die groot trek tydlyn

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Geskiedenis

Tydlyn met prominente gebeure in die land, belangrikste historiese datums sedert die toetrede van europeërs in suid-afrika.

1486:  Bartholomeu Dias ontdek die Kaap van Goeie Hoop

1497 : Vasco da Gama vaar rondom die Kaap en ontdek die seeweg na Indië

1652 : Jan van Riebeeck vestig die eerste Nederlandse nedersetting aan die Kaap in opdrag van die VOC

1688 : Hugenote vlugtelinge vestig hulle aan die Kaap

1691:  Slawe kom onsuksesvol in Stellenbosch in opstand.

1795 : Die eerste Britse besetting van die Kaap

1803 : Die Betaafse periode

1806 : Die tweede Britse besetting van die Kaap

1820 : Die aankoms van 4 000 Britse setlaars in die Kaap

1836 : Die begin van die Groot Trek van die Boere na die binneland van Suid-Afrika

1860 : Opening van die eerste spoorlyn in Suid-Afrika; die aankoms van die Indiërs om in die Natalse suikerplantasies te werk

1867 : Ontdekking van diamante

1880 : Die Eerste Anglo-Boere oorlog

1886 : Die ontdekking van goud en die stigting van Johannesburg

1899 : Die  Tweede Anglo-Boere Oorlog

1910 : Totstandkoming van die Unie van Suid-Afrika (31 Mei) en die aanvaarding van die eerste grondwet vir die hele Suid-Afrika

1912:  Stigting van die ANC (8 Januarie)

1919 : Verdrag van Versailles plaas Suidwes-Afrika onder die mandaat van die Suid-Afrikaanse parlement

1925 : Afrikaans word die tweede offisiële taal van die land

1936 : Totstandkoming van die Suid-Afrikaanse Uitsaaikorporasie, die nasionale radiodiens

1948 : Die Nasionale Party wen die verkiesing en D.F. Malan volg J.C. Smuts as Eerste Minister op

1956:  Aanvaarding van die Freedom Charter (26 Junie)

1959 : Stigting van die Progressiewe Federale Party

1960 : Swart onluste (Sharpeville) word deur die regering onderdruk

1961 : Totstandkoming van die onafhanklike Republiek van Suid-Afrika en die uittrede van Suid-Afrika uit die Statebond

1966 : B.J. Vorster volg die vermoorde H.F. Verwoerd op as Eerste MInister

1975:  Mosambiek en Angola word onafhanklik

1976 : Transkei word die eerste onafhanklike tuisland en word in 1977 opgevolg deur onafhanklikheid vir Bophuthatswane en in 1979 vir Venda en in 1981 word ook die Ciskei onafhanklik

1976:  Ernstige opstande in swart woongebiede

1980 : Die Presidentsraad vervang die Senaat en dui op die aanvang van grondwetlike veranderinge in Suid-Afrika, Zimbabwe word onafhanklik

1983 : Die Nuwe Grondwet van Suid-Afrika word goedgekeur en tuislandbeleid se doodsklokke lui, vorming van die United Democratic Front

1984 : In terme van die Nuwe Grondwet word Bruinmense en Indiërs in die wetgewende en uitvoerende regeringsprosesse ingesluit en die Nkomati Akkoord word met Mosambiek gesluit in die raamwerk van die regering se  Detente -beleid

1985 : Hernude onrus in die swart woongebiede en botsings met die polisie, PW Botha se rubicon-toespraak en aanvang van ontmoetings met Nelson Mandela

1987:  Dekar Beraad tussen ANC leiers en Afrikaanse opiniemakers (Julie)

1986 : Afskaffing van die eerste sg "apartheidswette" soos die instroombeheerwette en die paswette.

1989:  Mandela en Botha ontmoet in Tuynhuis (5 Julie)

1989:  Harare Deklarasie (21 Augustus), eerste offisiële ontmoeting tussen verbanne ANC-lede en die NP in Luzanne (21 September), FW de Klerk word Staatspresident (14 September)

1989:  Val van Berlynse muur (November), ontmoeting tussen De Klerk en Mandela (13 Desember)

1990:  Namibië word onafhanklik

1990:  Harmse Kommissie word aangestel om staatsgeweld te ondersoek (Januarie)

1990:  De Klerk open die parlement, kondig die vrylating van Mandela en ander politieke leiers aan (2 Februarie)

1990:  Groote Schuur ontmoeting tussen Mandela en De Klerk (5 Mei)

1991-1993:  Aanvang van grondwetlike samesprekings in Kemptonpark, interm regering van NP en ANC

1992:  Referendum (17 Maart), Boipatong opstand (17 Junie)

1993:  Sluipmoord op Chris Hani (10 April) 1993:  Oproer onder die Afrikaanse Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) op 25 Junie

1993:  Die parlement keur die Interm Konstitusie goed

1994:  Verregse opstand in Bophuthatswana (Maart), eerste demokratiese verkiesing (27 April) wat die ANC wen en Nelson Mandela word die swart staatshoof van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika

1994-1996:  Konstitusionele Vergadering skryf die nuwe grondwet

1996:  Finale grondwet word geteken (10 Desember)

1995:  Truth and Reconcilioation Committee begin sy werksaamhede

1999:  Thabo Mbeki volg Nelson Mandela op as staatshoof en leier van die ANC, NP verloor status as amptelike opposisie

2004:  Nasionale feesvierings ter ere van 10 jaar demokrasie

2008: Jacob Zuma volg Mbeki op en ´n turbulente era begin

2015: 21 jaar demokrasie

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Voortrekkers van Suid Afrika

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Hierdie is hoofsaaklik om die Voortrekkers te bespreek. This is mainly to discuss the Voortrekkers of South Africa. See Afrikaans version under the English.

The Voortrekkers (Afrikaans and Dutch for pioneers, literally "those who trek ahead", "fore-trekkers") were emigrants during the 1830s and 1840s who left the Cape Colony (British at the time, but founded by the Dutch) moving into the interior of what is now South Africa. The Great Trek consisted of a number of mass movements under a number of different leaders including Louis Tregardt, Hendrik Potgieter, Sarel Cilliers, Pieter Uys, Gerrit Maritz, Piet Retief and Andries Pretorius.

The Voortrekkers mainly came from the farming community of the Eastern Cape although some (such as Piet Retief) originally came from the Western Cape farming community while others (such as Gerrit Maritz) were successful tradesmen in the frontier towns. Some of them were wealthy men though most were not as they were from the poorer communities of the frontier. It was recorded that the 33 Voortrekker families at the Battle of Vegkop lost 100 horses, between 4,000 and 7,000 cattle, and between 40,000 and 50,000 sheep.[citation needed] These figures appear greatly exaggerated.[citation needed] Other members of the trekking parties were of Trekboer stock who came from a life of semi-nomadic herding; yet others were employees, many of whom had been slaves only a few years earlier.

The reasons for the mass emigration from the Cape Colony have been much discussed over the years. Afrikaner historiography has emphasized the hardships endured by the frontier farmers which they blamed on British policies of pacifying the Xhosa tribes. Other historians have emphasized the harshness of the life in the Eastern Cape (which suffered one of its regular periods of drought in the early 1830s) compared to the attractions of the fertile country of Natal, the Orange Free State and the Transvaal. Growing land shortages have also been cited as a contributing factor. The true reasons were obviously very complex and certainly consisted of both "push" factors (including the general dissatisfaction of life under British rule) and "pull" factors (including the desire for a better life in better country.)

The Voortrekkers were mainly of Trekboer (migrating farmer) descent living in the eastern frontiers of the Cape. Hence, their ancestors had long established a semi-nomadic existence of trekking into expanding frontiers.

*Battle of Blood River

Voortrekkers migrated into Natal and negotiated a land treaty with the Zulu King Dingane. Upon reconsideration, Dingane doublecrossed the Voortrekkers, killing their leader Piet Retief along with half of the Voortrekker settlers who had followed them to Natal. Other Voortrekkers migrated north to the Waterberg area, where some of them settled and began ranching operations, which activities enhanced the pressure placed on indigenous wildlife by pre-existing tribesmen, whose Bantu predecessors had previously initiated such grazing in the Waterberg region. These Voortrekkers arriving in the Waterberg area had believed they were in the Nile River area of Egypt based upon their understanding of the local topography

Andries Pretorius filled the leadership vacuum hoping to enter into negotiations for peace if Dingane would restore the land he had granted to Retief. When Dingane sent an impi (armed force) of around twelve thousand Zulu warriors to attack the local contingent of Voortrekkers in response, the Voortrekkers defended themselves at a battle at Nacome River (called the Battle of Blood River) on 16 December 1838 where the vastly outnumbered Voortrekker contingent defeated the Zulu warriors. This date has hence been known as the Day of the Vow as the Voortrekkers made a vow to God that they would honor the date if he were to deliver them from what they viewed as almost insurmountable odds. The victory of the besieged Voortrekkers at Nacome River was considered a turning point. The Natalia Republic was set up in 1839 but was annexed by Britain in 1843 whereupon most of the local Boers trekked further north joining other Voortrekkers who had established themselves in the region.

