, the newly launched Bubble Hotel offers the chance to sleep under the Northern Lights in one of 18 clear dome structures located in two remote forest locations. Meanwhile, close to Europe’s largest glacier in Vatnajökull National Park, the new Six Senses Össurá Valley is set to open in 2022. With 70 rooms and private cottages sprawled across 4,000 acres and built using renewable materials, the property will usher in a new option for sustainable luxury.

Conserving the environment while continuing to grow economically remains a challenge. But perhaps the forced pause has led to more than just a rebirth of quiet and clean trails. This time—with more remote adventures and better infrastructure—the land of ice and fire will be ready.

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About Iceland

Visa information, geography of iceland, general information, the northern lights, volcanic eruptions, sustainable travel, iceland academy, plan your trip, how to get there, accommodation, things to do, map your journey, getting around, visitor numbers, carbon footprint, destinations, the regions, scenic routes, national parks, trip suggestions, towns & villages, inspiration, food and beverages, lbgt+ travel, escape the ordinary.

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VOLCANIC ACTIVITY ON THE REYKJANES PENINSULA

Since 2021, the Reykjanes Peninsula has witnessed a surge in seismic activity, including several volcanic eruptions. Despite this, Iceland has remained a safe and open destination for travelers. For a detailed look into the recent volcanic activities and their safety implications, the Icelandic Meteorological Office offers insights through this informative video.

Embark on the journey of a lifetime in Iceland!

With our new interactive map feature, you can easily plan every step of your adventure. From cozy accommodations to unforgettable activities, the possibilities are endless. Dream big, plan smart, and chart your path with our personalized itinerary feature. Make the most of every moment in Iceland!

Take the Icelandic Pledge

Are you visiting Iceland? Be a responsible tourist and take the Icelandic pledge. Encourage your friends to do the same!

Looking for things to do?

Regions of Iceland

Iceland is typically divided into 7 different geographical regions. Each region differs slightly in respect to culture and landscapes, but are uniquely Icelandic. Find your favorite part of Iceland.

Iceland is a popular travel destination. Sometimes, certain places can be busier than others. Skip the hectic tourist traffic at the most popular destinations and plan your trip to make the most of your time in Iceland. Use our tourist counter to see peak visitor times and plan accordingly. 

Appreciate our towns & villages

Did you know that there are over 100 towns and villages to explore throughout Iceland? We encourage you to stop and look into these charming, beautiful, and often quirky places. History, art, nature, local cuisine, and year-round swimming pools abound. You might be surprised at what you find!

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Sustainable Tourism in Iceland

• Welcome to the Tourism Debate
• Sustainable Tourism Vs. Mass Tourism
• What is Sustainable Tourism?
• What is Mass Tourism?
• Is Tourism in Iceland Sustainable in the Future?
• What Can You Do?
• Respect the Environment
• Support Local Business in Iceland
• Avoid Staying in an Airbnb
• Do Not Buy Bottled Water
• Avoid Eating Whale Meat or Puffins
• Respect Your Tour Guide
• Background Reading for the Sustainable Tourist

What are the main differences between sustainable tourism and mass tourism in Iceland? What are the positive and negative effects of the tourism boom and what can Icelanders learn from the experiences of other countries? What can you do to make sure your visit to Iceland is both respectful and authentic?

• Enlighten yourself with our article  Rivers for Sale | The Future of Iceland's Water Systems
• Support Icelandic wildlife with  Icelandic Animals Tour Combo around Reykjavik
• Experience the best of Iceland on this  4 Day Winter Vacation

Welcome to the Tourism Debate             

Ever since the 2010 eruption of the immense, ice-capped volcano,  Eyjafjallajökull, the eyes of the world have been fixated on Iceland, a country whose stark and mystic beauty had long been a well-kept secret.

With air travel interrupted, holidays cancelled and an enormous plume of Icelandic ash making its way across the skies of Europe, that secret was suddenly, and violently, out of the bag. The country would never be the same again.

Top Nature Tours in Iceland

Best ice cave tour in vatnajokull glacier starting from jokulsarlon glacier lagoon, inside the volcano thrihnukagigur tour with transfer from reykjavik, small group tour of snaefellsnes national park with transfer from reykjavik.

