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Savvy Travel Advice

Safari West: An African Safari Experience in Sonoma California

Last updated: June 11, 2019 - Written by Jessica Norah 17 Comments

I was really surprised to learn that there was an African wildlife preserve called Safari West located only 75 miles north of San Francisco. Safari West is a 400-acre wildlife preserve containing over 100 species and over 700 individual animals, including giraffes, cheetahs, zebras, flamingoes, rhinos, cape buffalo, lemurs, and wildebeest.

Opened in 1993 by Peter and Nancy Lang, Safari West strives to promote wildlife advocacy and conservation through breeding, education, research and public interaction. The preserve shares similar environmental features to an African savanna and guests can take open-air guided wildlife safari drives to see many of the animals roaming the expansive property. 

The smaller animals are kept in enclosures that are reachable by a walkway and you can also visit the open-air aviary containing all sorts of exotic birds. Guests can even stay overnight here and see and hear many of the animals in the evening once the daytime crowds leave.

After hearing about Safari West, I had to visit and so I took Ethan here as a surprise birthday trip back in October. We had just recently returned from East Africa and wanted to see how it compared to our time in Tanzania and Kenya over the summer. We’ll share all the details you need to plan your own trip to Safari West as well as share our experience doing the safari drive and staying overnight!

Table of Contents:

Basic Information on Safari West

Getting there.

Safari West is located in Santa Rosa, CA  within Sonoma County about 75 miles north of San Francisco.

There is a local small airport called the Sonoma County Airport, which is about a 10 minute drive from Safari West. The closest major airports are San Francisco International Airport (86 miles, approximately 1 hour and 35 minute drive) and Oakland International Airport (80 miles, approximately 1 hours, 30 minute drive).

The best way to reach Safari West is by car or taxi.

The official address is 3115 Porter Creek Road, Santa Rosa, CA 95404. However, you should note that the actual guest entrance is on Franz Valley Road.

You should be able to follow signs to the entrance once you are close. GPS systems can get confused here so ignore your GPS if it wants you to make a turn onto Loch Haven Road. 

Phone Number?

You can call Safari West at +1 (707) 579-2551 -or-  1 (800) 616-2695

Safari Tour Options & Prices?

The regular safari group tours are about 3 hours in length and include both a walking portion (30 to 45 minutes) and an open-air drive portion (up to 2.5 hours long).

They range in price depending on the time of year but as of June 2019, the Adult tickets (age 18 to 61) range from $83.00 to $115.00, Seniors (age 62+) from $80 to $100, Teens (13 to 17) $80 to $100 and children (3-12 years of age) are $45 to $50. Groups of 20 persons or more can receive a discounted group rate, and children under 4 years of age CANNOT be taken on this tour. 

In addition to the regular group safari tours, Safari West also offers private and custom safari tours, tours that are more scientific and focused on biology and evolution, and private animal encounters. Speciality custom private tours can also include beer or wine tasting during the tour.

The private behind the scenes encounters include things like feeding the animals, having a private animal presentation of smaller animals, getting to visit the cheetah barn, and playing zookeeper for a day. 

Reservations are necessary to visit Safari West and reservations for tours, lodging, and other options can be made by phone (1-800-616-2695) or online through the Safari West website . Booking for the safari tours can also be made online via Viator here .

Food options at Safari West?

There are a couple of food options at Safari West so you won’t go hungry or thirsty during your visit. Delilah’s Snack Shop is open during the summer and on select winter days in case you need a quick pick-me-up of pre-made sandwiches, granola bars, muffins, chips, ice cream, and other snacks, as well as a variety of beverage options, including soft drinks, coffee, wine, and beer.

For those wanting a full hot meal, Safari West’s Savannah Café provides ranch style BBQ lunches and dinners that are inspired by the South African Braai. Guests can dine indoors in the café area or Elephant Room where you’ll dine surrounded by African murals and artifacts, or outdoors on tables or benches near the fire pit. There is a small bar area selling wine, beer, and port.

If you spend the night at Safari West, a complimentary breakfast is served at the Savannah Café.

NOTE: Meals at the Savannah Café are by reservation only so please be sure to reserve prior to your visit if you would like to eat lunch or dinner here during your visit. 