* Struggle against the Ndebele

Armed conflict, first with the Ndebele people under Mzilikazi in the area which was to become the Transvaal, then against the Zulus under Dingane, went the Voortrekkers' way, mostly because of their tactics, their horsemanship and the effectiveness of their muzzle-loading guns. This success led to the establishment of a number of small Boer republics, which slowly coalesced into the Orange Free State and the South African Republic. These two states would survive until their annexation in 1900 by United Kingdom during the Second Boer War.

The Voortrekkers are commemorated by the Voortrekker Monument located on Monument Hill overlooking Pretoria, the erstwhile capital of the South African Republic and the current and historic administrative capital of the Republic of South Africa. Pretoria was named after the Voortrekker leader Andries Pretorius.

Church of the Vow : In 1841 the victorious Trekkers built The Church of the Vow at Pietermaritzburg, and passed the obligation to keep the vow on to their descendants. ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Vow ) and ( http://www.voortrekkermuseum.co.za/exhibits/church-of-the-vow-2/ )

The Voortrekkers had a distinctive flag, used mainly by the Voortrekkers who followed Andries Hendrik Potgieter, which is why it was also known as the Potgieter Flag. This flag was used as the flag of the Zoutpansberg Republic until this republic was incorporated into the Transvaal Republic also known as the South African Republic. A version of this flag was used at Potchefstroom, one of the first independent Boer towns and republics established by local Voortrekkers.

*Die Voortrekkerleiers

Die Voortrekkers het tydens die Groot Trek vanaf 1836 vanuit die Kaapkolonie na die binneland van suidelike Afrika getrek. Meeste trekkers het met hulle hele gesin en al hulle besittings, vee en werkers ingesluit, vanuit die Oos-Kaap met ossewaens getrek. Die rede vir die massa-migrasie is steeds nie heeltemaal duidelik nie. Dit word gemeen dat die Frans-Nederduitse setlaars ongelukkig was oor die Britse regering se hardkoppigheid en hul streng beleid. Dit word ook gemeen dat die natuurlike wyding van die Transvaal en Natal meer aanloklik as die Kaap en die droë Karoo was.

Van die vernaamste leiers was Piet Retief, Gerrit Maritz, Andries Pretorius, Louis Tregardt, Hendrik Potgieter, Sarel Cilliers en Pieter Uys.

Onder leiding van Gerrit Maritz en Piet Retief het 'n groep voortrekkers na Natal getrek in die rigting van die huidige hoofstad, Pietermaritzburg. Hulle het onderhandel met die leier van die Zoeloes, die regerende stam in daardie gebied, om 'n stuk grond te verkry. Die leier van die Zoeloes, Dingaan, het die Voortrekkers toe om die bos gelei met die transaksie; 'n groot groep trekkers, waaronder Piet Retief, is deur Dingaan laat vermoor. Later is die oorlewendes deur 'n oorweldigende zoeloemag aangeval te Bloedrivier (vandag Nacome-rivier). Die Voortrekkers het egter die Slag van Bloedrivier gewen en later stig hulle die Republiek van Natalia. Dié is later deur die Britse Ryk oorgeneem.

Teenstrydig met algemene denke was die Voortrekkerbeweging in die 1840's/1850's nie 'n wit beweging nie, maar wel 'n wit-geleide beweging. Daar was menigte 'boere' wie se swart slawe na vryspraak vrywillig saamgetrek het a.g.v. die politieke ongerief in die Kaap.

More can be read on the following Wikipedia page.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voortrekkers

http://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys_van_deelnemers_aan_die_Slag_van_Bl...

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Gekiedenis Tydslyn

1487 Portugese ontdekkers onder leiding van Bartholomias Dias bereik Mosselbaai.

1652 Die Nederlandse Oos Indiese Kompanjie stig 'n handelpos in Kaap De Goede hoop om hul handelskatiwiteite met Indie te ondersteun.

1661 - Jan van Riebeeck se laaste jare aan die Kaap - Die Vryburgers kan nie genoeg koring oes om aan die inwoners van die Kaap se behoeftes te voorsien nie

1662 - Van Riebeeck vertrek na die Ooste en hy word opgevolg deur Kommandeur (2de) Zacharias Wagenaar (enlisted as a soldier in the armed forces of the Dutch West India Company )

1663 - Wagenaar vra dat die Here XV11 67 vryburgers van die land verwyder en vervang met "arbeidsame gesinne"

1665 - Die Maart-oorlog tussen die Republiek van Verenigde Nederlande en Engeland begin.

1662 - Op 2 Januarie word die Kasteel se hoeksteen gele

27 September1966 word die bewind aan (die 3de kommandeur) Cornelis van Quaelbergen oorgedra.

31 Julie 1667 - Gedurende Julie word die Vrede van Breda gesluit.(The Treaty of Breda was signed at the Dutch city of Breda, 31 July (Gregorian calendar), 1667, by England, the United Provinces (Netherlands), France, and Denmark. It brought a hasty and inconclusive end to the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–1667), )

1668 - Gedurende April besluit die Here XV11 dat amptenare nie mag boer nie - Van Quaelbergen word met Jacob Borghorst (18 Junie 1668 - 28 Maart 1670) vervang.

1670 - Borghorst word deur Hackius opgevolg.

1671 - Gedurende Februarie word Isbrand Goske wat as Goewerneur op pad na die Ooste was aangese om die bou van die kasteel te hervat. - Op 30 November is Hackius oorlede.

1672 - Op 2 Oktober het Goske self as kommandeur na die Kaap gekom.

1674 - Op 6 Maart word vrede met Engeland gesluit en 4 van die kasteel se 5 punte was toe voltooi.

1676 - Johan Bax (13 Maart 1676 - 29 Junie 1678) Goske se opvolger het die vyfde punt van die kasteel voltooi.

1679 - Kommisaris Dirk Blom benoem die vyf punte van die kasteel op n plegtigheid. - 62 gesinne met 117 kinders aan die Kaap - 87 vrye manspersone en net 22 het landbou beoefen ; 191 slawe en 30 knegte - Op 12 Oktober neem Simon van der Stel die gesag oor Hendrik Crudop was waarnemend 767 siele aan die Kaap en net 22 gesinne was by landbou betrokke - 3-8 November onderneem Simon van der Stel 'n reis na die binneland en besluit om 'n nedersetting aan die Eersterivier te vestig. - Eerste Vryburgers is na Stellenbosch

1680 - In Junie neem Van der Stel sy intrek in die kasteel.

1684 - Daar is 40 gesinne op Stellenbosch

1685 - Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede besoek die Kaap. Huwelike tussen slawe en Nederlanders word verbied. Na sy besoek word Vryburgers aangemoedig om hulle aan die Kaap te vestig en 23 plasies word in die Drakenstein aan hulle toegeken.

1688 - Die eerste Franse vestig hulle aan die Kaap. (Hulle kom met die Oosterland in die Kaap aan.)

1689 - Schrijver dring Kannaland binne (Olifantsrivier - 3 Febr.)

1690 - Die bevolking aan die Kaap styg a.g.v. geboortesyfer en nie a.g.v. emmigrasie nie.

1699 - Simon van der Stel lê die tuig neer. Daar is 402 mans 224 vroue en 521 kinders aan die Kaap - Die 34 jarige Willem Adriaan van der Stel kom aan bewind en in Nov. onderneem ook hy net soos sy vader n tog oor Stellenbosch en Drakenstein na die binneland. Toe hy anderkant die Ubikwaseberge afkyk noem hy die vallei Land van Waveren en hy reik ook weilisensies hier uit.

1701 - Boesmans voer strooptogte in die Land van Waveren (Ceres Tulbagh distrik) uit.

1713 - Pokke epidemie

1795 - Nederland versoek Brittanje om die Kaap oor te neem en beskerm tydens Nederlandse oorlog met Frankryk

1795 - Swellendam verklaar sy onafhanklikheid

1803 - Nederland, destyd genoem die Batawiese Republiek, verky weer die Kaap Kolonie terug

1806 - Brittanje herower die Kaap Kolonie. Na die Slag van Blaauwberg, wat naby Kaapstad op 8 Januarie 1806 geveg is, is Britse heerskappy in Suid-Afrika. Die Nederlandse vesting om die Kasteel en die res van die kolonie is aan die Britte onder Sir David Baird oorgegee.

1815 - Slagtersnek Rebellie

1820 - Groot aantal Britse Setlaars land aan die Kaap Kolonie. Hierdie immigrante het die Albanie-nedersetting gestig (later Port Elizabeth) en Grahamstad hulle hoofkwartier gemaak.

1834 - Boere gemeenskappe word geplunder deur voortdurende Xhosa aanvalle en kry geen beskerming vanaf die Kaapse owerhede nie. Onmin lei tot die trek gedagte. Voorlopige geselskappe word uitgestuur om die binneland te verken.

1835 - Begin van die Groot Trek . Verskeie groepering verlaat die Kaap Kolonie oor die volgende aantal jare.