In the period since, the country has seen an unprecedented rise in visitor numbers—a trend that has uprooted and revolutionised the very foundations of Icelandic culture . But just how enormous is this tourism boom?

In 2016, Keflavik Airport saw a 40% increase in guests from the preceding year—roughly 1,700,000 people visited the island nation of 330,000—demonstrating how fundamental the tourism industry has become to the country's economy.

On average, foreign tourism grew by an average of 21.6% from 2010 to 2015. In that same period, overall foreign exchange earnings from tourism grew from 18.8% to 31%, coinciding with the tourism overtaking aluminium processing and fishing to become the country's largest industry. 

Within five years, visitation to Iceland had increased by a staggering 264%—and with numbers like that, it's difficult at best to predict how such a trend can stop in the foreseeable future. 

• See Also : Flights to Iceland | The Ultimate Guide 

Yet, tourists, in general, are notorious for changing the very dynamics of a country that made it so desirable to them in the first place. This is often classified by industry professionals as "overtourism." This problem is not specific to Iceland, but global in nature and affecting many other countries.

To take one example from this year, protests were held in Spain against what Spaniards saw as a loss of control by the country’s tourism board. The banners read simply: “THIS IS NOT TOURISM, IT IS AN INVASION"—Spain, like Iceland, also felt the benefits of a tourism boom during the 1970s when the industry bailed out the country’s economy so efficiently that the period has since been labelled “ The Spanish Miracle ”.

Experience tells us that a surge in tourism will have both positive and negative impacts on the host country, and the perspective one adopts depends largely on which sphere of influence one chooses to focus one's attention on.

For instance, one side of the argument could rightly contend that tourism has been—and continues to be—the saving grace of the Icelandic economy; an economy that totally collapsed following the 2008 financial crisis.  No one could dispute this fact, nor would they even try. 

And yet, many sites of cultural and historical significance are now routinely overrun by eager sightseers, threatening both nature’s delicate balance and the potential for future preservation. In this respect, both the Icelandic government and its people have yet to find an equilibrium between financial gain and physical loss; the tourism debate continues to rage on while the country sits at a crossroads. 

Despite the breadth of the challenges Iceland now faces, very few policy changes have been made over recent years to help alleviate the issue. Even those who have profited the most from Iceland's tourism boom have been quick to chastise the government's slow response to such tribulations.

For instance, the Icelandic government neither taxes the visitors flying into the country, nor has it set up any toll roads along major tourist routes. The money earned from such ventures could go a long way toward securing needed infrastructure development and environmental preservation and yet this option remains unexplored.  

The changes being made are short term and imposed only to settle the immediate frustrations of an anxious population. For example, tour buses are now no longer able to access Reykjavik's central streets, given complaints from downtown residents that the tourist shuttles clog the streets, obstruct traffic and hamper pedestrian walkways. While this is a positive step, nothing much is done to consider curbing the exponential long-term increase of such operators. 

There have also been adjustments to the accommodation situation; landlords renting out their property as an Airbnb now have a 90-day cap, a proposition that, hopefully, should curb the exile of young people and artists from the 101 downtown neighbourhood. Such legislation is but an afterthought aimed to rectify the problems tourism has already brought to Iceland's shores. 

• See Also : Where to Stay in Iceland and Where to Stay in Reykjavik  

There is a particularly vocal opposition in Iceland who refutes such changes, claiming the legislation to be the equivalent of picking a weed from its flower rather than its roots; the problems will reoccur again and again until decisive action is taken.

Some claim that the solution can only be in the form of a yearly cap on visitors, that by heavily regulating the industry will offer the country some breathing room in order to improve its infrastructure. Others claim that such a disruption to the current equilibrium could harm Iceland's attractiveness to tourists in the future. 

Icelanders are renowned for their openness, friendly attitude and authentic interest in those outsiders visiting their shores. They are also an incredibly proud people, loyal to their heritage, their island and their kinship with one another. No one should be under the illusions that Icelanders want their country to be perceived as the "Nordic Disneyland", and efforts should be made to not treat the place as such. 

