travel medical vaccines

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Vaccines for Travelers

Vaccines protect travelers from serious diseases. Depending on where you travel, you may come into contact with diseases that are rare in the United States, like yellow fever. Some vaccines may also be required for you to travel to certain places.

Getting vaccinated will help keep you safe and healthy while you’re traveling. It will also help make sure that you don’t bring any serious diseases home to your family, friends, and community.

On this page, you'll find answers to common questions about vaccines for travelers.

Which vaccines do I need before traveling?

The vaccines you need to get before traveling will depend on few things, including:

• Where you plan to travel . Some countries require proof of vaccination for certain diseases, like yellow fever or polio. And traveling in developing countries and rural areas may bring you into contact with more diseases, which means you might need more vaccines before you visit.
• Your health . If you’re pregnant or have an ongoing illness or weakened immune system, you may need additional vaccines.
• The vaccinations you’ve already had . It’s important to be up to date on your routine vaccinations. While diseases like measles are rare in the United States, they are more common in other countries. Learn more about routine vaccines for specific age groups .

How far in advance should I get vaccinated before traveling?

It’s important to get vaccinated at least 4 to 6 weeks before you travel. This will give the vaccines time to start working, so you’re protected while you’re traveling. It will also usually make sure there’s enough time for you to get vaccines that require more than 1 dose.

Where can I go to get travel vaccines?

Start by finding a:

• Travel clinic
• Health department
• Yellow fever vaccination clinic

Learn more about where you can get vaccines .

What resources can I use to prepare for my trip?

Here are some resources that may come in handy as you’re planning your trip:

• Visit CDC’s travel website to find out which vaccines you may need based on where you plan to travel, what you’ll be doing, and any health conditions you have.
• Download CDC's TravWell app to get recommended vaccines, a checklist to help prepare for travel, and a personalized packing list. You can also use it to store travel documents and keep a record of your medicines and vaccinations.
• Read the current travel notices to learn about any new disease outbreaks in or vaccine recommendations for the areas where you plan to travel.
• Visit the State Department’s website to learn about vaccinations, insurance, and medical emergencies while traveling.

Traveling with a child? Make sure they get the measles vaccine.

Measles is still common in some countries. Getting your child vaccinated will protect them from getting measles — and from bringing it back to the United States where it can spread to others. Learn more about the measles vaccine.

Find out which vaccines you need

CDC’s Adult Vaccine Quiz helps you create a list of vaccines you may need based on your age, health conditions, and more.

Take the quiz now !

Get Immunized

Getting immunized is easy. Vaccines and preventive antibodies are available at the doctor’s office or pharmacies — and are usually covered by insurance.

Find out how to get protected .

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What vaccines do you need to travel?

The vaccines you need will depend on where you’re traveling and what you will be doing during your travels. Walgreens pharmacists are able to assist in helping you determine which vaccines you may need.

Which travel vaccines are available at Walgreens?

Travel vaccines Walgreens offers include: Yellow Fever, Meningitis, Polio, Typhoid, Japanese Encephalitis, Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B and Rabies*.

*Vaccines offered at Walgreens vary by state, age and health conditions. Talk to your local pharmacist about availability.

What other vaccines should I have before traveling?

It’s important to be up-to-date on routine vaccinations before traveling as well—like Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR), Tetanus, Flu and COVID-19.

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Essentials you don’t want to be without

What Vaccines are Recommended for You

Updated recommendations for meningococcal and mpox vaccination were voted on at the October 25-26, 2023 ACIP meeting. The content on this page will be updated to align with the new recommendations.

Life Events, Job, and Travel

• By Health Conditions

Adults need vaccines, too

Getting vaccinated is one of the safest ways for you to protect your health. Vaccines help prevent getting and spreading serious diseases that could result in poor health, missed work, medical bills, and not being able to care for family.

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All adults need these routine vaccines

Everyone should make sure they’re up to date on these routine vaccines:

• COVID-19 vaccine
• Flu vaccine (influenza)
• Tdap vaccine (tetanus, diphtheria, and whooping cough) or Td  vaccine (tetanus, diphtheria)

You may need other vaccines, too

Review the sections below to learn what other vaccines you may need based on:

• Life events, job, or travel

Health conditions

Vaccines you need All adults ages 19 to 26 years should make sure they’re up to date on these vaccines:

• Chickenpox vaccine (varicella)
• Hepatitis B vaccine
• HPV vaccine (human papillomavirus)
• MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, and rubella)
• Tdap vaccine (Tetanus, diphtheria, and whooping cough) or Td  (tetanus, diphtheria)

You may need other vaccines, too You may need other vaccines based on your age or other factors, too. Talk with your doctor to learn which vaccines are recommended for you. These may include:

• MenB vaccine (meningococcal disease) – for adults up through 23 years of age

Insurance coverage  Under the Affordable Care Act, insurance plans that cover children allow parents to add or keep children on the health insurance policy until they turn 26 years old. For more information, see How to get or stay on a parent’s plan .

Get personalized recommendations Take a short quiz and get a list of vaccines you may need based on your lifestyle, travel habits, and other factors.