1838 - Slag van Bloed Rivier

1843 - Brittanje annekseer Natal

1850 - Agste Xhosa-oorlog ook genoem Grensoorlog (tot 1853) - Stormberge

1852 - Brittanje erken die Transvaalse Republiek as 'n onhafhanklike republiek met die Sandrivierkonvensie en

1854 - Brittanje erken die Vrysaatse Republiek as onafhanklike republiek met die Bloemfontein konvensie

1875 - Stigting van die Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners op 14 Augustus 1875 in die Paarl

1877 - Brittanje annekseer Transvaal

1879 - Brittanje val die Zulu Koningkryk binne: Isandlwana

1880-1881 - Transvaal herwin weer onafhanklikheid - Eerste Anglo Boere Oorlog

1886 - Ontwikkeling van Goudmyne op Witwatersrand

1895-96 - Jameson se onsuksesvolle binneval van Transvaal

1897-98 - Die Runderpes

1893 - Eerste Afrikaanse Taalmonument - Burgersdorp

1899-1902 - Die Tweede Anglo Boere Oorlog

1902, 31 Mei - Vrede van Vereniging

1910 - Die Kaap Kolonie, Transvaal Natal en Oranje Vrystaat form die Unie van Suid Afrika

1914-1919 - Eestre Wereldoorlog. Suid Afrika ondersteun Brittanje

1919, 10 November - Die Kaapse Sinode van die Nedelandse Hervormed Kerk keur goed dat Afrikaans tesame met Nederlands in die kerk gebruik mag word.

1922 - Mynwerkersstaking

1925, 5 Mei - Afrikaans word as amptelike taal erken

1975 - Tweede Afrikaanse Taalmonument - Paarl

Exploratory treks to Natal

Conflict with the matebele, conflict with the zulu, centenary celebrations, further reading.

The Great Trek led directly to the founding of several autonomous Boer republics , namely the South African Republic (also known simply as the Transvaal ), the Orange Free State , and the Natalia Republic . [5] It also led to conflicts that resulted in the displacement of the Northern Ndebele people , [6] and conflicts with the Zulu people that contributed to the decline and eventual collapse of the Zulu Kingdom . [3]

Before the arrival of Europeans, the Cape of Good Hope area was populated by Khoisan tribes [7] The first Europeans settled in the Cape area under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company (also known by its Dutch initials VOC ), which established a victualling station there in 1652 to provide its outward bound fleets with fresh provisions and a harbour of refuge during the long sea journey from Europe to Asia. [8] In a few short decades, the Cape had become home to a large population of "vrijlieden" , also denoted as "vrijburgers" (free citizens), former Company employees who remained in Dutch territories overseas after completing their contracts. [9] Since the primary purpose of the Cape settlement at the time was to stock provisions for passing Dutch ships, the VOC offered grants of farmland to its employees under the condition they would cultivate grain for the Company warehouses, and released them from their contracts to save on their wages. [8] Vrijburgers were granted tax-exempt status for 12 years and loaned all the necessary seeds and farming implements they requested. [10] They were married Dutch citizens, considered "of good character" by the Company, and had to commit to spending at least 20 years on the African continent. [8] Reflecting the multi-national character of the VOC's workforce, some German soldiers and sailors were also considered for vrijburger status as well, [8] and in 1688 the Dutch government sponsored the resettlement of over a hundred French Huguenot refugees at the Cape. [11] As a result, by 1691 over a quarter of the colony's European population was not ethnically Dutch. [12] Nevertheless, there was a degree of cultural assimilation through intermarriage, and the almost universal adoption of the Dutch language. [13] Cleavages were likelier to occur along social and economic lines; broadly speaking, the Cape colonists were delineated into Boers , poor farmers who settled directly on the frontier, and the more affluent, predominantly urbanised Cape Dutch . [14]

Following the Flanders Campaign and the Batavian Revolution in Amsterdam , France assisted in the establishment of a pro-French client state, the Batavian Republic , on Dutch soil. [2] This opened the Cape to French warships. [3] To protect her own prosperous maritime shipping routes, Great Britain occupied the fledgling colony by force until 1803. [2] From 1806 to 1814, the Cape was governed as a British military dependency, whose sole importance to the Royal Navy was its strategic relation to Indian maritime traffic. [2] The British formally assumed permanent administrative control around 1815, as a result of the Treaty of Paris . [2]

At the onset of the British rule, the Cape Colony encompassed 100,000 square miles (260,000   km 2 ) and was populated by about 26,720 people of European descent, a relative majority of whom were of Dutch origin. [2] [12] Just over a quarter were of German ancestry and about one-sixth were descended from French Huguenots, [12] although most had ceased speaking French since about 1750. [13] There were also 30,000 African and Asian slaves owned by the settlers, and about 17,000 indigenous Khoisan . Relations between the settlers – especially the Boers – and the new administration quickly soured. [5] The British authorities were adamantly opposed to the Boers' ownership of slaves and what was perceived as their unduly harsh treatment of the indigenous peoples. [5]

The British government insisted that the Cape finance its own affairs through self-taxation, an approach which was alien to both the Boers and the Dutch merchants in Cape Town. [3] In 1815, the controversial arrest of a white farmer for allegedly assaulting one of his servants resulted in the abortive Slachter's Nek Rebellion . The British retaliated by hanging at least five Boers for insurrection. [2] In 1828, the Cape governor declared that all native inhabitants but slaves were to have the rights of "citizens", in respect of security and property ownership, on parity with the settlers. This had the effect of further alienating the colony's white population. [2] [15] Boer resentment of successive British administrators continued to grow throughout the late 1820s and early 1830s, especially with the official imposition of the English language. [6] This replaced Dutch with English as the language used in the Cape's judicial and political systems, putting the Boers at a disadvantage, as most spoke little or no English. [2] [15]

Britain's alienation of the Boers was particularly amplified by the decision to abolish slavery in all its colonies in 1834. [2] [3] All 35,000 slaves registered with the Cape governor were to be freed and given rights on par with other citizens, although in most cases their masters could retain them as apprentices until 1838. [15] [16] Many Boers, especially those involved with grain and wine production, were dependent on slave labour; for example, 94% of all white farmers in the vicinity of Stellenbosch owned slaves at the time, and the size of their slave holdings correlated greatly to their production output. [16] Compensation was offered by the British government, but payment had to be received in London , and few Boers possessed the funds to make the trip. [3]

Bridling at what they considered an unwarranted intrusion into their way of life, some in the Boer community considered selling their farms and venturing deep into South Africa's unmapped interior to preempt further disputes and live completely independent from British rule. [3] Others, especially trekboers , a class of Boers who pursued semi-nomadic pastoral activities, were frustrated by the apparent unwillingness or inability of the British government to extend the borders of the Cape Colony eastward and provide them with access to more prime pasture and economic opportunities. They resolved to trek beyond the colony's borders on their own. [6]

Although it did nothing to impede the Great Trek, Great Britain viewed the movement with pronounced trepidation. [14] The British government initially suggested that conflict in the far interior of Southern Africa between the migrating Boers and the Bantu peoples they encountered would require an expensive military intervention. [14] However, authorities at the Cape also judged that the human and material cost of pursuing the settlers and attempting to re-impose an unpopular system of governance on those who had deliberately spurned it was not worth the immediate risk. [14] Some officials were concerned for the tribes the Boers were certain to encounter, and whether these tribes would be enslaved or otherwise reduced to a state of penury . [17]

The Great Trek was not universally popular among the settlers either. Around 12,000 of them took part in the migration, about a fifth of the colony's Dutch-speaking white population at the time. [3] [1] The Dutch Reformed Church , to which most of the Boers belonged, explicitly refused to endorse the Great Trek. [3] Despite their hostility towards the British, there were Boers who chose to remain in the Cape of their own accord. [5]

For its part, the distinct Cape Dutch community had accepted British rule; many of its members even considered themselves loyal British subjects with a special affection for English culture. [18] The Cape Dutch were also much more heavily urbanised and therefore less likely to be susceptible to the same rural grievances and considerations as those held by the Boers. [14]

In January 1832, Andrew Smith (an Englishman) and William Berg (a Boer farmer) scouted Natal as a potential colony. On their return to the Cape, Smith waxed very enthusiastic, and the impact of discussions Berg had with the Boers proved crucial. Berg portrayed Natal as a land of exceptional farming quality, well watered, and nearly devoid of inhabitants.

In June 1834, the Boer leaders of Uitenhage and Grahamstown discussed a Kommissietrek ('Commission Trek') to visit Natal and to assess its potential as a new homeland for the Cape Boers who were disenchanted with British rule at the Cape. Petrus Lafras Uys was chosen as trek leader. In early August 1834, Jan Gerritze Bantjes set off with some travellers headed for Grahamstown 220 kilometres (140   mi) away, a three-week journey from Graaff-Reinet . Sometime around late August 1834 Jan Bantjes arrived in Grahamstown, contacted Uys and made his introductions.

