tourist stream meaning

Visitor Visa (Subclass 600) – Tourist Stream

The visitor visa (Subclass 600) is for genuine tourists, business visitors, or those who want to visit family or friends in Australia for 3, 6 or 12 months.

Basic Eligibility

You must be a genuine visitor
You must have enough funds to support your travel to and stay in Australia

Types of Visitor Visa

Tourist stream

Sponsored family stream
Business visitor stream

Tourist visa stream allows you to temporarily visit Australia as a tourist, to see family and friends, or to go on a cruise. The application fee for this visa stream is AUD 145 if applied outside Australia, and AUD 365 if applied in Australia. This does not include other costs such as medical test.

The applicant for this visa stream may be in or outside Australia
Eligible parents of Australian citizens or permanent residents might be granted a visa longer than 12 months
Holders of tourist stream visa can’t extend this visa to stay longer beyond their visa period. They are allowed to apply for a new visa if their current visa does not have a condition that prevents further stay
This visa stream is not for the purpose of business or medical treatment
Tourist visa holders are not allowed to work in Australia
Tourist visa holders are allowed to study for up to 3 months
The applicant must have health insurance and meet the health and character requirements
Tourist visa stream does not include family members, that is, each member of the family must lodge a separate application form

Required Documents

Visa application forms
Identity documents, including birth certificate and national identity card
Passport valid for at least 6 months from the date of arrival in Australia
A passport-sized colored photo less than six months old (3.5cm × 4.5cm)
Proof that you have reasons to return to your home country, such as an employer letter stating that you intend to return to your job, documents showing that you study in school or university, proof that you have immediate family member back home, and proof of your properties, assets, ongoing income, savings, and liabilities
Military service record, and discharge or exception documents, if applicable

Note: All documents should be originally in English or officially translated into English

Please note that the above content is for general information only and must not be taken as immigration or travel advice. The content was up-to-date at the time of the last update but being current and accurate cannot be always guaranteed due to the frequent changes in immigration law. Please contact us for advice and information on the latest immigration laws in Australia.

Prepared by: Visa Zone Australia

Source of information: https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au

Access: 29 June 2020

Update: 31 July 2020

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Visitor Visa (Subclass 600) Tourist Stream: Applying While in Australia

If you’re already in Australia and want to extend your stay to explore this beautiful country further or spend more time with family and friends, you may consider applying for a Visitor Visa (Subclass 600) under the Tourist Stream. This visa allows you to stay in Australia for tourism, visiting family or friends, or engaging in short-term, non-business-related activities. In this guide, we’ll walk you through the key details of the Visitor Visa (Subclass 600) Tourist Stream and how to apply for it while you’re already in Australia.

Understanding the Visitor Visa (Subclass 600) Tourist Stream:

The Visitor Visa (Subclass 600) Tourist Stream is designed for individuals who are already in Australia and wish to extend their stay for tourism purposes. Here are some important details to consider:

1. Eligibility Criteria:

You must be in Australia at the time of application.
Your current visa (if applicable) must not have a “No Further Stay” condition.
You should have a genuine intention to visit Australia for tourism, family visits, or non-business-related activities.
Adequate health insurance is recommended for the duration of your stay.

2. Visa Validity:

The Visitor Visa (Subclass 600) Tourist Stream typically allows you to stay in Australia for up to 12 months.
You can choose a single-entry visa or a multiple-entry visa, depending on your travel plans.

3. Visa Application Process:

Lodge your application online through the official Australian government website or through a registered migration agent.
You will need to provide your biometrics (fingerprints and photograph) as part of the application process.
Ensure that all required documents, including a valid passport, character references, and evidence of sufficient funds, are submitted with your application.

4. Processing Time:

The processing time for this visa can vary, so it’s advisable to apply well in advance of your intended travel dates. It usually takes several weeks to a few months for a decision to be made.

5. “No Further Stay” Condition:

If your current visa has a “No Further Stay” condition, you will not be eligible to apply for the Visitor Visa (Subclass 600) Tourist Stream while in Australia. You may need to leave the country and apply from overseas.

6. Extend Your Stay:

If you’re granted this visa and wish to extend your stay beyond the initial grant period, you must apply for a new Visitor Visa before your current one expires.

7. Work Restrictions:

The Visitor Visa (Subclass 600) Tourist Stream does not allow you to work in Australia. If you plan to work during your stay, consider other visa options.

8. Health Insurance:

While not mandatory, having health insurance that covers medical expenses during your stay is highly recommended.

9. Travel Limitations:

Be aware of the visa’s travel limitations, including the requirement to depart Australia before the visa expires.

Applying for the Visitor Visa (Subclass 600) Tourist Stream:

To apply for this visa while in Australia, follow these steps:

Gather all required documents, including your passport, proof of sufficient funds, and character references.
Complete the online application form on the official Australian government website or seek assistance from a registered migration agent.
Pay the visa application fee.
Attend a biometrics appointment, if required.
Await a decision on your application.

Planning your stay in Australia under the Visitor Visa (Subclass 600) Tourist Stream is an excellent way to explore the country’s diverse landscapes, culture, and attractions. Be sure to carefully review the eligibility criteria, provide accurate information, and adhere to visa conditions to make the most of your time in Australia. Enjoy your extended visit to this remarkable destination!

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The Tourist Visa and Sponsored Family Visa – An In-Depth View

July 22, 2019

Anyone wishing to visit family and friends or holiday in Australia will require either a Tourist Visa or a Sponsored Family Visa . These are temporary visas which allow holders to stay in Australia for three, six or twelve months. The length of stay granted is determined on a case-by-case basis and is specified on the visa grant letter.

Factors that are considered when determining the stay period are: – the reason for your visit to Australia and – how long you want to stay in Australia.

Family members cannot be included on these visa applications. A separate application must be made for each family member including those listed on your passport.

What is the Tourist Stream? The tourist stream allows holders to visit Australia as a tourist, to see family and friends or for purposes other than business or medical treatment.

You may stay in Australia for the length of time granted on your visa and must have enough money to support your stay in Australia. You may study or train for up to three months but you may not work on this visa.

Eligibility In order to be eligible for a tourist visa, you must meet the following criteria: – Meet health requirements – Meet character requirements – Have access to enough money to support yourself while you are in Australia – Be a genuine visitor

What Obligations Apply to the Tourist Stream? Anyone on this visa must abide by all visa conditions and obey Australian laws. All conditions are outlined on the visa grant letter.

You must also notify the Department of Immigration of any changes in your circumstances. These include: – Changes to your details (phone number, email, address or passport) – Changes in your relationship status – The birth of a child It is also recommended that applicants take out health insurance in case any unforeseen medical issues arise while staying in Australia.

What Can You Do on This Visa? This visa allows you to visit family or friends or cruise or have a holiday. If you are granted a Tourist Visa with multiple entries, you can travel outside Australia and return as many times you like while the visa is valid.

Cost and Processing Times A tourist visa costs AUD365 for each applicant. Additional costs may also apply for the following: – Health checks, police certificates and biometrics – A subsequent temporary application charge

Processing of Tourist Visa applications can take anywhere from 16 – 26 days. Longer processing times may apply if: – the application is not filled out correctly – you don’t include all required documents or more information about you is required – if it takes the department time to verify your information

What is the Sponsored Family Stream? The Sponsored Family Visa allows people who are sponsored, usually by a family member to visit family in Australia.

Eligibility In order to be eligible for a tourist visa, you must meet the following criteria: – Meet health requirements – Meet character requirements – Not have any debts owing to the Australian government or have arranged to pay back any money owing – Have enough money to support your stay in Australia – Be a genuine visitor – Have a sponsor (a family member or government official)

What Obligations Apply to the Sponsored Family Stream? Anyone on this visa must abide by all visa conditions and obey Australian laws. All conditions are outlined on the visa grant letter.

It is also recommended that applicants take out health insurance in case any unforeseen medical issues arise while staying in Australia.

What Can You Do on This Visa? This visa allows you to visit family or friends or cruise or have a holiday. You are unable to work on this visa. If you are granted a tourist visa with multiple entries, you can travel outside Australia and return as many times you like while the visa is valid.

Cost and Processing Times A sponsored family visa costs AUD145 for each applicant. The sponsor may also be asked to pay a security bond. Additional costs may also apply for the following: – Health checks, police certificates and biometrics

Processing of Sponsored Family Visa applications can take anywhere from 34 – 55 days. Longer processing times may apply if: – the application is not filled out correctly – you don’t include all required documents or more information about you is required – if it takes the department time to verify your information

If you would like to learn more about Visitor Visas or any other aspects of migration contact the VSA team . It is a complex subject so it is important to speak with someone in the know.

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Tourist visa, subclass 600.

The tourist stream visa – subclass 600 is for those who wish to visit Australia as a tourist, go on a cruise, or see family and friends. It is a temporary visa, and the length of the stay is specified in the visa grant letter. The following things are considered in determining the stay period:

how long you want to stay
the reason for your stay in Australia

The visa is granted with either a ‘single’ or ‘multiple entry’ condition. With ‘multiple entry’, you can leave and return to Australia on the visa while it is valid.

You can study or train for up to 3 months on this visa and are not allowed to work. You can apply for this visa in or outside Australia. You cannot stay in Australia longer by extending this visa and must apply for another visa to extend your stay.

From 21 February 2022, all fully vaccinated travellers are allowed to travel to Australia without a travel exemption.

Tourist Visa - apply outside Australia

You must be outside Australia when applying for this visa. Also, you must be outside Australia when your visa decision is made.

Eligibility criteria

You must be a genuine visitor and intend to stay temporarily in Australia.
You must have sufficient finances to support your stay period in Australia.
You must meet the health requirements.
You must meet the character requirements.

You will not be permitted to work while in Australia on this visa. The visa cost is $145 , and the processing time depends on the age of the applicants finalised.

Tourist Visa - apply in Australia

You must be in Australia when applying for this visa and when the decision is made.

You will not be permitted to work while in Australia on this visa. The visa cost is $370 , and its processing time can range from 15 days to 11 months, depending on the number of applicants.

Do you want to apply for a tourist visa?

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Home > Blog > Visitor visas

Visitor visas

About the Visitor (subclasses 600, 651, and 601) visas

The Visitor (subclass 600) visa

Can I apply for the Visitor (subclass 60) visa in the Tourist Stream?
Visitor (subclass 600) Visa in the Tourist Stream Fact Sheet

Visitor (subclass 600) visa in the Tourist Stream

Visitor (subclasses 600, 651, and 601) visas.

Travel to, enter, and stay in Australia for up to 12 months;
Study in Australia for up to 3 months;
Engage in business visitor activities; and
Apply for another visa to remain in Australia (such as a Partner visa).
Visitor (subclass 600) visa in the Tourist Stream;
Visitor (subclass 600) visa in the Sponsored Family Stream;
Visitor (subclass 600) visa in the Business Visitor Stream;
Visitor (subclass 600) visa in the Approved Destination Status Stream;
Visitor (subclass 600) visa in the Frequent Traveller Stream;
eVisitor (subclass 651) visa; and
Electronic Travel Authority (subclass 601) visa.