Vaccines you need All adults ages 27 to 49 years should make sure they’re up to date on these vaccines:

• Chickenpox vaccine (varicella) – if born 1980 or later

Vaccines you need All adults ages 50 to 64 years should make sure they’re up to date on these vaccines:

• Shingles vaccine (zoster)
• Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, and whooping cough) or Td  (tetanus and diphtheria)
• Hepatitis B vaccine – recommended for all adults up through 59 years of age
• MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, and rubella)—if born 1957 or later
• RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) – adults aged 60 years or older should talk to their healthcare provider about getting a single dose of RSV vaccine

Vaccines you need As we get older, our immune systems tend to weaken over time, putting us at higher risk for certain diseases. All adults ages 65 and older should make sure they’re up to date on these vaccines:

• Pneumococcal vaccine

You may need other vaccines, too You may need other vaccines based on your age or other factors, too. Talk with your doctor to learn which vaccines are recommended for you. This may include:

Get the whooping cough vaccine during each pregnancy

• Tdap vaccine (Tetanus, diphtheria, and whooping cough) — between 27 and 36 weeks of pregnancy to help protect your baby against whooping cough

Make sure you’re up to date on other vaccines, too

• Flu vaccine (influenza) especially if you’re pregnant during flu season, which is October through May

Talk with your ob-gyn or midwife to find out which vaccines are recommended to help protect you and your baby. Learn more about Vaccines for Pregnant Women .

Vaccines you need If you work directly with patients or handle material that could spread infection, you should get appropriate vaccines to reduce the chance that you will get or spread vaccine-preventable diseases. All healthcare workers should make sure they’re up to date on these vaccines:

• Meningococcal vaccine – especially lab workers who work with Neisseria Meningitidis

You may need other vaccines, too Healthcare workers should make sure they’re up to date on any other vaccines routinely recommended for them based on age or other factors. Talk with your doctor to learn which vaccines are recommended for you. These may include:

• HPV vaccine (human papillomavirus) – recommended for adults ages 18 through 26 years and adults ages 27 through 45 years based on shared clinical decision-making
• Shingles vaccine (zoster) – recommended for all adults 50 years of age and older

Get vaccinated before you travel The vaccines recommended or required for an international traveler depend on several factors, including age, health, and itinerary.

Take these steps to make sure you are prepared for your trip:

• Make sure you are up-to-date with all recommended vaccines. Talk with your healthcare provider and get any vaccines that you may have missed. Take a short quiz and get a list of vaccines  you may need based on your lifestyle, travel habits, and other factors.
• Learn the recommended and required vaccines for your destination. Visit Travelers’ Health: Destinations  for more information about recommendations and requirements for the locations you will be visiting during your travel.
•  Get vaccinated at least 4 to 6 weeks before your trip. Planning ahead will give you enough time to build up immunity and get best protection.

Find a travel clinic: Many state and local health departments provide travel vaccinations. Get more travel vaccination information as well as where to find travel vaccinations at CDC’s Travelers’ Health Clinic  page.

Immigrants Whether you are applying for an immigrant visa overseas or for legal permanent residence within the United States, you need to meet the Vaccination criteria for U.S. immigration .

Refugees Refugees are not required to have vaccinations before arrival in the United States, but you can start getting certain vaccinations through the Vaccination program for U.S.-bound refugees .

International adoptions

• Adoptees 10 years of age and under: Immigration law allows for adoptive parents to sign an affidavit stating they will be vaccinated after arrival to the United States.
• Adoptees over 10 years of age: Immigration law requires proof of vaccination during the overseas medical examination.
• Parents or close contacts traveling internationally to adopt a child: Make sure you are fully vaccinated according to CDC’s ACIP recommendations. Some vaccine-preventable diseases, such as hepatitis A , are more common in other countries than the United States.
• Get more International adoption health guidance .

Vaccines you need Vaccines are especially critical for people with chronic health conditions such as asplenia to protect them from vaccine-preventable diseases. In addition to vaccines recommended for all adults ( COVID-19, Flu (influenza) , and Tdap or Td ), make sure you’re up to date on these vaccines:

• Hib vaccine ( Haemophilus influenzae type b)
• Meningococcal vaccines – both MenACWY and MenB

You may need other vaccines, too You may need other vaccines based on your age or other factors, too. Talk with your doctor to find out which vaccines are recommended for you. These may include:

• Chickenpox vaccine (varicella) – recommended for all adults born in 1980 or later
• Hepatitis B vaccine – recommended for all adults up through 59 years of age, and for some adults 60 years of age and older with known risk factors
• HPV vaccine (human papillomavirus) – recommended for all adults up through 26 years of age, and for some adults aged 27 through 45 years
• MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, and rubella) – recommended for all adults born in 1957 or later

Vaccines you need People with diabetes (both type 1 and type 2) are at higher risk for serious problems, including hospitalization or death, from certain vaccine-preventable diseases. Vaccines are one of the safest ways for you to protect your health, even if you are taking prescription medications. In addition to vaccines recommended for all adults ( COVID-19, Flu (influenza) , and Tdap or Td ), make sure you’re up to date on this vaccine:

