Expériences scientifiques à la Tour Eiffel

La Tour laboratoire scientifique

Mardi 3 décembre 2019

Modifié le : 03/12/19

La Tour à peine inaugurée en 1889, Gustave Eiffel pensait déjà à démontrer son utilité. Il avait en effet obtenu une concession de 20 ans de la Ville de Paris pour la disposition du terrain sur lequel elle s ‘élevait. Au-delà de 1909, son avenir restait incertain, dépendant du bon vouloir du Conseil de Paris. Par ailleurs, Eiffel se passionnait pour les progrès scientifiques de son époque. Il avait fait inscrire sur tout le pourtour du premier étage les noms de 72 hommes de science afin de leur rendre hommage et de placer sa Tour sous leur protection symbolique.

Expériences en altitude !

Grâce à sa hauteur, la Tour pouvait d’emblée se prêter à des expériences particulières. Un grand pendule de Foucault fut ainsi fixé sous le second étage. Les oscillations amplifiées par sa longueur pouvaient ainsi mettre en évidence les forces gouvernant la rotation de la terre. Un manomètre à mercure à l’air libre de 300 mètres hauteur permit de mesurer avec précision les hautes pressions et ainsi d’étalonner les manomètres métalliques ou à gaz utilisés dans l’industrie. Des expériences de physiologie furent aussi tentées pour tirer parti de l’altitude, mais sans vraiment convaincre. L’une des premières initiatives d’Eiffel fut aussi d’installer, avec le physicien Éleuthère Mascart, une station météo au sommet la Tour, comme il l’avait fait dans ses différentes propriétés. Les résultats des mesures quotidiennes de température, de pression, d’hygrométrie, de précipitations, de vitesse du vent furent publiés à mesure par Gustave Eiffel à ses frais, contribuant ainsi aux progrès de la météo balbutiante, en montrant l’intérêt de collecter systématiquement des données sur de longues périodes de temps.

Laboratoire de recherche sur la chute des corps

Les effets du vent et la résistance à l’air

Eiffel avait eu du fil à retordre avec le vent lors de sa carrière de constructeur. Le viaduc de la Tardes avait été précipité dans le vide lors de sa construction en 1884 sous l’effet d’un ouragan. Bien que la structure ajourée de l’ouvrage semble laisser peu de prise au vent, celui-ci pouvait s’avérer dévastateur. Pour mieux analyser les effets du vent sur les structures, Eiffel fit d’abord faire des mesures pour évaluer directement la pression exercée par le vent en fonction de sa vitesse. Puis il fit installer de 1903 à 1905 un câble vertical tendu entre le deuxième étage et le sol le long duquel on pouvait laisser tomber des corps de formes et de tailles diverses. Un astucieux système de mesure fixé aux corps eux-mêmes permettait d’évaluer la résistance offerte par l’air aux corps en chute libre. 

Plus tard, en 1909, Eiffel fit construire au pied même de la Tour un laboratoire aérodynamique qui permettait de souffler de l’air autour de formes fixes au lieu de faire tomber celles-ci, facilitant ainsi notablement les mesures et la possibilité de faire varier la vitesse du vent. La tour et son laboratoire participèrent ainsi à l’essor de l’aérostation puis de l’aviation naissante. Cette soufflerie fut transférée en 1912 dans un bâtiment fixe dans le 16ème arrondissement voisin, rue Boileau, où elle est toujours en activité. 

Une antenne géante

Mais c’est bien la radio qui fit de la tour un laboratoire incontournable. Après l’invention à la fin du 19ème siècle de la transmission à distance sans fil de signaux, l’autorité militaire s’intéressait de près à ces technologies. La Tour offrait un site de choix pour les expérimenter. Car plus une antenne est haute, plus elle peut transmettre de messages à longue distance et sur une large zone. Un câble d’antenne fut tendu entre le sommet et le Champ de Mars. En 1898, Eugène Ducretet pouvait communiquer avec le Panthéon, distant de 4 kilomètres. Eiffel offrit alors en 1903 de mettre la tour à la disposition de l’Armée et même de financer en partie les installations nécessaires. Puis, en 1904 c’était avec les forts de l’Est et même avec la base navale de Bizerte en Algérie que l’on pouvait communiquer. Dès lors, la Tour était pourvue d’un intérêt stratégique militaire. Eiffel obtint ainsi une prolongation de la concession du terrain pour 70 années supplémentaires, ce qui assurait définitivement la pérennité de sa Tour. Depuis, la question ne se pose plus !  

Bertrand Lemoine  est architecte ingénieur et historien. Il a été directeur de recherche au CNRS et directeur général de l'Atelier International du Grand Paris. C'est un spécialiste internationalement reconnu de l'histoire et de l'actualité de l'architecture, de la construction, de la ville et du patrimoine aux 19e et 20e siècles, en particulier de Paris, du Grand Paris et de la Tour Eiffel. Il est l’auteur de 43 ouvrages et de plusieurs centaines d’articles sur ces sujets. Il est actuellement consultant sur les questions architecturales, urbaines, numériques et énergétiques.

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La vie de laboratoire La production des faits scientifiques

Bruno latour , steve woolgar.

Comment travaillent les scientifiques ? Comment parviennent-ils à produire des découvertes ? Pour répondre à ces questions, le sociologue Bruno Latour a partagé durant deux ans le quotidien des chercheurs du laboratoire de neuroendocrinologie du professeur Roger Guillemin, à l'Institut Salk de San Diego (Californie). Avec la méticulosité et la patience de l'anthropologue, il a suivi les tâtonnements de cette équipe dans une recherche dont le résultat vaudra le prix Nobel de médecine à Guillemin, en 1978. Cette enquête exceptionnelle, publiée pour la première fois en 1979 et désormais classique, a véritablement lancé le domaine des nouvelles études sur la science, et profondément renouvelé la philosophie des faits scientifiques. Soucieux de rompre avec les " visions exotiques ", voire magiques, de la science et de ses méthodes, Bruno Latour et son coauteur Steve Woolgar ont choisi la voie rigoureuse d'une analyse enfin réaliste de sa production : elle les conduit à rendre compte des actions et des hésitations des chercheurs, dans un ouvrage qui se lit comme une enquête policière.

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Bruno Latour

Bruno Latour (1947-2022), sociologue et philosophie, professeur associé au médialab de Sciences Po, a notamment publié Face à Gaïa. Huit conférences sur le Nouveau Régime Climatique (2015), Où atterrir ? Comment s'orienter en politique (2017) et Où suis-je ? Leçons du confinement à l'usage des terrestres (2021).

Aramis ou l'amour des techniques

Steve Woolgar

Steve Woolgar est sociologue à la Said Business school d'Oxford (Royaume-Uni).