Staying Overnight at Safari West?

You can also extend your safari experience by spending the night in one of Safari West’s 30 luxury tents. These tents were imported from Africa and sit on wooden platforms with decks and include a regular bed and private bathrooms.

T ent cabins are set up with a King bed, Double bed, or Family style with bunks and futons available for children. Rates are based on double occupancy and are seasonal and range from $300 to $400 per night, depending on season and location. Each additional guest is $25 plus tax. There is also a cottage available for up to 6 guests for $350 to $400 per night.  

A continental breakfast  at Savannah Café is included for those guests staying overnight.

All overnight lodging and meals must be booked in advance of your visit.

Lodging Options near Safari West?

If you are not lodging overnight at Safari West, we recommend considering spending the night in nearby Santa Rosa which is about a 20 minute drive from Safari West.

Santa Rosa offers a number of lodging options from budget motels to luxury hotels.  A few options to consider in Santa Rosa:

• Hotel La Rose – A 3-star hotel located in a historical building on Historic Railroad Square in downtown Santa Rosa that offers comfortable rooms, free parking, and a 24-hour front desk. Good location for those wanting to explore Santa Rosa downtown area on foot.
• My Big Art Project – If you are looking for a quirky but cozy bed-and-breakfast option, you might give this one a try. It offers comfortable rooms in the house of a local artist with lots of art displayed in the rooms and includes a vegetarian continental breakfast. Within walking distance of downtown area.
• Vintners Inn – A 4-star luxury hotel which offers lots of amenities, including free bottle of wine upon arrival, a private balcony or patio in every room, on-site spa, and an on-site restaurant and bar. Great spot for couples looking for a romantic stay.
• America’s Best Value Inn – A basic budget option in Santa Rosa offering free parking, a 24 hour desk, and continental breakfast. Good option for those traveling on a budget.

Accessibility at Safari West?

Safari West strives to make the experience as accessible as possible. If you or a member of your travel group have special needs due to mobility or sensory issues, contact Safari West in advance to see if they can accommodate you.

The classic safari vehicles are not ADA accessible and unfortunately are not equipped to handle wheelchairs or other mobility assisting devices. However, if scooter or wheelchair users can safely transfer themselves unaided or with the assistance of a travel companion, the Classic Safari Tour is an option.

The vehicle that was previously used for wheelchair users on the safari tours was destroyed in the California wildfires in October 2017, but Safari West is looking to get a replacement. Two of the overnight tents are wheelchair accessible.

Need more Information about Safari West or Sonoma County?

If you have further questions about the Safari West Wildlife Preserve and African Tent Camp, you can visit the Safari West official website . You can also call them or email them: [email protected] (general inquiries) or [email protected] (reservation inquiries).

It should also be noted that Safari West has full accreditation in the American Zoo and Aquarium Association .

You can also find more information about planning your stay in Santa Rosa through the Santa Rosa Convention & Visitors Bureau official tourism website and the larger Sonoma area through the Sonoma County Tourism bureau website .

If you are traveling elsewhere in northern California, you might want to check out our planning guide to the Pacific Coast Highway , things to do in Napa Valley , and things to do in Redding California .

Our Visit to Safari West Wildlife Preserve and African Tent Camp 

We drove up to Safari West on a weekday afternoon from our home in the San Francisco Bay area to be on time for an afternoon classic safari tour. Ethan was driving but didn’t know where we were heading as the booking was a birthday surprise. Safari West is located near a lot of vineyards and farms, so once we got near Santa Rosa, Ethan was convinced we were going wine tasting and to stay in some sort of bed-and-breakfast.

When we pulled up at Safari West, he was really surprised that it was a wildlife preserve. He was even more shocked once he learned about how large the property was and that we were actually going to go out on a drive and stay overnight as his first impression was that it was a petting zoo.

I was quite delighted to see a large cage of Traveta weavers near the entrance to the main office. These East African birds are notable for their golden color, loud noises, and intricately weaved nests and I kept missing the opportunities to see these birds and their nests while in Africa.

If you’ve been following the blog, you know that Ethan and I were in East Africa for almost a month this summer, with most of that time spent in Tanzania . It was pretty amazing to have missed these little birds in Tanzania, but we got the chance to see them up close in California! A good start to our stay.