Vaccines you need People with heart disease and those who have suffered stroke are at higher risk for serious problems or complications from certain vaccine preventable diseases. Other vaccine-preventable diseases, like the flu, can even increase the risk of another heart attack. In addition to vaccines recommended for all adults ( COVID-19, Flu (influenza) , and Tdap or Td ), make sure you’re up to date on this vaccine:

You may need other vaccines, too You may need other vaccines based on your age or other factors, too. Talk with your cardiologist or primary care doctor to find out which vaccines are recommended for you. These may include:

Vaccines you need Vaccines are especially critical for people with chronic health conditions such as HIV infection. Vaccine recommendations may differ based on CD4 count. In addition to vaccines recommended for all adults ( COVID-19,   Flu (influenza) , and Tdap or Td ), make sure you’re up to date on these vaccines:

• Hepatitis A vaccine
• Meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenACWY)

If your CD4 count is 200 or greater 1 In addition to the vaccines listed above, you may need these vaccines:

You may need other vaccines, too You may need other vaccines based on your age or other factors, too. Talk with your doctor to find out which vaccines are recommended for you. This may include:

1 If CD4 percentages are available, CD4 percentage should be 15% or greater.

Vaccines you need Vaccines are especially critical for people with health conditions such as liver disease. Getting vaccinated is one of the safest ways for you to protect your health, even if you are taking prescription medications for liver disease. In addition to vaccines recommended for all adults ( COVID-19, Flu (influenza) , and Tdap or Td ), make sure you’re up to date on these vaccines:

Vaccines you need People with lung disease (including asthma or COPD) are at higher risk for serious problems, including hospitalization or death, from certain vaccine-preventable diseases. Getting vaccinated is one of the safest ways for you to protect your health, even if you are taking prescription medications for your condition. In addition to vaccines recommended for all adults ( COVID-19, Flu (influenza) , and Tdap or Td ), make sure you’re up to date on this vaccine:

Vaccines you need Getting vaccinated is one of the safest ways for you to protect your health, even if you are taking prescription medications for end-stage renal (kidney) disease or on hemodialysis. In addition to vaccines recommended for all adults ( COVID-19, Flu (influenza) , and Tdap or Td ), make sure you’re up to date on these vaccines:

Vaccines you need Vaccines are especially critical for people with a weakened immune system from diseases such as cancer or patients taking immunosuppressive drugs. Having a weakened immune system means that it is more difficult to fight off infections or diseases in the body. In addition to vaccines recommended for all adults ( COVID-19, Flu (influenza) , and Tdap or Td ), adults with weakened immune systems caused by immunocompromising conditions such as cancer should make sure they’re up to date on these vaccines:

• Hib vaccine ( Haemophilus influenzae type b) – Recommended for adults with complement deficiency, which is a specific type of immune deficiency, and for adults who have received a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT, or a bone marrow transplant)
• Pneumococcal vaccines (PCV15 or PCV20, PPSV23)
• Meningococcal vaccines (MenACWY and MenB) – Recommended for adults with complement deficiency, which is a specific type of immune deficiency
• Who Should NOT Get Vaccinated
• Adult Vaccine Self-Assessment Tool
• Vaccines for Military and Dependents

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Stay healthy abroad: Why you should see a travel medicine specialist before your trip

Mayo Clinic Staff

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As you get ready to travel to another country, you probably have many details to coordinate and plan. One essential task, depending on where those travels take you, may be to make an appointment to see a travel medicine specialist.

A travel medicine specialist assesses travel-related risks and provides information to ensure your health and safety while minimizing the potential for health-related situations during your trip. 

Adding a consultation to your travel to-do list

A consultation with a travel medicine specialist includes discussing travel-related illnesses, risk factors for infectious and noninfectious diseases,  required immunizations , health regulations and drug-resistant organisms you may encounter.

It's crucial to schedule a pretravel consultation at least two weeks — and preferably 4 to 8 weeks — before your trip to ensure you get complete protection from any needed vaccinations. When requesting a travel medicine consultation, be prepared to provide information about your trip, including:

• All countries being visited
• Any transportation, accommodation or other circumstances that are out of the usual 
• Dates and duration of travel

A travel medicine specialist will review your itinerary before your consultation to identify country-by-country health risks, such as exotic infectious agents, the potential for altitude sickness or heat exhaustion, as well as appropriate vaccinations and possible need for malaria-prevention medications. 

Your opportunity to learn about staying healthy abroad

A consultation gives you the opportunity to learn about health risks you may face while you're traveling and once you reach your destinations. Based on your itinerary, the travel medicine specialist may: 

• Explain the risks of infection from mosquito-borne illnesses and the steps for protecting yourself. This includes reviewing medications to prevent  malaria, which is a potentially life-threatening illness.
• Ensure you receive protection against vaccine-preventable illnesses, such as  hepatitis A  or  typhoid fever , and verify that other  routine vaccinations  are current.
• Evaluate your overall health for travel and discuss with you how to manage preexisting conditions.
• Give tips for preventing jet lag, motion sickness, altitude illness and  blood clots .
• Go over how to prevent and treat  traveler's diarrhea , the most common travel-related illness.
• Help you reduce the chance of becoming ill during travel.
• Provide a  yellow fever  vaccination and an International Certificate of Vaccination, also known as a yellow card, if you travel to a country where the vaccine is recommended or required.
• Review food and water precautions. Contaminated food and water can pose disease risk for travelers, many of which are transmitted via by swallowing or coming in contact with impure water, such as fresh or sea water and swimming pools.