In June 1834 at Graaff-Reinet, Jan Gerritze Bantjes heard about the exploratory trek to Port Natal and, encouraged by his father Bernard Louis Bantjes, sent word to Uys of his interest in participating. Bantjes wanted to help re-establish Dutch independence over the Boers and to get away from British law at the Cape. Bantjes was already well known in the area as an educated young man fluent both in spoken and written Dutch and in English. Because of these skills, Uys invited Bantjes to join him. Bantjes's writing skills would prove invaluable in recording events as the journey unfolded.

On 8 September 1834, the Kommissietrek of 40 men and one woman, as well as a retinue of coloured servants, set off from Grahamstown for Natal with 14 wagons. Moving through the Eastern Cape , they were welcomed by the Xhosa who were in dispute with the neighbouring Zulu King Dingane ka Senzangakhona , and they passed unharmed into Natal. They travelled more or less the same route that Smith and Berg had taken two years earlier.

The trek avoided the coastal route, keeping to the flatter inland terrain. The Kommissietrek approached Port Natal from East Griqualand and Ixopo , crossing the upper regions of the Mtamvuna and Umkomazi rivers. Travel was slow due to the rugged terrain, and since it was the summer, the rainy season had swollen many of the rivers to their maximum. Progress required days of scouting to locate the most suitable tracks to negotiate. Eventually, after weeks of extraordinary toil, the small party arrived at Port Natal, crossing the Congela River and weaving their way through the coastal forest into the bay area. They had travelled a distance of about 650 kilometres (400   mi) from Grahamstown. This trip would have taken about 5 to 6 months with their slow moving wagons. The Drakensberg route via Kerkenberg into Natal had not yet been discovered.

They arrived at the sweltering hot bay of Port Natal in February 1835, exhausted after their long journey. There, the trek was soon welcomed with open arms by the few British hunters and ivory traders there such as James Collis, including Reverend Allen Francis Gardiner , an ex-commander of the Royal Navy ship Clinker , who had decided to start a mission station there. After congenial exchanges between the Boers and British sides, the party joined them and invited Dick King to become their guide.

The Boers set up their laager ('wagon fort') camp in the area of the present-day Greyville Racecourse in Durban , chosen because it had suitable grazing for the oxen and horses and was far from the foraging hippos in the bay. Several small streams running off the Berea ridge provided fresh water. Alexander Biggar was also at the bay as a professional elephant-hunter and provided the trekkers with information regarding conditions at Port Natal. Bantjes made notes suggested by Uys, which later formed the basis of his more comprehensive report on the positive aspects of Natal. Bantjes also made rough maps of the bay - although this journal is now missing - showing the potential for a harbour which could supply the Boers in their new homeland.

At Port Natal, Uys sent Dick King, who could speak Zulu, to uMgungundlovu to investigate with King Dingane the possibility of granting them land. When Dick King returned to Port Natal some weeks later, he reported that King Dingane insisted they visit him in person. Johannes Uys , brother of Piet Uys, and a number of comrades with a few wagons travelled toward King Dingane's capital at uMgungundlovu, and after making a laager camp at the mouth of the Mvoti River , they proceeded on horseback, but were halted by a flooded Tugela River and forced to return to the laager .

The Kommissietrek left Port Natal for Grahamstown with a stash of ivory in early June 1835, following more or less the same route back to the Cape, and arrived at Grahamstown in October 1835. On Piet Uys's recommendation, Bantjes set to work on the first draft of the Natalialand Report. Meetings and talks took place in the main church to much approval, and the first sparks of Trek Fever began to take hold. From all the information accumulated at Port Natal, Bantjes drew up the final report on "Natalia or Natal Land" that acted as the catalyst which inspired the Boers at the Cape to set in motion the Great Trek.

The first wave of Voortrekkers lasted from 1835 to 1840, during which an estimated 6,000 people (roughly 20% of the Cape Colony's total population or 10% of the white population in the 1830s) trekked. [17]

The first two parties of Voortrekkers left in September 1835, led by Louis Tregardt and Hans van Rensburg . These two parties crossed the Vaal river at Robert's Drift in January 1836, but in April 1836 the two parties split up, just 110 kilometres (70   mi) from the Zoutpansberg mountains, following differences between Tregardt and van Rensburg. [19]

A party led by Hendrik Potgieter trekked out of the Tarka area in either late 1835 or early 1836, and in September 1836 a party led by Gerrit Maritz began their trek from Graaff-Reinet. There was no clear consensus amongst the trekkers on where they were going to settle, but they all had the goal of settling near an outlet to the sea. [17] :   162,   163  

In late July 1836 van Rensburg's entire party of 49, except two children who were saved by a Zulu warrior, were massacred at Inhambane by an impi (a force of warriors) of Manukosi . [20] Those of Tregardt's party that had set up around Soutpansberg moved on to colonise Delagoa Bay , with most of the party, including Tregardt, perishing from fever. [17] :   163  

In August 1836, despite pre-existing peace agreements with local black leaders, a Ndebele (Matebele) patrol attacked the Liebenberg family part of Potgieter's party, killing six men, two women and six children. It is thought that their primary aim was to plunder the Voortrekkers' cattle. On 20 October 1836, Potgieter's party was attacked by an army of 4,600 Ndebele warriors at the Battle of Vegkop . Thirty-five armed trekkers repulsed the Ndebele assault on their laager with the loss of two men and almost all the trekkers' cattle. Potgieter, Uys and Maritz mounted two punitive commando raids. The first resulted in the sacking of the Ndebele colony at Mosega , the death of 400 Ndebele, and the taking of 7,000 cattle. The second commando forced Mzilikazi and his followers to flee to what is now modern day Zimbabwe . [17] :   163  

By spring 1837, five to six large Voortrekker colonies had been established between the Vaal and Orange Rivers with a total population of around 2,000 trekkers.

In October 1837 Retief met with Zulu King Dingane to negotiate a treaty for land in what is now Kwa-Zulu Natal . King Dingane, suspicious and untrusting because of previous Voortrekker influxes from across the Drakensberg, had Retief and seventy of his followers killed . [17] :   164  

Various interpretations of what transpired exist, as only the missionary Francis Owen 's written eye-witness account survived. [21] Retief's written request for land contained veiled threats by referring to the Voortrekker's defeat of indigenous groups encountered along their journey. The Voortrekker demand for a written contract guaranteeing private property ownership was incompatible with the contemporaneous Zulu oral culture which prescribed that a chief could only temporarily dispense land as it was communally owned. [22]

Most versions agree that the following happened: King Dingane's authority extended over some of the land in which the Boers wanted to settle. As prerequisite to granting the Voortrekker request, he demanded that the Voortrekkers return some cattle stolen by Sekonyela , a rival chief. After the Boers retrieved the cattle, King Dingane invited Retief to his residence at uMgungundlovu to finalise the treaty, having either planned the massacre in advance, or deciding to do so after Retief and his men arrived.

King Dingane's reputed instruction to his warriors, " Bulalani abathakathi! " (Zulu for "kill the wizards") may indicate that he considered the Boers to wield evil supernatural powers. After killing Retief's delegation, a Zulu army of 7,000 impis were sent out and immediately attacked Voortrekker encampments in the Drakensberg foothills at what later was called Blaauwkrans and Weenen , leading to the Weenen massacre in which 532 people were killed, including 282 Voortrekkers, of whom 185 were children, and 250 Khoikhoi and Basuto accompanying them. [23] In contrast to earlier conflicts with the Xhosa on the eastern Cape frontier, the Zulus killed women and children along with men, wiping out half of the Natal contingent of Voortrekkers.

The Voortrekkers retaliated with a 347-strong punitive raid against the Zulu (later known as the Flight Commando), supported by new arrivals from the Orange Free State . The Voortrekkers were roundly defeated by about 7,000 warriors at Ithaleni , southwest of uMgungundlovu. The well-known reluctance of Afrikaner leaders to submit to one another's leadership, which later hindered sustained success in the Anglo-Boer Wars , was largely to blame.