Overall, the Visitor (subclass 600) visa is for tourists, people who wish to visit their family in Australia, and people who wish to visit Australia for business purposes.

The Visitor (subclass 600) visa is divided into 5 different streams:

Each different stream has different eligibility criteria. You need to know which stream to apply for, depending on the reasons for, and the circumstances surrounding, your visit to Australia.

The Department of Home Affairs will only decide your Visitor (subclass 600) visa application based on the eligibility criteria of the selected stream. You will not be considered for another stream. For example, if you don’t meet the eligibility requirements of the Visitor (subclass 600) visa in the Sponsored Family Stream, no other stream will be considered, and the visa application will simply be refused.

Therefore, you must be careful about which stream you lodge your Visitor (subclass 600) visa in.

If you wish to visit Australia for tourism purposes, or to see an Australian citizen or permanent resident who is your parent, spouse, de facto partner, child, brother or sister, the Visitor (subclass 600) visa in the Tourist Stream may be an option for you.

You could also apply for the Visitor (subclass 600) visa in the Tourist Stream if you wish to:

Visit friends, or other relatives,
Study for less than 3 months, or
Stay in Australia for more than 3 months.

However, you will not be eligible for the Visitor (subclass 600) visa in the Tourist Stream if the visit is for:

Business purposes, or
Medical treatment.

Can I apply for the Visitor (subclass 600) visa in the Tourist Stream?

You meet the genuine temporary entrant criteria.

Visitor visas are primarily for allowing you to stay in Australia temporarily, for reasons such as:

Visiting friends and family in Australia;
Touring Australia;
Entering Australia for business visitor purposes; and
Studying for less than three months.

You cannot do the following things while on a Visitor visa:

Live in Australia long-term; or
Study for more than three months.

Therefore, the Visitor visa has what is called Genuine Temporary Entrant (GTE) criteria. The GTE criteria requires the applicant to show that they have a genuine intention to stay in Australia temporarily for the purposes for which the Visitor visa was granted.

The Department of Home Affairs will consider a range of factors to decide whether you are a Genuine Temporary Entrant.

Many Visitor visas are refused on grounds that the applicant did not meet the GTE criteria.

I want to migrate to Australia permanently. Can I apply for a Visitor visa?

You could still be granted a Visitor visa to enter Australia even if you intend to apply for a further visa once arriving onshore, to eventually migrate permanently. An intention to apply for another visa after entering Australia on a Visitor visa does not necessarily disentitle you from lodging, or being granted, a Visitor visa.

For example, you may have already stated an intention to apply for a further visa after arriving in Australia in a previous travel exemption application. You may have already lodged a Partner visa or Work visa but want to lodge a Visitor visa so that you can enter Australia while it processes.

However, you should be cautious about what you write in your Visitor visa application. You will need to use specific language that carefully addresses the GTE criteria, to ensure that your Visitor visa application is not refused.

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Visitor visa (subclass 600) - Tourist stream (apply in Australia)

Apply for the Tourist stream of the Visitor visa (subclass 600) if you are in Australia and you wish to visit for tourism purposes or to see family and friends.

Government fee

You won’t be charged yet. Cost shown is exclusive of taxes and other associated fees

Processing time

7 - 21 days

Consultation fee

$149 USD/hour

Visitor visa (subclass 600) - Tourist stream (apply in Australia) offers

Tourist experiences, short stays, cultural immersion, flexible travel, leisure activities, visiting friends, special events, in-country application, eligibility criteria.

You must meet our health and character requirements.
You must have enough money to support yourself while you are in Australia.
You must only intend to stay temporarily in Australia.
You must not work while in Australia.
If you are under 18 years old, we might not grant this visa if it is not in your best interests.
You can apply online if you are in Australia and you hold a substantive visa or if your substantive visa expired less than 28 days ago.

Application Process

Check your eligibility and apply for a Visitor visa (subclass 600) – Tourist stream with the help of our expert migration consultants. Simplify the process, benefit from our services , expertise, guidance, experience, and ongoing support.

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Work and Holiday visa (subclass 462)
Working Holiday visa (subclass 417)
Skilled visas
Skilled-Recognised Graduate Visa (subclass 476)
Temporary Graduate visa (subclass 485)
Skilled regional visa (subclass 887)
Skilled Independent visa (subclass 189)
Skilled Nominated visa (subclass 190)
Skilled Work Regional (Provisional) visa (subclass 491)
Permanent Residence (Skilled Regional) visa (subclass 191)
Skilled Regional (Provisional) visa(subclass 489)
Global Talent visa (subclass 858)
Employer sponsored
Temporary Skill Shortage Visa(subclass 482)
Employer Nomination Scheme visa (subclass 186)
Temporary Work (Short Stay Specialist) visa (subclass 400) – Highly Specialised Work stream
Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (Provisional) visa (subclass 494)
Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme visa (subclass 187)
Training visa (subclass 407)
Temporary Work (International Relations) visa (subclass 403)
Temporary Activity visa (subclass 408)
Student visa (subclass 500)
Student Guardian visa (subclass 590)
Partner visas
Partner visa (apply in Australia)(subclasses 820 and 801)
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Prospective Marriage visa (subclass 300)
Parent visas
Contributory Parent visa (subclass 143)
Aged Parent visa (subclass 804)
Parent visa (subclass 103)
Contributory Parent (Temporary) visa (subclass 173)
Sponsored Parent (Temporary) visa (subclass 870)
Contributory Aged Parent visa (subclass 864)
Child visas
Adoption visa (subclass 102)
Child visa (subclass 101)
Child visa (subclass 802)
Dependent Child visa (subclass 445)
Relative visas
Aged Dependent Relative visa (subclass 114)
Aged Dependent Relative visa (subclass 838)
New Zealand Citizen Family Relationship visa (subclass 461)
Orphan Relative visa (subclass 117)
Orphan Relative visa (subclass 837)
Remaining Relative visa (subclass 835)
Remaining Relative visa (subclass 115)
Carer visa (subclass 836)
Carer visa (subclass 116)
eVisitor (subclass 651)
Visitor visa (subclass 600)
Electronic Travel Authority (subclass 601)
Transit visa (subclass 771)
Business Innovation and Investment (Permanent) visa (subclass 888)
Business Innovation and Investment (Provisional) visa (subclass 188)
Business owner visa (subclass 890)
Investor visa (subclass 891)
State or Territory Sponsored Business Owner visa (subclass 892)
State or Territory Sponsored Investor visa (subclass 893)
Bridging visa C (subclass 030)
Bridging visa B (subclass 020)
Bridging visa A (subclass 010)
Bridging visa E (BVE) (subclasses 050 and 051)
Crew Travel Authority visa (subclass 942)
Former Resident visa (subclass 151)
Maritime Crew visa (subclass 988)
Medical Treatment visa (subclass 602)
Resident Return visas (subclasses 155 and 157)
Special Purpose visa
Confirmatory (Residence) visa (subclass 808)
Special Category visa (subclass 444)
Pacific Engagement Visa (Subclass 192)

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Getting ready to apply for a visa?

Long Stay Visitor Visa

Long Stay Visitor Visa

What is a long stay visitor visa.

This video highlights what it is and what is necessary to be eligible to apply for one.

Did you know you can apply for a visitor visa that is granted for up to 3 years in duration and allow you to stay up to 12 months each period? This visa is perfect for someone who has family in Australia and wants to spend a longer period than just 3 months on the standard e-visitor visa.

There are many different types of visitor visas that you can apply for. You have probably applied before for the E-visitor or Visa Waiver visa. These visas are very simple to apply for are granted for 1 year in duration and allow you to remain in Aus for 90 days each visit.

The other type of visitor visa is the – Subclass 600 visitor visa. Now, this visa has a few different types of streams (Tourist, Business, Family Sponsored etc.) Immigration can also choose how long to grant this visa for. So you can request to have this visa granted for any period you like. Immigration can then choose to grant you the visa for any duration they deem appropriate.

Long Stay Visitor Visa (Tourist Stream)

If you are looking to remain in Australia for as long as possible, I believe a suited visa for you may be a long stay visitor visa – tourist stream (Subclass 600).

This visa can be granted for up to 3 years. The visa will also allow multiple entries (meaning the visa holder can enter and exit Australia as much as he wants during this period)

Length of stay in Australia:

On this visa, the visa holder would be allowed to remain in Australia for 12 months in an 18 month period. Meaning if you spend 12 months in Aus, you must remain outside of Australia for the remaining 6 months.

The visa cost $145

Intention of this visa:

Please note, on this visa you will have absolutely NO work rights and you MUST BE ABLE to demonstrate to immigration that you can support yourself in Australia and that you will meet the Genuine Student Statement requirement.

Genuine Student Statement Requirement:

As part of the application process, the visa applicant must convince immigration that they intend to reside only temporarily in Australia and not apply for this visa in order to maintain ongoing residence in Australia.

Common Documentation Required:

You would attach the documentation in your immigration account once the application has been lodged to support your application. Recommended documentation is listed below:

Personal Documentation:

Evidence of family members living in Australia
Evidence of Property Ownership overseas (Houses/Cars etc..)
Evidence of family overseas and home country (family book)
Statement outlining his reasons for entering Australia and that he will only look to remain temporarily in Australia.

Evidence of Financial Support:

Applicants Bank Statement
Evidence of Applicants ongoing pension
Letter of Support from Australian child/permanent resident outlining you will support your father during his stay in Australia
Evidence of Australian child/permanent resident ongoing employment

The information provided today is general in nature, if you are looking to remain in Australia on a more permanent basis, you may want to consider other visa options.

As always, any questions please never hesitate to contact the team at Pathway to Aus on the phone, website Facebook, or Instagram Thanks!

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Subclass 600 Visa Fee: All About Australian Visitor Visa 600 Fees Explained

Visitor Visa Australia: All About Visa 600 Fees Explained

In this article, you will find detailed explaination for Subclass 600 Visa Fee .

It is very important to remember that a visitor visa in Australia needs to be applied separately for each individual.

Example: A parent and child need to lodge a separate visitor visa or tourist visa application in Australia.

Table of Contents

The following factors affect how much an applicant pays for the Visitor Visa Australia fees Subclass 600:

Tourist or visitor fee for Australia depends upon whether the subclass 600 visitor visa applicant is lodging his or her visitor visa application while they in Australia or while they are outside Australia.
It also depends on if you are a citizen of a country for which Australia allows visitor visa priority processing.

What is the priority fee or fast track fee for visitor visa?

The citizens of following countries can apply for visitor visa for priority consideration under Tourist Stream and Business Visitor Stream. The visitor visa subclass 600 application under priority consideration can only be lodged while the citizens of the countries below are in their home country.

The fee for a request for priority consideration of an Australian visitor visa application under Tourist Stream and Business Visitor stream is $1000. It is sometimes also referred to as fast tracking fee.

Republic of India
People’s Republic of China
United Arab Emirates
Australia Tourist Visa or Visitor visa 600 fee also depends on the stream of visitor visa being applied by the applicant.
Australia visitor visa or tourist fee also depends on the visa you hold if that visa was applied for when you were in Australia. Some applicants may have to pay a subsequent temporary application charge for their visitor visa application while they are in Australia. The cost of subsequent temporary application charge is $700.