Actualités

  • Bruno Latour élu membre de l'American Academy of Arts and Sciences
  • TMC - Quotidien

Extraits presse

1988-09-24 - D. Benoit-Brawaeys - La Croix

Table des matières

1. L'ethnographie des sciences Extrait d'un carnet de notes (XI, 89) Extrait d'un commentaire Extrait d'une présentation du terrain Raison d'être de l'ethnographie d'un laboratoire La question de l'observateur Les limites d'une étude de laboratoire 2. Visite d'un anthropologue au laboratoire L'inscription littéraire La culture de laboratoire Articles sur la neuroendocrinologie " La phénoménotechnique " Documents et faits La liste des publications Types d'énoncés La transformation des types d'énoncés Conclusion 3. La fabrication d'un fait. Le cas du TRF(H) Le TRF(H) dans les différents contextes La genèse d'une sous-discipline : l'isolement et la caractérisation du TRF(H) Un choix de stratégies L'élimination des concurrents par de nouveaux investissements La construction d'un nouvel objet La nature peptidique du TRF - Rétrécissement des possibilités Le TRF passe dans d'autres réseaux 4. Microsociologie des faits Construction et démantèlement des faits dans la conversation L'analyse sociologique des " processus de pensée " Faits et artefacts 5. La crédibilité scientifique Crédit : reconnaissance et crédibilité Qu'est-ce qui motive les chercheurs ? Les limites du crédit-reconnaissance Quête de crédibilité La conversion d'une forme de crédibilité en une autre L'exigence d'une information crédible Stratégies, positions et trajectoires de carrière Curriculum vitae Positions Trajectoires Structure de groupe Dynamique de groupe 6. L'ordre créé à partir du désordre La création d'un laboratoire : les principaux éléments de notre argumentation L'ordre à partir du désordre Une nouvelle fiction à la place de l'ancienne ? Bibliographie Index .

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  • Place des libraires
  • Gibert Joseph

La vie de laboratoire - Bruno Latour, Steve Woolgar

Le philosophe, anthropologue et sociologue français Bruno Latour en février 2021.

JOEL SAGET/AFP

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C’est un chercheur curieux et savant qui vient de s’éteindre, mais surtout un esprit profondément contemporain. Comme peu d’autres philosophes, Bruno Latour, décédé le 9 octobre à 75 ans, avait pris la mesure des temps présents. Depuis l’aube des années 2000, il s’efforçait de penser les conséquences de la crise écologique dans notre manière de nous comprendre, invitant à une véritable métamorphose des savoirs.

Avec une vraie liberté, Bruno Latour menait ce travail au carrefour de la philosophie, de la sociologie, de l’anthropologie, des sciences, mais aussi de l’esthétique et de la théologie, ayant compris que seul le dialogue des disciplines permettait d’avancer.

Lecture critique de la modernité

Né en 1947, agrégé en philosophie, il avait réalisé ses premières recherches en anthropologie dans un laboratoire à Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) sur l’ivoirisation des cadres au sein des usines locales, tout en travaillant à une thèse en exégèse biblique sur les récits de la résurrection. Rapidement, son travail s’était orienté vers la sociologie des sciences, pour s’intéresser à la vie de laboratoire et à la construction du discours scientifique.

En sociologue autant qu’en philosophe, il avait détourné le regard de la « science faite » vers la science « en train de se faire », croisant les questions de l’objectivité et de la vérité. Ce premier chantier fut le soubassement de sa lecture critique de la modernité, dont il cherchait depuis à éclairer les angles morts.

Cette approche pluridisciplinaire devait lui être précieuse pour penser l’Anthropocène, cette nouvelle ère géologique liée aux transformations massives et négatives de l’homme sur le vivant. Au lieu de procéder à un simple « greenwashing » de la pensée, il avait remis progressivement sur l’établi toutes les notions classiques de la philosophie : la nature et la culture, la matière et l’esprit, le particulier et l’universel, le progrès et la tradition… Professeur à Sciences Po depuis 2006, il s’était particulièrement saisi de la question politique, levier indispensable pour mettre en œuvre le sauvetage de notre monde commun.

Un homme de conversations

Bruno Latour avait conscience de l’ampleur de la tâche et de son urgence. Homme avenant et malicieux, esprit créatif, il tentait d’atténuer le légitime vertige provoqué par la crise climatique en mettant en œuvre un travail collectif associant volontiers artistes et jeunes chercheurs. « Quand mon père et mon grand-père sont morts, ils savaient que leurs enfants vivraient à peu près dans le même monde qu’eux. Mais moi, entre ma naissance et ma mort, le monde s’est immensément transformé. Cette nouveauté, profondément angoissante, rend fou. Ma solution à moi a été de disperser mes angoisses sur d’autres personnes, à travers mes conférences, mes livres, le théâtre » , confiait-il à La Croix en 2020.

Au fil des décennies, ses livres avaient rejoint un large public, grâce à un style peu académique et une écriture enlevée. Ses essais soulevaient souvent plus de questions qu’ils n’apportaient de réponses. Ils n’élucidaient pas toujours les fulgurances qui les traversaient, mais se révélaient toujours inspirants.

Penser avec Gaïa

Bruno Latour avait pris la mesure, avant beaucoup d’autres penseurs, de l’intime solidarité de l’homme avec le monde naturel et du péril de la destruction de notre « environnement », qui justement à ses yeux n’en était pas un. « Cette idée d’environnement n’a guère de sens puisque vous ne pouvez jamais dessiner la limite qui distinguerait un organisme de ce qui l’entoure. Au sens propre, rien ne nous environne, tout conspire à notre respiration » , faisait-il remarquer.

Ami de la poésie et de la littérature, Bruno Latour avait alors exhumé une figure mythologique grecque, Gaïa, déesse de la Terre, pour dire la solidarité des humains avec tous les vivants, « qui ont un air de famille parce qu’ils ont une origine commune et qu’ils se sont étendus, répandus, mélangés, superposés, un peu partout, en transformant de fond en comble, en ravaudant incessamment leurs conditions initiales par leurs inventions successives » . Si le terme pouvait au premier abord surprendre, ou même susciter la méfiance, il avait l’efficacité de faire « atterrir » – comme il aimait le dire – l’humanité et de rendre impossible son maintien hors-sol. L’humanité vit non « sur » terre, mais « avec » Terre ou Gaïa.

Pour Bruno Latour, il était insensé de continuer à être « des humains à l’ancienne » , c’est-à-dire modernes, prétendument autonomes. « L’individu dans le monde moderne, c’est toujours un hapax littéraire, un cogito de théâtre, on le sait depuis Descartes. Et donc chaque fois qu’un individu qui se présente comme tel et revendique un droit de propriété exclusive sur quelque bien, cela devrait nous faire rire » . Il critiquait le comportement des « excavateurs » , ces individus prédateurs du vivant, qu’il opposait aux « terrestres » , conscients de leur lien de solidarité avec Gaïa. Il appelait de ses vœux la constitution d’une nouvelle « classe écologique », capable de redessiner la carte des conflits politiques.

Retour à l’essentiel

Dernièrement, l’expérience du confinement lui était apparue comme un moment de confirmation de la nécessaire bifurcation de nos sociétés. Avec la crise sanitaire, l’économie, « prise jusqu’ici pour le soubassement indiscutable de l’existence » , était « remontée vers le haut, à la manière d’une poutre de bois », décrivait-il de manière imagée dans Où Suis-je. leçons de confinement à l’égard des terrestres. « Sans coup férir, la célébrissime”infrastructure” de la vie moderne est apparue superficielle » , constatait-il. Avait alors pu apparaître l’essentiel que sont « les soucis d’engendrement et les questions de subsistance » .