The Safari Tour at Safari West

Most visitors take the Classic Safari group tour, which is what we took and it includes a walking portion and then a longer open-air drive part. The total time of the tour is 2.5 to 3 hours. We met our guide and were part of a group of about 10 people. The guide was very amiable and provided information on the primary animals and also about some of the staff’s caretaking duties as well as some of the conservation efforts.

Some of the highlights were the cats (cheetah, serval, and caracal), the primates (especially as there was one very rambunctious baby Patas monkey bouncing around), the lumbering porcupine, and the bird aviary. It was interesting to see black-and-white colobus monkeys here as we had seen them high up in the treetops at the very beginning of our Mt. Kilimanjaro trek in Tanzania. 

You’ll see a lot of different bird species, some are just roaming freely like the guinea fowl, cranes, swans, ducks, and flamingoes and some are in the aviary and other enclosures.

Within the aviary, we were greeted by a very social demoiselle crane who apparently often acts as a guide to groups entering her aviary. While in the aviary, be sure to also look for other non-feathered critters such as the tortoises and blue duikers (cute little deer-like animals).

We did not go past the lemurs or some of the other birds closer to the entrance during the walking tour, so be sure to go check them out before or after your tour. The lemurs are very fun to watch.

After the walking tour, we took a 10-minute break and then got into a waiting safari jeep vehicle. Most of the other members of our group were older and no one else wanted to climb into the upper level seat so Ethan and I got to spend the entire ride here. Sitting on the top is obviously a better viewing spot, especially for the giraffes, but it is bumpier up here. Normally the driver will stop and have people switch spots during the tour so everyone can sit on the top if they wish.

The first stops were to see some of the antelopes and the crowd-pleasing giraffes. The giraffes tend to be very curious and you’re likely to get very close, which made Ethan happy as these are his favorite animals.

My favorite stop was to see the southern white rhinos as we had not gotten an opportunity to see a rhino up close on our trip to Africa (the black rhino found in eastern and central Africa are sadly critically endangered) and it was great to see these amazing prehistoric-animals. I was pleased the guide took a few minutes to explain the plight of all rhinos in Africa due to poaching for their horns.

We covered a lot of ground, stopping whenever we saw some new animals, with some of the remaining highlights including the zebra, cape buffalo, kudu, sables, and wildebeest.

Our guide/driver was very willing to answer questions from us and the other guests and it was interesting to see some of the same animals we had seen on safari in Africa as well as getting to see some new species. It was not exactly like our safari experience in Africa, but it was a good experience and definitely gives visitors a taste of what it would be like to be on safari in Africa.

So while you will see the smaller animals on the first part of the walking tour with the guide, the great part is that if you book a tour you can also return to see the animals after your tour at your own pace. This includes the cheetahs, monkeys, lemurs, porcupines, birds, etc.

One of my favorite animal experiences was getting a cup of tea and taking a quiet walk after dinner along the path and watching the animals. Many of the animals were busy playing, feeding, and jumping around their enclosure now that the heat and crowds had gone. We had the path mainly to ourselves and it was really magical to walk around and hear the animals at night.

One benefit of spending the night is being able to have more time with the smaller animals. We also walked around a bit in the morning after breakfast and this is also a great time to see the animals being active with few people around. 

Our Dining Experience at Safari West

During our visit, we had both dinner and the complimentary breakfast at the Savannah Café. The first part of the dinner was self-service hot and cold appetizers which included chicken wings, tomatoes and cheese, fruit, and olives which was served inside the Savannah Café. This gave guests some time to mingle while the staff was setting up the dinner buffet outside and grilling the meats over the fire pit.  

Several of the guests purchased local Napa or Sonoma wines that are available by the glass or bottle along with South African wines, port, and beer. So lots of folks were sharing bottles and having pre-dinner drinks together.

The main part of the meal was served buffet style outside with soup, your choice of grilled meat, grilled vegetables, beans, and mashed potatoes. All the food was good and hearty, but it is pretty casual grilled food so if you are looking for more gourmet dining, I would eat elsewhere in Sonoma.

