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How Cruise Control Systems Work

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Cruise control is an invaluable feature on Ameri­can ­cars. Without cruise control, long road trips would be more tiring, for the driver at least, and those of us suffering from lead-foot syndrome would probably get a lot more speeding tickets.

­Cruise control is far more common on American cars than European cars, because the roads in America are generally bigger and straighter, and destinations are farther apart. With traffic continually increasing, basic cruise control is becoming less useful, but instead of becoming obsolete, cruise control systems are adapting to this new reality -- soon, cars will be equipped with adaptive cruise control, which will allow your ­car to follow the car in front of it while continually adjusting speed to maintain a safe distance.

In this article, we'll learn how a conventional cruise control system works, and then we'll take a look at adaptive cruise control systems that are under development.

What Cruise Control Does

Cruise control acceleration and deceleration, controlling the cruise control, adaptive cruise control.

The cruise control system actually has a lot of functions other than controlling the speed of your car. For instance, the cruise control pictured below can accelerate or decelerate the car by 1 mph with the tap of a button. Hit the button five times to go 5 mph faster. There are also several important safety features -- the cruise control will disengage as soon as you hit the brake pedal, and it won't engage at speeds less than 25 mph (40 kph).

The system pictured below has five buttons: On, Off, Set/Accel, Resume and Coast. It also has a sixth control -- the brake pedal, and if your car has a manual transmission the clutch pedal is also hooked up to the cruise control.

• The on and off buttons don't actually do much. Hitting the on button does not do anything except tell the car that you might be hitting another button soon. The off button turns the cruise control off even if it is engaged. Some cruise controls don't have these buttons; instead, they turn off when the driver hits the brakes, and turn on when the driver hits the set button.
• The set/accel button tells the car to maintain the speed you are currently driving. If you hit the set button at 45 mph, the car will maintain your speed at 45 mph. Holding down the set/accel button will make the car accelerate; and on this car, tapping it once will make the car go 1 mph faster.
• If you recently disengaged the cruise control by hitting the brake pedal, hitting the resume button will command the car to accelerate back to the most recent speed setting.
• Holding down the coast button will cause the car to decelerate, just as if you took your foot completely off the gas. On this car, tapping the coast button once will cause the car to slow down by 1 mph.
• The brake pedal and clutch pedal each have a switch that disengages the cruise control as soon as the pedal is pressed, so you can shut off the cruise control with a light tap on the brake or clutch.

The cruise control system controls the speed of your car the same way you do -- by adjusting the throttle position . But cruise control actuates the throttle valve by a cable connected to an actuator , instead of by pressing a pedal. The throttle valve controls the power and speed of the engine by limiting how much air the engine takes in (see How Fuel Injection Systems Work for more details).

In the picture above, you can see two cables connected to a pivot that moves the throttle valve. One cable comes from the accelerator pedal, and one from the actuator. When the cruise control is engaged, the actuator moves the cable connected to the pivot, which adjusts the throttle; but it also pulls on the cable that is connected to the gas pedal -- this is why your pedal moves up and down when the cruise control is engaged.

Many cars use actuators powered by engine vacuum to open and close the throttle. These systems use a small, electronically-controlled valve to regulate the vacuum in a diaphragm. This works in a similar way to the brake booster , which provides power to your brake system.

The brain of a cruise control system is a small computer that is normally found under the hood or behind the dashboard. It connects to the throttle control seen in the previous section, as well as several sensors. The diagram below shows the inputs and outputs of a typical cruise control system.

A good cruise control system accelerates aggressively to the desired speed without overshooting, and then maintains that speed with little deviation no matter how much weight is in the car, or how steep the hill you drive up. Controlling the speed of a car is a classic application of control system theory . The cruise control system controls the speed of the car by adjusting the throttle position, so it needs sensors to tell it the speed and throttle position. It also needs to monitor the controls so it can tell what the desired speed is and when to disengage.

The most important input is the speed signal; the cruise control system does a lot with this signal. First, let's start with one of the most basic control systems you could have -- a proportional control .

In a proportional control system, the cruise control adjusts the throttle proportional to the error, the error being the difference between the desired speed and the actual speed. So, if the cruise control is set at 60 mph and the car is going 50 mph, the throttle position will be open quite far. When the car is going 55 mph, the throttle position opening will be only half of what it was before. The result is that the closer the car gets to the desired speed, the slower it accelerates. Also, if you were on a steep enough hill, the car might not accelerate at all.

Most cruise control systems use a control scheme called proportional-integral-derivative control (a.k.a. PID control). Don't worry, you don't need to know any calculus to make it through this explanation -- just remember that:

• The integral of speed is distance.
• The derivative of speed is acceleration.

A PID control system uses these three factors -- proportional, integral and derivative, calculating each individually and adding them to get the throttle position.

We've already discussed the proportional factor. The integral factor is based on the time integral of the vehicle speed error . Translation: the difference between the distance your car actually traveled and the distance it would have traveled if it were going at the desired speed, calculated over a set period of time. This factor helps the car deal with hills, and also helps it settle into the correct speed and stay there. Let's say your car starts to go up a hill and slows down. The proportional control increases the throttle a little, but you may still slow down. After a little while, the integral control will start to increase the throttle, opening it more and more, because the longer the car maintains a speed slower than the desired speed, the larger the distance error gets.

Now let's add in the final factor, the derivative . Remember that the derivative of speed is acceleration. This factor helps the cruise control respond quickly to changes, such as hills. If the car starts to slow down, the cruise control can see this acceleration (slowing down and speeding up are both acceleration) before the speed can actually change much, and respond by increasing the throttle position.

Two companies are developing a more advanced cruise control that can automatically adjust a car's speed to maintain a safe following distance. This new technology, called adaptive cruise control , uses forward-looking radar , installed behind the grill of a vehicle, to detect the speed and distance of the vehicle ahead of it.

Adaptive cruise control is similar to conventional cruise control in that it maintains the vehicle's pre-set speed. However, unlike conventional cruise control, this new system can automatically adjust speed in order to maintain a proper distance between vehicles in the same lane. This is achieved through a radar headway sensor , digital signal processor and longitudinal controller . If the lead vehicle slows down, or if another object is detected, the system sends a signal to the engine or braking system to decelerate. Then, when the road is clear, the system will re-accelerate the vehicle back to the set speed.

The 77-GHz Autocruise radar system made by TRW has a forward-looking range of up to 492 feet (150 meters), and operates at vehicle speeds ranging from 18.6 miles per hour (30 kph) to 111 mph (180 kph). Delphi's 76-GHz system can also detect objects as far away as 492 feet, and operates at speeds as low as 20 mph (32 kph).

Adaptive cruise control is just a preview of the technology being developed by both companies. These systems are being enhanced to include collision warning capabilities that will warn drivers through visual and/or audio signals that a collision is imminent and that braking or evasive steering is needed.

For more information on cruise control, check out the links below.

Cruise Control FAQ

How does cruise control work, how does adaptive cruise control work, will adaptive cruise control stop the vehicle, when would you use cruise control, how useful is cruise control, lots more information, related articles.

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Cruise Control In Cars Explained (And How To Safely Use It)

Have you ever wished you could set your car's speed and just sit back and relax while driving on a long stretch of highway? If that's the case, then cruise control is just the ticket you've been searching for—and the good news is, it's a standard feature in most cars these days!

Cruise control is a handy feature for drivers that allows you to maintain a constant speed without having to keep your foot on the gas pedal. In this post, we'll explore how cruise control works, its benefits, and how to use it safely to make your driving experience more comfortable.

Understanding Cruise Control

Cruise control, also known as speed control, is an electronic system that allows you to maintain a specific speed without manually controlling the accelerator pedal. The system uses sensors and electronic components to control the throttle and keep your car moving at a desired speed. First introduced in the late 1950s, cruise control has since become a standard feature in most modern vehicles you see on the road today.

How Does It Work?

At its core, cruise control involves a series of sensors that monitor the vehicle's speed and a control unit that regulates the throttle. When the driver sets the cruise control to a specific speed, the system adjusts the throttle to maintain that speed. If the car begins to slow down because of an incline (e.g. going up a hill), the system will open the throttle to accelerate. Conversely, if the car starts to speed up due to a declin (e.g. going downhill), the system will close the throttle to decelerate.

Modern cruise control systems also come with additional features like adaptive cruise control (ACC), which uses radar or cameras to detect vehicles ahead and automatically adjusts the speed to maintain a safe following distance (more on this BELOW).

The History of Cruise Control

The invention of cruise control can be traced back to the late 1940s and early 1950s, when engineer Ralph Teetor developed the first-speed control system. This innovative feature was designed to help drivers maintain a steady speed, reduce fatigue while driving, and improve fuel efficiency. Over the years, cruise control technology has undergone significant advancements, leading to the development of sophisticated systems like adaptive cruise control.