Inspiré par la foi chrétienne, Bruno Latour voyait dans l’incarnation une autre raison de regarder vers « l’ici-bas » . Pour cela, il critiquait fermement la tentation spiritualiste qui s’était, selon lui, emparée du catholicisme depuis le XVII e siècle dans sa tentative de réponse à l’athéisme. Il voyait dans cette évasion des chrétiens hors du monde un contresens au regard de l’Évangile. « Quel sens (les croyants) pourraient-ils donner à l’incarnation d’un Dieu fait homme, s’il fallait s’échapper hors du monde ? » , avertissait-il. Il avait reçu l’encyclique du pape François Laudato si’ comme une excellente nouvelle, considérant ce texte comme « le lieu essentiel de la reprise de la prédication catholique » .

Sans se prétendre théologien, le philosophe invitait la foi chrétienne à une intime métamorphose. « La transcendance est devenue mensongère, pour ne pas dire diabolique, et c’est l’immanence, méprisée par des siècles de ’’spiritualité’’, qui devient désirable, morale et civique, confiait-il encore à La Croix . Pour moi, il est temps de se débarrasser de la question de la croyance et d’en poser une autre : c’est quoi l’incarnation ? Où est-ce que vous vous incarnez et avec qui ? Là-dessus, le christianisme a des choses à dire. »

22 juin 1947. Naissance à Beaune (Côte-d’Or) dans une famille de viticulteurs.

1972 . Reçu major à l’agrégation de philosophie.

1973-1975. Séjour à Abidjan avec l’Orstom (aujourd’hui remplacé par l’Institut de recherche pour le développement).

1975. Thèse en exégèse à l’université de Tours.

1982-1982. Enseignant au Centre national des arts et métiers (Cnam).

1982-2006 . Enseignant à l’École des mines de Paris.

1987. Publie La Science en action.

1988 . La Vie de laboratoire.

1991. Nous n’avons jamais été modernes.

2002. Jubiler ou les tourments de la parole religieuse.

2004. Politiques de la nature.

2006 . Bruno Latour rejoint Sciences Po comme professeur des universités. Il en deviendra le directeur scientifique en 2007.

2007. Petites leçons de sociologie des sciences.

2012. Enquête sur les modes d’existence. Une anthropologie des Modernes.

2015. Face à Gaïa.

2017. Où atterrir ?

2021. Où suis-je ?

2022. Mémo sur la nouvelle classe écologique, coécrit avec Nikolaj Schultz.

La plupart de ses livres sont publiés aux Éditions La Découverte.

  • philosophie
  • Climat (écologie)

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Laboratory Life: the Social Construction of Scientific Facts

Date: 1979 [with Steve Woolgar. 1986: Reprinted in a revised paperback edition «Laboratory Life: the Construction of Scientific Facts » Princeton University Press, Princeton] Publisher: Sage, Los Angeles Language: English

The result of a two-year ethnographic enquiry into the neuroendocrinology laboratory of Professor Roger Guillemin in La Jolla, California; the book explores the different steps in the construction of scientific facts and frame the different issues of the then emerging science studies.

A Vida de Laboratorio. A Produçao dos Fatos Cientificos

Date: 1997 Publisher: Relume Dumara Editores, Sao Paolo Translator(s): Angela Ramalho Vianna Language: Portuguese

La vida en el laboratorio. La construccion de los hechos cientificos

Date: 1995 Publisher: Alianza Universidad, Madrid Translator(s): Eulalia Perez Sedeno Language: Spanish

La Vie de laboratoire– La production des faits scientifiques

Date: 1988 Publisher: La Découverte [2004: pocket edition La Découverte, N°16] Translator(s): Michel Biezunski Language: French

Laboratory Life in Corean

  • Sociology of Science

Date: 2919 Publisher: Corean Publisher Translator(s): Language: Corean

Zycie laboratoryjne, Konsruowanie faktow naukowych

Date: 2020 Publisher: Narodowe Centrum Kultury, Varsovie Translator(s): K. Abrizewski, P. Gaska, M. Smoczynski, A. Zebielski, Language: Polish

实验室生活:科学事实的建构过程

Date: 2004 Publisher: Dongfang Press (Beijing) Translator(s): Zhang Beisheng and Diao Xiaojing Language: Chinese ISBN: 978-7506020497

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Note de lecture, Bruno Latour : La vie de laboratoire

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Bruno Latour s'est d’abord fait connaître en 1979, avec La vie de laboratoire, observation ethnographique d’un laboratoire californien d’endocrinologie. En 1987, il publie La science en action, qui revient sur l’importance fondamentale des techniques, mais aussi des « controverses », dans l’élaboration des « faits » scientifiques. En 1992, il reçoit le prix Roberval pour son livre Aramis ou l’amour des techniques. Dans ses Petites leçons de sociologie des sciences, il explicite son « relativisme » (1996). L’espoir de Pandore (2001) dresse un bilan provisoire des « science studies ». Il faudrait également citer son travail sur Pasteur (Les Microbes, Guerre et paix, 1984), Nous n’avons jamais été modernes. Essai d’anthropologie symétrique (1991), ou encore Politiques de la nature. Comment faire entrer les sciences en démocratie (1999). Récemment est paru La fabrique du droit. Une ethnographie du Conseil d’État (2002). B. Latour tente, qui plus est, de diversifier les vecteurs d’expression de son propos anthropologique, avec notamment l’organisation de deux expositions : Iconoclash (2004), et Making things public. Atmospheres of democracy (2005). Elles ont toutes deux donné lieu à des publications importantes.

Critique, 2012/11 (n° 786), p. 933-948.

Mathieu Hauchecorne

Critique, 2012/11 (n° 786), p. 933-948. DOI : 10.3917/criti.786.0933. URL : https://www.cairn.info/revue-critique-2012-11-page-933.htm

Revue Du Mauss

Fabrice Flipo

Matthieu Hubert

Louis Quéré

Arnaud Esquerre

Recensé : Bruno Latour, Enquête sur les modes d’existence. Une anthropologie des Modernes, Paris, La Découverte, 2012, 504 p. Paru dans : « Comptes rendus », Ethnologie française, 2014/4 Vol. 44, p. 743-746.

Thibault De Meyer

Patrice Maniglier

Francois Thoreau

Recension de l'ouvrage de Latour (2012).

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The Fortune-Teller

Georges de La Tour French

On view at The Met Fifth Avenue in Gallery 622

Darting eyes and busy hands create a captivating narrative between otherwise staid figures, each of which is richly clothed in meticulously painted combinations of color and texture. La Tour took on a theme popularized in Northern Europe by prints and in Rome by Caravaggio: an old Roma (formerly identified with the derisive term "Gypsy") woman reads the young man’s fortune as her beautiful companions take the opportunity to rob him. This celebrated painting, which was only discovered in the mid-twentieth century, is inscribed with the name of the town where the artist lived in northeastern France, supporting the possibility that he developed such works independent of Caravaggio’s precedent.

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#5104. The Fortune Teller

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  • 5104. The Fortune Teller
  • 2651. The Fortune Teller

The Fortune-Teller, Georges de La Tour (French, Vic-sur-Seille 1593–1652 Lunéville), Oil on canvas

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Title: The Fortune-Teller

Artist: Georges de La Tour (French, Vic-sur-Seille 1593–1652 Lunéville)

Date: probably 1630s

Medium: Oil on canvas

Dimensions: 40 1/8 x 48 5/8 in. (101.9 x 123.5 cm)

Classification: Paintings

Credit Line: Rogers Fund, 1960

Accession Number: 60.30

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One Met. Many Worlds.