In November 1838 Andries Pretorius arrived with a commando of 60 armed trekkers and two cannon to assist in the defence. A few days later on 16 December 1838, a force of 468 trekkers, 3 Britons , and 60 black allies fought against 10,000 to 12,000 Zulu impis at the Battle of Blood River . Pretorius's victory over the Zulu army led to a civil war within the Zulu nation as King Dingane's half-brother, Mpande kaSenzangakhona , aligned with the Voortrekkers to overthrow the king and impose himself. Mpande sent 10,000 impis to assist the trekkers in follow-up expeditions against Dingane. [17] :   164  

After the defeat of the Zulu forces and the recovery of the treaty between Dingane and Retief from Retief's body, the Voortrekkers proclaimed the Natalia Republic . [24] After Dingane's death, Mpande was proclaimed king, and the Zulu nation allied with the short-lived Natalia Republic until its annexation by the British Empire in 1843. [17] :   164   [25]

The Voortrekkers' guns offered them a technological advantage over the Zulu's traditional weaponry of short stabbing spears, fighting sticks, and cattle-hide shields. The Boers attributed their victory to a vow they made to God before the battle: if victorious, they and future generations would commemorate the day as a Sabbath . Thereafter, 16 December was celebrated by Boers as a public holiday, first called Dingane's Day, later changed to the Day of the Vow . Post-apartheid , the name was changed to the Day of Reconciliation by the South African government, in order to foster reconciliation between all South Africans. [25]

Conflict amongst the Voortrekkers was a problem because the trek levelled out the pre-existing class hierarchy which had previously enforced discipline, and thus social cohesion broke down. Instead the trek leaders became more reliant on patriarchal family structure and military reputation to maintain control over their parties. This had a large and lasting impact on Afrikaans culture and society. [17] :   163  

The celebration of the Great Trek in the 1930s played a major role in the growth of Afrikaans nationalism . It is thought that the experiences of the Second Boer War and the following period, between 1906 and 1934, of a lack of public discussion about the war within the Afrikaans community helped set the scene for a large increase in interest in Afrikaans national identity. The celebration of the centenary of the Great Trek along with a new generation of Afrikaners interested in learning about the Afrikaans experiences of the Boer War catalysed a surge of Afrikaans nationalism. [17] :   433  

The centenary celebrations began with a re-enactment of the trek beginning on 8 August 1938 with nine ox wagons at the statue of Jan van Riebeeck in Cape Town and ended at the newly completed Voortrekker Monument in Pretoria and attended by over 100,000 people. A second re-enactment trek starting at the same time and place ended at the scene of the Battle of Blood River. [17] :   432  

The commemoration sparked mass enthusiasm amongst Afrikaners as the re-enactment trek passed through the small towns and cities of South Africa. Both participants and spectators participated by dressing in Voortrekker clothing, renaming streets, holding ceremonies, erecting monuments, and laying wreaths at the graves of Afrikaner heroes. Cooking meals over an open fire in the same way the Voortrekkers did became fashionable amongst urbanites, giving birth to the South African tradition of braaing . [17] :   432   An Afrikaans language epic called Building a Nation ( Die Bou van 'n Nasie ) was made in 1938 to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the Great Trek. [26] The film tells the Afrikaans version of the history of South Africa from 1652 to 1910 with a focus on the Great Trek. [27]

A number of Afrikaans organisations such as the Afrikaner Broederbond and Afrikaanse Taal en Kultuurvereniging continued to promote the centenary's goals of furthering the Afrikaner cause and entrenching a greater sense of unity and solidarity within the community well into the 20th century. [17] :   432   [28]

Political impact

The Great Trek was used by Afrikaner nationalists as a core symbol of a common Afrikaans history. It was used to promote the idea of an Afrikaans nation and a narrative that promoted the ideals of the National Party . In 1938, celebrations of the centenary of the Battle of Blood River and the Great Trek mobilised behind an Afrikaans nationalist theses. The narrative of Afrikaner nationalism was a significant reason for the National Party's victory in the 1948 elections . A year later the Voortrekker Monument was completed and opened in Pretoria by the newly elected South African Prime Minister and National Party member Daniel Malan in 1949.

A few years later, " Die Stem van Suid-Afrika " ('The Voice of South Africa'), a poem written by Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven referring to the Great Trek, was chosen to be the words of the pre-1994 South African national anthem. The post-1997 national anthem of South Africa incorporates a section of " Die Stem van Suid-Afrika " but it was decided to omit the section in "reference to the Great Trek (' met die kreun van ossewa '), since this was the experience of only one section of our community". [29] When apartheid in South Africa ended and the country transitioned to majority rule, President F.   W. de Klerk invoked the measures as a new Great Trek. [30]

• H. Rider Haggard , Swallow (1899) and Marie (1912)
• Stuart Cloete , Turning Wheels (1937)
• Helga Moray, Untamed (1950) - a 1955 movie of the same name is based on this book.
• James A. Michener , The Covenant (1980)
• Robin Binckes, Canvas under the Sky (2011) ISBN   1920143637 - a controversial novel about a promiscuous drug-using Voortrekker set during the Great Trek. [31]
• Jeanette Ferreira
• F.A. Venter ,
• C. W. H. Van der Post, Piet Uijs, of lijden en strijd der voortrekkers in Natal , novel, 1918.
• Untamed (1955), an adventure/love story set in the later part of the trek about an Irish woman seeking a new life in South Africa after the Great Famine . Based on a 1950 novel of the same name by Helga Moray.
• The Fiercest Heart (1961), an adventure/love story about two British soldiers who desert the military and join a group of Boers heading north on the Great Trek.
• Dorsland Trek
• History of South Africa

Related Research Articles

Boers are the descendants of the proto Afrikaans-speaking Free Burghers of the eastern Cape frontier in Southern Africa during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. From 1652 to 1795, the Dutch East India Company controlled Dutch Cape Colony, but the United Kingdom incorporated it into the British Empire in 1806. The name of the group is derived from Trekboer then later "boer", which means "farmer" in Dutch and Afrikaans.

The Boer republics were independent, self-governing republics formed by Dutch-speaking inhabitants of the Cape Colony and their descendants. The founders – variously named Trekboers, Boers and Voortrekkers – settled mainly in the middle, northern, north-eastern and eastern parts of present-day South Africa. Two of the Boer republics achieved international recognition and complete independence: the South African Republic and the Orange Free State. The republics did not provide for the separation of church and state, initially allowing only the Dutch Reformed Church, and later also other Protestant churches in the Calvinist tradition. The republics came to an end after the Second Boer War of 1899–1902, which resulted in British annexation and later incorporation of their lands into the Union of South Africa.

Dingane ka Senzangakhona Zulu , commonly referred to as Dingane or Dingaan , was a Zulu prince who became king of the Zulu Kingdom in 1828, after assassinating his half-brother Shaka Zulu. He set up his royal capital, uMgungundlovu, and one of numerous military encampments, or kraals, in the eMakhosini Valley just south of the White Umfolozi River, on the slope of Lion Hill ( Singonyama ).

Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius was a leader of the Boers who was instrumental in the creation of the South African Republic, as well as the earlier but short-lived Natalia Republic, in present-day South Africa. The large city of Pretoria, executive capital of South Africa, is named after him.

The Battle of Blood River was fought on the bank of the Ncome River, in what is today KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa between 464 Voortrekkers ("Pioneers"), led by Andries Pretorius, and an estimated 25,000 to 30,000 Zulu. Estimations of casualties amounted to over 3,000 of King Dingane's soldiers dead, including two Zulu princes competing with Prince Mpande for the Zulu throne. Three Voortrekker commando members were lightly wounded, including Pretorius.

The year 1838 was the most difficult period for the Voortrekkers from when they left the Cape Colony, till the end of the Great Trek. They faced many difficulties and much bloodshed before they found freedom and a safe homeland in their Republic of Natalia. This was only achieved after defeating the Zulu Kingdom, at the Battle of Blood River, which took place on Sunday 16 December 1838. This battle would not have taken place if the Zulu King had honoured the agreement that he had made with the Voortrekkers to live together peacefully. The Zulu king knew that they outnumbered the Voortrekkers and decided to overthrow them and that led to the Battle of Blood river.

Andries Hendrik Potgieter , known as Hendrik Potgieter was a Voortrekker leader and the last known Champion of the Potgieter family. He served as the first head of state of Potchefstroom from 1840 and 1845 and also as the first head of state of Zoutpansberg from 1845 to 1852.

The Natalia Republic was a short-lived Boer republic founded in 1839 after a Voortrekker victory against the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River. The area was previously named Natália by Portuguese sailors, due to its discovery on Christmas. The republic came to an end in 1843 when British forces annexed it to form the Colony of Natal. After the British annexation of the Natalia Republic, most local Voortrekkers trekked northwest into Transorangia , later known as the Orange Free State, and the South African Republic.

The Weenen massacre was the massacre of Khoikhoi, Basuto and Voortrekkers by the Zulu Kingdom on 17 February 1838. The massacres occurred at Doringkop, Bloukrans River, Moordspruit, Rensburgspruit and other sites around the present day town of Weenen in South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal province.

The Covenant is a historical novel by American author James A. Michener, published in 1980.

Pieter Mauritz Retief was a Voortrekker leader. Settling in 1814 in the frontier region of the Cape Colony, he later assumed command of punitive expeditions during the sixth Xhosa War. He became a spokesperson for the frontier farmers who voiced their discontent, and wrote the Voortrekkers' declaration at their departure from the colony.

Uys is the surname of a family that played a significant role in South African history during the nineteenth century and made distinguished contributions to South African culture, politics and sports during the course of the twentieth.

Petrus Lafras Uys (1797–1838) was a Voortrekker leader during the Great Trek.

The Day of the Vow is a religious public holiday in South Africa. It is an important day for Afrikaners, originating from the Battle of Blood River on 16 December 1838, before which about 400 Voortrekkers made a promise to God that if he rescued them out of the hands of the approximately 20,000 Zulu warriors they were facing, they would honour that day as a sabbath day in remembrance of what God did for them.

Richard Philip King (1811–1871) was an English trader and colonist at Port Natal, a British trading station in the region now known as KwaZulu-Natal. He is best known for a historic horseback ride in 1842, where he completed a journey of 960 kilometres (600 mi) in 10 days, to request help for the besieged British garrison at Port Natal. In recognition of his heroic deeds, a statue was unveiled in Durban portraying himself riding his horse 'Sunny’. Additionally, he was bestowed with an estate in Isipingo. Several prominent landmarks in Durban, including the Kings Park Rugby Stadium, Kingsmead Cricket Stadium, the former soccer stadium, and Kingsway High School, were named in his honour.