Types of Cruise Control Systems

Today, drivers can choose from a range of cruise control systems, each with its own unique features and functionalities.

Conventional Cruise Control

Conventional cruise control is like your old reliable friend. It's pretty basic and doesn't have any fancy bells and whistles. You just set the speed you want, and it'll keep your car cruising along at that speed, no problem. It's perfect for those long drives on open highways, but it doesn’t automatically react to other cars on the road.

So, if the car in front of you slows down, you'll need to step in and adjust your speed manually. This trusty system comes standard on most cars and is great for saving some fuel on those long road trips .

Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)

Now, if conventional cruise control is your old reliable friend, then Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) is like that friend's tech-savvy younger cousin. ACC isn't just maintaining your set speed, it's also keeping an eye on the car in front of you. If that car slows down, ACC slows your car down to keep a safe distance .

It's like having an extra set of eyes on the road, making highway driving a breeze. Plus, some ACC systems can even handle stop-and-go traffic, bringing your car to a full stop and then picking up speed again when traffic gets moving.

Predictive Cruise Control

Predictive Cruise Control is like the fortune teller of cruise control systems. It uses GPS and map data to see into the future and predict what's coming up on the road, like hills or curves, and adjusts your speed accordingly. This means you get a smoother ride and better fuel efficiency, but it all depends on the quality of the GPS and map data. If that's a bit out of date, your fortune-telling cruise control might not be so accurate. It's usually found in more high-end vehicles where top-notch fuel efficiency is a focus for the engineers.

Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC)

And then we have Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control, or CACC. This is like the team player of cruise control systems. It allows cars to talk to each other, coordinating their speeds to maintain a safe distance. It's like having a well-coordinated team of cars all working together to make the traffic flow smoother and reduce congestion. Picture it like a synchronized dance on the highway, where every car knows its place and keeps the right distance. This tech is still pretty new, but it's got a lot of potential. Imagine a future where traffic jams could be a thing of the past.

Remember, these systems are here to make your drive smoother and safer, but they're not a replacement for your attention. No matter how fancy your cruise control is, these systems can be greatly influenced by external conditions like weather and traffic, and they should always be used as aids, not replacements, for attentive driving.

Common Cruise Control Symbols and Indicators

Understanding the various symbols and indicators associated with cruise control is important for safe and effective usage. These symbols typically appear on the dashboard (or on the side of the steering wheel) and may include a speedometer icon, "SET," "RES" (resume), and "CANCEL". Be sure to consult your vehicle's owner's manual for specific details and explanations of these symbols.

Benefits of Using Cruise Control

Cruise control offers several benefits to drivers, especially during long road trips or highway driving.

Fuel Efficiency

One of the main advantages of using cruise control is improved fuel efficiency. By maintaining a constant speed, cruise control helps reduce fuel consumption, leading to better gas mileage. Rapid acceleration and deceleration, on the other hand, can lead to increased fuel consumption.

Comfort and Convenience

Cruise control allows drivers to take their foot off the accelerator pedal, reducing fatigue and improving comfort during long drives. It also helps drivers avoid unintentionally exceeding the speed limit by setting a maximum speed.

When used correctly, cruise control can contribute to safer driving. By maintaining a steady speed, it reduces the likelihood of erratic driving behavior and potential accidents. However, it is important to note that cruise control shouldn't be used in certain conditions, such as heavy traffic or slippery roads .

Troubleshooting Common Cruise Control Issues

Occasionally, you may encounter issues with your cruise control systems. Common problems include cruise control not engaging or disengaging unexpectedly. Possible causes may include a faulty brake light switch, malfunctioning sensors, or issues with the control module. If you experience any problems with your cruise control, it's best to have a qualified technician diagnose and repair the issue for you.

Cruise Control and Road Etiquette

Practicing proper road etiquette while using cruise control is essential for a safe and pleasant driving experience. Here are some tips on how to use cruise control courteously:

• Avoid using cruise control in heavy or congested traffic, as it may hinder your ability to react quickly to changing conditions.
• Be mindful of other drivers when setting your speed. Avoid setting a speed that's significantly slower or faster than the flow of traffic.
• If you are in the passing lane and using cruise control, be sure to adjust your speed or temporarily disengage the system to allow faster-moving vehicles to pass.
• Always signal your intentions, such as lane changes or exiting the highway, even when using cruise control.

The Future of Cruise Control Technology

Cruise control technology plays a vital role in the development of autonomous vehicles, or self-driving cars . In autonomous vehicles, cruise control systems work together with other advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) to enable the vehicle to operate without direct driver input. These systems include lane-keeping assist, automatic emergency braking, and collision avoidance systems.

As autonomous vehicles become more sophisticated, cruise control technology is evolving to support higher levels of automation. For example, some autonomous vehicles are equipped with advanced cruise control systems that can navigate complex traffic scenarios, merge onto highways, and even change lanes autonomously.

While fully autonomous vehicles are still in the developmental stages, the integration of cruise control technology is a big step toward creating safer and more efficient transportation systems.

As automotive tech continues to advance, cruise control systems are becoming more intelligent and capable. Here are some potential developments we can expect to see in the future of cruise control technology:

• Integration of artificial intelligence (AI) to improve decision-making and responsiveness in adaptive cruise control systems.
• Enhanced connectivity and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, enabling cars to share information about traffic conditions and coordinate their speeds for smoother traffic flow.
• Greater customization and personalization options, allowing drivers to set preferences for cruise control behavior, such as following distance and speed adjustments.

Overall, the future of cruise control technology holds promise for creating a more seamless and enjoyable driving experience, with a focus on safety, comfort, and sustainability.

Debunking Myths About Cruise Control

Let's address and debunk some common misconceptions about cruise control:

Myth : Cruise control can be used as a substitute for driver attention.

Fact : Cruise control is a driver assistance feature, not a replacement for attentive driving. Drivers should always remain alert and ready to take control when necessary.

Myth : Cruise control increases the risk of accidents.

Fact : When used appropriately, cruise control can contribute to safer driving by maintaining a steady speed and reducing erratic driving behavior.

Cruise control is a valuable feature that can enhance your driving experience by providing comfort, convenience, and fuel efficiency. Remember to use it safely and appropriately based on driving conditions, and always stay attentive while on the road.

If you found this post informative and want to learn more about car features, driving tips, and automotive technology, be sure to subscribe to our newsletter for regular updates. We're here to help you stay informed and enhance your driving experience.

Frequently Asked Questions About Cruise Control

To further enhance your understanding of cruise control, here are answers to some common questions:

Q : Can cruise control be used in all weather conditions?

A : It isn't advisable to use cruise control in adverse weather conditions, such as heavy rain, snow, or icy roads, as it may reduce your ability to respond quickly to changing road conditions.

Q : Can I use cruise control in urban areas with frequent stop-and-go traffic?

A : Cruise control is best suited for open roads and highways with consistent traffic flow. It isn't recommended for use in urban areas with frequent stops or heavy traffic.

Q : Does cruise control work at any speed?

A : Cruise control typically has a minimum speed threshold, below which it can't be engaged. This threshold varies by vehicle, so check your owner's manual for specific information.

About the Author: This article was crafted by the LOOP Marketing Team. Comprising of seasoned professionals with expertise in the insurance industry, our team is dedicated to providing readers with accurate, up-to-date, and valuable information. At LOOP, we're passionate about helping families navigate the world of car insurance, ensuring they get the best coverage at the most affordable rates. Learn more about our mission and values here.

For more insights on auto insurance and other related topics, visit our blog .

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What You Need to Know About Cruise Control

Are advanced adaptive cruise control systems worth it?

Camaro Coupe

Distinguishing between basic and adaptive cruise control.

They've been equipped on vehicles for many decades, but what does cruise control actually do in a car? Early examples did little more than maintain a selected speed, with the driver then taking over if that speed becomes unsafe for any reason. This reduces fatigue or the likelihood of inadvertently exceeding the speed limit, especially over longer distances. Cruise control is what many Americans demand, owing to our extensive road network.

Modern systems, often termed adaptive cruise control (ACC), are far more advanced. They quite literally 'adapt' to changing traffic conditions. These systems utilize several sensors to automatically keep an appropriate following distance from the preceding car. Without human intervention, the car can slow down or accelerate, accounting for the typical fluctuations in speed that occur in everyday driving.

ACC was once the preserve of luxury sedans, but now it can be found on nearly any SUV and even hard-working trucks.