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The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 6, Europe in the Age of Monarchy

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The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Masterpiece Paintings

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France in the Golden Age: Seventeenth-Century French Paintings in American Collections

"France in the Golden Age: A Postscript": Metropolitan Museum Journal, v. 17 (1982)

" France in the Golden Age: A Postscript": Metropolitan Museum Journal, v. 17 (1982)

European Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art by Artists Born before 1865: A Summary Catalogue

European Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art by Artists Born before 1865: A Summary Catalogue

Camp: Notes on Fashion

Camp: Notes on Fashion

The Age of Caravaggio

The Age of Caravaggio

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Bruno Latour

La vie de laboratoire Paperback – December 5, 1996

  • Print length 299 pages
  • Language French
  • Publisher La Découverte
  • Publication date December 5, 1996
  • Dimensions 4.92 x 0.67 x 7.48 inches
  • ISBN-10 2707126446
  • ISBN-13 978-2707126443
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  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ La Découverte (December 5, 1996)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ French
  • Paperback ‏ : ‎ 299 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 2707126446
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-2707126443
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 9.9 ounces
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 4.92 x 0.67 x 7.48 inches

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When it is poorly taken up by the cells, glucose accumulates in the blood. An overly high blood sugar level, characteristic of diabetes, is detrimental to the functioning of various organs and blood vessels, the diameter of which shrinks with the formation of fatty deposits inside the arterial walls. While type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease, type 2 diabetes is known as adult-onset, in other words, it sets in progressively over time. At the start of the disease, the pancreas will adapt by producing more insulin and diabetes may go unnoticed for years. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes (95% of cases). Lastly, there is a form of diabetes specific to pregnant women; it is called  gestational diabetes* Gestational diabetes occurs only during pregnancy and is characterized by a high blood sugar level. It appears in the third trimester of pregnancy and often disappears after giving birth. , which appears in the third trimester of pregnancy and often disappears after giving birth.

Symptoms of Diabetes

When they appear, the main symptoms of diabetes are:

  • physical tiredness,
  • an intense thirst due to a frequent need to urinate,
  • difficulty concentrating with a reduction in performance,
  • vision issues and in particular blurred vision,
  • weight loss (without a feeling of hunger),
  • an increased risk of infections.

The symptoms are the same for the different types of the disease, but as the onset of type 2 diabetes is delayed and gradual, diagnosis often takes a while. In the case of gestation diabetes, the clinical picture is often much less obvious, and it is symptoms such as more urine infections than normal and raised blood pressure that point to diabetes.

Causes of Diabetes

While type 1 diabetes is related to a lack of insulin due to the cells that produce it, type 2 diabetes is caused by the body being resistant to the action of insulin leading to issues absorbing sugar and increased sugar levels in the blood. Family history, age, and above all lifestyle (an unbalanced diet, eating too much which leads to significant weight gain, and insufficient exercise) are clearly linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Environmental factors (for example toxic chemicals) can also contribute to certain rarer forms of diabetes. In the case of gestation diabetes, age, being overweight, and a genetic component can all contribute.  

Risk Factors

There is a clear link between eating a diet that is too calorific and high in sugar, being overweight, and not doing enough exercise and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Four out of every five patients with type II diabetes are estimated to be overweight. Heredity can also play a role however (presence of a family history of diabetes), which means that a healthy lifestyle is not an absolute guarantee of protection.

Diagnosing Diabetes

Tests to detect high fasting blood glucose levels and an abnormal level of  glycated hemoglobin* *Glycated hemoglobin is the glycated form of the hemoglobin molecule. A glycated hemoglobin test measures the concentration of glucose in the blood, glycaemia, over several months. are the most commonly used to diagnose diabetes.

Treating Diabetes

Everyone with diabetes should receive long-term medical support and nutritional advice to work out the diet that is best suited to their condition.

However, it is not always enough to correct an unhealthy lifestyle by trying to eat more fruit and vegetables, move more, and lose weight to slow the progression of the disease and reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications. When these measures are not enough to obtain a good glycemic balance in cases of type 2 diabetes, antidiabetic medication should be prescribed. Some people require insulin injections (in the form of a pen or pump).

In cases of type 1 diabetes, which is currently incurable, regular insulin injections must be administered for life (using a pen or pump). Insulin cannot be taken in tablet form, as it would be destroyed by the digestive enzymes.

Most cases of gestational diabetes can be controlled through dietary measures.

Progression and Possible Complications

In the long term, untreated diabetes can damage the blood vessels, including large vessels like the aorta or small capillaries that all our organs require to function. This can lead to cardiovascular, eye, kidney, and nervous system disorders. Vascular conditions can cause organ disorders and patients can suffer, for example, from loss of vision,  kidney failure* A disease characterized by a reduction in kidney function that leads to a buildup of urea and creatinine in the blood. , foot ulcers* A foot ulcer can occur after an injury that is not treated immediately and/or that doesn’t heal well. As diabetics often suffer from a loss of sensitivity in their extremities, these injuries might not be detected straightaway and can lead to significant complications, or even amputation. that can lead to amputation, ( strokes* Strokes occur when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted. They can be caused by an obstruction in the blood vessel supplying blood to the brain or by such a vessel rupturing. , and other cardiovascular problems ( heart attack* A heart attack occurs when there is a partial or complete obstruction of a coronary artery. The part of the heart connected to this artery stops receiving oxygen, and so can necrotize and die. Heart attacks are also known as myocardial infarctions. ).

When hyperglycemia is combined with being overweight, elevated blood lipid levels, and high blood pressure, this is referred to as a metabolic syndrome. This again increases the risk of complications related to diabetes.

Gestation diabetes potentially puts the health of the mother and child at risk if not treated.  

Preventing Diabetes

Many patients are able to keep their diabetes under control once they have made certain lifestyle changes and started suitable medical treatment. Doing an appropriate form of exercise helps to regulate the metabolism of glucides and therefore reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications (kidney failure, stroke, heart attack, etc.). Diabetic patients are advised to undertake around 150 minutes of physical activity per week alternating if possible between endurance activities (walking, Nordic walking, cycling, etc.) and exercises to strengthen the muscles.

When Should You Contact the Doctor?

Given that half of all people with type 2 diabetes do not know that they have it, it is advised that people over the age of 45 should get their blood sugar levels checked once a year.

Early screening is particularly important because once a diabetes diagnosis is finally received, one third of patients already have complications.

Pregnant women at risk of developing diabetes (who are overweight and/or have a family history of the disease) should be screened from their very first pregnancy appointments. As gestation diabetes can occur in a large number of pregnant women without any known risk factors, screening should be performed between the 24th and 28th week of pregnancy in any case.  

Care at Hôpital de La Tour

Due to its complexity, diversity, and chronic nature, diabetes requires comprehensive and interdisciplinary medical care with long-term monitoring and involvement of the patient in their care plan. The first step is to measure blood sugar levels (glycemia) and potentially perform urine tests. The results will be used to make a diagnosis and therefore determine whether insulin therapy is required. Insulin therapy in the form of injections is prescribed for most patients for whom antidiabetic medication is not the optimum form of treatment.