Patience as a virtue is something this country's people have cherished for centuries, but as the pressure mounts internally, one can't help but think back on that Spanish protest banner, "This is not tourism, it is an invasion!" To put it simply, over time, the Icelanders' patience will wear thin; already, the cracks are beginning to show through their well-set stoicism.

There is something of a dichotomy in the Icelandic press on this issue. Take "the toilet issue" as a prime example; the city's English language newspaper, The Reykjavik Grapevine, happily exposes tourists defecating on private property around Iceland, whilst mentioning in only quiet passing the fact that many of Iceland's more distant attractions lack any utilities whatsoever (...let's leave them to go in their pants , shall we? Welcome to Iceland). 

Sustainable Tourism Vs. Mass Tourism              

Tourism is an industry like any other, working off proven models, systems and theories in order to generate the largest profit margin possible. The increasingly complex network of stakeholders in this massive operation include government parties, airlines, tourism operators, tour providers, local businesses, real estate holders, local residents and of course, the tourists themselves.

On a global scale, the industry has been broken down into an enormous array of specific terms, each pointing to a different ‘pull’ the tourist desires; eco-tourism, creative tourism, dark tourism, space tourism, religious tourism, volunteer tourism, to name only a handful.

In Iceland, the largest attraction is the nature itself, as well as the chance to experience unblemished, human solitude in wide open landscapes. This would be categorised as Nature / Adventure Tourism. 

As a caveat to this point, let it be mentioned that "Nature Tourism" means that Nature itself is the primary engine for Iceland's travel industry, and therefore, of the utmost importance when it comes to protection and respect. The danger, of course, is that through overtourism, we end up destroying what we love the most. 

• See Also : Funniest Mistakes Tourists Have Made in Iceland 

The two most important models today are ‘Sustainable Tourism’ and ‘Mass Tourism’. Sustainable tourism is the future, a means of protecting the industry, the environment and ourselves. Mass tourism is the model of yesteryear, an economic turkey shoot whose priorities lie not in conservation or continuation of the practise, but simply in the increase of profits all costs.

What is Sustainable Tourism?            

Overall, sustainable tourism can be defined as a management strategy for attracting international visitors, taking into full account the consequences such action will have on the environment, the host culture and its economy. Thus, in order to fully achieve this ambition, sustainable tourism practitioners should:

• Protect and conserve the socio-cultural legitimacy of the host community , respecting their heritage, belief systems and cultural practices. The host community must contribute in return, educating their guests on how best to interact with and respect the natural environment.  
• Ensure the protection of ecological sites imperative to tourism development . This is of particular importance to Icelanders, especially those who recognise that international interest falls largely at the feet of Iceland’s natural landscapes.  
• Provide economic relief for host communities from profits earned through tourism development, as well as providing all suitable stakeholders with their fair distribution. This avoids putting an unjust emphasis on the tourists, rather than locals. The Airbnb situation currently affecting Reykjavik, where locals are outpriced of their accommodation, is a good example of how Iceland currently fails in this duty. 
• See Also: Where Did Icelanders Come From?

There are three key areas that Icelanders themselves have identified as areas of concern for the future; economic and social impacts on the culture of native Icelanders, a lacking transportation infrastructure and the need for swift environment preservation. Even the director general of the Icelandic Tourist Board, Ólöf Ýrr Atladóttir, has since claimed, " in hindsight, we should have focused on infrastructure at the same time". 

What is Mass Tourism?            

The overall outlook described above differs dramatically from mass tourism , a term academics have coined to describe the outdated model the sector currently works under in many parts of the world.

To give you a tangible idea of mass tourism, consider the presence of cruise liners, theme parks, resort towns and package vacations. Mass tourism caters to those who have done little to no background reading or language preparation, as well as to those who are seeking out only "the most popular sights". But what is the underlying process that makes mass tourism tick?

For starters, mass tourism relies on sights and activities being commodified and sold as products. This, quite obviously, does much to deter the idea that the sights and activities in question are marketed as a “once in a lifetime experience." And yet, this is but a mere consequence of a greater number of people travelling for pleasure; the system is designed to acquire and cater to as many guests as possible. 