What’s in a Name - Different Types of Adaptive Cruise Control Systems

Not only are there different kinds of cruise control systems, but depending on the manufacturer, they will have unique names. Below are a few examples of similar systems but with different names:

• BMW's Dynamic Cruise Control or Active Cruise Control
• Cadillac's Super Cruise
• Tesla's Autopilot
• Nissan's Intelligent Cruise Control
• Mercedes-Benz's Active Distance Assist Distronic

So, what is an ACC system from BMW and how does it differ from one made by Audi or Mercedes ? Fundamentally, many of these systems function in exactly the same way and merely carry unique names. In some cases, an aftermarket system can be fitted to a vehicle without standard speed control. If you take this route, make sure that the installation is done by a reputable company.

How Does Modern Cruise Control Work?

Adaptive cruise control is what makes semi-autonomous driving possible. In general, a car with ACC incorporates some combination of radar sensors, lasers, and cameras to identify other vehicles or obstacles in the vicinity. Radar- and laser-based systems both make use of sensors integrated into the vehicle's front fascia. This information is transmitted to the car's mechanical systems, which respond accordingly. That's a cruise control definition in a nutshell.

Notably, a laser-based sensor can struggle during storms or other periods of low visibility. Radar cruise control is used by automakers like Toyota . Another type is binocular computer vision systems, where tiny cameras installed on the back of the rearview mirror can pick up on objects ahead of your car.

Some iterations of a cruise control system will merely alert the driver to take action if a preceding vehicle gets too close. Other systems will take evasive action and brake the car automatically. Modern stop-and-go systems, often termed traffic jam assist, takes the hassle out of navigating rush hour traffic.

In terms of mechanical speed control, an actuator is employed to which a cable is connected. This setup actuates the throttle valve, effectively performing the same job as you would if you depressed the gas pedal with your foot. Another component is the speed control module, effectively the "brains" behind the system that remembers the desired speed.

How to Operate Cruise Control

It's always a good idea to consult your owner's manual for guidance on how to use cruise control. As with many vehicle functions like switching on lights, operating the ventilation system, or even using the indicator, each automaker does things slightly differently. For the most part, the process is the same. You will set your desired speed as well as the gap you'd like to maintain from the preceding vehicle. From there, it's simple. The car does the hard work and will stick to either the chosen speed, the following distance, or both simultaneously.

However, as systems differ, it's important to take some time to acclimatize to your car's specific ACC. Some will only provide minimal braking before we need to intervene, while other cars can stop completely. In both cases, it's important to remain focused on your surroundings. Some vehicles allow you to choose how aggressively the system slows down or picks up speed. At times, you may want to stick to the basic speed control setting when there will be minimal slowing down.

In inclement weather conditions or when it's raining, the sensors can't always operate as effectively. In these conditions, it's advised not to use the ACC. If the feature is not working as you know it should, it's best not to activate it at all.

Before buying a particular model with ACC, it's worth going for an extended test drive to ascertain if the feature improves your driving experience.

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Guide to Adaptive Cruise Control

How this convenience feature works to reduce your stress on long drives

Adaptive cruise control (ACC) is like traditional cruise control, but smarter. ACC systems allow you to set a desired speed until your vehicle encounters slower-moving traffic. Then it will brake to maintain a set distance from the car ahead. Once the traffic starts moving again or if there is no longer a car in the lane ahead, ACC will accelerate to resume the previous set speed. Although ACC systems may take some getting used to, our survey respondents told us they appreciated the stress relief the feature brings.

“I use the feature mostly on the freeway and in stop-and-go traffic. I find it reduces tension and fatigue,” wrote a 2020 Subaru Outback owner. A 2018 Audi Q5 driver agreed. “It is so nice to just set it and let the car worry about the traffic,” they told CR.

The systems use lasers, radar, cameras, or a combination of those. If traffic slows to a stop, most ACC systems will bring the car to a complete stop, then bring it back up to speed when traffic gets going again. Others work only within certain speeds and/or might not start to accelerate automatically.

Adaptive cruise control (ACC): Cruise control that also assists with acceleration and/or braking to maintain a driver-selected gap to the vehicle in front. Some systems can come to a stop and continue while others cannot. If the car comes to a full stop, you may have to press the accelerator or a button on the steering wheel to start moving again.

Not all systems work at low speeds, so drivers who plan to use ACC in slow traffic should check the limitations of any system they plan to buy. These particular systems will often have the words “traffic jam” or “stop and go” in their name.

These features are usually activated using a button on the steering wheel with the image of a car next to a speedometer with an arrow pointing at it. A conventional cruise control system does not automatically keep a set distance away from the car in front, and it is indicated by a similar logo without the car next to the speedometer. A tip to know if your car has adaptive cruise control or regular cruise control is to look for the “gap distance” button, which usually shows a symbol of a car with horizontal distance bars in front. This button will determine how much space your car leaves between its front bumper and the rear of the car it is following.

In our most recent survey, we asked CR members to rate their experiences with the advanced safety and driver assistance systems on their model-year 2017 to 2022 cars. Respondents answered questions about their satisfaction with the systems. The survey covered about 47,000 vehicles. Most respondents told us they were “very satisfied” with ACC. Satisfaction was higher for older drivers.

OVERALL SATISFACTION

What to Look For in an Adaptive Cruise Control System

Every ACC system works slightly differently, says Kelly Funkhouser, manager for vehicle technology at CR. Some do a better job than others at recognizing merging traffic and automatically apply the brakes, while others wait too long to slow your car, requiring the driver to take control—especially when a vehicle in front of you cuts you off with a close merge.

“Most ACC systems can only be set to speeds above 20 mph but will slow the vehicle to speeds below that in stop-and-go traffic,” she says. “There are a few systems out there that don’t bring the car all the way to a stop but instead just shut off at low speeds. That can be dangerous when you’re traveling behind another slowing vehicle.” She recommends reading the automaker’s website closely and learning about the speed ranges before using ACC while on your test drive.

ACC is meant for convenience, not as a replacement for an alert driver, Funkhouser says. So don’t use adaptive cruise control as an excuse to get distracted. “Just because the car is controlling your speed doesn’t mean that you can check out,” she says. “These systems do not do well at detecting or slowing for vehicles ahead if you approach them at a high rate of speed. The driver should always be monitoring the surrounding traffic and looking ahead for potential hazards.”

Keith Barry

Keith Barry has been an auto reporter at Consumer Reports since 2018. He focuses on safety, technology, and the environmental impact of cars. Previously, he led home and appliance coverage at Reviewed; reported on cars for USA Today, Wired, and Car & Driver; and wrote for other publications as well. Keith earned a master’s degree in public health from Tufts University. Follow him on Twitter @itskeithbarry .

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What Is Adaptive Cruise Control?

Adaptive cruise control (ACC) is a system designed to help road vehicles maintain a safe following distance and stay within the speed limit. This system adjusts a car's speed automatically so drivers don't have to.

Adaptive cruise control (ACC) is a system designed to help vehicles maintain a safe following distance and stay within the speed limit. This system adjusts a car's speed automatically so drivers don't have to.

Adaptive cruise control is one of 20 terms used to describe its functions so that you might see adaptive cruise control as the following in advertisements and vehicle descriptions:

• Active cruise control
• Dynamic cruise control
• Radar cruise control
• Automatic cruise control
• Intelligent cruise control

ACC functions by sensory technology installed within vehicles such as cameras, lasers, and radar equipment, which creates an idea of how close one car is to another, or other objects on the roadway. For this reason, ACC is the basis for future car intelligence.

These sensory technologies allow the car to detect and warn the driver about potential forward collisions. When this happens, red lights begin to flash, and the phrase 'brake now!' appears on the dashboard to help the driver slow down. There might also be an audible warning.

Advantages of Adaptive Cruise Control

Limitations of adaptive cruise control.

Although there are many advantages to adaptive cruise control, there are still limitations to consider. One of the main faults in this system is the fact that it is not entirely autonomous. The driver of the vehicle still needs to practice safe driving habits that will work in tandem with this technology to produce the best results. Similarly, adverse weather conditions like snow, rain, or fog might confuse the system's sensors, as well as environmental factors such as driving through tunnels.

What Is the Difference Between a Level 1 Autonomous Car and a Level 2 Autonomous Car?

According to SAE International, when a car only has autonomous cruise control , it is considered to be a level 1 autonomous car. In contrast, a vehicle with autonomous cruise control and an additional feature, such as lane control, gets classified as a level 2 autonomous car.

How Much Does an Adaptive Cruise Control System Cost?

According to ExtremeTech, The cost of an adaptive cruise control system will vary depending on how many features you want. If you're going to have an ACC with all available features, you should be willing to pay anywhere between $2000 and $2500. If you are looking for minimal cruise control that would benefit speeds of up to 20-25 miles per hour, these more basic ACCs can cost as low as $500. The good news is that as ACC becomes more common, it will most likely reduce in price.