In Switzerland, between 450,000 and 500,000 people may suffer from diabetes, which is over 6% of the population. For 40,000 of them, it is type 2 diabetes, called adult-onset diabetes.

Did you know ?

Most cases of hyperglycemia go unnoticed. This silent evolution explains why type 2 diabetes is detected after seven years on average. For this reason, the number of diabetic patients, currently estimated to be around 425 million people, is expected to reach 629 million by 2045, according to an estimate by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Therefore, it seems even more important to check your blood sugar regularly.

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Shakira makes surprise appearance during DJ Bizarrap's set

"la loba" made to coachella 2024., by janete weinstein • published april 13, 2024 • updated on april 13, 2024 at 3:34 pm.

Shakira made an entrance like no other on the first night of the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival.

During the set of DJ's Bizarrap, the singer surprisingly appeared on an elevated platform behind the DJ decks, driving fans insane.

Shakira was rocking a crocheted fiery yellow-red color dress and some aviator sunglasses as she danced across the stage.

The Colombian singer joined forces with DJ Bizarrap as the duo sang their hits “La Fuerte” and “ BZRP Music Session #53.” 

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@billboard @Shakira joined @bzrp on Coachella’s Sahara Stage for a surprise performance of their “Music Sessions Vol. 53” collaboration. 🤩 #shakira #livemusic #liveperformance #shakirashakira #bizarrap #surprise #surpriseperformance #saharastage #coachella2024 #volume53 #shakiramusic ♬ original sound - billboard

The "Hips Don't Lie" artist took the opportunity to announce her 2024 World Tour "Las Mujeres ya no Lloran" for later this year.

So stoked to finally announce that LAS MUJERES YA NO LLORAN WORLD TOUR is happening! Can’t wait to be back on stage partying and celebrating with my wolfpack! 🐺 Dates coming up soon - register for info / pre-sale access now! Auuuuuuuuuuuuuu! https://t.co/d44sH7UdoW #LMYNLWT pic.twitter.com/gYZUbcOn2m — Shakira (@shakira) April 13, 2024

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Jill Duggar Dillard and husband Derick Dillard announce stillbirth of daughter at 4 months

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Divisive? Not for moviegoers. ‘Civil War' declares victory at box office.

Over 100,000 fans are expected at the first weekend of Coachella .

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Planted by La Tour Cafe

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987 Queen St

Honolulu, HI 96814

Kaka'ako

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Was happy to find out they opened! Went yesterday after my procedure I was anticipating great food. I ordered the Teriyaki Burger and garlic fries which I found to be so tasty I definitely will order that again!! My husband wanted to try the grilled cheese and tomato soup, I had to taste the soup too, wow so flavorful. I can see us going back time and time again, the staff was very friendly and helpful what an amazing dining experience .

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Everything we wanted to try was sold out but was happy to have tried what was left - will get here earlier in the day next time!

Tenders w/ the best seasoned Garlic fries‍ Could we have more dipping sauce options?

Tenders w/ the best seasoned Garlic fries‍ Could we have more dipping sauce options?

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Soft opening now (the store is clean and nice): I got teriyaki smash burger and croissants. You can't believe the smash burger is vegan: tasty with lettuce, onions, tomato, and cheese. This made me full yet not greasy, so great! One thing you need to know is a waiting time: needed to wait for 10 minutes but just give them Aloha. A male employee was friendly. They gave me a mochi canele for tasting (limited time?). I chose matcha and it was good (enjoyed while waiting). The following morning, I had their croissant: it's not flaky, so it doesn't mess the dining room and it was good with fruit jam. I will sure to go back and try other menus.

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Delicious vegan food and perfect for my niece who is allergic to eggs and dairy. I especially enjoyed the maple flavored mochi bites! Very excited to have Planted in the neighborhood. Welcome!

Photo of jamie d.

Super yummy smash burgers. Love having this vegan option in Kakaako. Staff was really friendly and despite it being a soft opening, service was really efficient and food came quickly. Can't wait to go back and try more.

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Leahi Health Kaimuki

Leahi Health Kaimuki

3.4 miles away from Planted by La Tour Cafe

Olivia L. said "Holy cow!! Nestled in the middle of a random street in Kaimuki is a hidden gem! I came here during my lunch break today with high expectations for their kale avocado tacos and my expectations were completely blown away. They were…" read more

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Leahi Health Hawaii Kai

Leahi Health Hawaii Kai

Ruth S. said "Thrilled to have them so much closer to home. I actually was unaware they had opened till I was walking the parking lot, entranced by the smell of the freshly made coconut bacon. It's a nice change to the regular venues. I'm by no…" read more

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Moscow Bike TOur

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Description

Highlights:.

  • Find adventure at every turn
  • Take pride in covering Moscow in record time
  • Enjoy the icons in style
  • Explore off the beaten path routes of Moscow
  • Expert commentary as you travel around the city
  • Test your nerve, driving on crazy Russian roads
  • Get an Endorphin Rush
  • Savour delicacies from different regions of Russia in a traditional restaurant

Only in Moscow for a short time and want to get the most out of the city and have fun? Then a 3-hour bike tour in Moscow is what you need! You won’t hear much about Russian history or become an expert on Russian art, but you will experience all the rest of Russian culture! This tour gives you a unique perspective of a little bit of everything in 3 or 5 hours: must-see tourist sights, local hangouts, Russian food, a glimpse of the modern Moscow life, amazing photo opportunities, a bit of Russian history, and a lot of fun!

This is a great opportunity to cut the usual all day tour down to only 3 or 5 hours and get the most out of the city while having fun and being fit in the greatest locations around Moscow!

A bike trip is sure to capture your heart. It enables you to see the heart of Moscow within the Boulevard Ring and to explore some non-touristic areas of the city, to get an image of the city centre and to work out at the same time.

Our tours differ and depend on whether you are interested in city scenery or nature-like landscape. A variety of places in Moscow are great for riding a bike: these are large parks, yards with old mansions, and historical streets in the centre.

Let’s see what’s waiting for you!

Here are 4 suggested itineraries for a 3-hour tour:.

Moscow Bike Route #1

St. Basil's Cathedral, GUM, Kazan Cathedral, State Historical Museum and Lenin's Mausoleum

Revolution Square and Theatrical Square

Bolshoy Theatre, Metropol Hotel, Chinese Wall, State Duma of Moscow

Alexander Garden

The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, fountains, the Grotto, Central Exhibition center, Kutafya tower, Kremlin wall and towers

Historic City Center

Tverskaya street with its beautiful historical architecture, China town (Kitai-gorod), an old historical area of Moscow

Beautiful  City bridge  leading to  Gorky Park  with scenic views of  Christ the Savior  cathedral and the Moscow River. Explore all the beauties riding a bike along the riverside pathways.

Sculpture Park

Peaceful  Crimean embankment  is one of the quietest area of Moscow city with painters' works at the  Vernisage , close proximity to new  Tretyakov Gallery  and good views of  Christ the Savior Cathedral ,  Peter the Great  monument and the Crimean bridge.

Delicious lunch at a café/restaurant

Arbat street + Stalin Skyscraper

The  Arbat  has existed since at least the 15th century and is proud of being the oldest surviving street of the Russian capital. Nowadays, it is now an entertainment and event mecca for Muscovites and tourists alike.