Be sure to ask the specialist any questions you may have about your personal health and raise any safety concerns about your travel itinerary.  

Get sick on your trip? Check-in with a travel medicine specialist

Once you return home, a travel medicine specialist also can conduct a comprehensive post-travel evaluation of any illnesses you may have picked up while away, including parasitic infections and other tropical diseases that are rare in the U.S.

No matter the reason for travel — vacation, business, studying abroad, visiting friends or relatives or medical tourism — always be prepared and take steps to ensure your health and safety.

  Raj Palraj, M.B.B.S., M.D. , specializes in  infectious diseases  in  La Crosse, Wisconsin . 

This article first appeared on the  Mayo Clinic Health System blog .

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Related Articles

Travel vaccination advice

If you're planning to travel outside the UK, you may need to be vaccinated against some of the serious diseases found in other parts of the world.

Vaccinations are available to protect you against infections such as yellow fever , typhoid and hepatitis A .

In the UK, the  NHS routine immunisation (vaccination) schedule protects you against a number of diseases, but does not cover all of the infectious diseases found overseas.

When should I start thinking about the vaccines I need?

If possible, see the GP or a private travel clinic at least 6 to 8 weeks before you're due to travel.

Some vaccines need to be given well in advance to allow your body to develop immunity.

And some vaccines involve a number of doses spread over several weeks or months.

You may be more at risk of some diseases, for example, if you're:

• travelling in rural areas
• backpacking
• staying in hostels or camping
• on a long trip rather than a package holiday

If you have a pre-existing health problem, this may make you more at risk of infection or complications from a travel-related illness.

Which travel vaccines do I need?

You can find out which vaccinations are necessary or recommended for the areas you'll be visiting on these websites:

• Travel Health Pro
• NHS Fit for Travel

Some countries require proof of vaccination (for example, for polio or yellow fever vaccination), which must be documented on an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP) before you enter or when you leave a country.

Saudi Arabia requires proof of vaccination against certain types of meningitis for visitors arriving for the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages.

Even if an ICVP is not required, it's still a good idea to take a record of the vaccinations you have had with you.

Find out more about the vaccines available for travellers abroad

Where do I get my travel vaccines?

First, phone or visit the GP practice or practice nurse to find out whether your existing UK vaccinations are up-to-date.

If you have any records of your vaccinations, let the GP know what you have had previously.

The GP or practice nurse may be able to give you general advice about travel vaccinations and travel health, such as protecting yourself from malaria.

They can give you any missing doses of your UK vaccines if you need them.

Not all travel vaccinations are available free on the NHS, even if they're recommended for travel to a certain area.

If the GP practice can give you the travel vaccines you need but they are not available on the NHS, ask for:

• written information on what vaccines are needed
• the cost of each dose or course
• any other charges you may have to pay, such as for some certificates of vaccination

You can also get travel vaccines from:

• private travel vaccination clinics
• pharmacies offering travel healthcare services

Which travel vaccines are free?

The following travel vaccines are available free on the NHS from your GP surgery:

• polio (given as a combined diphtheria/tetanus/polio jab )
• hepatitis A

These vaccines are free because they protect against diseases thought to represent the greatest risk to public health if they were brought into the country.

Which travel vaccines will I have to pay for?

You'll have to pay for travel vaccinations against:

• hepatitis B
• Japanese encephalitis
• tick-borne encephalitis
• tuberculosis (TB)
• yellow fever

Yellow fever vaccines are only available from designated centres .

The cost of travel vaccines that are not available on the NHS will vary, depending on the vaccine and number of doses you need.

It's worth considering this when budgeting for your trip.

Other things to consider

There are other things to consider when planning your travel vaccinations, including:

• your age and health – you may be more vulnerable to infection than others; some vaccines cannot be given to people with certain medical conditions
• working as an aid worker – you may come into contact with more diseases in a refugee camp or helping after a natural disaster
• working in a medical setting – a doctor, nurse or another healthcare worker may require additional vaccinations
• contact with animals – you may be more at risk of getting diseases spread by animals, such as rabies

If you're only travelling to countries in northern and central Europe, North America or Australia, you're unlikely to need any vaccinations.

But it's important to check that you're up-to-date with routine vaccinations available on the NHS.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

Speak to a GP before having any vaccinations if:

• you're pregnant
• you think you might be pregnant
• you're breastfeeding

In many cases, it's unlikely a vaccine given while you're pregnant or breastfeeding will cause problems for the baby.

But the GP will be able to give you further advice about this.