History of Adaptive Cruise Control

U.S. News says Mitsubishi first introduced adaptive cruise control in Japan in 1992 . This was a lidar-based distance detection system that detected objects that were getting too close. It was labeled as 'Debonair' and it was programmed to provide a warning to the driver about oncoming objects. The main difference was that it was the driver's job to apply the brakes and reduce their speed.

However, two years later in 1995, the Mitsubishi Diamante featured an upgraded approach to the Debonair called 'Preview Distance Control.' Unlike the original technology, this laser-powered system could adjust a driver's speed by downshifting or controlling the throttle. The driver was still responsible for applying the brakes.

From the early 2000s onward, big names in the car industry, such as Ford, BMW, Mercedes, Cadillac, Volkswagen, Infinity, Hyundai, Toyota, and Audi, created their versions of adaptive cruise control in their vehicles. These individual features have evolved into a high-tech system with automatic braking and speed control.

Types of Adaptive Cruise Control

Radar-based systems.

According to eInfoChips, radar-based systems work by placing radar-based sensors on or around plastic fascias to detect your vehicle's surroundings. Each radar sensor works together to create a comprehensive picture of the vehicle's proximity to other cars or potentially hazardous objects. This type of sensor can look different depending on the design and model of the car.

Laser-Based Systems

As mentioned by Electronic Design , this type of ACC system operates out of a large black box typically placed in the grille of your vehicle. It uses laser technology to detect the proximity of objects to your car. It does not operate well during rainstorms and other weather conditions.

Binocular Computer Vision Systems (Optical)

According to ExtremeTech, this is a relatively new ACC system put into use in 2013. It uses small cameras that are placed on the back of a vehicle's rearview mirror to detect front-facing objects.

Assisting Systems

Assisting systems are radar-based add-ons that customers can buy together. These pre-crash systems can offer lane control, brake assistance, cruise control, proximity alerts to objects like corners, and steering power.

Multi-Sensor Systems

According to Fierce Electronics , adaptive cruise control systems sometimes integrate more than one type of sensor to aid in a vehicle's operation. Multi-sensor systems incorporate several different sensor types to provide a driver with advanced information. These sensors might include GPS data equipment or cameras to gather information about a vehicle's geographic environment and proximity to other cars.

Predictive Systems

As mentioned by Autoblog, prediction systems are a type of ACC that uses sensory data to predict the actions of neighboring vehicles. This means that your car might slow down to brace for another vehicle suddenly switching lanes and, in doing so, promotes passenger safety.

Adaptive cruise control is evolving each year. Car companies are continuously making adjustments to this technology and, in doing so, creating more common and affordable options that can be purchased with a new car or added to older car models, making driving safer for everyday people.

Information and research in this article verified by ASE-certified Master Technician Keith Canete of YourMechanic.com . For any feedback or correction requests please contact us at [email protected] .

https://www.einfochips.com/blog/why-automotive-companies-should-adopt-radar-based-adas-systems/

https://www.electronicdesign.com/markets/automotive/article/21797633/adaptive-cruise-control-laser-diodes-as-an-alternative-to-millimeterwave-radars

https://www.autoblog.com/2015/01/14/new-honda-smart-cruise-control-predicts-other-motorists-future/

https://www.fierceelectronics.com/components/three-sensor-types-drive-autonomous-vehicles

https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/157172-what-is-adaptive-cruise-control-and-how-does-it-work

https://mycardoeswhat.org/safety-features/adaptive-cruise-control/

https://cars.usnews.com/cars-trucks/what-is-adaptive-cruise-control

https://www.caranddriver.com/features/columns/

https://www.sae.org/

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What Is Adaptive Cruise Control?

Many vehicles today handle some of the driving demands that older cars couldn't help with at all. For that reason, it's easy to drive safer today than it was even five or ten years ago. Many accidents that occur while driving are caused because drivers aren't paying attention, they make poor mistakes, or they fall asleep.

Technology, such as adaptive cruise control, can help reduce some of those issues and guard against accidents and other problems. This modern technology is only offered on some vehicles today, but it's worth getting for many buyers. Before you can decide if you want to pay for this technology, you should know what it is, how it works, and why it's beneficial to you.

What is Adaptive Cruise Control?

Adaptive cruise control is a special safety feature that enables your vehicle to control its speed and select other features some of the time. This feature lets your car slow down when necessary to avoid collisions or when your vehicle is too close to the other drivers on the road. This is really helpful while driving on the highways and during traffic jams. The system depends on sensors to figure out what's going on, and they combine with internal electronics to keep your car under control and help you stay a healthy distance from other vehicles, no matter where you're driving.

When you use a car with adaptive cruise control, you set the speed you want to travel using the cruise control buttons; you can feel secure that the vehicle will travel at about the set speed. This feature makes the car much safer to drive, which is why you should look for a vehicle with this technology.

How Do Cars with Adaptive Cruise Control Function?

The cruise control tool will automatically slow you down if someone ahead of you slows down. When that person speeds back up, the cruise goes up to its set speed. This feature makes driving on the highway simpler and less annoying. This technology is powerful, and it's beginning to show up on more vehicles as standard features, too.

What is the Difference Between Adaptive Cruise Control vs. Cruise Control?

Many vehicle owners are familiar with cruise control, and this basic technology is offered on most vehicles today. This simple technology allows you to set the speed you want your vehicle to travel, and it will speed up your ride to keep you at the proper speed as you travel over different road conditions.

Cruise control will help you maintain a nearly constant speed, which can make driving on the highway and in other long and straight conditions simple and convenient. Adaptive cruise control doesn't stop at letting you set the speed you want to travel at. You'll also be able to rely on your vehicle to slow itself down before rear-ending a car in front of you, even if that vehicle slows down below the speed you set for your cruise control.

How to Operate Adaptive Cruise Control

When you want to use this advanced technology to help you drive more safely while on the highway or in another situation where you will have to remain at the same speed for an extended period, to use the technology, simply press the cruise control button and set your vehicle at a level that you're comfortable with.

Once you do that, the car will do much of the work for you. If the vehicle in front of you slows down, your vehicle will slow itself down automatically. This is the major benefit of adaptive cruise control, and it can save you from lots of maneuvering when sitting in traffic or another dull situation.

This isn't something standard cruise control is capable of offering, and that's one of the best reasons to opt for adaptive cruise control. Buying a vehicle with this useful technology will help keep you safer on long drives. Always look at the safety features and get a car history report to learn what happened to the vehicle, whether it was in an accident, and how you can expect the car to hold up over time. Vehicle history reports can also help you know if the car was ever salvaged, if it experienced a flood, or has any open recalls on it, so you know what you're getting into before ever buying that vehicle.

The Benefits of Adaptive Cruise Control Cars

Today most vehicles equipped with adaptive cruise control come at a higher cost compared to more standard options. They require enhanced technology, such as cameras and radar, to read the road and make decisions effectively. For this reason, it's important to decide whether there are enough benefits for the technology to be worthwhile for the way you drive.

For example, if you only ever drive to the store and back and live in a small town, it may not be the best investment to make since you will rarely use it. However, if you travel coast to coast as a salesperson, it may be an ideal investment.

The main benefits of having adaptive cruise control include being:

• More protected against crashes.
• Less likely to rear-end another vehicle.
• More comfortable when driving in stop-and-go traffic.
• Calmer and more peaceful during road trips or longer errands.
• Less stressed when driving.

By getting a vehicle with adaptive cruise control technology, you're reducing the amount of work you have to do while driving long, straight roads dramatically. You won't have to operate your brakes as often because your vehicle will maintain a safe distance from the other cars in front of you.

Not only does adaptive cruise control keep you safer by making you a more cautious driver, but it also helps you stay more comfortable in different driving conditions. In traffic jams, the car will handle all the slowdowns without you having to constantly adjust your speed. When traveling on long-distance road trips, the car will help you slow down and speed up when other vehicles are going slower than your cruise control speed setting. The technology also helps you avoid hitting other people if you get distracted while driving.

Adaptive cruise control is an impressive technology that you can add to your vehicle to make it more capable. It's only available on some vehicles today, but the ones you upgrade with it will perform better thanks to the improvement. It's worth getting the upgrade for most people, and once you have it, you will not want to drive without it.

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Everything You Need to Know about Cruise Control

A common dispute amongst car owners involves the use of cruise control. Once a convenient feature only used in luxury cars, it is now used in almost every vehicle on the market. However, there has been much controversy surrounding the cruise control feature and whether or not it is bad for your car.

So, is cruise control bad for your car? Despite common misconceptions, the answer is no. Cruise control is not bad for your vehicle, engine, or transmission. On the contrary, cruise control can help regulate gas usage , prevent driver fatigue, and maintain safe speeds.

What Is Cruise Control in Cars?

Cruise control is a mechanism found in most cars, usually located on or near the steering wheel, and allows drivers to set their speed even with their foot off the gas pedal. With the press of a button, drivers can sit back and lock in their speed without tiring or worrying about maintaining their speed.