During the Napoleonic Wars, the Cape Colony was annexed by the British and officially became their colony in 1815. Britain encouraged settlers to the Cape, and in particular, sponsored the 1820 Settlers to farm in the disputed area between the colony and the Xhosa in what is now the Eastern Cape. The changing image of the Cape from Dutch to British excluded the Dutch farmers in the area, the Boers who in the 1820s started their Great Trek to the northern areas of modern South Africa. This period also marked the rise in power of the Zulu under their king Shaka Zulu. Subsequently, several conflicts arose between the British, Boers and Zulus, which led to the Zulu defeat and the ultimate Boer defeat in the Second Anglo-Boer War. However, the Treaty of Vereeniging established the framework of South African limited independence as the Union of South Africa.

The Zulu Kingdom , sometimes referred to as the Zulu Empire or the Kingdom of Zululand , was a monarchy in Southern Africa. During the 1810s, Shaka established a standing army that consolidated rival clans and built a large following which ruled a wide expanse of Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to the Pongola River in the north.

Afrikaners are a Southern African ethnic group descended from predominantly Dutch settlers first arriving at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652. Until 1994, they dominated South Africa's politics as well as the country's commercial agricultural sector.

The Biggar family , Alexander Harvey Biggar and his two sons Robert and George, were pioneer traders at Port Natal, in what was to become the Colony of Natal. Subsequent to the massacre of Retief's delegation, they became involved in the exchange of attacks between Zulus and settlers. Although contributing to the overthrow of Dingane, all three lost their lives in the conflicts of 1838. Alexander's grandson John Dunn became a well-known Natal pioneer in his own right.

The Piet Retief Delegation massacre was the 1838 killing of 100 Voortrekkers by the Zulu king Dingane in what is now KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The Voortrekkers, led by Piet Retief, migrated into Natal in 1837 and negotiated a land treaty in February 1838 with Dingane. Upon realizing the ramifications of the imposed contract, Dingane betrayed the Voortrekkers, killing the delegation including Retief on 6 February 1838. The land treaty was later found in Retief's possession. It gave the Voortrekkers the land between the Tugela River and Port St. Johns. This event eventually led to the Battle of Blood River and the eventual defeat of Dingane.

Jan Gerritze Bantjes was a Voortrekker whose exploration of the Natal and subsequent report were the catalyst for mobilising the Great Trek. He was also the author of the treaty between the Zulu king Dingane kaSenzangakhona and the Voortrekkers under Andries Pretorius.

• 1 2 Laband, John (2005). The Transvaal Rebellion: The First Boer War, 1880–1881 . Abingdon: Routledge Books. pp.   10–13. ISBN   978-0582772618 .
• 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lloyd, Trevor Owen (1997). The British Empire, 1558–1995 . Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.   201–206. ISBN   978-0198731337 .
• 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Greaves, Adrian (2013). The Tribe that Washed its Spears: The Zulus at War . Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp.   36–55. ISBN   978-1629145136 .
• ↑ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd   ed.). Longman. ISBN   978-1-4058-8118-0 .
• 1 2 3 4 Arquilla, John (2011). Insurgents, Raiders, and Bandits: How Masters of Irregular Warfare Have Shaped Our World . Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. pp.   130–142. ISBN   978-1566638326 .
• 1 2 3 Bradley, John; Bradley, Liz; Vidar, Jon; Fine, Victoria (2011). Cape Town: Winelands & the Garden Route . Madison, Wisconsin: Modern Overland. pp.   13–19. ISBN   978-1609871222 .
• ↑ "The Empty Land Myth" . South African History Online . Retrieved 7 December 2023 .
• 1 2 3 4 Hunt, John (2005). Campbell, Heather-Ann (ed.). Dutch South Africa: Early Settlers at the Cape, 1652–1708 . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp.   13–35. ISBN   978-1904744955 .
• ↑ Parthesius, Robert (2010). Dutch Ships in Tropical Waters: The Development of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) Shipping Network in Asia 1595–1660 . Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN   978-9053565179 .
• ↑ Lucas, Gavin (2004). An Archaeology of Colonial Identity: Power and Material Culture in the Dwars Valley, South Africa . New York: Springer. pp.   29–33. ISBN   978-0306485381 .
• ↑ Lambert, David (2009). The Protestant International and the Huguenot Migration to Virginia . New York: Peter Land Publishing. pp.   32–34. ISBN   978-1433107597 .
• 1 2 3 Entry: Cape Colony. Encyclopædia Britannica Volume 4 Part 2: Brain to Casting . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1933. James Louis Garvin, editor.
• 1 2 Mbenga, Bernard; Giliomee, Hermann (2007). New History of South Africa . Cape Town: Tafelberg. pp.   59–60. ISBN   978-0624043591 .
• 1 2 3 4 5 Collins, Robert; Burns, James (2007). A History of Sub-Saharan Africa . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.   288–293. ISBN   978-1107628519 .
• 1 2 3 Newton, A. P.; Benians, E. A., eds. (1963). The Cambridge History of the British Empire . Vol.   8: South Africa, Rhodesia and the Protectorates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.   272, 320–322, 490.
• 1 2 Simons, Mary; James, Wilmot Godfrey (1989). The Angry Divide: Social and Economic History of the Western Cape . Claremont: David Philip. pp.   31–35. ISBN   978-0864861160 .
• 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Giliomee, Hermann (2003). The Afrikaners: Biography of a People . Cape Town: Tafelberg Publishers. p.   161. ISBN   062403884X .
• ↑ Gooch, John (2000). The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image . Abingdon: Routledge Books. pp.   97–98. ISBN   978-0714651019 .
• ↑ Ransford, Oliver (1972). The Great Trek . London: John Murray. p.   42.
• ↑ "Johannes Jacobus Janse (Lang Hans) van Rensburg, leader of one of the early Voortrekker treks, is born at the Sundays River" . South African History Online. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 24 August 2014 .
• ↑ Bulpin, T. V. "9 - The Voortrekkers". Natal and the Zulu Country . T. V. Bulpin Publications.
• ↑ du Toit, André. "(Re)reading the Narratives of Political Violence in South Africa: Indigenous founding myths & frontier violence as discourse" (PDF) . p.   18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2008 . Retrieved 18 August 2009 .
• ↑ Johnston, Harry Hamilton (1910). Britain across the seas: Africa; a history and description of the British Empire in Africa . London: National Society's Depository. p.   111.
• ↑ Bulpin, T. V. "11 - The Republic of Natal". Natal and the Zuku Country . T. V. Bulpin Publications.
• 1 2 "Battle of Blood River" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 21 May 2010 .
• ↑ Die Bou van 'n Nasie [ Building a Nation ] (in Afrikaans). 1938 . Retrieved 22 March 2024 .
• ↑ "Die Bou van 'n Nasie" (in Afrikaans). IMDb . Retrieved 1 March 2015 .
• ↑ "Great Trek Centenary Celebrations commence" . South African History Online . Retrieved 31 December 2014 .
• ↑ "The national anthem is owned by everyone" . South African Music Rights Organisation . 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 8 January 2015 .
• ↑ Lyman, Rick (22 December 1993). "South Africa approves new constitution to end white rule" . Knight-Ridder Newspapers . Archived from the original on 19 September 2018 – via HighBeam Research.
• ↑ Ritchie, Kevin (11 February 2012). "Mad Boers burn Great Trek bodice ripper" . IOL News . Retrieved 1 March 2015 .
• ↑ Ferreira, Janette (2007). Die Son Kom Aan die Seekant Op (in Afrikaans). Kaapstad: Human & Rousseau.
• Benyon, John. "The necessity for new perspectives in South African history with particular reference to the Great Trek." Historia Archive 33.2 (1988): 1–10. online
• Cloete, Henry. The history of the great Boer trek and the origin of the South African republics (J. Murray, 1899) online .
• Etherington, Norman. "The Great Trek in relation to the Mfecane: a reassessment." South African Historical Journal 25.1 (1991): 3–21.
• Petzold, Jochen. "'Translating' the Great Trek to the twentieth century: re-interpretations of the Afrikaner myth in three South African novels." English in Africa 34.1 (2007): 115–131.
• Routh, C. R. N. "The Great South African Trek." History Today (May 1951) 1#5 pp 7–13 online.
• Von Veh, Karen. "The politics of memory in South African art." de arte 54.1 (2019): 3–24.
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Die Oorsprong van die Groot Trek

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Susanna Catharina (Maritz) Smit (bef. 1800 - 1863)

http://monument-sa.co.za/susanna-maritz-smit-kaalvoetvrou-wat-wegstap-vanaf-natal-op-die-voortrekkerpas-naby-bergville/

Susanna Maritz Smit. Kaalvoetvrou wat wegstap vanaf Natal. Op die Voortrekkerpas naby Bergville. 29/03/2019 Kobie StröhGroot Trek, Natal-KwaZulu-Natal Kaalvoetvrou wat wegstap vanaf Natal.