Victory park

Get thrilled with 142 metres  Obelisk  and  Victory Park museum , which is an open-air museum dedicated to the Russian victory of 1945, built in 1995 to celebrate 50 years of victory

Moscow Bike Route #2

Pyatnitskaya street - the Tretyakov Gallery - Luzhkov Bridge - the Cathedral of Christ the Savior - the Gogolevsky Boulevard - the Nikitsky Boulevard - the Tverskoy boulevard - Teatralnaya street - the Bolshoi Theatre – the Kitai - Gorod - Red Square and GUM store - the Bolshoi Moskvoretsky Bridge

This route is the best one if you want to see the heart of Moscow. It goes right through the major places of interest and touches upon the most exciting and vibrant areas of Moscow such as part of the Boulevard Ring, which is absolutely loved by everyone.

Cozy streets of Zamoskvorechye will never leave you indifferent. This district has a long and vivid history and is full of old baroque houses along with Stalinist buildings. It includes three theatres, three museums and sixteen churches.

Back in the 18 th century Zamoskvorechye was known as a quiet, country-like land of single-storey houses and conservative businessmen. It remained country-like and is much more filled with business than before, as this area is just right in the city centre.

You’ll learn:

  • what was previously on the site of the Novokuznetskaya metro-station;
  • names of four abandoned metro stations and how to find these stations;
  • what is the oldest bridge among all the bridges in Moscow;
  • how old was Pavel Tretyakov when he decided to collect paintings, that are now exhibited in the Tretyakov gallery;
  • what does the real form of the Boulevard Ring in Moscow look like;
  • what tricks did the Russian government used to save the houses and buildings from bombing during the World War II;
  • what unofficial name the Bolshoi Moskvoretsky bridge has

Moscow Bike Route #3

View over the Kremlin - The Luzhkov Bridge –  The Strelka Institute –  The Muzeon Park –  The Gorky Park –  Neskuchny Garden –  Sparrow Hills –  The Luzhniki Stadium -  Novodevichy Convent – The Arbat Street – The Gogolevsky boulevard - The Cathedral of Christ the Savior –  The Bolotnaya Square

This route includes the most popular city-sights and goes along the Moskva-River. It starts with an observation point, from which you may enjoy the view over the Kremlin, and covers all the most beautiful green areas of Moscow. Historical sites are included into the route so you can feel the historical vibes of ancient Moscow.

  • where is hidden an island Moscow;
  • where in Moscow you can get printed music of the most sweet masterpieces like “Chocolate waltz” and “Cake-gallop” along with a box of chocolates of the 18 th century;
  • why the Luzhkov bridge is also called “the bridge of kisses”;
  • the place where the famous Olympic symbol – the Olympic Bear of the Olympics-1980 was flown from;
  • the stage where Rolling Stones and Madonna performed when they came to Moscow;
  • why the Krymsky bridge was Stalin’s favourite bridge and what musical instrument it represents;
  • where living statues in Moscow could be found in 1740s;
  • myths and legends about inhabitants of the main building of Moscow State University;
  • story about why Sparrow Hills were called that way;
  • how Napoleon was cheated when he was going to burn down the Novodevichy convent;
  • what was supposed to be on the site where the Cathedral of Christ the Savior is now;
  • why Moscow was nearly burnt down in the 15 th century and which role the Arbat street played in it.

Moscow Bike Route #4

Starting with wide area of the VDNKh, you are to learn interesting and fun facts about this spectacular part of Moscow.

  • where is a hidden the secret bunker under Moscow (and no, it’s not a famous Bunker 42 everybody knows about;
  • why the number of golden statues at the fountain is more than the number of Soviet republics, although it is said to correspond them;
  • why one of the Stalin statues was called “matryoshka” (Russian doll);
  • what was Picasso’s favourite statue at the exhibition in Paris in 1937.

You’ll see:

  • the world’s first light-music fountain that was built in 1950-1954;
  • pavilions that symbolize Soviet republics;
  • the Botanic garden which is twice as big as the Principality of Monaco;
  • the largest green-house in Europe (for the opening day in 1945);
  • English garden at the Ostankino mansion;
  • Ostankino Tower, one of the tallest structures in Europe;
  • the most beautiful flowers in hidden places of the parks.

Biking through VDNKh, Botanic garden and the territory of the Ostankino park will definitely be appreciated by nature-lovers and all those who are keen on speed, who knows no limits and want to explore off the beaten path of Moscow.

We can customize your bike adventure to meet your individual interests.

Our bicycle tour in Moscow gives you a chance to have a s pectacular ride  with  wonderful photo opportunities  and an  unforgettable cultural experience!

What you get:

  • + A friend in Moscow
  • + Private & customized tour
  • + An exciting tour, not just boring history lessons
  • + An authentic experience of local life
  • + Flexibility during the tour: changes can be made at any time to suit individual preferences
  • + Amazing deals for breakfast, lunch, and dinner in the very best cafes & restaurants. Discounts on weekdays (Mon-Fri)
  • + A photo session amongst spectacular Moscow scenery that can be treasured for a lifetime
  • + Good value for souvenirs, taxis, and hotels
  • + Expert advice on what to do, where to go, and how to make the most of your time in Moscow

*This tour can be modified to meet your preferences

Write your review

Put-in tours

Original tour agency in moscow and st petersburg..

Onboard a Soviet van!

Welcome to Russia!

We are Sergey and Simon, a Russian and a Frenchman, both  passionate about Moscow, Saint-Petersburg and classic cars. Together, we have created Put-in tours. Our goal is to help you experience Russian culture off the beaten path. Join us onboard our classic Soviet van and let’s get rolling!

In Moscow we offer you a city tour to discover most of the city in an original way as well as a night tour to admire the lights. Our pubcrawl is ideal to explore Moscow’s night-life and have fun. If you are craving to discover Russian culture, come impress your senses during our monastery diner or join our 100% Russian Banya Excursion . The latest will also bring you to Sergiyev Posad and it’s famous monastery!

For the most extreme travellers, our shooting tour will deliver your daily dose of adrenaline whereas our tank excursion will let you ride a real tank and shoot a bazooka.

We also offer help to receive your visa , safe and multilingual airport transfers , as well as organisation services for team-building events or bachelor parties .

All our excursions (but the monastery diner) happen onboard our Soviet military vans and can be covered by our  professionnal photographer or videographer.

In Saint Petersburg

We welcome you in Saint Petersburg onboard our Soviet van to discover the imperial city with our city tour and night tour .

Continue your discovery in style! The adrenaline lovers will like our shooting tour  which brings 3 Russian weapons to the tip of your trigger finger.

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© Copyright 2021 - Put-in tours Designed by SD Marketing & Design

At Put-in tours, we put you in our classic Soviet vans to go explore Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Russian culture off the beaten path. Discover our Moscow city guided tour, visit Moscow by night, join our banya & Sergiyev Posad excursion, visit and dine in one of Moscow's oldest monastery or even Luzhniki stadium, before you party on our famous pubcrawl! Original and atypical tours : Shoot AK47 and a bazooka after riding on a tank with our tank & bazooka excursion ! Extreme tours: Fly a fighter jet in Moscow onboard a L-29 or L-39 aircraft!