Cruise control is most often used on highways or long stretches where traffic is smooth. It is deactivated as soon as the driver hits the brake and will not be reactivated until the button or switch is pressed again.

How Does Cruise Control Work?

While there were a few attempts at making something like cruise control, the modern version we have today was invented in 1948 by a blind inventor named Ralph Teetor. The feature was initially called a “speedostat” or “tempomat.”

The “speedostat” was a mechanism that could activate and control the vehicle’s speed by controlling the throttle valve. It is connected to the valve by a cable used as an alternative to the gas pedal when activated. Internal sensors measure the throttle position allowing the cruise control mechanism to determine when to speed up and slow down.

Do All Cars Have Cruise Control?

Cruise control has become an essential practice for many drivers today, but unfortunately, it is not available in every vehicle. Though it is available in most cars on the market, it is still considered an “add-on” feature. All this means is you can get the same type of vehicle with or without cruise control, but with the add-on, you may be paying more.

When Should Cruise Control Be Used?

Despite the many perks of using cruise control in the appropriate environment, it can still be dangerous if used incorrectly. Cruise control is best used on long stretches of highway or open roads with very little traffic, where you will be going at one consistent speed for an extended amount of time.

Cruise control is most often used by folks on road trips or traveling long distances. Delivery services and truckers also use this feature for its convenience.

Cruise Control Pros and Cons

Like many optional features on today’s vehicles, cruise control comes with pros and cons. Operating a motor vehicle is a big responsibility, so it’s essential to have all the information to ensure you drive responsibly.

Advantages of Cruise Control

First, by setting the car at one consistent speed, drivers are much less likely to incur traffic violations for speeding.

Secondly, cruise control reduces driver fatigue . Without the need to keep their feet on the pedals, drivers can easily change positions safely and be more comfortable while driving. Drivers with arthritis or foot pain find relaxing their feet on the car’s floor much less strenuous.

Finally, by regulating the vehicle’s speed, cruise control helps regulate the amount of fuel used for your trip. Without the constant speeding up and slowing down, the car will use only the exact amount of gas needed and no more.

Disadvantages of Cruise Control

By not having your attention on your speed, it can be easy for drivers to lose focus and become distracted, causing an accident. It can also be easier to fall asleep at the wheel.

Additionally, having cruise control while driving winding roads or during inclement weather, where you may need to slow down frequently, is dangerous.

Finally, a driver with their feet on the floor can lose spatial awareness and may accidentally hit the gas rather than the brakes when necessary, causing an accident.

So, Is Driving in Cruise Control Bad for Your Car?

Cruise control is not bad for your car. Using it responsibly can actually be beneficial, as it reduces heavy acceleration and deceleration. Cruise control does not damage the engine or transmission of the vehicle in any way.

Is It Bad To Use Cruise Control Often?

The frequency of use of cruise control does not change how it will affect your vehicle. Other than the potential safety reasons not to use cruise control, there is no reason why you can not use it every time you drive if you feel so inclined.

When Should You Never Use Cruise Control?

During rain, snow, or other inclement weather, you must maintain control of your vehicle at all times. Cruise control should never be used on wet or slick roads.

Cruise control should never be used in city traffic, where it is difficult to maintain one speed. Doing so could result in an accident, as frequent slowing and breaking are necessary to stay safe.

Additionally, cruise control should generally not be used on twisting, winding roads—especially those you are not familiar with. Accuracy and control are far more critical when navigating these roads than speed.

Other Cruise Control FAQ

Here are some additional questions that people commonly ask about cruise control.

Is cruise control safe in the rain?

Cruise control should not be used during inclement weather, where drivers should be in full control of their vehicle at all times.

Is it illegal to use cruise control in residential areas?

There are currently no laws regarding the use of cruise control. However, most vehicles’ cruise control will not work unless you are going over 25mph.

Is cruise control bad for your brakes?

Cruise control uses your accelerator like you do when you step on the gas. When deactivated, it is up to the driver to slow the car further. It does not engage or harm the brakes in any way.

Is it bad to use cruise control on hills?

When driving uphill, cruise control will still try to maintain the set speed regardless of the incline. While this is not bad for your car, it can burn more gas than it would if you were slowly accelerating.

Author: Dave Johnston

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How does cruise control work.

Cruise control is more than just a catchy name — it's a feature that you may just find in your own vehicle. There’s a good chance you might’ve even asked yourself “How does cruise control work?” after spotting it on your steering wheel. Read on to learn more.

What is cruise control?

Cruise control is an automated vehicle system that can manage your car’s acceleration to keep it traveling at a steady speed. This can be quite useful to drivers who are covering long distances on relatively straight roads, as it spares them the fatigue of keeping their foot on the gas for extended stretches of time. Other possible benefits include:

• Increased fuel efficiency from keeping a constant speed.
• Less distraction from speed adjustments, so the driver can pay more attention to the road.

Cruise control systems typically work by adjusting your car’s throttle, which moderates the air going to the engine. In older cars, this was done with a system of physical cables connected to the throttle valve, but newer cars have electronic systems that can adjust the car’s speed with an even higher degree of precision. A system of sensors constantly relays information about the car’s speed back to the cruise control system, which adjusts the throttle accordingly to maintain the desired speed.

The specifics of using a car’s cruise control vary quite a bit from car to car. It’s best practice to consult the owner’s manual for your car for precise information, but some basics are included below:

• Most cruise control systems typically have a button labeled “Set.” When you press this button, the system will engage cruise control at whatever speed you’re currently travelling. Some systems may also have an option to set a higher speed by pressing or holding the button down.
• Stepping on the brakes at any point will disengage the cruise control, while pressing the “Resume” button will return the car to the set speed.
• There is typically also an “Off” button, which will automatically shut off the cruise control when pressed.
• Most cruise control systems typically won’t activate below a certain speed limit. The exact limit may vary by car but is often somewhere in the range of 30-40 miles per hour.

Adaptive cruise control vs. standard cruise control

By now, you may have picked up on a potential drawback of cruise control — keeping a steady speed is harder to do (and possibly dangerous) when there are other drivers in front of you. This is why car makers invented adaptive cruise control.

With adaptive cruise control, your car uses radar and laser sensors to detect the speed of vehicles ahead and then adjusts your own speed accordingly to keep a safe distance. So, if the car in front of you slows down, your car will too. Once they’re out of the way, your adaptive cruise control will accelerate back to the speed you previously set. Standard cruise control, on the other hand, requires you to manually turn off the cruise control (or automatically disengage it by pressing on the brakes) when you notice traffic up ahead.

When to use cruise control

Cruise control was originally designed to be used on long drives and road trips when it’s possible to maintain a constant speed. Highway driving is still the typical time to deploy your cruise control, but the development of adaptive cruise control has made it possible to potentially use your cruise control for certain city driving scenarios as well.

When not to use cruise control

It’s also important to know when not to use cruise control. It's generally best to avoid using this feature when:

• There’s a lot of traffic on the road, and it would be difficult to hold one steady speed for long.
• The roads are wet or icy, as it may limit your ability to decelerate or stop quickly enough if you start hydroplaning .
• You’re fatigued, as the ability to relax your legs may increase the risk of potentially falling asleep behind the wheel.

Cruise control is more than simply a modern convenience. In the right circumstances, it can potentially enhance your driving experience by reducing fatigue, increasing safety and improving fuel efficiency. If you’re still wondering “How does cruise control work?,” perhaps it’s time to take the leap and try it out for yourself the next time you’re shopping for a new car.

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Can Adaptive Cruise Control Stop Your Car?

Adaptive cruise control (ACC) might sound like just another car safety feature. But this driver aid is actually the first step in autonomous driving. Here’s how adaptive cruise control can improve your commute and might be worth the upgrade .

What is adaptive cruise control?

A car with adaptive cruise control features some type of sensors: radar, lasers, or even cameras. When you switch on cruise control , the vehicle uses these sensors to monitor surrounding traffic and signage, then adapts accordingly.

Depending on the car brand you’re shopping for, you may see adaptive cruise control labeled with one of several names. Brand names for adaptive cruise control include dynamic cruise control, radar cruise control, automatic cruise control, intelligent cruise control–according to Car and Driver .

What does adaptive cruise control do?

Early adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems decelerated and downshifted for you when they detected an impending collision. But you had to apply the brakes. Later ACC systems can apply your brakes for you. After the risk of collision has passed, ACC accelerates back up to your set cruising speed.

Adaptive cruise control was once a rare luxury feature . Now you can order ACC on the Mazda 3 and Honda Accord . As this driver aid system becomes more common, several car brands are adding extra features to stand out.