What is a Subsequent Temporary Application Charge?

You can refer to our article on Subsequent temporary application charge by clicking on the link below:

Subsequent Temporary Application Charge Calculator:

https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/visas/getting-a-visa/fees-and-charges/explanation-of-visa-application-charges/subsequent-temporary-application-charge

Subclass 600 Visitor Visa Australia Fees

The Australian visitor or tourist visa application fees in various multiple streams are explained below:

Tourist Stream (For Onshore Applicants)

The Australian visitor visa or tourist visa application fees in tourist stream is $380 when you lodge an application while you are onshore in Australia.

Tourist Stream (Offshore Applicants)

The Australian visitor visa or tourist visa application fees in tourist stream is $150 when you lodge a visitor visa application while you are outside Australia.

Business Visitor Visa Stream

The visitor visa or tourist visa application fees for visitor visa in sponsored family stream is $150. An application for a visitor or a tourist visa subclass 600 in Business Visitor stream can only be lodged outside Australia.

Approved Destination Status Stream

The visitor visa or tourist visa application fees for visitor visa in approved destination status stream is $150. This visitor visa subclass 600 stream is only for citizens of People’s Republic of China who intend to Travel to Australia as part of a tour organised by an approved travel agent.

An application for a visitor or a tourist visa subclass 600 in Approved Destination stream can only be lodged outside Australia from People’s Republic of China.

Frequent Traveller Stream

The visitor visa or tourist visa application fees for visitor visa in Frequent Traveller stream is $ 1120. This visitor visa subclass 600 stream is only for citizens of People’s Republic of China who travel to Australia very often for business or personal reasons.

An application for a visitor or a tourist visa subclass 600 in Frequent Traveller stream can only be lodged outside Australia from People’s Republic of China.

What are the fees for Parent Visitor Visa Australia?

The fee for visitor visa or tourist visa for parents of Australian citizens or Australian permanent residents is no different to applicants who are not parents. The fee depends upon the stream of visitor visa applied.

Know More About Visas: https://oracleimmigration.com.au/list-of-australian-visas/

Disclaimer: The above information is not tailored to personal circumstances. For information relevant to personal circumstances, please book an appointment with Oracle Immigration Consultant’s expert migration agents in Australia. For any inquiries, please contact us at +61 430812158. We are premier Immigration agency and consultancy in Melbourne (Bundoora and Geelong).

Processing Time for Australian Visitor Visa (Subclass 600): What You Need to Know

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Visitor Visa – Subclass 600
Student Visa – Subclass 500
Student Guardian (590)
Training Visa (407)
Temporary Graduate Visa (485)
Aged Parent Visa (804)
Remaining Relative Visa – Offshore (115)
Sponsored Parent Visa (870)
Partner Visa (820)
Aged Dependent Visa -Offshore (838)
Aged Dependent Visa -Offshore (114)
Carer Visa – Offshore (116)
Carer Visa – Onshore (836)
Remaining Relative Visa – Onshore (835)
New Zealand Citizen Family Relationship (461)
Business and Investment Visa
Employer Sponsored Visa (482)
Skilled Independent Visa (189)
Skilled Regional Visa (491)
Global Talent Visa (858)
Employer Nomination Scheme (186)
Skilled Resident Visa (887)
Skilled Nominated Visa (190)
3 Month Resident Return Visa (157)
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Visitor Visas: What Are My Options?

By Karthiha Kailasanathan Lawyer

Updated on November 23, 2023 Reading time: 5 minutes

This article meets our strict editorial principles. Our lawyers, experienced writers and legally trained editorial team put every effort into ensuring the information published on our website is accurate. We encourage you to seek independent legal advice. Learn more .

Electronic Travel Authority Visa (Subclass 601)

Evisitor visa (subclass 651), work and holiday visa (subclass 462), working holiday visa (subclass 417), visitor visa (subclass 600), key takeaways.

You may be interested in visiting Australia for a holiday, a business trip, visiting family and friends, undertaking business visitor activities, or even short-term work (in specific circumstances). Australia has a variety of visitor visas to choose from, depending on your circumstances. Generally, you need to demonstrate that you intend to visit Australia temporarily, have not had a prior visa cancellation or refusal, have no debts to the Australian Government, and meet relevant health, biometrics, insurance and character requirements. This article will explain the visitor visas currently available in Australia.

The Electronic Travel Authority Visa ( ETA ) allows you to:

undertake tourism activities;
visit family and friends; and
undertake some business visitor activities.

You may carry out any such activity for up to 3 months at a time within a 12-month period.

However, this visa does not allow you to work. Furthermore, you must hold an eligible passport to obtain this visa. You can apply for this visa through the Australian ETA app.

You must be outside Australia when you apply for and are granted the visa.

The eVisitor visa allows you the same privileges as the ETA visa. In addition, you may study or undergo training in some circumstances. However, you cannot work. Once granted, you can stay for 3 months at a time within a 12-month period. This visa is only available to eligible passport holders. You must show that you have enough funds to support yourself during your stay and be able to depart Australia. In addition, you must be outside Australia when you apply for and are granted the visa.

Choosing between the 601 or 651 visa will primarily depend on your passport and the reason for your stay.

There is a first, second and third Work and Holiday visa. Each visa allows you to stay or leave and re-enter Australia for up to 12 months. The Work and Holiday visas enable you to undertake short-term work in Australia or study for up to four months whilst on holiday. If you are working, you can only work for a maximum of six months for any one employer at a time (unless you receive special permission stating otherwise). The six-month limitation resets for each visa. This means you may work for your current employer for an additional six months.

You must meet the following criteria to qualify for a working holiday visa :

hold an eligible passport ;
be between 18 and 30 when you apply for each visa;
cannot have dependents or family members on this visa; and
demonstrate that you have enough funds to support your stay and departure from Australia.

There are key differences between each visa.

For the first visa, you:

cannot have previously come to Australia on a 462 or 417 visa;
must be outside Australia when you apply and are granted the visa;
must meet the education requirement , which requires you to hold a certain level of qualifications dependent on your country;
must demonstrate functional English , which requires either holding a certain passport, completing a certain level of study in English, or sitting an English test with the requisite scores; and
must provide a letter of support if you are from a certain country .

Second Visa

For your second visa, you can apply inside or outside Australia. However, whichever option you choose, you must remain there until the visa application has an outcome.

You must also meet the following criteria:

hold or have previously held your first 462 visa and complied with all conditions on that visa;
if applying within Australia, hold a substantive visa or one expiring within the last 28 days;
enter Australia on that visa; and
have completed at least 3 months of specified work whilst holding your first 462 visa.

You can apply for this visa inside or outside Australia but must remain there until you receive the visa application outcome.

hold or have previously held your second 462 visa or associated bridging visa and have complied with all conditions on your prior 462 visas;
if you are in Australia, hold a substantive visa or had it expire within the last 28 days; and
complete at least 6 months of specified 462 work whilst holding your second 462 visa (the 3 months of work during your first visa cannot be double-counted).

This Working Holiday visa is almost identical to the above 462 visa, except you must hold a passport from an eligible country and complete specified 417 work for the second and third visas.

Whether you choose the 462 or 417 visa depends on which country you hold a passport in.

The Visitor visa encompasses several streams which serve different purposes.

1. Tourist Stream (Inside or Outside Australia)

These visas allow you to visit family and friends and engage in tourism activities, including cruises. You can study or train for up to three months, but you cannot work or undertake business activities.

Onshore applicants must be in Australia when they apply and receive the visa. Conversely, offshore applicants must be outside Australia when they apply and receive the visa. Furthermore, applicants must demonstrate they have enough funds to support their stay.

2. Sponsored Family Stream

This visa allows you to visit family members or friends, have a holiday or cruise and study or train for up to three months. However, you cannot work.

You must have an approved sponsor . Typically, this is a relative who is an Australian citizen or permanent resident.

If you do not have a sponsor, you may consider a Tourist stream visa and providing a letter of support from an Australian family member instead.

You must be outside Australia when you apply and receive this visa.

3. Business Visitor Stream

This visa allows you to visit Australia for business purposes for up to three months. You must be outside Australia when you apply for and receive the visa.

Business activity involves the following:

making general business or employment enquiries;
contract negotiation;
participating in conferences, seminars, trade fairs;
conducting training and orientations; and
participating in an official Government visit.

However, the following do not constitute business activities:

working or providing services to an Australian business or organisation (if you need to do this, you will need a temporary work visa); and
selling goods or services to the Australian public.

The business visitor stream allows you to undertake tourist activities whilst in Australia.

You must demonstrate that you have enough funds to support your stay.

4. Approved Destination Status Stream

This visa is only for citizens from some regions of China who intend to visit Australia as part of a pre-organised approved travel agent’s tour. If you wish to obtain this visa, you should contact an Approved Destination Status scheme travel agent.

5. Frequent Traveller Stream

This visa is only available to citizens of the People’s Republic of China who travel often to Australia for business or personal reasons. With this visa, you can travel to Australia for up to 3 months for each entry and 12 months total per 24-month period for up to 10 years.

When seeking this visa, you must:

apply for each family member;
be in the People’s Republic of China when you apply and outside Australia when your visa is granted; and
demonstrate that you have enough funds to support your stay.

6. Transit Visa (Subclass 771)

This Transit visa allows you to transit through Australia for up to 72 hours between countries or 5 days if you are a Maritime Crew visa holder. You may not require this visa if you:

are eligible ;
meet requirements for a subclass 444 visa (SCV); or
hold a separate Australian temporary or permanent residence visa.

You must be outside Australia when you apply and are granted the visa.

Sponsoring overseas workers as an Australian business is complicated. Let us simplify it for you with this free employer guide.

Many different types of visas are available to visit Australia, catering to various circumstances. Choosing the correct visa for your situation is crucial to ensure the best prospects of a visa grant and allow you to undertake your intended activities lawfully.

If you require assistance choosing the right visa, our experienced immigration lawyers can assist as part of our LegalVision membership. For a low monthly fee, you will have unlimited access to lawyers to answer your questions and draft and review your documents. Call us today on 1300 544 755 or visit our membership page .

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A Guide to Bridging Visas in Australia

Am I Eligible For a Resident Return Visa?

Am I Eligible for the Subclass 400 Temporary Work (Short Stay Activity) (Highly Specialised Work Stream) Visa?

Can I Apply for the 191 Visa?

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Tourist stream (apply in Australia)

This visa stream lets you visit Australia as a tourist, to see family and friends or for purposes other than business or medical treatment.

From AUD365

Processing Time

75% of applications in 17 days
90% of applications in 28 days
We might grant you a stay of up to 12 months
Visit friends and family, cruise or have a holiday
If you hold another visa that is expiring and want to stay longer, this visa might suit you

Tourist stream (apply outside Australia)

From AUD36145

We might grant you a stay of 3, 6 or 12 months
Eligible parents of Australian citizens might be granted a longer validity period

Business visitor stream

This visa stream lets you visit Australia for business reasons.