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Shakira announces ‘La Mujeres Ya No Lloran’ world tour during surprise Coachella performance

"I am finally going on tour! Starting here this November, this year in this city. I can't wait. I couldn't ask for more"

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Shakira has announced her ‘ La Mujeres Ya No Lloran ‘ world tour while appearing as a surprise guest at Coachella .

  • READ MORE: Shakira – ‘Las Mujeres Ya No Lloran’ review: empowering and renewed

The ‘Whatever, Whenever’ singer came out during Bizarrap’s set at the Sahara stage on April 12. The Argentine DJ brought out Shakira as a guest to perform their collab tracks ‘La Fuerte’ and ‘Bzrp Music Sessions, Vol 53’ at the music festival.

The ‘She Wolf’ singer took the time to announce that she will be going on a world tour later this year beginning with a show in California.

Así anuncia Shakira su nuevo tour durante su presentación junto a BZRP en el #Coachella Los detalles de su tour que iniciará en noviembre por Estados Unidos #Shakichella pic.twitter.com/O1mMEUe6sx — Juanjo Guerrero (@Juanjo_guerrero) April 13, 2024

“Thank you for inviting me, Bizarrap. To be honest, it is amazing to be here with this crowd and with you, who’s my friend and colleague. Today, I cannot contain myself, I have to tell you something,” began Shakira.

She continued: “Biza, I am going on tour. I am finally going on tour! Starting here this November, this year in this city. I can’t wait. I couldn’t ask for more. Thank you.” At the time of writing, no dates or other information on the tour have been announced.

Shakira recently released her 12th studio LP ‘ La Mujeres Ya No Lloran ‘ last month. In a four-star review of the album , NME shared: “With a career that spans four decades, she continues to push the envelope for Latin pop music and make the genre a global event. All her previous records had at least one song in English, but this time, she opts to sing fully in Spanish. With this vulnerable yet versatile collection, Shakira shows there are no limits to the art of her catharsis through song.”

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In other Coachella news, Deftones performed an electrifying cover of The Smiths‘ ‘Please, Please, Please, Let Me Get What I Want’ and played their hit ‘Combat’ for the first time since 2011. 

Sabrina Carpenter treated fans in attendance at the main stage to a visually stunning and hit-filled setlist and Lil Uzi Vert broke out the hits for their high-octane set. For more live updates as it happens, check out NME’s liveblog for Coachella 2024 here .

Check back here  for the latest news, reviews and more from Coachella 2024. 

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News | Students from San Fernando Valley schools get…

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News | Students from San Fernando Valley schools get insider tour of Van Nuys Airport

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Students from two San Fernando Valley high schools were treated to an aviation career exploration tour at Van Nuys Airport on Friday, April 12, sponsored by Clay Lacy Aviation and the North Valley Occupational Center.

Arleta High School and Polytechnic High School students got to see Clay Lacy Aviation’s hanger closeup as part of an aviation career tour at the airport. They delved into the world of aviation and learned about career opportunities not only as pilots or flight attendants but also as attorneys, mechanics and customer service professionals — to name a few.

“(Today) gave them a spark of curiosity,” said Van Nuys Airport Manager Paul Herrera.

Herrera believes this type of exposure to youth inspires the next generation of aviation professionals, by showcasing the industry’s opportunities.

Nicole Lillingston, a 17-year-old junior at Arleta High School, was one of two dozen students who saw firsthand the many facets of airport operations, from aircraft maintenance facilities to air traffic control towers.

“My future is in music,” Lillingston said. “But it was interesting to see the workshops and how they make engines and work on an actual plane.”

She admitted that becoming a pilot could be her plan B.

Mark Vergara, a line service technician at Clay Lacy Aviation...

Mark Vergara, a line service technician at Clay Lacy Aviation and an accounting student at CSUN, talks about working for Clay Lacy at Van Nuys Airport during an aviation career tour for high school students at the airport on Friday, April 12, 2024. (Photo by Sarah Reingewirtz, Los Angeles Daily News/SCNG)

Arleta and Polytechnic high school students visit Clay Lacy Aviation’s...

Arleta and Polytechnic high school students visit Clay Lacy Aviation’s hanger at Van Nuys Airport as they complete an aviation career tour at the airport on Friday, April 12, 2024. (Photo by Sarah Reingewirtz, Los Angeles Daily News/SCNG)

Arleta High School students Juan Ceja, 16, left, and his...

Arleta High School students Juan Ceja, 16, left, and his brother Emiliano Lopez, 17, listen to speakers at Clay Lacy Aviation during an aviation career tour at Van Nuys Airport on Friday, April 12, 2024. (Photo by Sarah Reingewirtz, Los Angeles Daily News/SCNG)

Arleta and Polytechnic high school students enter Clay Lacy Aviation’s...

Arleta and Polytechnic high school students enter Clay Lacy Aviation’s hanger at Van Nuys Airport as they complete an aviation career tour at the airport on Friday, April 12, 2024. (Photo by Sarah Reingewirtz, Los Angeles Daily News/SCNG)

Her classmate, Monique De Nava, is set on becoming an ultrasound technician, but her plan B could also be to get a pilot license.

“I liked the energy (here),” De Nava said. “It was nice and welcoming. Aviation offers a lot of opportunities.”

Fewer than 10% of licensed pilots in the U.S. are women, and the percent of women in maintenance fields is in the single digits, according to a 2022 report by the Women in Aviation Advisory Board established by the U.S. Congress.

While participation of women in the overall U.S. workforce has increased dramatically in four decades, the percentage in aviation hasn’t appreciably changed, according to the report.

And as part of the day’s events, 19 students who graduated from the North Valley Occupational Center’s aircraft mechanic tech program, based at the airport, were given scholarships.

Mechanics and technicians require a Federal Aviation Administration license to work on airplanes, and the scholarships help them achieve that goal, according to Emilio Mendez, assistant principal of the program.

“We have received $80,000-plus in scholarships from Clay Lacy over the past eight years,” Mendez said.

Nabi Hemmatyar, a mechanic at a Van Nuys-based jet maintenance facility specializing in Gulfstream aircrafts, was among the recipients.

The 23-year-old, who has an affinity for World War II aircraft, cemented his dream in aviation after visiting a Camarillo airplane museum.

“On one of the slower days, they showed me the maintenance hangers where they work on airplanes and asked me if I wanted to take out some spark plugs of a (Grumman) F8F Bearcat,” Hemmatyar said. “How cool was that? I was hooked. I still volunteer there.”

Hemmatyar said his job requires heavy-duty maintenance.

“If a jet breaks down, it could be disastrous,” he added. “The work that we do is critical to the safety of the flight.”

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Tom Watson hopes players ‘do something’ and mend the PGA Tour-LIV Golf split

Tom Watson hits the ceremonial tee shot during the first round of the Masters at Augusta National Golf Course.

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The professional golf world is bumping along down two separate paths, the PGA Tour and LIV Golf , and those have converged at the Masters .

This is the first time since last year’s U.S. Open that all of the game’s best players have convened to compete against each other.

Noticing that, two-time Masters winner Tom Watson felt the urge to say something about it this week at the annual Champions Dinner, which was honoring defending champion Jon Rahm , who since has defected to the LIV tour.

“We were sitting down and we were having great stories about [late Masters champion] Seve Ballesteros and people were laughing and talking,” Watson said Thursday, after opening tee times were pushed back an hour for inclement weather.