This problem is further irritated by the fierce competition between operators. By waging pricing wars, the difference between travel services becomes minimal at best. This means that, rather than being offered a truly unique experience, visitors to Iceland will be met with the same tours and activities that already saturate the market.

As tourist numbers increase, so too does the local ambition to profit off this trend; in today's Iceland, tour operators rise and fall like card stacks, with even the largest companies at risk due to their reliance on the market factors. 

This oversaturation is a problem partly created by the tourists themselves. By acknowledging and readily accepting the sheer amount of discount pricing going on, many consider cheap travel a right rather than a privilege. Such thinking can only be of detriment to a quality experience.

• See Also:  7 Things Icelanders HATE about tourists in Iceland . 

It should also be considered that tourism is a perishable industry, reliant on the transient tides of international interest, and therefore cannot be stocked in the same way as other major industries.

Considering that visitors travel to Iceland for its magnificent nature—its cascading waterfalls, its unbound wild lands, its delicate river systems, its snow-wreathed mountains—it would seem obvious that ecological care and protection is fundamental to ensuring the tourism industry's prolonged lifespan.

• See Also: Glaciers in Iceland  and The Ultimate Guide to Ice Caves in Iceland  

Iceland’s resident glaciers are a major pull for international visitors travelling to the country, yet many will overlook the fact that these very ice-caps are directly affected by changes in climate and are receding at a measurable rate. When the glaciers disappear, so too will a plethora of related activities, tour options and, most importantly, beautiful natural panoramas. 

As the gatekeepers to Iceland, airline companies must share their brunt of the responsibility. Despite the fact that travelling to Iceland via alternative options is largely unpractical, it must not be overlooked that the airline industry has, for decades, fought legislative action to combat carbon-related climate change. In doing so, airlines have directly opposed the principles they claim to hold so dear. 

Of course, given the large profits raked in each year by airlines, their ability to mask their true colours and deceive the consumer into buying into their eco-friendly image is a force of nature in its own right. Responsible tourists are able to detect this hypocrisy easily, and thus, should take the matter into account when planning their trip. 

Is Tourism in Iceland Sustainable in the Future?          

In truth, it is unlikely that Iceland will see the visitor numbers currently projected by the government in future years. According to these predictions, some 2.5 million guests are expected to visit Iceland in 2018, but as elsewhere, the novelty of a destination tends to wear off in time.

With that being said, Iceland’s boom is unexampled, in major part due to the country’s small population. Only very tenuous links can be drawn with other nations experiencing their own tourism booms. 

Circulating in Iceland are a number of theories on how to ensure the industry’s proliferation. As mentioned above, on one side of the argument there is a call to temporarily cap the number of visitors to the country every year. This way, government agencies would have the respite needed to improve and invest in Iceland’s infrastructure, its road systems and site accessibility.

Though it sounds like a long shot and starkly in contention with the onslaught of tourist money, Iceland has prepared itself for the long-term in such ways before. Consider the fishing quotas implemented in the 1980s; without such strict regulation, Iceland's fish stocks would not be at the sustainable levels we see and cherish today. 

The government has already set out its plans to place nature conservation and outdoor activities hand in hand. As set out in Outdoor Activities in Harmony of Nature , the objectives prior to 2020 are as follows;

• The public’s right to free access to common land should not be restricted unless it is vitally necessary for the purposes of nature conservation.  
• Outdoor activities considerations should be taken into account in planning and decisions on land use.  
• The growth in tourism in Iceland should be further encouraged and accompanied by preventive measures to protect nature from damage caused by increased traffic.

To achieve these ambitions, the government is focusing their attention on a handful of important areas; an individual's right to travel, the carrying capacity of tourists sites, site improvements, increased patrols, more information provided to tourists and an active tourist participation in monitoring costs.  

All in all, Iceland is a small country with a small population and a parliament that only has space for 63 members. In light of such facts, the country should be able to pull together to collectively make tourism a force for good in Iceland and not one that will continue to pressure the population indefinitely.

Having survived and prospered a 2008 banking crisis, a housing market collapse, a devalued currency and a peak in unemployment, overtourism is just one more hurdle for the Icelandic people to overcome. Be under no illusion, however; to do so will take the participation and cooperation of numerous agencies: government officials, airlines, tourist boards, tour operators and YOU. 