75% of applications in 8 days
90% of applications in 17 days
You can make a short visit for business visitor reasons, but you can’t work or sell goods or services
We might let you enter Australia once or many times while the visa is valid
You must be outside Australia when you apply and when we decide your visa

Approved Destination Status stream

This visa stream is for citizens from certain areas of China visiting Australia on a tour organised by an approved travel agent.

For the period or until the date we specify in your grant letter

75% of applications in 1 days
90% of applications in 2 days
This visa lets citizens of the People’s Republic of China (excluding SARs) visit Australia with an organised tour group
You must remain with the organised tour group

Frequent traveller stream

This visa stream is for citizens of the People’s Republic of China who travel often to Australia for business or personal reasons.

75% of applications in 9 days
90% of applications in 15 days
We might grant a validity period for up to 10 years
You must hold a passport from the People’s Republic of China, SARs excluded
You must provide biometrics within the People’s Republic of China before you apply

VISITOR VISA for Australia (SUBCLASS 600)

Introduction: Visitor Visa (subclass 600) is a short-term visa that highlights the visa details of a traveler traveling to Australia for business or family visits or to enjoy the country as a tourist.

The visa can be of four forms depending on the nature and purpose of the traveler’s visit to Australia.

Tourist: This applies to the travelers visiting Australia for a joy trip vacationing with family and friends. When the visa is applied while in Australia, the concerned applicant should be in Australia while the visa is being confirmed, else the applicant need not be out side Australia to apply for the visa.

Business Visitor: This visa focuses on the business men due to their transient nature of visit to Australia for official consultations and conventions. The applicant must apply for the visa outside the concerned country while the visa is being confirmed.

Sponsored Family: This visa is for those people who travel to Australia to visit friends and families. This visa will need a sponsor to be mentioned from the side of the applicant as to refer him/her to provide a bond. Once you have arrived Australia, re-application of the visa is not possible.

Approved Destination Status: This visa is for the travelers from the People’s Republic of China who travel in organized groups. The visa must be applied outside Australia when it is being confirmed.

Benefits of the visa: The visa lets you to:

Go around the country as a tourist and visit families and friends
Study in Australia for about three months
You provide your services to another organization in Australia
You sell goods and services to the public.

The number of visits you can have with the visa will be mentioned by the department.

If you are allowed to enter the country only once, you will need to apply for a new visa if you decide to return to Australia once you leave.
You can travel to and fro Australia any number of times until your visa is valid, but the time spent in Australia cannot exceed the period of stay that you have initially been guaranteed.

Eligibility Criteria: If you are willing to apply, you must:

Meet the health and character requirements
Have sufficient financial means to self-support until your stay.
Look through the activities that you have applied for according to the mentioned forms of the visa.

Health: Health examinations are necessary depends on the duration of stay. The need for taking this test will depend on the basic situations and country of origin and residence. The results are valid for 12 months.

While in Australia, you will be responsible for all the financial costs when it comes to health. Unless the applicant’s country has a Reciprocal Health Care Agreement with the concerned country, Australia’s national health scheme will not be able to provide help.

Character: The applicant must in all times be ready to provide a police certificate from each country he/she has been to and lived for 12+ months in the past 10 years once the applicant has turned 16.

There should be no notable debts to the Australian Government .If so, you should re-pay it.
You will be requested to provide bio-metrics (scientific identification based on characteristic or traits) as part of the application(Optional).

4 thoughts on “ Visit Visa ”

Sir I am a volunteer. so I need tourist visa can u tell me what is documents required .I already pay for volunteer . but u tell me how much I show money its suficent for my visa and I buy ticket now or after visa please reply me sir Thanks Prince

Prince You have to provide documents as per check list for tourist visa which is provided by the department on their web-sight.You can hire the services of a migration agent for your application.

I want to know the options available to my friend who applied for visit visa subcalss 600, he was refused on the basis of “insufficient incentive to return” with following reasons mentioned by refusing officer:-

My decision is based on the following factors The applicant intends travelling to Australia to visit sister for a period of up to three months. In support of this application, I have considered that the applicant intends travelling to Australia for visiting his sister , and that the applicant has demonstrated access to adequate funds to support his travel and stay in Australia. While I recognise that family visits are important, I must consider whether or not I am satisfied that the applicant’s intentions are as stated and that the applicant meets the requirements of the legislation for the grant of a visa. I therefore must assess this application on all its merits, taking into consideration the applicant’s current circumstances and the circumstances in the applicant’s home country. I note that the applicant has indicated some family ties that will not be accompanying to him on this proposed travel. I have given his remaining family ties a little weight, as these ties are weak, and do not always provide an incentive to leave Australia. These ties should therefore be considered in the broader context of the applicant’s personal circumstances, and must be weighed against other relevant factors. This therefore necessitates a closer look at the applicant’s personal financial and economic circumstances in Pakistan, as well as his travel history. I have considered that the applicant has employment commitments in Pakistan. Considering the above, I am not satisfied that the applicant has viable business ties, that would act as a strong incentive for the applicant to leave Australia at the end of this proposed visit, especially given the comparatively greater economic opportunities which might encourage the applicant to remain in Australia. Evidence of previous international travel history the applicant has supplied is too limited. This alone does not satisfy me that the applicant has a strong international travel history and compliance with immigration law with countries such as Australia, UK, Canada or USA who maintain a rigorous immigration pre-clearance Considering the applicant’s personal and economic circumstances and all the information before me on balance, I am not satisfied that the applicant has demonstrated sufficient incentive to return. After considering the information provided, I am not satisfied that the applicant genuinely intends to stay temporarily in Australia for the purposes set out above. Therefore, I am not satisfied that the applicant meets the relevant criteria in clause 600.211 in Schedule 2 of the Migration Regulations.

Decision As clause 600.211 is not satisfied, I find the criteria for the grant of a Visitor (Tourist) visa in the Tourist stream are not satisfied. Therefore, I refuse the application by the applicant for a Visitor (Tourist) visa in the Tourist stream.

Hello Asif, I feel that the refusal is not justifying proper reasons. It is better you apply once again. The officer was harsh in handling her case. Use a migration agent this time when you re-apply for the visitor visa once again. What is the main reason for her vist need to be explained in detail.

with regards

Subclass 600 Visitor Visa (Frequent Traveller Stream) – 10 Years Visitor Visa

Subclass 600: visitor visa frequent traveller stream.

Visa Eligibility Criteria
Who can apply?
Visa Conditions
making general business or employment enquiries;
investigating, negotiating, entering into, or reviewing a business contract;
an activity carried out as part of an official government to government visit;
participating in a conference, trade fair or seminar in Australia and not being paid by an organiser for participation.
an activity that is, or includes, undertaking work for, or supplying services to, an organisation or other person based in Australia. For instance, making general business enquiries for company based in Australia;
an activity that is, or includes, the sale of goods or services directly to the general public.

Stay Period

Apply from....

the applicant’s purpose of visit;
the applicant’s previous compliance with visa conditions;
whether the applicant intend to comply with the conditions to which the Subclass 600 visa would be subject;
any other relevant matter.
any person who met the eligibility criteria outlined in "Eligibility Criteria" tab on this page;
the member of family unit of the applicant, e.g.: spouse/de facto partner and children who are still dependent on the applicant or the spouse/de facto partner of applicant, must make a separate visa application.

Condition 8115 - Engaging in business visitor activity only

Condition 8201 - Maximum 3 months study

Condition 8503 - No further stay

Condition 8516 - Continue to satisfy the criteria for the grant of the visa

Condition 8527 - Must be free from Tuberculosis on each entry to Australia

Condition 8531 - Must leave before visa expiry

Condition 8572 - Must undergo medical assessment if requested

Condition 8573 - Must not stay in Australia for more than 12 months in any 24-month period

Condition 8609 - Notify change in personal details within 14 days

Residential Address;
Email Address;
Phone Number;
Passport Details.

If you would like to arrange your visit and holiday in Australia, please contact our office to discuss the best action plan.

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Entrepreneur Stream (Subclass 188E & 888E)
Protection / Refugee & Humanitarian Visas

Example sentences stream of tourists

Tranquil though the cathedral and its surroundings may be, your time-out can be interrupted by a constant stream of tourists .

But on the glorious day of my visit there was a steady stream of tourists turning their backs on the sea to go to a nasty neighbourhood.

A steady stream of tourists and the presence of new residents encourage nightlife and entertainment.

This has started a steady stream of tourists to the island which now supports a certain level of tourism infrastructure.

It was such a scenery of exceptional charm that it attracts an endless stream of tourists .

Definition of 'stream' stream

Definition of 'tourist' tourist

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Atlantis Visas

Subclass 600 Family Sponsored Visa

The following are the requirements for Sponsored tourist visa in subclass 600 sponsored family stream.

Subclass 600 Sponsored Tourist Visa Australia

Who may sponsor for family sponsored visitor visa.

For visa 600 family sponsored, The sponsor must be a settled Australian citizen or Australian permanent resident who is at least 18 and is either:

- a relative of the applicant; or - a relative of another applicant who is a member of the family unit of the applicant; or - a relative of another applicant in relation to whom the applicant is a member of the family unit;

- A settled Australian citizen or Australian permanent resident who is a Commonwealth/State/Territory member of parliament or local government mayor; or - A Commonwealth/State/Territory government agency or instrumentality.

Special Category visa Subclass 444 holders, eligible New Zealand citizens, New Zealand citizens and New Zealand permanent residents cannot sponsor an applicant for a Sponsored Family stream visa.

Who can not sponsor for Visitor Visa Family Sponsored?

You can not be a sponsor for visitor visa sponsored family stream, if you are the applicant's fiance, in-laws, cousin or friend. If you have already provided a sponsorship for another visitor, you normally need to wait until their visa ceases to be in effect before you can be eligible to provide another sponsorship for family sponsored visa 600.

If you have previously sponsored a visitor for visa 600 sponsored family stream, and your visitor did not abide by the conditions of their visa, you may be ineligible to sponsor another visitor in the same visa subclass for 5 years.

Sponsor must be settled If the sponsor is an individual

The sponsor (if an individual, that is, a natural person) must be a settled Australian citizen or permanent resident, and ‘lawfully resident in Australia for a reasonable period’.

A reasonable period is considered to be 2 years. However periods of temporary residence, as well as permanent residence, can be counted towards making up the 2 year requirement.

For this requirement to be met, the sponsor must be lawfully resident at the time the application is made. This does not necessarily mean that the sponsor must be in Australia at this time because a temporary absence would not negate the fact that a person is lawfully resident. However, if the sponsor has moved permanently overseas, they would not be considered to be lawfully resident in Australia even if the absence at the time the application is made has been for a short period only.

The requirement may also be met if a person has spent some time in Australia on a temporary visa and then been granted a permanent visa. In such a case, the temporary stay may contribute to satisfying the ‘settled’ criterion, if the person became lawfully resident during the period of temporary stay and the lawful residence has been maintained. This means that time spent as a student, for example, before being granted a permanent visa may, depending on the circumstances, contribute to satisfying the ‘settled’ criterion.