Op die Voortrekkerpas naby Bergville.

Wanneer jy voor die monument staan besef jy dat die vrou klein van postuur is. Haar skouers is smal, byna asof sy koud kry in haar gegote gewaad. Sy is geklee in haar Voortrekkerkappie en lang rok. Onder haar rok steek haar fyn kaalvoete uit.

Haar regtervoet trap op ‘n klip. ‘n Mens verwag amper ‘n gebalde vuis of ‘n intimiderende gesig wat luidkeels uitroep, maar alles behalwe. Haar arms hang langs haar sye, verseker nie die lyftaal van ‘n veglustige aktivis nie. Sy het ‘n tipe kyk wat met jare se ondervinding kom. Liefdevol, wys, sag, geduldig en omdat die geskiedenis dit laat deurskemer, maar met ‘n goeie skoot vasberadenheid op.

Beeldhouer was Anton van Wouw

Die kaalvoet vrou is ‘n interessante hartseer storie van Susanna Catherina Smit. Susanna was die suster van Gert Maritz en die vrou van eerwaarde Erasmus Smit wat as die Voortrekkers se predikant opgetree het.

Die groep vroue was deel van Piet Retief se trek wat besluit het om die groen land van Natal as weivelde te kies. Volgens oorlewering het van die Voortrekker-vroue met ‘n Britse kommissaris in ‘n woordewisseling betrokke geraak. Hulle het met hom gestry omdat hulle nie onder Britse gesag wou staan nie en gesê dat vryheid vir hulle meer werd was as hulle lewens. Dit is toe dat Susanna Smit die bekende woorde uiter, “Liewer kaalvoet terug oor die Drakensberge as om onder Britse beheer te staan.” Susanna is egter in die destydse Natal dood, wat beteken dat sy nooit kaalvoet terug oor die Drakensberge geloop het nie. (De Oude Huize)

John Roderick se pos op Monumente Blad volg:

28 Augustus 1798, die geboortedag van Susanna Catharina Maritz, op hierdie dag in die Graaf-Reinet distrik.

Sy was ‘n suster van die Voortrekker leier Gert Maritz, en die eggenote van Erasmus Smit, leraar tydens die Groot Trek. Susanna was ‘n werklik formidabele vrou wat haar haar man wat nie altyd te gesond was tydens die Trek en daarna getrou bygestaan het.

Tydens die Trek het sy dogters naaldwerk (“dinge”) geleer, en ook kinders leers spel, skryf somme maak.

Susanna het net soos Erasmus ook dagboek gehou tydens die Trek. Anders as haar man het sy egter meer persoonlike gevoelens daarin opgeneem en dek dit die periode van 1842 tot 1858. (1) Dit is vandag te sien in die Natalse Argief in Pietermaritzburg.

Susanna word die beste onthou vir haar “werk” gedurende Augustus 1843 toe Henry Cloete, as kommissaris van Natal die streek in besit geneem het.

Dit was sy wat voor gevat het en tesame met 400 ander vroue ‘n onderhoud met Cloete aangevra het. Tydens die onderhoud het sy in die teenwoordigheid van die ander vroue Cloete vertel van hoe swaar hul gelewe op die grens, en hoekom hul getrek het. Die opofferings tydens die Trek, maar meer nog die verliese aan bloed in Natal is breedvoerig aan Cloete uiteengesit. Daarom, (en daarna) het sy gesê dat dit onmoontlik vir die vroue om onder Briste gesag in Natal te lewe, en dat hul eerder Kaalvoet (barevoets) trug oor die Drakensberge sou stap as om onder Britse gesag te staan.

Dit was die idee Voortrekker beweging van die Vrystaat om vir hierdie besondere vrou ‘n monument langs die Retiefspas feitlik op die eskarp van die Drakensberg op te rig.

Die beeld is die van ‘n kaalvoet vrou besig om vanuit Natal terug na die Vrystaat te stap.

Daar is ‘n inskripsie by haar voete wat onder andere lees, “Liewers kaalvoet trug oor die berge.”

Die beeld was geskep deur Alfonso Smuts. Dit was onthul op die 12de Oktober 1977 deur mnr. Fanie Maree.

(In dieselfde omgewing is kan ook die presiese plek gesien word waar die Retief geselskap teen die berg afgetrek het. Spore getrap deur die kakebeenwaens in die klipbanke aldaar kan vandag nog duidelik gesien word.

Hierdie omgewing is ook bekend as Blyde Vooruitsig omrede die Voortrekkers ‘n blye vooruitsig op ‘n nuwe toekoms gehaad het.

Nie ver van dieselfde terein is ook Kerkenberg, waar Debora Retief haar pa se naam op sy verjaarsdag geverf het. Hy was op daardie stadium weg op sy 2de besoek om oor grond te onderhandel.

Hierdie plekke is van groot historiese waarde en gewis die moeite werd om te besoek.)

(1) A. de Villiers. Barrevoets oor Drakensberge.

Perskor-uitgewery. 1975. Bl 31

John Roderick

1863. Susanna Catherina Maritz, die eggenote van Erasmus Smit. Twee seuns was uit die huwelik gebore, t.w. Salomon en Hermanus Samuel George.

Susanna het haar plek aan Erasmus se sy tydens die Groot Trek volgestaan. Sy het aan die kinders letter-onderwys gegee, en ook Voortrekker dogters leer brei en naaldwerk doen. Daarmee saam het sy ook as die vrou van ‘n huishouding haar plek volgestaan.

Iets omtrent die daadkrag van die vrou spuit duidelik uit die volgende.

Dit was sy gewees wat tydens ‘n vergadering met die Britse hoë kommissaris van Natal aan hom gesê het dat hulle, die Voortrekker vroue eerder kaalvoet terug oor die Drakensberge sal stap as om onder die “Britse hak” te staan.(1) Susanna en haar man het wel nie kaalvoet oor die Drakensberg terugestap nie, maar Natal het wel feitlik leeg getrek van Voortrekkers.

Sy en haar man het ‘n hoewel armoedig, dog eerbiedwaardige lewe in Pietermaritzburg gelei. Sy het haar man getrou versorg, en is ‘n week voor hom oorlede.

Sy was ‘n suster van die Voortrekker leier Gert Maritz gewees.

Ongeveer 60km van Harrismith, en direk wes van die Sterkfonteindam staan ‘n afbeelding van Sussana Smit, dalk beter bekend as die Kaalvoet Vrou Monument.

Dit was gemaak deur Alfonse Smit, en onthul deur mnr. Fanie Maree, die eienaar van die plaas op die 12de Oktober 1977.

Die vrou, (Sussana) se rug is gedraai op Natal, sy is kaalvoet en besig om terug oor die berg na die Vrystaat te stap.

Hierdie besondere historiese terrein is ‘n absolute moet vir ‘n ieder en elk om te besoek.

Daar kan ook gesien word, Retiefspas. Dit is hier waar die geselskap van Piet Retief op Dinsdag die 14de November 1837 teen die Drakensberge afgetrek het.

Erasmus Smit beskryf dit as dat ” In de morgen om 8 ure spanden we de ossen voor de 23 wagens, om de zeer hoge Drakensberg af te rijden. (2). Daardie eerste dag het hul slegs 18 waens daar kon afkry, en het slegs die wa van W. Prinsloo omgeslaan. Die spore, en presiese plek van soos teen die berg afgetrek het staan vandag steeds as getuienis.

In dieselfde omgewing, nie ver van die monument nie is ook die Blyde-Vooruitsig uitkyk punt. Staan mens daar dan is jy op die eskarp van die Drakensberg en kyk jy af op Natal. Daarom ook die naam, Blyde-Vooruitsig omrede hul ‘n blye voorruitsig gehaad het op ‘n nuwe land en ‘n nuwe lewe. Daar is ook te sien ‘n tablo met inligting rondom die terrein.

1.)Afrikanerbakens. Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge. 1989. Bl 256-258.

• ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 WikiTree profile Maritz-181 created by Steven Maritz 25 November 2015.
• VOORTREKKER-STAMOUERS 1835-1845 deur Jan Visagie
• ↑ The Barefoot Lady / Die Kaalvoet Vrou Seen and entered April 16, 2018 by Susanna de Bruyn .

Have you taken a DNA test? If so, login to add it. If not, see our friends at Ancestry DNA .

Featured National Park champion connections: Susana Catharina is 17 degrees from Theodore Roosevelt , 8 degrees from Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger , 17 degrees from George Catlin , 21 degrees from Marjory Douglas , 28 degrees from Sueko Embrey , 15 degrees from George Grinnell , 17 degrees from Anton Kröller , 20 degrees from Stephen Mather , 20 degrees from Kara McKean , 22 degrees from John Muir , 15 degrees from Victoria Hanover and 28 degrees from Charles Young on our single family tree . Login to find your connection.

M  >  Maritz  |  S  >  Smit  >  Susanna Catharina (Maritz) Smit

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Tydtoer - bordspeletjie.