What Can You Do?                     

• See Also: Top 10 Things to do in Reykjavik 

There are a number of ways in which the tourists themselves can contribute to sustainable tourism practices. First and foremost it is imperative that you do some prior reading on the culture you would like to visit. Learning about the environment in which you will be travelling helps to put you in a respectful frame of mind and will also inform you about some basic mistakes you can avoid.

Acting responsibly during your visit to Iceland will also help to maximise your time and experience. By reflecting on how the locals interact with one another and their environment, you'll find yourself fitting seamlessly into the fabric of Icelandic culture. 

• See Also: Travel Etiquette in Iceland 

Respect the Environment             

One of the first observations visitors to Iceland often make is how clean the nation’s streets and countryside are. Although other cultures might have a more nonchalant attitude to littering, Icelanders are incredibly proud, diligent and proactive when it comes to keeping their environment clean.

Litter bins are prevalent on almost every street corner of downtown, ensuring that there is always a better spot for that empty can of coke than the neighbouring bushes.

One of the greatest dangers is the exponential rate in which littering occurs. If one is strolling down an unblemished street, then one is far more likely to contemplate being the first individual to tarnish it with their laziness.

On the other hand, if the street were already to look as though it is habitually used as a passing rubbish dump, one is immediately inclined to care less about its active protection. 

• See Also:  The Ultimate Guide to Driving in Iceland

In truth, respecting the environment does not just mean refraining from littering, it means taking a proactive approach to the problems that already exist. If during your time here you happen to stumble across litter that can be easily removed, we implore you to do so.

After all, we as a species must evolve past our sense of entitlement and belonging, and instead, strive to better ourselves and the environment whenever the opportunity to do so arises.

Whilst travelling in Iceland, keep conscious of the environmental regulations that are in place to preserve and protect the country's nature. Off-road driving, for instance, is illegal given the impact and irreversible damage that such action causes to Iceland's fragile environment. To find safe routes and road conditions, one can check the Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration's English website here. 

So too is treading off designated hiking trails and paths; remember, much of Iceland is covered with a delicate blanket of moss, a particular species that takes many years to recover if damaged. Because of this, camping on private property outside of designated campsites is illegal. If you seek permission from the landowner, however, they may be happy to grant you access for a small fee. 

Support Local Business in Iceland              

One surefire way of supporting the Icelandic economy is to favour local businesses. By purchasing local goods and cuisine, and seeking out those companies who prioritise environmental causes, you will be making a direct impact on the longevity of Iceland as a must-visit destination.

Supporting the local business also allows you to come in direct communication with Icelandic people; by engaging this way, you will gain a deeper insight into the nature of daily life here and see for yourself the incredible talent, commitment and entrepreneurship demonstrated by the Icelandic small-business community.

• See also: Icelandic Design | Top 13  and Best Shops in Reykjavík | A Local Guide to the City's Originals

Avoid Staying in an Airbnb      

For those who live in Reykjavik, it is never long until a conversation regarding Airbnbs crops up. Due to the tourist boom and a natural, human desire to make the best out of a situation, a large number of Icelandic landlords have striven to use their properties as pop-up Bed and Breakfasts. In doing so, they have alleviated the pressure on tourist accommodation, making it possible for the country to handle so many people. 

In truth, when it comes to accommodation, Iceland is stuck between a rock and a hard place. Given that a hotel construction project will often take a few years to complete, the need for accommodation in the meanwhile has caused an inordinate amount of stress for locals and travellers alike. 

As simple arithmetic would have it, renting to tourists is far more profitable than renting to locals; unfortunately, this means a great number of downtown residents have been evicted from their homes and forced to live further away from the city centre. 

From 1st January 2017, new legislation was implemented regulating the spread of Airbnbs in Reykjavik. Property owners have 90 days of the year to rent out their rooms and apartments to tourists, or until they have acquired 2000,000 ISK in gross rental income. Property owners who intend to do this will have to first register with the police, pay a fee and provide all information relating to rental days, income and expenses. 