Sponsor must be an adult for Family Sponsored Tourist Visa

A sponsor must be able to be held accountable for the sponsorship undertakings they give. Consequently, a sponsor (if an individual) must be an adult (that is, at least 18 years old).

Subclass 600 Visitor Visa Sponsored Family Stream Fee

When you are applying for tourist visa family sponsored from outside Australia, then your fees will be A$150 per applicant. Read for more information: Visa 600 Fees and Costs

Family Sponsored Visitor Visa Australia Processing Time

Average Processing times are as follows:

25% of applications: 20 Days
50% of applications: 42 Days
75% of applications: 3 Months
90% of applications: 6 Months

Read for more information: Visitor Visa Processing Time

If a government agency or instrumentality

If the visa applicant is sponsored by a government agency or instrumentality, the sponsorship form must be completed by an authorised officer and show the official seal of the agency or instrumentality. The authorised officer must be authorised to make the sponsorship undertaking on behalf of the agency or instrumentality; merely being an employee of the agency or instrumentality is not sufficient.

Who can be Sponsored for 600 Visa Family Sponsored

A relative of the sponsor for 600 sponsored family.

An example of this is where the applicants are the parents and a sister of the sponsor. The parents and the sister are all relatives of the sponsor and so all are eligible to be sponsored at the same time by the same sponsor. Whether the sister, for instance, is over 18 or living independently is irrelevant, because she is a relative of the sponsor.

An applicant whose family unit member is the sponsor’s relative

An example of this is where a niece or nephew of the sponsor has applied for a visa with a parent who is not a blood relation of the sponsor. The parent who is not a blood relation is the sponsor’s brother-in-law or sister-in-law and, is not a relative of the sponsor. The niece or nephew is a relative of the sponsor, however, and because they are members of the family unit of their parent, the parent (the sister-in-law/brother in law) is also able to be sponsored.

A family unit member of an applicant who is the sponsor’s relative

An example of this is where the sponsor’s uncle and the uncle’s child have applied for a 600 visa . The uncle is a relative of the sponsor but the uncle’s child is not, because the child is the cousin of the sponsor and cousins are not included in the definition of ‘relative’. However, because the cousin is a member of the family unit of the uncle and the uncle has also applied for a visa, the cousin may also be sponsored.

Establishing the relationship to the sponsor for 600 Family Sponsored

For consistency across immigration programs, it is policy that, for a Subclass 600 Sponsored Family Stream visa, the evidence to establish the sponsor’s eligibility (age, ‘settled’ and the family relationship to the applicant is the same as that required for form 40 (family) sponsorship.

If a Sponsored Family stream sponsor lodges the visa application on the basis of being the visa applicant’s partner, a full assessment of the partner relationship is generally not considered necessary. This is because the visa applicant is being sponsored for a visit only, not permanent migration. Additional evidence however, may be asked for, if there are concerns as to the genuineness of the partner relationship or the applicant and their sponsor have previously unsuccessfully applied for a Partner or Prospective Marriage visa.

Withdrawal of Sponsorship for Sponsored Visitor Visa

Withdrawal of the sponsorship by the sponsor before a visa is granted would normally lead to visa refusal. However officers may invite the applicant to provide another sponsor. It is possible for a sponsor to request a withdrawal of the sponsorship after a visa has been granted. The department must then consider whether it agrees to release the sponsor from their sponsorship undertakings. Confirmation of the department’s agreement to release the sponsor from their undertakings may be provided to the sponsor in writing. If the department agrees to the withdrawal of sponsorship, the visa granted on the basis of that sponsorship may be considered for cancellation, because a circumstance which permitted the grant of the visa no longer exists.

A sponsor’s undertakings are completely separate from any security bond arrangements. Therefore, if a sponsor is released from their sponsorship undertakings, this does not affect any bond that was requested. This means that if the bond is being held by the department, this arrangement will continue until such time as the bond is refunded or forfeited as per normal procedures.

Form 1149 Application for Sponsorship for Sponsored Family Visitors

You can use sponsored family stream 1149 form, if you are seeking to be a sponsor for sponsored tourist visa Australia applicant in the sponsored family stream.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between sponsored family stream and tourist stream.

The main difference between sponsored family stream and tourist stream is that; to apply for tourist visa 600 in sponsored family stream you must have a sponsor.

How much is Security Bond for Sponsored Family Stream?

The case officer might ask an amount between A$5,000 to A$25,000, as sponsored family stream security bond from the sponsoring relative. This bond is usually released when the visa applicant leaves Australia.

Can I sponsor my brother to Australia?

Yes you can sponsor your brother for sponsored family stream visa 600.

Can I sponsor my sister to Australia?

Yes you can sponsor your sister for sponsored family stream visa 600.

Disclaimer : ‘Atlantis International Pty Ltd’ and its associates are independent consulting entities which are not associated in anyway with the Australian ‘Department of Home Affairs’ (DOHA). Information on this website does not constitute personal migration advice. For a customized migration advice based on your personal circumstances, please call and talk to one of our Immigration Consultants or register your interest with our Associates.

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Subclass 600 (Visitor Visa)

Business visitor stream.

Grab the opportunities in a diverse community to look or close a deal in Australia.

*terms and conditions apply

Requirements

Varies depending on type of visa

From AUD190

Processing Time

average time takes 15 to 25 days

It allows the applicant to visit Australia for business concerns.

What you need to know

Business visitor stream requirements.

Applicant must express genuine intention to travel in Australia for business activities
Applicant must be outside Australia when applying for the visa and while the Department of Home Affairs finalizes the visa application.

How much it will cost

Origin Migration offers flexible payment schemes to suit different financial capabilities of clients.

• It starts from AUD190

• Upfront due day before visa application lodgement

Our clients can pay by credit card, online electronic fund transfer, bank deposit or direct debit

Payment terms and options (eg. Instalment) are available. Talk to us we are flexible.

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Stay duration

The tourist can stay up to 3 months.

Processing time takes 15 to 25 days and depending on the circumstances of the Visitor visa – Business Visitor Stream application.

These are the some of the reasons why the processing time is taking longer than usual:

The information in the application are not complete
The supporting documents are not sufficient for the case officer to finalise the application and more document(s)/information are required
The response time of the applicant for the requested information
The information provided takes time on the verification process.
The information from external agencies sometimes takes time. Example, those who are related to national security, health, and character requirements
Number of applications load process by the processing centre, internal policy (processing standard time) and influx in application in a given time period

Origin Migration will make sure that your visa application is front-loaded meaning decision ready application and up to date information are provided from time to time to avoid delays on our application

Being Visitor visa – Business Visitor Stream holder

The tourist who is granted a visa is allowed to:

Create a general business or employment enquiries
Plan or offer business contracts
Conduct activities as a part of an official government visit in Australia
Participate in a conference or trade fair

You will be guided!

Don’t worry, we have our in-house Registered Migration Agent (RMA) and our professional team that support and guide you throughout the whole application process. We are here at any time you need us! All you have to do is work with us, and provide the necessary documents/information required by the Government and will take care of the rest.

Tourist Stream (Apply outside Australia)

Subclass 600.

It allows the applicant to visit Australia as a tourist, to have a trip on a cruise or to see family and friends.

Tourist Stream (Apply outside Australia) requirements

Applicant must express her/his intention to stay in Australia for a visit only.
Applicant must have enough money to stay in Australia.
Applicant must demonstrate sufficient financial mean to stay in Australia

The visa (government) fee starts from AUD190

The tourist can stay up to 12 months.

Processing time

Processing time takes 20 to 29 days and depending on the circumstances of the Visitor visa -Tourist Stream application.

Being Visitor visa - Tourist Stream holder

Visit family or friends
Be a tourist, for a trip on a cruise, or for purposes other than business concerns or medical needs.

Tourist Stream (Apply in Australia)

It allows the applicant to visit Australia to see his/her family and friends or for purposes other than business concerns or medical needs.

Tourist Stream (Apply in Australia) requirements

The visa (government) fee starts from AUD475

Being Visitor visa - Sponsored Family Stream holder

Study or be on a training for up to 3 months

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Travel live streaming: an affordance perspective

Original Research
Published: 15 March 2021
Volume 23 , pages 189–207, ( 2021 )

Cite this article

Zhiming Deng ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3293-0734 1 ,
Pierre Benckendorff ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2794-8534 1 &
Jie Wang ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8850-4251 1

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This study draws on tourism literature and current examples to propose that the emergence of Travel Live Streaming (TLS) provides new affordances for live streamers, viewers, and sponsors. Despite its increasing popularity and the new opportunities for communication and marketing in tourism, TLS has received limited attention in the academic literature. The aim of this paper is to use affordances theory to understand some of the key features and benefits of TLS. It is argued that TLS affordances include temporal, spatial, interactive, and media affordances. These affordances support new opportunities and actions for travel live streamers, viewers, and sponsors. The paper proposes an affordance-based TLS framework and concludes with three propositions to guide future research directions.

The digital revolution in the travel and tourism industry

The impact of social media marketing strategies on promoting sustainability of tourism with fuzzy cognitive mapping: a case of Kalanggaman Island (Philippines)

Smart tourism: foundations and developments.

Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

1 Introduction

Live streaming has been defined as individuals (broadcasters) recording and broadcasting video in real time, enabling multi-modal (video, image and text) interactions between live streamers and viewers (Hu et al. 2017 ). Live streaming combines video and audio with online platforms that allow content creators to broadcast in real time while engaging with viewers through synchronous interactions between live streamers and viewers (Thorburn 2014 ). In a culture obsessed with ‘nowness’ (Buhalis and Sinarta 2019 ), live streaming is becoming increasingly prevalent on many social networking sites (e.g., Facebook Live, Twitch, TikTok). Recent research has begun to explore the marketing applications of live streaming (Wongkitrungrueng et al. 2020 ). In the tourism field, live streaming is increasingly used by social media influencers (SMIs), travel bloggers, travel agents and tourism destinations as a new channel for creating and circulating travel experiences, selling products, or promoting destinations. This has led to the emergence of ‘travel live streaming’ (TLS), where content creators use live streaming to broadcast their tourism activities, capture destination landscapes, and interact with others in real time.

TLS is gaining the attention of tourism destinations (e.g., the Melbourne Remote Control Tourist Campaign), online travel agencies (e.g., C-trip), and several social media platforms. Hard hit by the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, some sectors of the tourism industry have employed TLS to keep potential travellers engaged. For instance, in lieu of actual experiences, Tourism Australia launched ‘Live from Aus.’ to live stream tourism experiences across social media channels (Tourism Australia 2020). Similarly, China’s largest online travel company, Trip.com, initiated ‘Boss Live Session’ hosted by the co-founder, James Liang to promote domestic travel. One of his live streams at Sanya generated USD 1.4 million advance purchases for accommodation within one hour (Zhu 2020 ). Despite the increasing significance of live streaming in the tourism industry, the topic has not received a careful and systematic exploration in terms of what constitutes TLS.