We were also given dessert after our meals, which happened to be cake which was a perfect treat to celebrate Ethan’s birthday! But perhaps the best part was that later in the evening the staff brought out marshmallows that could be roasted over the fire pit! I love toasted marshmallows so I ate these until I started to feel a little sick. 

The next morning, the breakfast was a self-service continental buffet that contained the regular staples of pastries, breads, fruit, cereals, and drinks (coffee, tea, cocoa).

Sleeping Overnight at Safari West

We stayed in a Hillside King tent overlooking the lake. The luxury tents have walls made of pale green canvas and are built on high wooden platforms with wooden decks attached. When we walked inside the tent, we could see we would not be roughing it like in regular camping but this was clearly glamping.

Our tent had a plush king-sized bed, polished wood floor, lamps, desk and chair, floor heater, and several decorations from Africa. The bathroom had a flush toilet, hot shower, toiletries, and gleaming copper sinks. The wooden deck was spacious with a table and chairs that overlooked the lake and a cooler to store drinks and snacks. We were very comfortable here and slept well; it did remind of some of the luxury tents we had stayed in while on safari in Africa.

Note that the tents do not have wireless Internet and many people do not have cellular phone service in parts of Safari West, depending on your carrier. A good reason to plan to take a technological break for a day.

Please also keep in mind that Safari West is a wildlife preserve and like in African camps, you can hear the animals at night. We barely heard the animals from our particular tent, but the tents close to the flamingos and cranes can get a lot of noise from the birds. I never knew flamingoes were so loud, but the flamingos and the cranes were pretty vocal at night during our stay so you might want to be closer or further away from these critters depending on your sleeping preferences.

If you can sleep with a bit of noise, it can be a unique experience to fall asleep to the sounds of birds, monkeys, antelopes, and other wildlife.

Our Overall Thoughts on Safari West

We thoroughly enjoyed our visit to Safari West and it made for a great overnight stay from the San Francisco Bay area. I think that staying overnight made the visit particularly memorable as we got to spend a lot more time wandering around and seeing and hearing the animals. Having the opportunity to see the animals early in the morning and late at night was really great.

I think a visit to Safari West would make a nice break in a Sonoma wine tasting trip, especially for families. A safari tour here allows visitors to get a taste of what it would be like to take an African safari, or in our case it was a great way to relive some of the great memories of our trip to East Africa.

We experienced great service throughout our stay, and would definitely recommend Safari West for visitors wanting to get a little wild while visiting Sonoma Wine Country!

Would you visit Safari West if you were in the area? Have questions for us about our time at Safari West, or comments from your own visit? As always we welcome any comments or questions! 

**Disclosure: We were offered a complimentary safari tour and stay in order to review Safari West and its services; however, this article contains only our own honest thoughts and opinions. We paid for our own food during our visit.**

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Joan Barker Post author

February 15, 2016 at 10:59 pm

I am attempting to make a wall quilt. I wanted to use one of my images from my trip to Safari West. However, I have lost all of my photos. Would you mind if I used one of your giraffe photos?

Joan Barker

travelcats Post author

February 16, 2016 at 4:03 am

Hi Joan, I am sorry to hear that you lost your photos from Safari West! Sure, I am happy to send you one of your photos for your wall quilt. Just email me at [email protected] and let me know if you have a specific giraffe photo in mind and I’ll send it via email. ~ Jessica

Kelley Post author

May 9, 2015 at 9:53 am

We are planning to book a safari and overnight in June for my son’s birthday because he is a huge animal lover. Is there a tour time you would recommend to see the most animal activity? Any recommendations of which area to stay in…we have our choice of hillside or base camp? We are looking for the area where we can see the most animals from our tent. Thanks!!