People with immune deficiencies

For some people travelling overseas, vaccination against certain diseases may not be advised.

This may be the case if:

• you have a condition that affects your body's immune system, such as HIV or AIDS
• you're receiving treatment that affects your immune system, such as chemotherapy
• you have recently had a bone marrow or organ transplant

A GP can give you further advice about this.

Non-travel vaccines

As well as getting any travel vaccinations you need, it's also a good opportunity to make sure your other UK vaccinations are up-to-date and have booster vaccines if necessary.

People in certain risk groups may be offered extra vaccines.

These include vaccinations against diseases such as:

Read more information on NHS vaccines for adults and children to find out whether you should have any.

Page last reviewed: 16 March 2023 Next review due: 16 March 2026

What to know about the measles vaccine — from who should get one, to how long immunity lasts

Measles vaccine is one of the most effective, offers long-lasting protection, medical experts say.

Demand for measles vaccine leading to shortages

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This story is part of CBC Health's Second Opinion, a weekly analysis of health and medical science news emailed to subscribers on Saturday mornings. If you haven't subscribed yet, you can do that by  clicking here .

In Canada, measles was once a disease of the past. But it's increasingly becoming a health threat of the present, after backsliding vaccination rates allowed the virus to creep back into circulation.

Canada officially eliminated measles nearly three decades ago, but for years, medical experts warned it was poised to make a comeback — and disruptions to routine childhood immunization efforts throughout the COVID-19 pandemic may have sped that up.

Now, after tens of thousands of cases in Europe, and close to 100 recent infections across Canada and the U.S., health officials are on high alert.

There are warnings about travel abroad, calls for people to ensure their families are up-to-date on the measles vaccine, and fresh reminders that the virus is highly contagious and capable of causing pneumonia, brain inflammation, and even death.

"A lot of people are worried," said Dr. Alykhan Abdulla, a family physician in Ottawa. "Measles hasn't really been around in our society for a long time."

So how should Canadians navigate the latest guidance around measles vaccination, and who's actually protected? And if you've already had at least one measles shot, are you now set for life?

Who should get the measles vaccine?

If you or your child has never had a combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine — and never had a prior measles infection — the official guidance is simple: Get vaccinated.

But after that, it gets a little more complicated.

For Canadian children, the typical schedule is now two doses, both administered before they enter school. The first MMR dose should be given when a child is 12 to 15 months of age and the second dose at 18 months, or any time after that, but no later than around school entry, notes the Canadian immunization guide. 

• Second Opinion Canada heading toward major measles outbreak without vaccine boost, new modelling suggests

As for adults, if you were born after the two-dose MMR vaccine became routine, you probably had both rounds as a child. 

Some adults might've only had one dose, however. That includes people born before 1970, who were likely exposed to the virus, given how widely measles used to circulate — and federal guidance assumes those individuals have natural immunity.

However, the same guidance suggests anyone who's at a higher risk of being exposed — like health-care workers, military personnel and international travellers — should get an MMR vaccine, regardless of their year of birth. 

Confused yet? 

• Canada faces shortage of measles vaccines amid rise in cases, demand

What if you don't have your immunization record, or can't remember if you had a measles infection in childhood? Experts suggest simply getting an MMR dose, to be safe.

"If there's any concern about whether you've been vaccinated, it's actually cheaper and easier just to get vaccinated again," said McMaster University associate professor and immunologist Dawn Bowdish.

What do I need to know if I'm travelling outside of Canada?

More than 50 countries are reporting "large and disruptive" measles outbreaks, World Health Organization officials warned this week.

So if you or a family member hasn't been vaccinated against measles before travelling, there's a higher risk of catching it, medical experts warn, making it even more important to be up-to-date on your shots.

• Measles vaccine in limited supply at Nova Scotia pharmacies

That's because measles is capable of lingering in the air for up to two hours (yes, hours ) after someone infected enters a space.

Infants under the age of one are "particularly vulnerable" to a measles infection, according to the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), since their routine shots typically start at 12 months of age.

In a statement, PHAC told CBC News the current advice for people travelling internationally is as follows:

• Infants between six months and less than 12 months of age: One dose if they're travelling to a high-risk area. (However, that shot will be considered "dose zero" on their record, as children who get an early dose will still require two more doses later.)
• Children and adolescents: Two doses.
• Adults born in 1970 or later: Two doses.
• Adults born before 1970: At least one dose.

How to protect yourself against measles

If people need a shot, how can they get one.

If you need an MMR shot, medical experts suggest speaking to your primary care provider such as a family doctor or nurse practitioner — if you have one — or reaching out to your local community health centre or public health team.

Travel clinics are also an option to quickly get a shot before a trip, though private businesses can charge $75 or more for a dose.

Still, it's not always easy.

• Toronto Public Health warns of potential measles exposure at new location linked to 2nd case

Despite the guidance around staying up-to-date on measles vaccinations, multiple Canadians told CBC News that some doctors and pharmacies are either short on supply , or simply discouraging patients from getting another round because they're either deemed too young or too old to need one. 