While TLS can be studied from many perspectives, affordance theory offers a useful way to initially explore the topic. The notion of affordances was originally derived from ecological psychology to describe how the properties of an object or environment can be used to support the actions of individuals (Gibson 1979 ; Norman 1988 ). Affordance theory has been recognised as a useful perspective for describing how individuals use technological artefacts (Blewett and Hugo 2016 ; Hutchby 2001 ), depending on users’ characteristics, goals and context of use (Leonardi 2012 ). The tourism literature has recently adopted affordance theory to consider human–environment interactions (Chen and Wu 2021 ), and human–computer interfaces (Lei et al. 2019 ).

This paper adopts the position that the use of live streaming is a socio-technological phenomenon that depicts the relationship between participants’ social behaviours (e.g., live streamer–viewers interaction) and the technological environment (Lu et al. 2019 ). Cabiddu et al. ( 2014 ) pointed out that affordances are a powerful means to study socio-technical phenomena. The affordance lens thus provides an analytical tool to broaden the understanding of live streaming in tourism. In this study, we specifically focus on identifying TLS affordances and how these affordances provided abilities for TLS participants. For instance, travel live streamers can create authentic tourism-related content, viewers can interact in real time with travel live streamers, and sponsors can realise strategic and operational goals. We therefore define TLS as an interactive form of socio-technical practice characterised by the real-time production and consumption of visual tourism media through a live streaming platform.

To understand what TLS involves, the objectives of this study are to: (1) apply affordance theory to analyse TLS; (2) ascertain how TLS participants behave through their afforded actions when involved in TLS; and (3) develop an affordance-based framework to show the relationships between TLS participants. The paper concludes with several propositions and opportunities for future research.

2 Live streaming and TLS

2.1 live streaming and its application.

Traditionally, live streams were limited to television broadcasts; however, recent advances in technology (e.g., video compression algorithms, data transformation systems) have supported the development of live streaming as a new form of visual communication through social media platforms (e.g., Facebook Live, YouTube Live, and TikTok). Like most trending phenomena, live streaming has been applied to a range of research contexts. Examples include game streaming (Kaytoue et al. 2012 ; Taylor 2018 ), live streaming e-commerce and service (Scheibe et al. 2016 ; Wongkitrungrueng and Assarut 2018 ), and e-sports (Burroughs and Rama 2015 ). However, the scope of these studies focused mainly on the technical structure of live streaming, with some exceptions that focused on social foundations which might explain the mechanisms of live streaming (Hilvert-Bruce et al. 2018 ; Lim et al. 2020 ). Another line of research examined the content creators (live streamers) and viewers by exploring participatory culture (Zhou et al. 2019 ), viewers motivations for watching (Todd and Melancon 2018 ), and gift-sending behaviour (Yu et al. 2018 ).

2.2 Travel Live Streaming (TLS)

Rather than a single technology, TLS is a mix of different types of technology that integrate several media forms. With the affordances and ubiquity of mobile devices (e.g., smart phones and mobile apps), live streamers can stream content from any location and engage with physical environments. Typical TLS involves a travel live streamer who documents travel experiences in real time through a live streaming channel or social media platform. Viewers using the live channel can interact with the travel live streamer contemporaneously. For example, Lu et al. ( 2019 ) investigated outdoor live streaming using the Chinese online platform, Douyu, to understand user experiences, such as hiking and fishing. Given its unique features (real-time viewing experience and interaction), TLS has gained popularity on major social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, YouTube). Several tourism destinations and organisations have used TLS as a marketing or business tactic. For example, hotel chain (e.g., Accor) employs live streaming as a ‘visual doorway to a tourist’s attention’ to promote services and products. In China, live streaming has also penetrated the tourism industry and become popular among social media platforms (e.g., TikTok). Despite being increasingly adopted by the tourism industry, particularly in Asian destinations (e.g., China, South Korea, and Japan), academic research has paid little attention to TLS.

While live streaming is not novel, new insights can be identified by exploring how it is applied in the tourism context. Sjöblom et al. ( 2019 ) pointed out that the live streaming platform, Twitch , provides distinct affordances through technology, interaction, and specific environments. This study adopts a similar perspective to argue that participants (travel live streamers, viewers, and sponsors) are able to articulate different actions informed by TLS affordances. Affordances need to be perceived by participants to realise prospects (Norman 1988 ). Clarifying, interpreting and integrating TLS affordances extends participants’ needs to move beyond the basic premise that live streaming allows streamers to broadcast themselves while travelling. The following sections discuss affordance theory and identifies specific TLS affordances for different groups of users.

3 Affordance Theory

In the ecological psychology literature, affordance theory in its broadest sense explains how an environment provides possibilities for users’ actions (Gibson 1979 ). This notion simultaneously considers the affordances of artefacts (e.g., a mobile app) and of the animal-environment system (e.g., a fish and river) (Norman 1988 ). After the notion of affordances was initially developed by psychologists, was quickly appropriated in other fields. For example, affordance theory is useful to direct service design to enhance customer interaction (Sun et al. 2019 ); it is also useful to accomplish innovation in tourism organizations through social media (Buckley and Akhoundogli 2020 ). Therefore, affordance theory offers the means to interpret and guide potential actions.

Within tourism literature, affordances can be generally categorised into several lines of inquiry. The first analysis aligns with the original definition of affordances in psychology to examine places affording tourist behaviours. For example, Baerenholdt et al. ( 2004 ) investigated how the beach affords tourists with actions, such as swimming and building sandcastles. The second line of inquiry adopted this theoretical lens when investigating digital technology and social media use. For instance, Cabiddu et al. ( 2014 ) investigated social media affordances for tourism organisations to engage customers. Similarly, Lei et al. ( 2019 ) utilised technology affordance theory to compare hoteliers’ and customers’ perceptions of branded hotel mobile apps. More recently, affordance theory has been applied to tourism research as an analytic approach (Fesenmaier and Xiang 2017 ; Tomej and Xiang 2020 ). These studies support the importance of affordance perspective to provide theoretical and practical insights into the tourism industry.

This paper builds on previous work by using affordance theory as an ontological lens for identifying the existence of affordances that enable the behaviours of three groups of TLS participants. These affordances emerge from an amalgam of different technological advances in areas such as mobile video capture and compression, storage, transmission, connectivity, and social media.

4 Conceptual development

Building explanations not only helps researchers to understand the phenomenon but also assists to establish theoretical understandings to advance a related field (Shaw et al. 2018 ). Based on a literature review that compared emergent concepts, constructs, and theories (Levy and Ellis 2006 ), this paper employed a conceptual systematic approach to describe important concepts and their theoretical relationships (Wacker 1998 ). The paper draws together three aspects: (1) live streaming and TLS; (2) affordance theory and its theoretical foundations underlying TLS affordance; and (3) TLS affordances that enable TLS participants’ behaviours. The conceptual systematic approach is useful for developing propositions for future research (Rossi et al. 2018 ).

The extant literature on live streaming (e.g., Hu et al. 2017 ; Sjöblom et al. 2019 ) and concepts that inform the affordance perspective, such as affordances of social media (e.g., Cabiddu et al. 2014 ), and digital mediated technologies (e.g., Dinhopl and Gretzel 2015 , 2016 ) are used in this paper to develop theoretical foundations. Based on this analysis, it is proposed that the technologies which underpin TLS result in four important affordances dimensions: temporal, spatial, interactivity, and media affordances.

4.1 Temporal affordance

Temporal affordance describes the real-time TLS production and consumption by travel live streamers and viewers. Advances in ICTs (e.g., internet connectivity, digital devices) allow travel live streamers to stream their travel experiences from any location at any time. As Zou ( 2018 ) noted, leisure time becomes work time as live streaming occurs in an interactive and collaborative environment wherein live streamers are constantly contributing content and value. Similarly, Agger ( 2011 ) proposed that the advent of smartphones creates a different mobility of time, ‘iTime’, which alters the pre-internet boundaries between public and private, day and night, work and leisure. On the other hand, the temporal affordance of TLS is more efficient and richer in meaning in that it allows viewers to watch what travel live streamers are doing at the tourism destination in real-time. Viewers are offered opportunities to organise their viewing schedule and picking the content they want to consume from a range of publishers, networks and formats (Recktenwald 2017 ).

It is important to note that this temporal affordance only exists while a travel live stream is being produced and consumed in real-time. If the live stream is made available as a recording after the live streaming event has concluded, this temporal affordance is transformed into a persistence affordance, as discussed in the body of scholarly literature on social media affordances (Cabiddu et al. 2014 ; Treem and Leonardi 2013 ). Persistence affordance emphasises that the information can be saved and stored over time, but temporal affordance highlights the distinction of TLS from other visual media technologies commonly employed in tourism contexts.

4.2 Spatial affordance

Spatial affordance refers to the capacity to integrate multiple spaces to create a hybrid TLS environment. Digital technology brings about a technological change in communication and interaction, and offers an ensemble of shifting and fluid experiences in place and space (Jovicic 2019 ). Dux and Kim ( 2018 ) argued that live streaming serves as a virtual ‘third place’ where communities form and grow, with viewers using chat rooms to converse, laugh, and joke with each other about content they are watching. The activities organised around people nearby or location-based virtual groups, eventually turn all spaces into objects of social production. Unlike many other forms of live streaming (e.g. gaming and service) (Li and Peng 2021 ; Sjöblom et al. 2019 ), travel live streamers exhibit elements of their experience in public spaces (e.g. tourism destinations), rather than private spaces, such as the home. TLS is therefore a real-time event set within several online and offline spaces, including the physical site of the tourism destination, the virtual TLS environment itself, and the digital host of the TLS.

4.3 Interactivity affordance

Interactivity affordance is related to the way social media is used to enable the communication and engagement capacity of TLS. TLS has gradually become integral to many social media platforms with social media being a ‘digital heaven’ for tourism (Leung et al. 2013 ). The literature points out that social media acts as a space where people follow, share, rate and discuss tourism-related content (Leung et al. 2013 ), thus creating personalised and contextualised experiences (Buhalis et al. 2019 ). Further, the social media affordance of social connectivity provides users with large and instant audiences (Bucher and Helmond 2017 ).

TLS’s streamers can use the content-sharing affordance of social media to create, share, and connect with viewers. Travel live streamers may use hashtags as a signalling cue in a travel live stream’s title (e.g., #traveltoparis). This affordance can help travel live streamers to accumulate more viewers and followers. Viewers are also able to interact with a travel live streamer through the social interactivity affordance of social media. Notably, the interactivity affordance of TLS emphasises the real-time interaction between travel live streamer and viewers, and also offers viewers the ability to direct the travel live streamer’s activity. In other words, TLS often requires the live streamer and viewers to cooperate to create experiences through real-time interaction. A typical example of this is when viewers direct a live streamer to experience a specific place or product.

These observations inform how TLS is being supported by social media. This study draws on the social media affordance literature to argue that: (1) social media is not only an outlet for travel live streamers to post content but also a platform for TLS participants to be connected; (2) TLS can be viewed as a product where the boundaries of tourism experience are negotiated and challenged to establish a new genre of interactive digital tourism.