May 10, 2015 at 12:25 am

I would probably just book the regular safari group tour at Safari West as the walking part takes you along all the smaller animals in the pens/enclosures and then the drive takes you around all the main fenced areas where the larger animals roam. Then your family can stroll and see all the animals outside the enclosures at any time if you are staying overnight. If once you are there, you are still wanting more, you can inquire about booking a private animal encounter and see what is available but these are pretty expensive. I would recommend a tent near the antelope & giraffe enclosures and bird ponds (I think this is called Antelope Alley) if you want to be more likely to hear and see some of the animals. I would specifically note that you have a preference for a tent near the animals when booking. Mainly the birds are active at night, but you can see the antelopes, birds, and giraffes during the day from this area. Good luck and I am sure your son will enjoy his birthday at Safari West! ~ Jessica

AwesomelyOZ Post author

April 10, 2015 at 7:46 pm

A true Safari in Califrornia!? No way!? That’s so awesome! I want to go to California hopefully next year so this is a great thing to keep in mind. 🙂 I love how you and Ethan are wearing Independent Cat Travel shirts – that’s just precious! 🙂 Great photos, love seeing all the animals and it’s good to know they have an overnight option for the full experience. Have a great weekend Jessica and thanks for sharing!! Take Care -Iva

April 23, 2015 at 9:05 pm

I hope you make it to California next year – there are sooo many great places that you could put on your itinerary! Yes, aren’t those t-shirts cool:)

casacaudill Post author

April 9, 2015 at 9:19 pm

We spent the day at Safari West last month but because it was a last minute trip, we didn’t get a chance to stay overnight. How loud were the animals in the morning? 🙂

April 10, 2015 at 9:40 am

Hi there, we barely heard the animals from our tent (a Hillside King) up above the lake. We did hear a little noise from the ducks and geese on the lake in the morning. But the people right across from the flamingo ponds and giraffe/antelope enclosures could really hear the animals (particularly the birds) in the evening. I never knew that flamingoes and cranes could make so much noise! The sounds are muffled by the canvas but you’ll definitely hear them. So if you want to avoid much of the noise, I would specifically ask for a tent away from the birds and let them know that you are sensitive to noise. If you want to be lulled to sleep by the animal noises ask for a tent near the birds and giraffes:)

Enjoy! Jessica

April 10, 2015 at 10:05 am

Those flamingoes were surprisingly chatty when we arrived first thing in the morning!

Megan | Traveling Nine to Fiver Post author

April 8, 2015 at 6:36 pm

Thank you for sharing. I live just over in Sacramento and have been hearing a lot about Safari West and have been curious if the overnight stay is worth a trip. Sounds like you had a great time. I’m curious, have you been down to the San Diego Wild Animal park, does it compare? That is my judge for any wildlife trip.

April 10, 2015 at 9:33 am

Hi Megan, I have not been to the San Diego Safari Park but it does look similar to the African portion of that park as it specializes in African species primarily. It also does not have some of species that San Diego does, such as the lions and elephants. So I think if you have been to that park, this one would probably not be worth the trip up north unless you were in the area. It is amazing that California has more than one of these safari type parks!

Meredith Post author

April 8, 2015 at 1:03 pm

Wow what a great find! It seems especially rare to find a wildlife preserve of this size in the U.S., but especially with such variety and amenities. I think staying overnight would be particularly fun!

April 23, 2015 at 9:04 pm

Hi Meredith, yes, I think staying overnight definitely enhanced our experience here!

Seana Turner Post author

April 8, 2015 at 6:09 am

I would definitely visit this place. I need to remember this post because I’d love to do another wine country trip. I’ve never been to Africa, and since I”m not terribly adventuresome, I think this might be just the right amount of “roughing it” for me:) I had no idea this existed!!

Yes, I think a place like Safari West is great for those who would love to experience an African safari closer to home. It is amazing how many people keep saying how they never heard about this place in Sonoma County even though they’ve been or lived there!

Eden Post author

April 7, 2015 at 12:06 pm

Wow, I had no idea this existed in California, definitely need to go back and visit here someday. Your photos are beautiful by the way 🙂

April 23, 2015 at 9:00 pm

Thanks Eden! Yes, we are lucky to have so many attractions that keep up so busy exploring!

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An Overnight Wildlife Adventure at Safari West

September 28, 2021

Wouldn't it be great if you could take your family on an amazing African Safari adventure, but still have the convenience of being in the Bay Area? Safari West, a wildlife preserve and private zoo located near Santa Rosa offers just that!

Tour this 400-acre preserve in Sonoma County's rolling hills and get up-close-and-personal with giraffes, rhinos, zebras, monkeys, cheetahs, and a huge variety of birds and African antelopes. Not only can you tour Safari West, but you can stay overnight in one of their luxury "glamping" tent cabins. We had a chance to stay over at Safari West and take one of their Classic Safari tours, and it was an unforgettable experience.