"I think we're all adjusting to this reality of measles resurgence from abroad," said Shelly Bolotin, director of the Centre for Vaccine Preventable Diseases at the University of Toronto. "And perhaps that is why different people are in different places."

Is there enough supply of the MMR vaccine available in Canada?

If you do need a dose, there are two MMR vaccines being used in Canada right now, from drug makers Merck and GSK. 

Shortage notices have also been posted for both brands' shots, but Health Canada said the companies have assured they'll be able to "fully meet demand" for public immunization programs, including routine childhood vaccines. 

GSK told CBC News the "temporary" shortage for its Priorix vaccine is linked to an increase in demand in the Canadian private market, adding it continues to meet the demand in the public sector. Merck Canada said it is working with provincial and federal health authorities to provide a consistent supply "in a timely manner."

• Children in Peel Region risk catching measles due to low vaccination rates, warns doctor

What's unclear to Canadian health-care teams is whether an ongoing spike in demand will further complicate vaccination efforts.

"We have to be judicious, we have a resource that is limited," said Abdulla, in Ottawa. "And we have to be thoughtful in the way that we use [the available supply]." 

Family physician Dr. Allan Grill, in Markham, Ont., said his team is currently distributing measles vaccines on an as-needed basis.

"You can imagine how overwhelmed family medicine would get if we decided all of a sudden to just focus all of our attention on everybody's measles vaccine status."

Meanwhile, Andrew Sisnett, president of Summit Health, a travel vaccine provider, said the company rarely doled out MMR shots before this year. Yet demand recently shot up, and he's having issues ordering more. 

"There are concerns that, from a private-sector perspective, that we're not going to be able to procure enough."

Measles may be spreading in some communities, health officials warn

How protective is prior infection or vaccination against measles.

If you've had a prior measles infection, there's a silver lining.

Peer-reviewed research from a team including Bolotin stressed that immunity from measles is thought to be life-long.

The study cited evidence from Denmark's remote Faroe Islands, located in the North Atlantic, which experienced a measles outbreak in 1781. The next outbreak in 1846 spared all those older than 65 — as in, all the people who would have been infected exactly 65 years earlier.

"This early observation remains some of the best evidence of life-long immunity to measles," the team wrote.

• Hamilton child isolating at home after catching measles overseas: public health

That's because of how the measles virus operates, Bowdish said.

"Unlike RSV, or influenza or other respiratory infections ... it actually infects our immune cells," she said. "And then it hijacks those immune cells to travel to our lymph nodes, where there's millions and millions more immune cells to infect." 

A serious infection like that requires a serious immune response, Bowdish said. It's a bit like your body fighting a major war, giving it deep, lasting memories of how to fend off that attacker if it ever invades again.

So, is the same thing true for getting a full set of MMR shots?

To some extent, yes.

The measles vaccine contains small amounts of live virus, making it one of the most protective shots available, Bolotin said, with two doses showing 97 per cent efficacy (how well it does in an ideal and controlled environment) in studies, and 94 per cent effectiveness (real-world performance) in field estimates. 

"It's actually a mini infection in your body. And so it creates something very, very similar to what you would see if you're infected."

• Measles may be spreading in some Canadian communities, officials warn

There can be instances where immunity after the shots does wane over time, both Bowdish and Bolotin agreed, and various global studies have documented occasional breakthrough infections. Even so, evidence suggests the shots still protect against serious illness and help curb transmission. 

"For most vaccines, what we do is we modify or minimize the severity of infections as opposed to preventing them 100 per cent," said Bowdish.

"But the measles vaccine is a different case, where it really does seem to prevent infections from getting started in most people, most of the time."

Corrections

• A previous version of this story described the Faroe Islands as being located off the coast of Denmark. In fact, they are located farther out in the Atlantic Ocean, halfway between the U.K. and Iceland. Mar 23, 2024 9:28 AM ET

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Senior Health & Medical Reporter

Lauren Pelley covers health and medical science for CBC News, including the global spread of infectious diseases, Canadian health policy, pandemic preparedness, and the crucial intersection between human health and climate change. Two-time RNAO Media Award winner for in-depth health reporting in 2020 and 2022. Contact her at: [email protected]

• @LaurenPelley

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Solano joins bay area health officials urging vigilance about measles.

Measles cases are recently rising in the United States, prompting Solano County public health leaders to join their Bay Area counterparts by urging everyone to be up to date on vaccinations and to watch for symptoms after travel or exposure.

The best protection against measles is two doses of the measles-mumps-rubella, or MMR, vaccine. It provides lifetime protection. This is particularly important for anyone travelling internationally in the coming months, Jayleen Richards, public health administrator for Solano County, said in a press statement.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that in 2024 there have been 64 confirmed cases of measles across 17 U.S. cities and regions, with more than 90 percent of those cases linked to international travel. Measles is circulating in many regions in the world, including popular tourist and business destinations. Most cases in the U.S. have been among children aged 12 months and older who had not received the measles-mumps-rubella, or MMR, vaccine.