4.4 Media affordance

Media affordances enable two behaviours in the TLS context: (1) the ability for travel live streamers to produce TLS content and communicate with viewers; and (2) the ability for viewers to make text comments and watch and listen to TLS content. TLS media affordances also involve the use of visual media, such as video, photos, text, and emoticons.

The act of travelling has long correlated positively with a proliferation of visual media. Scholars have explored the role of visual media in tourist experiences and social relationships produced using digital technology, such as photography and videography (Haldrup and Larsen 2003 ; Scarles 2009 ). Research has clarified the importance of visual media in affording tourist experiences. For example, while photography has dominated travellers’ representations of the tourist experience (Lo et al. 2011 ), videography is essential for capturing travellers’ visual representation of recreation (Dinhopl and Gretzel 2016 ). Whereas TLS is closely connected to tourist photography and videography, it is not simply a progression of these visual media. Although research into visual media offers valuable affordances for understanding TLS, the media affordances that differentiate TLS from photography and videography need to be acknowledged.

TLS media affordances are consistent with the affordances of visual media regarding the use of visual cues to present content. For instance, literature addresses the vital role of visual media in representing the tourist experience (Dinhopl and Gretzel 2015 ; Terzidou et al. 2018 ), although the emphasis has remained on asynchronous posts of static images or videos. A feature of TLS is its ICT-enabled affordance to present the visual continuity of the experience in real time, alongside synchronous interaction to orient content presentation. This is distinct from tourist photography and videography, which present visual cues from the past that produce digital encounters of specific times selected during production (Dinhopl and Gretzel 2015 ). Further, the unedited nature of TLS content contrasts with photo and video content, which is often subjected to filtering and further editing. The unpredictability of encounters with real-time environments, people and activities imbues TLS content with authentic visual cues about the destination or tourist experience. It can thus be argued that TLS is not simply a visual medium; it also provides a space for embodied visualities, simultaneous communication and interaction for representing touristic activities. Table 1 contrasts TLS with photography and videography.

Having identified four key TLS affordances, it is necessary to further consider how these affordances support the goals and actions of TLS participants. Affordance can be varyingly perceived by different users with different goals and users may change the affordance accordingly as they use it (Reed 2014 ). This is particularly evident in tourism where activities are dynamic and involve different participants for various purposes (Camisón and Monfort-Mir 2012 ). The following section exemplifies TLS participants and explores how their actions may enabled by TLS affordances.

5 Actions and goals enabled by TLS affordances

TLS participants involve travel live streamers, viewers, and sponsors. As the preceding sections have mentioned, affordance theory suggests that participants may hold different perceptions of TLS’s functions and their context-based interactions with TLS. This section illustrates how different groups of participants can use TLS affordances to support their goals and actions.

5.1 Travel live streamers

Travel live streamers are broadcasters who create live streaming content during their travels. Everyone can create a live stream or watch a live streamer travelling from thousands of kilometres away because advances in technology infrastructure (e.g., mobile devices and fast Internet speeds) enable them. Not every travel live streamer can become a SMI, because popularity is not only driven by technology, but also by many other individual or social reasons. Despite this, TLS affordances have created great opportunities for live streamers to construct social identity, perform, and engage in storytelling.

5.1.1 Social identity

Social identity depicts intergroup behaviours and human social identity (Stets and Burke 2000 ). It can lead people to differentiate themselves from others by their different attributes (e.g., perceptions, attitudes). TLS enables live streamers to construct a social identity that enhances viewers’ participation (Hu et al. 2017 ). During the process, live streamers can communicate with viewers by presenting shared personal attributes such as personality, competence, and knowledge. Media affordances allow travel live streamers to present their social identity by capturing fleeting moments to present the self. Furthermore, interactivity affordances provide travel live streamers with opportunities to interact with viewers and sponsors. This process is also shaped by a travel live streamers’ personality, beliefs, tastes, and attitudes conveyed through real-time interactions. Examples of social identity include social media influencers showing their personality (e.g., humour), rich travel experiences, and knowledge to characterize their TLS contents and attract viewers. Presenting social identity through TLS affordances raises question about how live streaming technology empowers individuals to play different roles in the online community.

5.1.2 Performativity

In gaming contexts, live streamers are performers who play a central role in the live stream (Walker 2014 ; Woodcock and Johnson 2019 ). Zhao et al. ( 2018 ) claimed that live streamers attract viewers with their appearance, performance, and conversation, in exchange for mental satisfaction, self-esteem and monetary returns. In TLS, the performance involves anecdotes related to the physical tourism destination. TLS streamers physically visit a destination, participate in touristic live streaming activities, share travel experiences, and perform to satisfy viewers’ need for novelty and unexpected social interaction. The connection with viewers places live streamers in the simultaneous role of performers in, and narrators of, the tourist experience. In other words, TLS streamers behave more like those who perform than those who mediate, by presenting their self in front of the camera.

Goffman’s ( 1978 ) dramaturgy claims that individuals involved in the daily performance to present self are bounded in time and space. While in touristic photography studies, the travelling self is the performer (Larsen 2005 ), and performance can take place whenever social activity is engaged. Similarly, in TLS settings, TLS is a real-time activity in a blended space (i.e., the physical setting of destinations and the virtual live streaming environment). Once the activity starts, the TLS streamer performs by showcasing the view, streaming their activities at the destination, and interacting with unexpected strangers. The affordances of the technology offer a virtual stage for live performance. In tourism, the notion that live streaming is a performance raises questions about how the performers render, negotiate, or manage authentic content for viewers, as well as the extent to which they perform their real self.

5.1.3 Storytelling

Visual media research acknowledges that photography and videography support storytelling (Dinhopl and Gretzel 2016 ). It represents the experience while also enabling the creation of tourist experience narratives that emerge as embodied performance through digital storytelling. When TLS streamers produce and share content with their viewers on social media, they are in essence all storytellers who perform socially by sharing stories. The temporal affordances of TLS enable travel live streamers to share stories in real-time. However, an important research question is whether this temporal affordance results in storytelling that is authentic, improvised, and spontaneous, rather than scripted.

5.2 TLS viewers

The TLS viewers, that is, those who watch a specific live streamer travelling, are integral to the co-creation of tourist experiences with live streamers. Viewers interact and comment through chat streams while watching/monitoring TLS activities. New technology allows viewers to virtually experience and access a destination before (or even without) travelling there. For viewers, TLS affordances support their needs to seek information, engage socially and be socially present.

5.2.1 Information seeking

On social network sites (SNS), users have the visibility affordance to effortlessly access information about someone else, or information usually difficult to access (Fox and Moreland 2015 ; Treem and Leonardi 2013 ), including textual or behavioural information. However, scant live streaming research deems information use by viewers as live streaming because most situations (e.g., gaming, lifestyle) mainly afford viewers’ entertainment. Using TLS though, viewers are more likely to engage in information seeking especially when they intend to travel to the live streamed place. They may obtain practical and potentially real information from the travel live streamer’s experience.

5.2.2 Social engagement

Engagement is one of the most important actions for viewers who use TLS affordances. Viewers can simultaneously watch and comment and make requests for particular TLS activities. Live streamers can receive these comments in real time and incorporate viewers’ requests into their performance. This live streamer–viewer engagement produces a new level of interactive performance. Building on the theatrical analogy, viewers become the ‘directors’ of a performance enacted on a hybrid stage consisting of a virtual space and a physical destination. For example, in the Melbourne Remote Control Tourist campaign, viewers were able to direct travel live streamer’s activities through interaction, for example, by asking them to visit a museum, taste pepper, and try different wines. In this sense, TLS offers specific affordances and action-supportive information on what viewers can do when visiting a place as well as inviting viewers to participate in the TLS production.

5.2.3 Social presence

Social presence is the key to viewers’ digital social viewing because a sense of presence can lead to the feeling of being socially connected (Ang et al. 2018 ). Given its technological affordances, live streaming is one manifestation of modern sociality (Thorburn 2014 ) in that it operates by affording ways of being together, being on the move, or being far apart. The feeling of ‘almost being there’ (Mueser and Vlachos 2018 ) increases immersion and engagement, and enables viewers to be virtually involved in the ‘surroundings’ by using a digital lens. This ‘transportation’ of viewers can be measured by the level of presence experienced by viewers.

In TLS settings, the key for delivering a TLS is to create the proper atmosphere—the feeling of being there—that allows the live streaming to be synchronised. The cues, which include real-time broadcasting, synchronous interaction with the travel live streamer, and the ability to see other viewers watching, emphasise the viewership of presence and a sense of ‘being together’ with other viewers. Further, when viewers participate in interaction and send specific requests to direct the actions of a live streamer, they might feel a sense of ‘being there’. Such presence can be linked to digital immediacy (Bell and Lyall 2005 ), which highlights not only the time-bound nature of the stream but also the real-time experience. Combining real-time broadcasting and interaction facilitates presence and extends the representation of travel. Thus, it is conceivable that cues generated in TLS will influence viewers’ social presence.

5.3 TLS sponsors

Sponsors in TLS typically include tourism destinations, travel suppliers (e.g., airlines, hotels, cruise operators), tour operators and online travel agents (OTAs). TLS affordances enable sponsors to present place identity, that is, the associations between individual and place, which can involve sponsors using TLS to represent place and brand identity (Wang and Chen 2015 ).

5.3.1 Place and brand identity

Compared with the travel live streamer and viewer, sponsors often act as a third force in the creation of a live stream. Although live streamers play a more central and visible role, sponsors provide the environment that enables travel live streamers to produce the live stream. Indeed, the sponsor’s role is not simply to provide a backdrop for travel live streamers (or TLS content), but rather, to afford them with resources to create TLS content. To continue with the theatre analogy, by controlling environmental and content parameters, sponsors serve as ‘playwrights’ or ‘directors’ of the live streaming content by presenting place identity (e.g., features or characteristics of place). For example, when a sponsor represents a tourism destination in a TLS, the destination is presented as a unique social and cultural environment. Viewers may retain personal attachment to this place from travel memories.

In the case of travel suppliers and OTAs, the emphasis is more on presenting brand identity through TLS affordances. Practical cases can exemplify brand identity as with Accor’s use of TLS to promote their products (e.g., hotel rooms) and to connect with potential customers. The increasing interest of sponsors in live streaming is likely because live streaming drives media exposure and real-time interactions. Ultimately, TLS allows sponsors to collaborate with travel live streamers (e.g., particularly SMIs) to present brand identity and humanise their products to deliver much more immediate or authentic content. In the marketing and tourism domains, this can be referred to more broadly as influencer marketing (Femenia-Serra and Gretzel 2020 ).

5.3.2 Performance measurement and targeting

Performance measurement is used by tourism practitioners for work management, decision-making, and performance enhancement (Yılmaz and Bititci 2006 ). It is linked to strategic goals and brings an array of outcome benefits to practitioners (Sainaghi et al. 2017 ). Some sponsors have begun to utilise TLS affordances to develop new performance measures and tools to target key markets. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, China’s largest online-travel-agent, C-trip, launched their TLS service (for hotel and flight ticket booking). This effectively transformed the company’s sales and marketing and significantly enhanced its overall performance. Sponsors can use TLS to target specific groups of tourists, such as tech-savvy tourists who tend to search for information through various platforms before travel (Femenia-Serra et al. 2019 ). TLS can also help sponsors to attract viewers and customize products to meet their needs.