We began our adventure at the office where a staff member picked us up in a Jeep and whisked us and our luggage up to our tent. The tents are scattered around a small lake and a wildlife enclosure where giraffes and antelope roam. Our tent was located up on the hill above the lake, and had fantastic views of the preserve from its deck. 

Each tent has wooden floors, rustic African-inspired furniture and decor, and running water and electricity. While they're well appointed and cozy, they're still tents, and each one comes with plenty of blankets (including electric blankets) and a space heater to keep things warm and comfy. Safari West even provides a cooler, ice, and complimentary bottled water. Bathrooms, equipped with showers, sinks, and toilets, are semi open-air and can get a bit chilly at night. We loved relaxing on the deck, complete with furniture and an umbrella, and watching the animals down below.

In the evening, we headed down for dinner at Safari West’s on-site restaurant, the Savannah Grill, which is centered around a traditional African fire pit or motu . Served buffet-style, dinner included smoked chicken and beef brisket along with green salad, clam chowder, macaroni and cheese (which my daughter declared to be the best she's ever had), vegetables, rice, and bread.

Beer, wine, and soft drinks were available for purchase at the bar, and coffee, tea, and hot chocolate were included. After dinner everyone was provided with forks and marshmallows to roast over the fire.

After dinner we explored the grounds and then returned to our tent, where we got a good night's sleep in anticipation of our adventure the next morning. There's nothing quite like drifting off to sleep to the exotic animal sounds coming from across the grounds.

The next morning, after breakfast, we assembled for our 10 am tour. Our guide, Leslie, was extremely knowledgable and informative, and led us first on a walk through the aviaries and to see the cheetahs, monkeys, lemurs, African porcupines, and even cute little dwarf antelopes called blue duikers.

We then climbed aboard one of the vehicles from Safari West's fleet of Korean-war-era Dodge Power Wagon off-road trucks. Participants can sit both inside on the truck bed and up above the cab on elevated seats for an unparalleled view of the animals in the preserve. The guides will make sure everyone who wants to gets a turn sitting in the upper seat. The morning was a little chilly, so fleece blankets were offered to everyone, which was a thoughtful touch.

The ride through the preserve was slow but not boring, and we found new animals—including rhinos, zebras, Watusi cattle, elands, cape buffalo, and wildebeest—around every corner. In many areas there were no fences between you and the animals, which really gave the whole experience that authentic safari feel.

Leslie, our guide, took the time to explain the background of the preserve and tell us about the animals, their behavior, and personalities. Many of the animals at Safari West are endangered species, and some are even extinct in the wild.

We had a terrific time on our overnight adventure at Safari West, and we all agreed it was one of the most fun and rewarding activities we’ve done. The atmosphere was really magical, and the accommodating, friendly staff made us feel at home and really went out of their way to make our stay wonderful. We can’t wait to go back and experience it again! 

For more information or to make reservations, visit www.safariwest.com or call 1 (800) 616-2695.

Safari West is open throughout the year by advance reservation only. Classic Safari prices range from $45 to $148 depending on the season. Children must be 3 years or older to go on a safari tour, and it’s probably best for kids 5 and up. Other safari packages are available, too. The Classic Safari involves a two-hour ride over rough off-road terrain in an antique Dodge army truck, so pregnant women and those who might be uncomfortable on such a trip might not want to go. 

Luxury tent accommodations start at $330 and up, depending on season and tent configuration. Family tents with bunk beds are available. Tent cabins have space heaters and electric blankets; bathrooms are open-air and unheated, so keep that in mind if you decide to stay the night. Since you’re in a tent, you’ll hear every sound in the preserve, including various animal noises and those of your neighbors. Complimentary earplugs are available at the front desk. An overnight stay includes a continental breakfast the next morning. Overnight stays are not available in January and February.

Buffet-style lunches and dinners are available by reservation only at Savannah Café. The adjacent Delilah’s Snack Shop offers reasonably priced and tasty sandwiches, breakfast burritos, ice cream, soft drinks, coffee, and even beer and wine. Coolers with cold water are located around the dining area. Tent guests can also get complimentary coffee, tea, and hot chocolate in the Elephant Room.