With three major airports, the Bay Area is a hub for international travel, increasing the potential for exposure to this highly contagious virus, Richards noted in the press statement. The statement also noted that individuals or families that plan to travel internationally without vaccinations is at increased risk of getting infected.

Before international travel, check your destination and the CDC’s Global Measles Travel Health Notice for more travel health advice, including where measles outbreaks have been reported. Parents should consult with their child’s health care provider before traveling.

After returning to the United States, watch for signs and symptoms of measles for three weeks. While MMR vaccination rates have been high in the Bay Area, it’s a good idea to confirm vaccination history.  Having documentation of your vaccination status can help you avoid being quarantined if you are exposed. The CDC offers accelerated guidelines for persons, including children under 12 months, who plan to travel internationally.

“Though the risk of exposure to measles is still low, we encourage residents to stay up to date on vaccines and ensure you have the strongest protections against this dangerous disease,” said Dr. Cameron Kaiser, Solano County deputy public health officer.

Measles symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose, high fever, and conjunctivitis (pink eye), followed two to four days later by a rash.

Although measles was declared eliminated in the U.S. in 2000, annual U.S. cases were 49 in 2021 and 121 in 2022, according to preliminary reports from the CDC. The center’s data trackers noted that 93 percent of U.S. kindergartners received their measles vaccine, short of a threshold to prevent transmission. The decline in measles vaccinations puts more children at risk of severe illness, say CDC officials, who also noted that the 23 cases that emerged nationwide in January were identified mostly in children and adolescents who had not been vaccinated.

About one in five persons infected with measles requires hospitalization, and nearly one to three of every 1,000 children who become infected with measles will die from respiratory and neurologic complications, according to the CDC. Measles presents the greatest risk to children under 5 years of age, adults over 20 years, pregnant women, and people with compromised immune systems, said Richards.

For questions about the MMR vaccine and immunization records, local residents are urged to contact their health care provider and access your digital vaccine record.

For more information, follow Solano County Public Health on Facebook at www.Facebook.com/SolanoCountyPH and @SolanoCountyPH.

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Here's what to know about dengue, as Puerto Rico declares a public health emergency

Joe Hernandez

Victoria Micieli, director and scientist at the Center for Parasitological and Vector Studies of the national scientific research institute CONICET, classifies different species of mosquitoes at a laboratory in La Plata, in Argentina's Buenos Aires Province, on Tuesday. Luis Robayo/AFP via Getty Images hide caption

Victoria Micieli, director and scientist at the Center for Parasitological and Vector Studies of the national scientific research institute CONICET, classifies different species of mosquitoes at a laboratory in La Plata, in Argentina's Buenos Aires Province, on Tuesday.

Puerto Rico has issued a public health emergency after recording an unusually rapid rise in dengue cases over the first few months of this year.

It's the latest area to grapple with a surge of infections of the mosquito-borne disease, which sickens an estimated 100–400 million people globally each year.

According to Puerto Rico's health department, the territory has recorded 549 cases since the start of the year, nearly half of which have occurred in the San Juan region. Puerto Rico saw a total of 1,293 cases throughout all of last year, the Associated Press reported .

Goats and Soda

With a million cases of dengue so far this year, brazil is in a state of emergency.

"This year, dengue cases have exceeded historical figures," Puerto Rico's health secretary Carlos Mellado López said in a statement.

Dengue has been surging elsewhere, too. Brazil has seen a dramatic uptick in dengue this year, with more than one million cases, while Peru experienced a record number of infections last summer. Argentina is also on the cusp of a record-breaking dengue outbreak .

According to the World Health Organization, about half of the world's population is now at risk for the disease.

What is dengue?

People typically contract dengue through the bite of an Aedes mosquito infected with one of the four types of the dengue virus.

Most people with dengue will show no signs of infection or experience only mild symptoms , such as fever, muscle and joint pain and nausea. They typically recover in one or two weeks.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, only a quarter of people infected with dengue get sick.

Shots - Health News

The u.s. is unprepared for the growing threat of mosquito- and tick-borne viruses.

In rare cases, dengue can require hospitalization and be potentially fatal. More severe symptoms include bleeding gums and nose, abdominal pain and persistent vomiting.

Those who've gotten dengue previously are more likely to become seriously ill with a subsequent infection.

Though there is no specific medicine to treat dengue, sufferers can take acetaminophen to control their fever and reduce pain.

How to keep yourself safe

Roughly half of the Earth's population could catch dengue where they live. Found most commonly in tropical and subtropical climates, dengue is endemic to more than 100 countries in Asia, Africa, the Americas and elsewhere, according to the WHO, and has been spreading to parts of Europe. Last year Florida and Texas reported dengue cases.

There is a vaccine for dengue called Dengvaxia. In the U.S., it is approved for use in children between ages 9–16 who have previously been infected with the disease, and in other parts of the world it is available to adults up to age 45.

Experts say the best way to avoid contracting dengue is to prevent mosquito bites .

There's A Promising New Vaccine For One Of The World's Top Health Threats

Insect repellents such as DEET, Picaridin and IR3535 can help keep mosquitoes at bay. People can also wear loose-fitting clothing that covers their arms and legs and use mosquito nets.