The study next focuses on developing an affordance theory-based framework by using the affordances discussed so far. How they support participant actions and activities provides a first step to understanding how affordances play a part in TLS by determining the complex relationships among TLS participants.

6 Developing an affordance-based TLS framework

Building on the above discussion, this paper proposes an affordance-based theoretical framework (see Fig. 1 ) that links TLS affordances to participants’ actions. As the framework suggests, in its environment, TLS is an artefact with affordances that enable particular actions for its participants. Hutchby ( 2001 ) argued that the affordance of technological artefacts can be categorised as functional (highlighting properties) and relational (highlighting human perceivers). The framework follows this approach by identifying TLS affordances (left side) and the potential actions enabled by these affordances for different types of TLS participants (right side). On the left side of the framework, TLS is viewed as a technological artefact and constructed phenomena composed of functional and relational aspects. The functional aspects enable, by shaping the conditions for possible action. For example, ICT includes digital devices (e.g., smart phones) while internet connectivity enables live streams to be produced outdoors to document tourism activities. Social media offer an online space and platform to share live streams. Visual media enable functionalities that live streams can be heard, watched, watch-produced, and spoken. The relational aspect depicts the way that affordances of an artefact can differ from one variety to another. As such, a TLS affordance is neither a technological artefact of itself nor a characteristic of live streaming, but rather an assembly of opportunities that inform participants’ actions, given their own perceptions, situations, and abilities.

Affordance-based conceptual framework of TLS

The right side of the framework identifies that TLS participants involve travel live streamers, viewers, and sponsors. Prior research indicates that digital technology affordances are fluid and dynamic, and opportunities can be reformed after the technology has been used by actors (Nelson et al. 2017 ; Yoo and Gretzel 2011 ). From this perspective, TLS affordances influence opportunities for particular actions though, notably, affordances of TLS can be changed after they are introduced. TLS participants can reform TLS affordances through the way they use them. For instance, the primary use of TLS is to let travel live streamers share their travel experience, wherever they are, be they fleeting moments or serendipitous ones. Participants reform the affordance of sharing by integrating storytelling, performativity, and presenting social identification.

6.1 Propositions for future research

Within a TLS context, travel live streamers, viewers, and sponsors play crucial roles in perceiving and using TLS affordances to support actions. Based on the identified TLS affordances and participants’ perceived actions through TLS affordances, an affordance-based theoretical framework is proposed. The proposed framework triggers potential propositions for future research. Rather than merely providing a neatly framed research agenda, the derived framework presents a set of reflections and thoughts that will stimulate further TLS research. Live streaming in tourism is an intriguing means for sophisticated technology to digitise tourist experiences and influence social relationships. However, the aim is not to provide an exhaustive examination of all the potential relationships used in the framework. Within the TLS context, affordances link three groups of participants: travel live streamers, viewers, and sponsors, all of whom play vital roles in the process of TLS. Bearing this insight in mind, three propositions are presented as follows to guide future research directions:

Proposition 1

TLS affordances can help travel live streamers to construct online social identity through performance.

Future research could extend and refine the proposed framework by empirically investigating profile building affordances on social media (O’Riordan et al. 2016 ). For travel live streamers, every individual travel live streamer has specific abilities when exploring TLS-enabled actions. Therefore, studies could explore how travel live streamers use TLS affordances to construct social identity through self-presentation, and performance.

Social identification refers to how individuals categorise themselves as members of specific groups (Deaux 1996 ). Its major premise is to establish self to develop a sense of belonging to the community (Abrams and Hogg 1990 ). Social identification has been widely applied to travel-related online communities to describe how individuals construct social identities to obtain certain psychological needs (e.g. self-esteem and self-enhancement) (Qu and Lee 2011 ). The concept can influence interactive communication and can be linked to personal behaviour (Rather and Hollebeek 2019 ). This article argues that TLS affordances enable travel live streamers to establish social identity using live streaming to fashion a ‘performing self’.

As mentioned earlier, TLS can be viewed as a type of performance insofar as it is characterised by temporal and spatial affordances. In contrast to gaming and lifestyle live streaming, TLS entails sharing tourism experiences as daily life. For example, when visiting museums, exploring restaurants, or strolling around the city, travel live streamers seek to perform their roles convincingly. Travel live streamers could be understood as illustrating emerging forms of technology-based sociality that generalise contemporary life. Their identities when streaming these tourism experiences are influenced by interactions, compliments or even materialistic desires, such as virtual gifts from their viewers (Yu et al. 2018 ).

The positions of some travel live streamers are privileged in that they act as opinion leaders and brand endorsers (Femenia-Serra and Gretzel 2020 ). They experiment with their social identity by using digital technology for self-branding and self-presentation. During this process, travel live streamers monitor their own performance and bodily demeanour. Hu et al. ( 2017 ) argued that live streaming is a personal practice associated with a live streamer’s social identity to attract viewers. This raises questions about whether travel live streamers are performing their ‘real’ self or what they regard is an ‘ideal’ self? Presenting the ‘real’ or ‘ideal’ self can be associated with the question of how travel live streamers negotiate authenticity during the TLS. These questions are essential for considering how TLS influence travel live streamers’ experience, which remains crucial for directing TLS design.

Further, the temporal affordances of TLS raises questions about the authentic self (Young 2013 ). As Wang ( 1999 , p. 364) observed, ‘tourists are not merely searching for authenticity of other, they also search for the authenticity of, and between, themselves.’ The dramaturgy of Goffman ( 1978 ) considers life as a stage for activity in that an individual presents an idealised rather than an authentic self, that is, in the version that reveals both ‘frontstage’ and ‘backstage’ behaviours of self. TLS affords a travel live streamer a stage for performance. On the frontstage, the travel live streamer tries to present an idealised self to viewers, while on the backstage, much effort is expended to make the frontstage performance look more authentic. However, how live streamers negotiate and represent the self on this front stage and backstage is worthy of further exploration in the existential authenticity sense.

Proposition 2

TLS affordances can help sponsors to achieve strategic and operational goals .

For sponsors, natural landscapes, buildings, or even small restaurants provide a backdrop and a stage for TLS. From the sponsors’ perspective, it might be interesting to look at how TLS affordances support the goals and actions of sponsors. For example, sponsors can collaborate with travel live streamers by utilising their storytelling ability to display place/brand identity.

Storytelling is a way of communicating through narratives (Pera 2017 ). As humans are innately story tellers, such narration is an essence of human nature (Kellert 2012 ). Its importance in transmitting information is acknowledged widely in the academic literature. Mossberg ( 2008 ) contended that stories engage emotions, stimulation, fantasies, and thoughts, in ways that meet psychological demand. Indeed, Coleman and Crang ( 2002 ) pointed out that tourism can be exhibited as storytelling, chatting, swapping anecdotes, and competitive tales. Tussyadiah et al. ( 2011 ) also suggested that travel stories are persuasive and thus enable audiences to visualise potential consumption.

TLS affords these storytelling values for travel live streamers. If a travel live streamer can tell a sufficiently appealing and interesting story for a collaborated sponsor, he/she provides viewers with additional meaning and insight to the place (e.g. destination history, culture). Bassano et al. ( 2019 ) proposed that place storytelling can motivate visitors, guide behaviour, create belonging and trust, and maintain memory. Although a range of channels (TV and travel blogs) are used to spread the story, these channels mostly reflect post-travel stories. Through TLS affordances, sponsors relate to present travel stories to evoke the imagination of viewers who may intend to travel, and to trigger memories of a specific place in real-time. As such, it is crucial for TLS sponsors to recognise affordances that may help them achieve strategic or operational goals (e.g., promote destinations, products, and services).

Proposition 3

TLS affordances provide viewers with new interactive virtual experiences .

There is an opportunity for further research on the role of interactivity affordances in TLS. While interaction is generally assumed to be the natural attribute of face-to-face conversation (Goffman 2017 ), it has also been studied in technology-mediated communication settings. Benyon et al. ( 2014 ) argued that digital interaction should contain a high level of presence because it will lead to higher psychological bonds (or social connection) (Riva et al. 2007 ).

The interactivity affordance of TLS provides viewers with a sense of presence, of being there and being together. Basically, the sense of being there is conveyed through the interaction between a travel live streamer and viewers (one-to-many pattern interaction), and interaction among viewers (many-to-many pattern interaction). For instance, a live streamer engages in dialogues and interactions with viewers while visiting the destination through a virtual forum where they can ‘perform’ for viewers and interact with them in real time. The temporal affordances of TLS enhance the level of interaction between live steamers and viewers, and among viewers (e.g., comments and virtual gifts). At an advanced level, this collective sense of being together is delivered through viewers participating in the experience by directing the live streamer’s actions at the destination site. Even for those viewers who do not engage in interactions with the live streamer or other viewers (so called ‘lurkers’), this interactivity affordance encourages social interaction by allowing viewers to build, invest in, and maintain social ties with a geographically distant travel live streamer.

7 Conclusion

To sum up, this paper sheds light on the novel and emerging phenomena of TLS, which has become increasingly popular and important for the tourism industry. The present study attempts to conceptualise TLS from an affordance perspective to provide an explication of what constitutes TLS. The paper identifies four distinctive affordances that enable different groups of participants (travel live streamers, viewers, and sponsors) in a TLS domain: temporal, spatial, interactivity and media affordance. These affordances provide participants with opportunities for possible actions (e.g., travel live streamers’ performativity, viewers’ social engagement, sponsors’ place identity). Based on these, an affordance-based framework is proposed to conceptualise TLS. The conceptual framework highlights TLS affordances and the enabled actions for the major participants (travel live streamer, viewer, and sponsors). In the discussions, we proposed propositions to guide future research.

Theoretically, this paper makes several contributions. First, this study contributes to the literature on live streaming technology in tourism contexts. It is intended to offer an initial attempt to understand the TLS phenomena. Second, this seeks to understand TLS by using affordances as a theoretical lens to this area of inquiry. Affordances offer a powerful perspective for studying human–environment systems. It is also a useful approach for analysing socio-technical phenomena. This study extends prior research on social media affordances (Cabiddu et al. 2014 ) by exploring travel live streamers, viewers, and sponsors’ goal-oriented actions in the TLS context. Third, from the affordance perspective, a conceptual framework is constructed to conceptualise TLS. This framework serves as a starting point and provides a basis for future empirical research.

Notably, this paper holds promise for future research and stimulate multidisciplinary debate about the role of live streaming in tourism. We suggest future research to explore TLS as not merely an empty practice, but rather to treat it as a theoretically distinct form of affordance that can be applied to a range of contexts, such as over-tourism and tourism disaster recovery to adapt to the continuously changing world.

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Deng, Z., Benckendorff, P. & Wang, J. Travel live streaming: an affordance perspective. Inf Technol Tourism 23 , 189–207 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-021-00199-1

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Received : 14 August 2020

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Published : 15 March 2021

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-021-00199-1

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