For example, Ford’s BlueCruise offers “Speed Sign Recognition.” This system can actually read upcoming speed limits signs, then adjust your speed accordingly.

Another example, General Motors’ Super Cruise system taps into GPS data on pre-mapped roads. This data enables Super Cruise to prepare for tight corners or upcoming speed limit changes by slowing down for you.

Can adaptive cruise control stop your car?

Not every version of adaptive cruise control (ACC) can fully stop your car. The driver aids capable of stopping your car are often labeled “stop-and-go ACC.”

The most common adaptive cruise control systems can gently slow your car when you are either approaching another car or a car in front of you slows down. If the car in front of you is driving near your set cruising speed, any ACC should be able to fall in behind them and match their speed. If this car speeds up or gets off the road, ACC will then accelerate back up to your set cruising speed.

When an ACC system without “stop-and-go” encounters a very slow car, or even a parked car, it will slow your car as much as it can. It will also warn you of the impending collision using forward collision warning (FCW) alerts. But it is your job to stop the vehicle. ACC will then shut off and let you take control.

If your ACC system has “stop-and-go” it can stop your car completely. This system is capable of navigating “stop-go” traffic without hitting another car. After stopping fully, your vehicle will then accelerate again, towards your set cruising speed, as fast as traffic will allow.

What is the difference between cruise control and adaptive cruise control?

When you set your cruise control, you choose a cruising speed and your car takes care of acceleration. When you set adaptive cruise control you choose a preferred cruising speed and following distance (often short, medium, or long). Your vehicle cruises at your preferred speed when possible, but prioritizes your set following distance when necessary.

Just like cruise control, adaptive cruise control does not steer for you. So while your car takes care of accelerating, you have to keep your hands on the wheel.

If you don’t have ACC with stop-and-go, you’ll also need to stay vigilant for any pileups or stopped traffic. Just like with regular cruise control, you’ll have to stop your car to avoid any potential collisions.

Learn about how widespread ACC might someday prevent traffic jams in the video below:

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Henry Cesari

Henry Cesari joined MotorBiscuit in 2021 and brings his deep interest in vintage cars, trucks, and motorcycles to the site. Having restored his first classic car at just 16 years old, Henry has wrenched on everything from overland campers to Japanese motorcycles and even pre-war Bugattis. Henry is also an avid attendee at local car shows and genuinely enjoys connecting with fellow auto enthusiasts.

Henry earned a Bachelor’s in Anthropology and English from the University of Vermont. He has since incorporated his love of the written word with his admiration of classic cars. While Henry is interested in vintage cars, he believes the golden age of cars is yet to come. He is confident journalists will play an important role in this revolution by exposing the industry as it is now and envisioning its possible future.

Fixing Faulty Cruise Control

Alarmingly, the speedometer needle steadily winds down from 75 mph toward 50. Just as you uncurl your feet and try to accelerate back to traffic speeds, the vehicle downshifts with a lurch and abruptly climbs back to over 80 mph. So you tap the brakes and disengage the cruise control to avoid a conversation with one of the many law enforcement officers lurking behind every other billboard. Toggling the Resume switch settles things down, holding to a legal speed on both the uphill and downhill sections of the interstate. The kids in the back seat have stopped threatening to throw up, too. Then you look in your mirror 20 miles later and see the lights. Red and blue flashing lights. You're doing over 85 mph and, odds are, Smokey isn't going to believe you have the cruise set to 70. Time to find out why your cruise control has a mind of its own.

IT'S NOT A BUG, IT'S A FEATURE Does your cruise control fall out of engagement partway up steep hills? Actually, it will normally drop out if the engine has to work too hard, mainly because after a while there isn't enough vacuum left to pull in the servo after sustained near-wide-open-throttle. You'll just have to put your foot into it. Downshifting helps.

Does your Japanese car not remember the set speed after tollbooths? Unlike most American and European cars, some Toyotas and Hondas are designed not to remember their set speed if the vehicle speed falls below 25 mph, and you're supposed to accelerate the vehicle to your set speed and hit the Set button again. Annoying, but that's the way they were designed.

Do you have to ride the brakes on longer downhills to keep from building up excess speed? That's normal too. The cruise control only has authority to reduce engine speed to idle. It doesn't activate the brakes. Modern cars, in an attempt to improve mileage, have very tall gear ratios, low-friction engine designs, low-rolling-resistance tires and optimized aerodynamics. That long downgrade outside of town may have accelerated your '60s-era Pontiac to only a couple of miles per hour above legal. But, it may well propel your new economy car to blatantly illegal velocities unless you intervene by braking or downshifting.

WHAT'S THAT HISS?: Most common cause of erratic cruise control? Vacuum leaks caused by deteriorated hoses.

SMOOTH AND STEADY Cruise control on your vehicle is a terrific device. It substantially reduces the driver's workload on longer trips, and can save substantial amounts of fuel and expense over the life of the vehicle--until it stops working.

We'll get to the scenario of not holding a steady speed later, but here are a couple of things to check immediately if the cruise control is on strike.

Does the Cruise icon on the dash light up when you turn the switch on? Duh. Check the fuse. You may need to look in the owner's manual to see which one if it's not tagged on the fuse box cover. An aftermarket cruise may have an inline fuse holder in the wiring to the controller.

If there is power to the system, the next check is the brake lights. Brake lights? Yup, cruise controls have a switch to toggle them off when you touch the brake pedal, and many use the same switch as the brake lights. If one of the brake lights has failed, the cruise control thinks the brakes are on all the time and won't come on. Same result if the switch is incorrectly adjusted or broken or jammed. Wait, there's more--if your vehicle has a manual transmission, there's a similar switch on the clutch pedal. You may need to break out a test light or multimeter to verify the function of this array of switches. These switches usually are normally closed switches, and close their contacts when the pedal is depressed. We've seen several cases of intermittent cruise control dropout caused by a brake light switch that was adjusted very tight. Any small bump would jiggle the brake pedal down far enough to toggle the brake lights on for a brief instant--long enough to shut down the cruise. Adjusting the switch to specs (usually so the brake lights come on after the pedal travels 1/2 in.) fixed it.

Once you verify all of these things, it's time to look for more subtle causes. Check underhood. Inspect the linkage between the cruise control actuator and the throttle. It may be as simple as a toilet-tank bead chain or a separate throttle cable with its own actuator cam to the throttle body. Look for disconnected or damaged wiring to the controller or actuator, particu-larly if it's an aftermarket system, which may have been installed by someone with poor mechanical skills.

Another obvious failure point is the vacuum line to the actuator. If it has fallen off, there's no vacuum to the actuator and no force can be applied to the throttle. We'll get ahead of ourselves here and mention that a vacuum line that looks fine may have a subtle leak caused by aging, brittle rubber or connections that don't seal well. A lot of the cruise controls we've seen with issues in regulating their speed correctly are fixed by simply replacing all the vacuum lines between the servo, vacuum reservoir (if there is one) and the intake manifold vacuum supply.

WHOA, NELLIE!: If your brake light switch is incorrectly adjusted, your cruise control may not lock in. A burned-out brake light can do the same.

WHAT'S THIS THING?: The cruise control servo motor could be anywhere in the engine compartment.

CONTROL ISSUE WITH YOUR SERVO There are two main components of the cruise control system: the controller and the servo.

The controller integrates all the inputs and tells the servo how far to actuate the throttle plates. Normally, there is no way you can service this item, so if you trace a problem to the controller, you'll have to buy a new one. A bad controller probably will require a service manual for specific diagnostics. You'll also need a scan tool to access any computer trouble codes to boot.

The servo does the work of moving the throttle blades to speed up the vehicle. Conventional systems are actuated by manifold vacuum. Check the linkage from the servo to the throttle to ensure it's properly hooked up and not binding or sticky. Inside the servo is a diaphragm that moves to pull on the linkage. Some older systems, used on cars or trucks that don't have throttle-position sensors, may have a rod that moves in and out of a magnetic coil to tell the controller the throttle position. There are also two electrically operated solenoid valves. One valve admits vacuum to the diaphragm chamber to add more throttle. The other bleeds air back into the chamber to reduce throttle. Normally, they will never be open at the same time, so if one is sticky or leaking, cruise control operation will be erratic at best. Check for leakage with a handheld vacuum pump. A leaky valve may benefit from a quick shot of silicone spray.

Diesels and some late models may use a servo that is completely electrical. These usually are mounted on the fenderwell or firewall, and are connected to the throttle by a second throttle cable. Other than keeping the cable lubricated and properly adjusted, there's not much to fiddle with. As always, check the shop manual for specifics on your vehicle.

Many late-model cars have throttle plates connected directly to an actuator controlled by the engine management computer. There is no physical connection between your right foot and the throttle blades (Scary, eh?), and there may or may not be a separate cruise control servo or controller.