Critics of this legislation pose a number of interesting points, highlighting the sheer complexity of the issue. Many point to Iceland's small police force, claiming they have neither the manpower nor resources to prosecute those who violate such terms.

It is expected that entrepreneurial Icelanders will continue the practise, all the while hedging their bets they won't be discovered. On top of that, it is highly conceivable that the new legislation is not really about protecting city residents, but instead Iceland's hotel industry during the winter months, the time when occupancy is at its lowest. 

• See also: Where to Stay in Reykjavik
• See also: Where to Stay in Iceland

Do Not Buy Bottled Water                  

Unless you happen to reside in a country where clean drinking water is very much in short supply, there should be no reason, ever, to purchase and consume bottled water.  

Quite frankly, there is no country on the planet where water is quite so fresh, natural and drinkable. Aside from the reality that there is absolutely no need to spend money on water that's exactly the same as that from the tap, plastic bottles cause an enormous level of damage to Iceland's ecosystem, be it in the surrounding coastal waters or inland. 

Avoid Eating Whale Meat or Puffins                   

The consumption of puffin and whale meat has long been a part of Icelandic culture, the people utilising the resources available to them to survive the hardships of this inhospitable, volcanic island. The Icelandic word "hvalreki" means "beached whale", a description of something positive that is unexpectedly at someone's disposal. 

Whilst now considered a delicacy by certain Icelanders, others across the country are itching to fight this practice, especially wildlife operators who rely on puffin and whale watching as their livelihood. In the spirit of sustainability, experiencing such domestic wildlife from a distance is always a preferable option, especially considering that puffins were recently added to the Endangered Species list. 

Although tourism is not the primary, driving factor for Iceland's whaling or hunting quota—the whaling quota is, for now, at least sustainable—it overlays the practice with an unnecessary justification, thus complicating the environmental and sustainability argument further.

Trying such exotic meats as whale and puffin have become a novelty for visitors arriving in the country, with many restaurants along Laugavegur advertising such products for sale. The reason why WHALE and PUFFIN are written in such large and bold lettering is to attract those who have never eaten it, nor had any prior inclination to do so. Guide to Iceland does not support the practice of whaling. 

Now, given the international assertion that whaling is an outdated practise, this country's hunting of Minke Whales does little for Iceland's economy and even less for its reputation abroad. When it comes to arguments of tradition, the country must be honest with itself as to which traditions should be kept alive and which should be buried for good. 

Top Whale Watching & Puffin Tours

• See Also :  Top 21 Vegan & Vegetarian Restaurants in Reykjavík

Respect Your Tour Guide              

Without a measure of a doubt, tour guides are the frontline troops of Iceland’s tourist industry. Braving the island’s capricious weather, its disobedient terrain and an onslaught of underprepared visitors, they are, arguably, the herring fishermen of today’s economy, keeping the country and its guests in a constant state of security. 

Be they whale watchers, super jeep drivers, scuba divers, hikers or cavers, you can guarantee there is a guide out there now, somewhere in the wilderness, working. With that in mind, one should always respect the experience and knowledge that such guides boast. This is, after all, their shooting ground, their land and their life, devoted to the guest and the activity at hand. 

It goes without saying then that guides are an indispensable asset to the country’s workforce. Without foreign visitation, the boom in development, culture and industry here would simply be non-existent.

This is why, without much complaint, the idea that "guides don't expect tips" in Iceland slowly gnaws away at the mental well-being of many guides. Without a measure of a doubt, for the work done, their job is underpaid, physically demanding and encapsulates numerous challenges, least of all keeping a smile plastered on their faces when things get tricky.

Given the tipping culture of many of those travelling to Iceland, handing out a little extra is NEVER frowned upon, nor is it completely unexpected. 

Background Reading for the Sustainable Tourist                  

Last, but not least, you'd do well to do some background reading on Iceland before you arrive. Below you will find a number of background articles that might be of particular use to the conventional traveller to Iceland.

• What is an Icelander?
• Iceland's Troubled Environment 
• Weather in Iceland & Best Time To Visit
• Gay Iceland | All You Need to Know 
• Gender Equality in Iceland 
• Time in Iceland | A Land for the Present Moment 
• Dumbest Things to do in Iceland
• How Hard is it to Speak the Icelandic Language?