Jon Rahm, of Spain, walks with his wife, Kelley Cahill, and son, Kepa, during the par-3 contest at the Masters

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Watson and fellow legends Jack Nicklaus and Gary Player participated in the traditional start to the tournament, hitting their ceremonial tee shots on No. 1.

At the dinner on Tuesday night, Watson wanted to say a few words, so he asked Augusta National chairman Fred Ridley if that would be OK. Ridley said, “Please do.”

“I got up and said, ‘I’m looking around the room, and I’m seeing just a wonderful experience everyone is having,’” Watson said. “They are jovial. They are having a great time. They are laughing. I said, ‘Ain’t it good to be together again?’

“And there was kind of a pall from the joviality and it quieted down… In a sense, I hope that the players themselves took that to say, ‘You know, we do have to do something.’”

Watson said Thursday that golf has been “fractured” by the two competing tours fighting over the best players in the game.

There are 13 LIV players competing in this year’s Masters, including Rahm; Phil Mickelson and Brooks Koepka , who tied for second in last year’s tournament; and Patrick Reed , who finished fourth.

Defending Masters champion Jon Rahm is among the LIV Golf players competing at Augusta National Golf Club this weekend.

“We want to get together like we were at the Champions Dinner, happy, the best players playing against each other,” said Watson, flanked at a news conference by Nicklaus and Player. “The bottom line, that’s what we want in professional golf, and right now we don’t have it.”

Of the many issues that need to be resolved, sorting out who is invited to the Masters is a big one. Players who defect for LIV cannot play in PGA Tour events. They can compete in the Masters and the other three major championships if they qualify.

One of those ways to qualify involves their world ranking, but players don’t receive Official World Golf Ranking points for LIV events. So the field of LIV golfers in the Masters could dwindle by the year.

That means even fewer chances for the world’s best players to compete against each other.

“There’s a lot of people a lot smarter than me that could figure this out in a much more efficient way,” Rahm said. “But the obvious answer is that there’s got to be a way for certain players in whatever tour to be able to earn their way in.”

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Ridley noted that because the Masters is an invitational event, the tournament has the leeway to invite players who might not otherwise qualify, as is the case with some up-and-coming international golfers.

“If we felt there were a player or players, whether they played on the LIV tour or any other tour, who were deserving of an invitation to the Masters,” he said, “we would exercise that discretion with regard to special invitations.”

By late Thursday afternoon, Bryson DeChambeau was leading the tournament at seven under par. He’s a LIV golfer. This isn’t going away.

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  1. La Tour laboratoire scientifique

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  2. La Tour laboratoire scientifique

    la tour laboratoire

  3. Le laboratoire pharmaceutique Biogen s’installe dans la tour CBX

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  4. Esplanade

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  5. Le Complexe des sciences vu des laboratoires

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  6. Comment bien choisir son matériel de laboratoire

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  1. TOURTOUR

COMMENTS

  1. La Tour laboratoire scientifique

    La tour et son laboratoire participèrent ainsi à l'essor de l'aérostation puis de l'aviation naissante. Cette soufflerie fut transférée en 1912 dans un bâtiment fixe dans le 16ème arrondissement voisin, rue Boileau, où elle est toujours en activité.

  2. Contact Us

    Laboratoire Medical des Villes-Soeurs - Main Lab. ADDRESS. Royal Road, Beau Bassin - 71504. CONTACT. phone +(230)454 9999 ... Royal Rd, La Tour Koenig. CONTACT. Fax+(230)234 0707 OPENING HOURS. 06h30 - 15h30 Weekdays. 06h30 - 12h30 Saturdays. 06h30 - 09h30Sundays & Public Holiday

  3. La vie de laboratoire

    Cette enquête exceptionnelle, publiée pour la première fois en 1979 et désormais classique, a véritablement lancé le domaine des nouvelles études sur la science, et profondément renouvelé la philosophie des faits scientifiques. Soucieux de rompre avec les " visions exotiques ", voire magiques, de la science et de ses méthodes, Bruno ...

  4. Mort de Bruno Latour, penseur du tournant écologique

    Publie La Science en action. 1988. La Vie de laboratoire. 1991.Nous n'avons jamais été modernes. 2002.Jubiler ou les tourments de la parole religieuse. 2004.Politiques de la nature. 2006 ...

  5. Laboratory Life: the Social Construction of Scientific Facts

    The result of a two-year ethnographic enquiry into the neuroendocrinology laboratory of Professor Roger Guillemin in La Jolla, California; the book explores the different steps in the construction of scientific facts and frame the different issues of the then emerging science studies. ... La Vie de laboratoire- La production des faits ...

  6. La vie de laboratoire

    Je suis plongée dans la lecture de ce livre est il est passionnant. Il faut adopter le rythme de l'auteur (c'est une enquête sociologique dont l'objet est .... un laboratoire!) et bien que je sois une béotienne et en socio et en science, je comprends très bien le propos de l'auteur (certes, c'est une lecture exigeante, mais Latour explique bien, revient souvent sur ses théories et ...

  7. Note de lecture, Bruno Latour : La vie de laboratoire

    Arnaud Fossier. Bruno Latour s'est d'abord fait connaître en 1979, avec La vie de laboratoire, observation ethnographique d'un laboratoire californien d'endocrinologie. En 1987, il publie La science en action, qui revient sur l'importance fondamentale des techniques, mais aussi des « controverses », dans l'élaboration des « faits ...

  8. Georges de La Tour

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  9. La vie de laboratoire

    La vie de laboratoire Paperback - December 5, 1996 French Edition by Bruno Latour (Author), Steve Woolgar (Author) 5.0 5.0 out of 5 stars 2 ratings

  10. home

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  11. Eurofins Biologie Médicale

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  12. La Tour du Valat, un laboratoire à ciel ouvert

    Camargue, 1947. Luc Hoffmann, un biologiste de 24 ans à peine, achète le domaine de la Tour du Valat, 1'500 hectares de marais, sansouires et près salés en p...

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  16. La Tour du Valat, un laboratoire à ciel ouvert on Vimeo

    Camargue, 1947. Luc Hoffmann, un biologiste suisse de 24 ans à peine, achète le domaine de la Tour du Valat, 1500 hectares de marais, sansouïres…

  17. Closure in Moscow

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  18. Diabetes

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  19. Shakira announces 2024 World Tour during cameo appearance at Coachella

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  23. Off-limits and tainted, Santa Susana Field Lab superfund site opens to

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  24. Tour & Travel Agency in Moscow

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  25. New concept by La Tour Café opens at Ward Village

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  26. Tours in Moscow and St Petersburg

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  27. Shakira announces world tour at surprise Coachella performance

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  28. Students from San Fernando Valley schools get insider tour of Van Nuys

    Arleta High School students Juan Ceja, 16, left, and his brother Emiliano Lopez, 17, listen to speakers at Clay Lacy Aviation during an aviation career tour at Van Nuys Airport on Friday, April 12 ...

  29. Tom Watson hopes players do something to fix PGA Tour, LIV split

    Tom Watson hopes players 'do something' and mend the PGA Tour-LIV Golf split. Honorary starter Tom Watson hits a ceremonial tee shot during the first round of the Masters at Augusta National ...