HOW FAST WAS I GOING, OFFICER? If you still have no engagement, there may be an issue with the cruise control's speed input. Modern cars use information from the ABS's vehicle speed sensor (VSS) because the engine-management computer needs to know road speed. If your Check Engine light is on, the cruise may not work, especially if the VSS is malfunctioning. Older vehicles may use speed information from the speedometer. Aftermarket systems may resort to a ring of magnets clamped to a driveshaft or axle shaft, with a magnetic coil positioned nearby. If the magnets have fallen off or the coil has been smashed by a rock or road debris, there's no speed data for the controller.

URBAN LEGEND The legend has been related to us by all manner of people, including a couple of state police officers. Using the cruise control in rainy or slick conditions will make your car speed up uncontrollably, until you lose control and crash. It's a myth. Engaging the cruise will not make the car speed up. The cruise will attempt to maintain a steady speed. If the wheels lose traction and the car starts to slow down, the cruise will speed up the engine to attempt to accelerate back to the set speed. This will make the drivewheels spin more briskly. The vehicle speed will go slower, regardless of how furiously the wheels spin. If you have a rear-wheel-drive car, the effect is to destabilize the vehicle, and you probably will spin out unless the vehicle regains traction in a reasonable length of time. A front-wheel-drive car with spinning tires will attempt to continue in a more or less straight line--which will make steering control dodgy at best.

Heavy rain or snow makes use of the cruise control inadvisable, but such conditions certainly won't make your car accelerate to ludicrous speeds while you hang on for dear life. If the cruise is engaged and you perceive a loss of traction, the best bet is to tap the brake to disengage the system, and then add just enough throttle to maintain steering until the vehicle slows down to a more appropriate speed.

WHERE'S THIS THING?: Speed sensor may be buried under the dash near speedo head.

SUCK IT UP: The vacuum reservoir provides an added source of vacuum for those long uphill grades.

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What is cruise control in a car? Meaning and how does it work?

Cruising on the highway can be a lot of fun. However, it demands maintaining a constant speed for a long time. To achieve that, you need to press the accelerator pedal continuously, which can get tiring after a while. That’s when the cruise control feature of your car comes into play. So, what exactly does it do and how does it work? This article explains cruise control in a car and how to use it in different driving conditions. So, without stepping on the ‘brake’ pedal, read on!

What is cruise control in a car?

It is a system that accurately maintains the speed set by the driver without any external intervention. It automatically controls the speed of a car and only allows the vehicle to hit a speed set by the driver. It does not allow the car to cross that speed limit. This feature has become common among modern cars. You can even find this feature in the top-spec variants of some of the affordable hatchbacks and sedans.

How does the cruise control system work?

Cruise control in a car replicates the inputs of a driver to control the vehicle’s speed. But instead of pressing the accelerator pedal, it uses a different mechanism to maintain a constant cruising speed.

Initially, the system used a cable to control the accelerator (throttle valve). You can find these mechanisms in older cars. It adjusted the vehicle's speed by engaging the throttle with the help of an actuator that is controlled by a cable. The throttle valve is responsible for the power and speed generated by the engine. So, depending on the speed set by the driver, the system automatically adjusted the throttle position.

But with the advent of technology in the automotive industry, the cruise control system in modern cars entirely relies on electronics. Instead of a cable, the system now communicates with the throttle via various sensors connected to a computer (ECU - Electronic Control Unit). So, when you set a speed, the ECU calculates the throttle position and engages the throttle wirelessly.

The system constantly maintains the speed set by you (driver) irrespective of road conditions. For example, if there’s an incline ahead, cruise control adjusts the throttle accordingly to maintain the same speed.

How to use cruise control?

Before engaging the cruise control in a car, remember that the system is not intended to be used in adverse weather conditions. For example, you may refrain from driving the car at cruising speeds when it’s raining heavily. The low visibility and unpredictable road conditions make it unsafe to drive at such speeds. So, always be mindful of the weather condition and your surroundings before engaging the system.

Here are the steps to use cruise control.

Step 1 - Before activating cruise control, build up speed by accelerating the car. However, do not cross the speed limit of that particular road/highway.

Step 2 - Once your car reaches the desired speed, activate cruise control. Generally, the system activation button will be on the steering wheel. However, locating the exact button when the vehicle is parked is better to avoid any distractions while driving.

Step 3 - Next, you can take your foot off the accelerator pedal. If you have set the cruise control correctly, the car should maintain the cruising speed.

Step 4 - Keep your eyes on the road as it is very easy to get distracted when the car is accelerating automatically.

Step 5 - If you wish to accelerate when the cruise control is engaged, you can press the ‘+’ button on the steering wheel to briefly engage the accelerator pedal.

Step 6 - To decelerate, press the ‘-’ button on the steering wheel. You can also tap on the brake pedal. However, as a safety precaution, almost all cars will deactivate the cruise control as soon as you press the brake pedal.

The buttons to activate cruise control or accelerate/decelerate may vary from one car to another. So, do check the owner’s manual before fiddling around with the system. It’s better if you are familiar with the controls before driving the vehicle, as it will avoid unnecessary distractions.

How to install cruise control in a car?

Can you install cruise control in a car? The answer is both yes and no. You may install an aftermarket kit if it’s an old car that does not rely on electronics to control all the engine-related functions. But installing such a kit becomes almost impossible in modern cars due to the complex electronics.

It is a complex process to install the system in new cars as you have to fiddle with electronics, and it also requires the fitment of hardware. So, it can only be done during the time of car manufacturing. Moreover, if you try installing an aftermarket kit, you may void the warranty offered by the OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer). On top of that, it is not recommended to go for an aftermarket cruise control kit as it may compromise safety.

Newly launched cars are equipped with cruise control except for a few entry-level models. So, instead of investing in retrofitting a system, it's better and safer to spend that money on buying a car with a built-in system.

Adaptive cruise control

The new technology also allows the system to automatically adjust the car's speed depending on the speed of the vehicle ahead. This feature is known as adaptive cruise control. It ensures that the car maintains a safe distance from the vehicle ahead despite the constant change in speed of the vehicle moving ahead. It is instrumental in highways or during rush hour traffic and reduces driver fatigue.

It is also a level 1 autonomous driving system. The system uses radar sensors to calculate the speed and distance of the car ahead. For instance, if the vehicle in front of you slows down/speeds up, a car with adaptive cruise control will reduce speed/accelerate automatically without any external inputs.

You can find this feature in premium cars. But gradually, it is trickling down to not so expensive cars as well. Adaptive cruise control is a part of an advanced driver assistance system.

Pros and cons of cruise control

Cruise control makes driving easy and convenient, and at the same time, it also takes care of safety. But like every other feature, it has its own set of advantages and disadvantages, which are elaborated in the following section.

Below are some of the pros of the cruise control system.

Reduces driver fatigue: The primary role of cruise control is to maintain a constant speed without you having to step on the accelerator pedal. That means you can rest your right foot and can stay relaxed. It is helpful when you drive long distances on highways where you need to maintain a constant speed for long durations.

Improves fuel economy: When maintaining a constant speed, the engine will not get stressed as it need not change the intensity of operation. To put it in a simple way, when the engine runs at constant RPMs (Revolutions Per Minute) , it consumes less fuel. Hence, when driving long distances on highways, the cruise control system can improve fuel economy.

Helps to drive within the speed limit: You may drive at normal speed on busy urban roads. But when you hit the wide and smooth highways, you may end up crossing the speed limit. You may not even realise that you have crossed the speed limit until you glance at the speedometer. Cruise control can help you in this regard as you can easily set a speed limit and let the system do the work. The system will not allow the car to go over the speed set by you.

Increase/decrease speed with a click of a button: Typically, you use the accelerator and brake pedal to increase/decrease the speed of your car. But when the cruise control is engaged, you can even use the buttons to do the job for you. However, ensure that you are familiar with the functions of the buttons, as it may feel unnatural in the beginning. It is best to practice using the buttons in a safe environment before using them on public roads.

Works well with automatic cars: Cruise control works best with automatic cars as you need not worry about changing gears. The ECU or the onboard computer shifts the gears automatically when there is a change in speed and works well when cruising automatically. It means you only need to focus on steering the vehicle.

As mentioned earlier, cruise control also has some cons, which are listed below.

Limited use on Indian roads: Cruise control is suited for wide and long highways where drivers follow the rules. Although India has some excellent highways, many drivers may disregard rules which creates an unpredictable environment. Also, cattle, dogs and other animals may venture into public roads and make the situation even more tricky. Hence, it may be challenging to cruise at high-speeds.