At home, people should have screens in windows and doors and regularly dump standing water from items like flower pots to prevent mosquitoes from laying eggs.

• Puerto Rico

Claudia Looi

Touring the Top 10 Moscow Metro Stations

By Claudia Looi 2 Comments

Komsomolskaya metro station looks like a museum. It has vaulted ceilings and baroque decor.

Hidden underground, in the heart of Moscow, are historical and architectural treasures of Russia. These are Soviet-era creations – the metro stations of Moscow.

Our guide Maria introduced these elaborate metro stations as “the palaces for the people.” Built between 1937 and 1955, each station holds its own history and stories. Stalin had the idea of building beautiful underground spaces that the masses could enjoy. They would look like museums, art centers, concert halls, palaces and churches. Each would have a different theme. None would be alike.

The two-hour private tour was with a former Intourist tour guide named Maria. Maria lived in Moscow all her life and through the communist era of 60s to 90s. She has been a tour guide for more than 30 years. Being in her 60s, she moved rather quickly for her age. We traveled and crammed with Maria and other Muscovites on the metro to visit 10 different metro stations.

Arrow showing the direction of metro line 1 and 2

Moscow subways are very clean

To Maria, every street, metro and building told a story. I couldn’t keep up with her stories. I don’t remember most of what she said because I was just thrilled being in Moscow.   Added to that, she spilled out so many Russian words and names, which to one who can’t read Cyrillic, sounded so foreign and could be easily forgotten.

The metro tour was the first part of our all day tour of Moscow with Maria. Here are the stations we visited:

1. Komsomolskaya Metro Station  is the most beautiful of them all. Painted yellow and decorated with chandeliers, gold leaves and semi precious stones, the station looks like a stately museum. And possibly decorated like a palace. I saw Komsomolskaya first, before the rest of the stations upon arrival in Moscow by train from St. Petersburg.

2. Revolution Square Metro Station (Ploshchad Revolyutsii) has marble arches and 72 bronze sculptures designed by Alexey Dushkin. The marble arches are flanked by the bronze sculptures. If you look closely you will see passersby touching the bronze dog's nose. Legend has it that good luck comes to those who touch the dog's nose.

Touch the dog's nose for good luck. At the Revolution Square station

Revolution Square Metro Station

3. Arbatskaya Metro Station served as a shelter during the Soviet-era. It is one of the largest and the deepest metro stations in Moscow.

Arbatskaya Metro Station

4. Biblioteka Imeni Lenina Metro Station was built in 1935 and named after the Russian State Library. It is located near the library and has a big mosaic portrait of Lenin and yellow ceramic tiles on the track walls.

Lenin's portrait at the Biblioteka Imeni Lenina Metro Station

5. Kievskaya Metro Station was one of the first to be completed in Moscow. Named after the capital city of Ukraine by Kiev-born, Nikita Khruschev, Stalin's successor.

Kievskaya Metro Station

6. Novoslobodskaya Metro Station  was built in 1952. It has 32 stained glass murals with brass borders.

Novoslobodskaya metro station

7. Kurskaya Metro Station was one of the first few to be built in Moscow in 1938. It has ceiling panels and artwork showing Soviet leadership, Soviet lifestyle and political power. It has a dome with patriotic slogans decorated with red stars representing the Soviet's World War II Hall of Fame. Kurskaya Metro Station is a must-visit station in Moscow.

Ceiling panel and artworks at Kurskaya Metro Station

8. Mayakovskaya Metro Station built in 1938. It was named after Russian poet Vladmir Mayakovsky. This is one of the most beautiful metro stations in the world with 34 mosaics painted by Alexander Deyneka.

Mayakovskaya station

One of the over 30 ceiling mosaics in Mayakovskaya metro station

9. Belorusskaya Metro Station is named after the people of Belarus. In the picture below, there are statues of 3 members of the Partisan Resistance in Belarus during World War II. The statues were sculpted by Sergei Orlov, S. Rabinovich and I. Slonim.

10. Teatralnaya Metro Station (Theatre Metro Station) is located near the Bolshoi Theatre.

Teatralnaya Metro Station decorated with porcelain figures .

Taking the metro's escalator at the end of the tour with Maria the tour guide.

Have you visited the Moscow Metro? Leave your comment below.

January 15, 2017 at 8:17 am

An excellent read! Thanks for much for sharing the Russian metro system with us. We're heading to Moscow in April and exploring the metro stations were on our list and after reading your post, I'm even more excited to go visit them. Thanks again 🙂

December 6, 2017 at 10:45 pm

Hi, do you remember which tour company you contacted for this tour?

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Measles cases are increasing globally, including in the United States. The majority of measles cases imported into the United States occur in unvaccinated U.S. residents who become infected during international travel. A list of countries with confirmed measles outbreaks can be found on the Global Measles Travel Health Notice (THN) . Measles spreads rapidly in communities that are not fully vaccinated and may pose a risk to international travelers in places not included in the THN. CDC recommends all travelers get fully vaccinated against measles before traveling to any international destination.

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