How did you find "the tourism situation" during your time in Iceland? Did you find your needs were met, or is there more infrastructure that could be invested at some of the country's most popular attractions? Did you find parts of the country too developed or too undeveloped? Make sure to leave your comments and queries in the Facebook box below. 

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Iceland: The land of fire and ice

A view of the eruption area with the northern lights dancing in the sky near the town of Grindavik, Iceland, on April 16. Photo: The Associated Press

By Robert C. Jones Jr. [email protected] 04-24-2024

Beneath an island named for ice flows some of the hottest rivers of all. 

Iceland, home to some of the largest glaciers in Europe, sits atop a volcanic hot spot, with magma regularly breaching the surface, creating long, narrow fissures that spew lava, ash, and smoke. 

“It’s a geological wonder on steroids,” Falk Amelung , a professor of marine geosciences at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science , said of the land of fire and ice, which boasts some 32 active volcanoes. “It is part of the mid-Atlantic ridge, which is a massive crack located on the ocean floor caused by the separation of the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates. When those plates pull apart, new magma rises, and that’s what triggers volcanic activity.” 

A series of eruptions has rocked the island nation’s Reykjanes Peninsula since 2021, when volcanoes that had been dormant for almost 800 years suddenly roared to life, spitting out steam and lava. 

Since late 2023, the eruptions have been especially frequent. Only days ago, the Icelandic Meteorological Office issued lava warnings, reporting that more volcanic activity near the Sundhnúkur area may be imminent.

Could climate change be contributing to the increase in Iceland’s volcanic activity? 

Amelung believes so. 

“There are two mechanisms at work,” the marine geoscientist said. “Large parts of Iceland were covered by ice caps. When they melt, there is less pressure on the magma chamber. So, for the magma it is easier to break the rock and travel to the Earth’s surface. This has caused the increase in volcanic activity in central Iceland in the past two decades. 

“The other mechanism,” he continued, “is that hot rock melts when the overburden pressure reduces. This can be achieved by upward movement of the rock mass, which is the typical melt generation mechanism at hot spot volcanic systems, or directly by the melting of an overlying ice cap.” 

Amelung is quite familiar with Iceland’s volcanology, having visited the island to use data from satellite-measured ground uplift to study its retreating ice caps. 

He continues to be enthralled by its geology and the way in which climate affects it. 

“Geologically speaking, it’s an amazing place, not only because of its tectonics but also because of the glaciers that respond rapidly to changes in the climate,” Amelung said. “During cold periods lasting a few hundreds of years, winter sea ice develops, temperatures drop dramatically, and Iceland freezes over and develops an ice sheet. There have been several little ice ages in the recent geological history when Iceland was partially or fully glaciated. And the glaciations are associated with changes in the ground surface elevation. When Iceland is covered by an ice sheet, the weight presses the ground down by up to 500 meters.” 

Currently, Iceland’s Vatnajökull ice cap, which is the largest glacier in Europe, loses about 1 meter of ice per year. As a result, the ground is uplifting by 2 to 3 centimeters annually, according to Amelung. “And when the ice melts, volcanic activity increases,” he said. 

Amelung recently taught a class on the geology of the Galápagos Islands as part of the Rosenstiel School’s UGalapagos program for undergraduates, comparing for students the similarities and differences between the volcanology of that famous archipelago and that of Iceland. 

“They are both oceanic hot spot volcanic systems where the melt is generated by upwelling material in the Earth’s mantle,” he said. “But Iceland is sitting on a divergent plate boundary where new crust is generated as two tectonic plates move apart, which makes it easy for magma to escape to the Earth’s surface. In contrast, under the Galápagos volcanoes, the magma is accumulating in big magma chambers and the volcanoes erupt once the pressure in the chamber is high enough to rupture the surrounding rock.”  

Amelung noted that the volcanism on both islands is of a basaltic nature. “The magmas are very hot and flow readily because they have low viscosity,” he said. “Therefore, the eruptions are not violently explosive. But the large lava flows can destroy property as we have seen in Iceland.”

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