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TydToer is ’n opvoedkundige tydlynspeletjie wat jou kennis, geheue en vaardighede gaan toets oor geskiedkundige en ander gebeure. Het die Groot Trek plaasgevind voor die Franse Rewolusie? Word Coca-Cola verkoop as ’n suikerdrankie voor of na die Anglo-Boereoorlog? Het die eerste SA F1 Grand Prix plaasgevind voor Neil Armstrong op die maan geland het?

Die TydToer kaartjies (daar is 215) het sewe verskillende kategorieë, insluitend Ontdekkings & Uitvindings, Oorloë & Konflik, Kuns & Kultuur, Geskiedenis & Politiek, Natuur & Gebeure, Sport en Algemeen.

Die doel van die spel is om jou eie tydlyn te bou deur 9 kaarte oor gebeure in die regte volgorde te plaas voor jou opponente dit kan vermag. Maar wees versigtig: as jou tydlyn verkeerd is voor jou tydlyn vol is, begin jy oor!  

Jy moet slim speel en jou tydlyn bou voordat ander spelers jou ongespeelde kaartjies met hul Krugerrande aankoop.

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Wees goed ingelig oor Star Trek-reeks se tydlyn in orde

Star Trek is 'n Amerikaanse wetenskapfiksiereeks geskep deur Gene Roddenberry. Die fliek het baie flieks en reekse wat jy kan kyk. As jy egter nie die volgorde van die flieks ken nie, sal dit verwarrend wees om daarna te kyk. In daardie geval, sien die inhoud hieronder en bekyk die regte volgorde van elke fliek in die Star Trek-tydlyn. Hiermee sal jy kan inhaal en weet hoe om elke fliek in goeie orde te kyk. So, sonder enige verdere bespreking, kom hier en leer meer oor die tydlyn van Star Trek .

Deel 1. Star Trek-reeks in orde

Deel 2. star trek tydlyn, deel 3. uitsonderlike hulpmiddel vir die skep van 'n tydlyn, deel 4. gereelde vrae oor star trek-tydlyn.

In hierdie deel sal ons al die Star Trek-reekse in chronologiese volgorde lys. Op hierdie manier sal jy jou gids hê om na hulle te kyk sonder om verward te word.

1. Trek: Die oorspronklike reeks (1966-1969)

2. Star Trek: The Animated Series (1973-1974)

3. Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979)

4. Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982)

5. Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984)

6. Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986)

7. Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (1989)

8. Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991)

9. Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987-1994)

10. Star Trek: Voyager (1995-2001)

11. Star Trek: Eerste Kontak (1996)

12. Star Trek: Insurrection (1998)

13. Star Trek: Enterprise (2001-2005)

14. Star Trek: Nemesis (2002)

15. Star Trek (2009)

16. Star Trek: Into Darkness (2013)

17. Star Trek: Discovery Seisoen 1 en 2 (2017-2019)

18. Star Trek: Discovery Seisoen 3 (2017)

Kry 'n gedetailleerde tydlyn van Star Trek .

Star Trek: The Original Series (1966-1969)

Die vertoning neem 'n paar reis-ompaaie. Dit sluit die steenkoue klassieke "City On The Edge of Forever" in, wat gesien het dat Spock en Kirk 'n onmoontlike opsie in die gesig staar. Dit word ook gewys wanneer die era oor Star Trek vir dekades handel, met veelkleurige Starfleet-spanne en helder kleure.

Star Trek: The Animated Series (1973-1974)

Die program gaan voort al is die derde seisoen van Star Trek: The Originals gekanselleer. Die reeks is 'n Emmy-bekroonde spotprent wat vir 'n gesinsvriendelike atmosfeer is. Dit is perfek, selfs om die werk in Star Trek: The Originals op te offer.

Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979)

Die eerste Star Trek-film in die reeks is 'n groot probleem en bring die span terug na Star Trek: The Originals. Dit is nadat die vertoning in 1969 gekanselleer is. In hierdie reeks, Star Trek: The Motion Picture, word Kirk die Admiraal in Starfleet.

Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982)

Star Trek: The Wrath of Khan word as die goue standaard in Star Trek-films beskou. Admiraal Kirk verduur iets van 'n middeljareprobleem op aarde. Dit gebeur wanneer 'n vyand uit sy lewe voor terugkeer. Khan Noonien Singh is die Superman wat die Enterprise bedreig het in "Space Seed", 'n klassieke episode.

Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984)

Ná die vorige film vind The Search for Spock admiraal Kirk en vriende besig om die Enterprise te steel om Spock se katra (sy siel) te bewaar en te red. Dit is nadat Vulcan dit voor sy dood aan dr. McCoy oorgedra het.

Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986)

Vulcan beplan om na die aarde terug te keer om vir hul verkeerde dade te antwoord. Maar die massiewe uitheemse skip verskyn oor die aarde. Dit veroorsaak 'n massiewe ontwrigting in die klimaat, veral op die aarde se oppervlak. Met die gebruik van die Klingon-vaartuig weet Spock en Klingon dat die aliens probeer om boggelrugwalvisse te kontak.

Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (1989)

Kirk en ander word steeds in aksie geroep wanneer 'n geheimsinnige Vulcan genaamd Skybok 'n diplomaat gyselaar neem. Hy eis 'n ruimteskip in ruil vir die vrylating van die gyselaars. In die reeks het dit ook die identiteit van Skybok onthul.

Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991)

Die Klingon-ryk is in generasiegevaar. Dit is 'n geleentheid vir die Federasie om vredesonderhandelinge met die vegterras te open. In die program blameer Kirk steeds die Klingons vir die dood van David en sukkel om sy emosies van sy missie te skei.

Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987-1994)

Die vertoning was die franchise se goeie sprong vorentoe. Star Trek: The Next Generation was 'n groter en meer konsekwente vertoning as The Original Series. Dit het ook Star Trek as 'n graad-A-franchise versterk in vergelyking met die program in die 1990's.

Star Trek: Voyager (1995-2001)

Star Trek handel oor die verhaal van oorlewing. Die program gaan daaroor om mekaar as familie te behandel. Hulle verduur jare weg van die Federasie se beskerming. Hulle het ook ou en nuwe struikelblokke in die Delta-kwadrant teëgekom. Dit sluit die Borg in, 'n nagmerrieagtige kubernetiese bedreiging.

Star Trek: Eerste kontak (1996)

Kaptein Picard en die bemanning moet meer as 300 jaar reis vanaf die 24ste eeu. Dit is om te keer dat Borg die tydlyn verander. Hiermee sal die mensdom nie verdraaiingsspoed benut nie. In daardie era was die wêreld nog besig om te herstel van die kernuitval van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog en Eugenika-oorloë 'n generasie vroeër.

Star Trek: Insurrection (1998)

Starfleet beplan om sy inwoners regoor die wêreld te verskuif. Op hierdie manier kan hulle die wêreld se inherente krag openbaar aan die luide protes van Picard. Dit is omdat hy glo dat Starfleet sy beginsels verraai. Picard het ook ontdek dat die Federasie in 'n bloedvete tussen die Ba'ku en Son'a betrokke is.

Na Zefram se deurbraak met uitheemse besoekers, die Vulcans, skep die mensdom stadige stappe om homself te herbou. Dit is ná die uitval van die Derde Wêreldoorlog, om 'n verdienstelike burger in 'n groter galaktiese gemeenskap te word. Star Trek: Enterprise het die goeie avontuur van Kaptein Jonathan en die bemanning van die Enterprise NX-01 vertel.

Star Trek: Nemesis (2002)

Nemesis het 'n paar veranderinge in die bemanning van die Enterprise gesien. William Riker en Deanna het getrou. Dan word Riker die kaptein van die USS Titan. Data offer ook sy lewe in die vertoning op, wat Shinzon se skip op die brug beskadig. Dit is om die Enterprise en Picard te red.

Star Trek (2009)

Die ster ontplof en dreig om miljarde mense uit te skakel. Dit sluit die planeet Romulus in. Spock beloof om baie mense te red soos hy kan deur 'n swart gat in die hart van 'n supernova te maak. Maar hy is te laat om die planeet te red, Romulus. Intussen skenk Kirk se ma geboorte aan die toekomstige kaptein.

Star Trek: Into Darkness (2013)

Into Darkness sien hoe die bemanning van die Enterprise 'n ander weergawe van Khan neem. In The Wrath of Khan verander Spock en Kirk rolle. Kirk offer homself op om die Enterprise te behou en te red. Kirk word herleef met die Khan se superbloed en verslaan een van sy vyande.

Star Trek: Discovery Seisoen 1 en 2 (2017-2019)

Dit begin met 'n chaotiese ontmoeting tussen die Klingon-ryk en Starfleet. Dit lei tot 'n bloedige oorlog wat die Federasie sy siel kos. Discovery handel oor verskeie pryse van oorlog. Dit sluit ook die temas van empatie en verlossing in. Die eerste seisoen handel oor die Klingon-oorlog. Die tweede seisoen gaan oor 'n deurdagte benadering. Dit gaan oor die leen van die toekomstige kaptein van Enterprise, Christopher Pike.