Hampers reaction time: As mentioned above, the roads in India are unpredictable. You may have to perform emergency braking to avoid any obstacles on the road. When driving with manual controls, your right foot will be on the accelerator pedal, and it is easy to move your foot to step on the brake pedal in an emergency. But, when using cruise control, your right foot will be resting on the floor of the car, and it may take a bit more time to reach the brake pedal. This difference in reaction time may be the difference between you avoiding an obstacle or crashing into it.

Can induce drowsiness: If you use cruise control for long durations, you may end up feeling drowsy. Since the car is accelerating at a constant speed, your alertness level may drop in the long run. Hence, it is recommended that you manually control the vehicle once every 10-15 minutes when using the automatic cruising feature on highways.

Cannot use at night: Cruise control is of no use during night drives as the visibility is poor. Even with well-lit roads, the visibility is not as good as daylight. So, allowing the car to maintain a constant speed may be a safety concern, even on roads that are familiar to you.

It does not work well with manual cars: In a manual car, you have to change gears by yourself. The cruise control will handle the acceleration/deceleration, but you still need to shift the gears manually to maintain the optimum RPM. It can be irritating at times when you need to slow down and accelerate immediately. It may not be a dealbreaker, but it kind of refrains you from experiencing the full potential of the automatic cruising system.

Cruise control vs adaptive cruise control: Key differences

The below table highlights the key differences between cruise control and adaptive cruise control.

What is the difference between cruise control and speed limiter?

Sometimes you may get confused between cruise control and speed limiter as both are related to the car's speed. Refer to the table below to understand the difference between both the systems.

List of cruise control cars In India

Cruise control is a feature that we can see in a lot of cars. Gone are the days when this feature was limited to premium vehicles. Even vehicles with affordable price tags are equipped with intelligent features. Here’s the list of popular cars with the automatic cruising system.

List of adaptive cruise control cars in India

Adaptive cruise control is the more advanced version of the standard automatic cruising system. Currently, this system can be seen only in premium cars in India. Below is the list of popular cars with adaptive cruise control.

Frequently asked questions

Here are some of the most commonly asked questions related to cruise control in cars.

No, it is not a standard feature in cars. However, almost all vehicles costing above Rs. 5 lakhs are equipped with cruise control.

It is not advisable to install an aftermarket cruise control kit in your car as new vehicles have complex electronics. Moreover, installing such a kit involves a complicated process, and it may also void the warranty provided by the car manufacturer.

Typically, the cruise control button is located on the steering wheel for easy access. However, the location of the button may vary depending on the make and model.

Yes, you can use cruise control in a manual car. However, you need to manually control the gear shifts when the vehicle slows down or accelerates when the system is engaged.

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Does Cruise Control Use Brakes?

By: Author Zach Reed

Cruise control has been around for the last few decades and is a great help on long drives. 

But what exactly is it, and does it cause more harm than help? Does using cruise control all the time ruin your brakes or is that just a myth?

Traditional cruise control usually utilizes the car’s throttle and doesn’t affect the car’s brakes at all. On the other hand, Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) does utilize your car’s brakes and will therefore wear them out faster than if you didn’t use ACC. 

Keep in mind that cruise control and ACC are two different things .

There are different types of cruise control, and this article focuses on both of these types, how they work, and how to engage the cruise control system. 

So, keep reading this article till the end if you want to be fully informed!

How does cruise control slow your car down?

Cruise control uses the car’s throttle to control the car’s speed. 

Once a cruise control system is engaged , the vehicle uses either a throttle cable or an electronic system to keep the vehicle at the current speed. 

The cable or electronic system controls the amount of air going into the engine, so you don’t have to press or release the accelerator manually to control the engine’s power.

This process is controlled by an actuator, which opens and closes the throttle.

How is cruise control different from adaptive cruise control?

Whereas normal cruise control maintains the speed that you have set, adaptive cruise control automatically senses your surroundings and acts accordingly. 

This is done via a range of sensors built within the car and helps to control the brakes and acceleration of the car.

Adaptive Cruise Control focuses on the vehicle in front of you and increases or decreases the speed to match the speed of the vehicle in front. 

If the car in front changes lanes or moves out of your preset speed, the system automatically brings the speed down to the preset speed.

Does cruise control wear out brakes?

Conventional cruise control doesn’t use the brakes at all and instead utilizes the throttle to control the vehicle’s speed.

Adaptive cruise control does use the brakes in order to reduce speed but doesn’t wear out the brakes.

Cruise control utilizes engine braking, which is essentially downshifting to reduce speed and increase throttle to increase speed. 

The only issue faced with cruise control regarding wear and tear is that your engine may be strained in situations where you are driving on a slope, like a steep hill.

Does cruise control turn off when you brake?

The cruise control system usually disengages when the brake is released, or the clutch is depressed. 

Since there is no clutch in cars with automatic transmission , pressing the brake will disengage the cruise control system.

All cruise control systems usually feature a switch that allows you to toggle between on and off. 

Once you activated the cruise control, you have to set the speed at which you want the car to maintain. This is usually done by a button, or by manually setting the stalk.

Pressing the cancel button will remove the speed set on the cruise control system, but not deactivate it. 

Pressing the resume button will reactivate the cruise control system once again until you shut it off via the off button.

Some systems also allow you to adjust the speed by pressing the +/- buttons.

When to NOT use cruise control

Just because it’s a helpful feature, doesn’t mean it’s ideal for using all the time. There are several different occasions when the driver should be more aware of their surroundings, and manually control the car’s speed.

Using cruise control when you’re sleepy or drowsy is a definite no, and will surely lead to disaster. 

If there is an oncoming obstruction on the road, it’s better to drive the car yourself since cruise control doesn’t actually control the car.

Driving in the city is also a situation in which it’s better to drive the car yourself, and not use cruise control. This is because the city, being a dense urban environment, is full of obstacles, pedestrians, cyclists, etc. 

Heavy traffic can also be a cause for concern within cities, and accidents are much more likely to occur.

You should never use cruise control when it’s rainy or on wet roads . Cruise control can’t accurately account for the reduced traction on slippery roads, reducing the braking distance. 

Even if your car is equipped with adaptive cruise control, don’t use it in wet weather.

You should also not use cruise control on roads that have turns and winding routes. Situations like these require careful driving on your part, not a system locking your vehicle’s speed.

When should you utilize cruise control

It’s best to use cruise control on highways, long straight roads, during dry weather. The weather conditions aren’t rainy, there is no heavy traffic, and you are completely in your senses and can control the vehicle easily.

What should I do to preserve my brakes?

If you’re really concerned about your brakes, there are several other things you can do to preserve their condition.

Driving at slower speeds requires lesser breaking, and you can rely on your throttle to slow down your car. This will place reduced stress on the brakes.

Bleeding your brakes is also important since that keeps unwanted air out of the brakes. Air in the brakes results in a delay when you brake, and this can be disastrous in some cases.

The best bet would be to get your brakes looked at by a mechanic so they can bleed your brakes for you.

Getting your car’s rotors changed when they’re worn out is beneficial for your brakes. You can have your mechanic assess their condition and change them if needed.

Final thoughts

Using cruise control doesn’t wear your brakes out, and there are different ways you can maintain the condition of your brakes.

Always make sure to use cruise control in ideal conditions and avoid situations where improper usage can lead to accidents. Happy driving!

Hi, I'm the founder of VehicleAnswers.com! Having owned a wide variety of vehicles in my life, I was astounded at how hard it can be to find answers to common automotive questions. Rather than sit idly, I decided to create this website to help others!

Does Cruise Control Really Save You Gas and Money?

D o you like to use your cruise control feature on your car? Obviously in stop-and-go traffic and around-town driving it’s not something we gravitate but on those longer drives on the highway it’s definitely a go-to.

I love using cruise control on road trips or drives that have you on traffic-free highway driving for at least 30 minutes because it keeps my lead-foot in check saving me from a possible speeding ticket. Also I love the feeling of saving gas which means saving money as well, right?

And if cruise control does save gas, thus money, is it a measurable difference?

Well, it’s not really surprising that yes, using your cruise control absolutely helps you prolong the gas in your tank. According to the Motor Trend cruising along on highways means avoiding the inconsistency on the gas pedal. The inevitable speed-up/slow-down momentum is absent and that’s where we waste the most fuel.

However, if you’re driving on rolling hills, it’s best not to use your cruise control because that’s hard work on your car trying to stay the pace by slowing down and then having to speed up back and forth during the ups and downs of the hilly drive. It’s better for you to do it manually according to Motor Trend.

So how much does using cruise control really save you? Well, first of all it depends if you even get to use it. For many it’s just not part of your driving lifestyle, but for those that do hit the highways where it’s useful, you can save between $25 and $75 annually according to the Net Pay Advance website. This coincides with the ever fluctuating price of gas.

If you’re an “ever little bit of savings helps” kind of person, then the savings is worth it, especially if your driving lifestyle is conducive to using cruise control.

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