You’ll be doing a lot of walking along both paved paths and dirt trails, so make sure you wear sturdy shoes like hiking boots as well as clothes that you don’t mind getting dirty. Hats and sunscreen are a must, especially if you’re riding in the upper seat during the safari.

Safari West is located at 3115 Porter Creek Road in Santa Rosa. To get there from Marin, take Highway 101 north through Santa Rosa until you get to the River Road/Mark West Springs Road exit. Head east on Mark West Springs Road which turns into Porter Creek Road. Safari West will be on your left.

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Why Every Family Needs to Visit Safari West

Safari West is a little-known safari and glamping site located in the middle of Northern California wine country. It’s an amazing kid-friendly getaway from San Francisco that will leave the entire family feeling like they just visited a completely different continent.

Jeep Safari and Glamping at Safari West

Safari West a secluded wildlife preserve and luxury glamping site located in the middle of California wine country. 

For any animal-loving kids in your family, this is the easy getaway destination for you. It’ll leave you feeling like you just visited the a whole different coutry. No passports required.

As with most glamping sites you might come across, Safari West pampers its guests in outdoor luxury with its spacious canvas tents, comfortable beds, well-kept grounds, and wonderful customer service.

However, what makes Safari West truly special is it’s spectacular, on-site Jeep safaris that transports you to a place feels like the African Serengeti.

Safari West covers over 400 acres of land dedicated to wildlife conservation. In fact, according to their website, their mission is,

“…to actively promote conservation and environmental 

education while imparting knowledge that helps each 

individual make well-informed choices in regard to the environment and  

wildlife conservation. 

At Safari West, it’s all about the animals. Always has been, always will be.”

In this post, we’ll cover all you need to know and expect from a visit to Safari West, and we’ll see just how special this Northern California gem truly is.

Stick around to the end because we’ll dive into some easy  tricks to make your visit to Safari West truly comfortable, stress-free, and memorable for the entire family!

What is Safari West?

Safari West is a 400-acre wildlife preserve in Northern California whose primary mission is animal and environmental conservation.

Safari West carries out their mission by giving the guest a safari-like adventure in open air jeeps. During this tour, guests will journey through the huge property in order to witness the beautiful animals that reside on the preserve.

In addition, for an added adventure, guest have the option to spend the night at Safari West in glamping-style tents and wake up to the sounds of the animals the following morning. 

Where is Safari West?

Safari West is a located 66 miles north of San Francisco in the city of Santa Rosa, which is right in the middle of one of Northern California’s wine countries.

It is only takes about a 90-minute drive to get there from San Francisco. Because of this, it is an extremely easy and family-friendly getaway that will take you worlds away from the busy city.

What to Expect During Your Stay

Here are all the things you can expect to find and enjoy during your time at Safari West.

I promise you, this special place is one you and your family won’t want to skip out on. 

The Jeep Safari

The main attraction at Safari West is their 3-hour African Safari Tour.

This tour starts off on foot in the aviary where you’ll learn about the resident birds as they fly and walk around you in the enclosure. 

After that you’ll hop onto an open-air safari jeep and head out on an excursion led by a highly-trained and very knowledgable tour guide.

On the jeep tour, you’ll get up close and personal with animals like giraffes, rhinos, zebras, and wildebeests. There are over 90 species of animals living at Safari West, so there is no shortage of wildlife to see on this journey.

Since roads can be a little bumpy and the entire tour is quite long, only guest 4 years of age and older are allowed to get on this jeep safari.

Animal Enclosures

While the Jeep Safari is definitely the biggest draw to Safari West, it isn’t the only way to encounter the beautiful animals at the preserve. There are many spacious animal enclosures that can also get you really great opportunities to admire the wildlife during your visit.

The Amani Oasis Aviary is an enclosed area where the park’s birds reside. Here, you and the kids will get to watch the graceful cranes and ibis fly overhead.

The safari walk features other large enclosures that give you great opportunities to observe more animals at the park. As you stroll through this area,  your family will love coming across animals like majestic cheetahs, playful monkeys, and pink flamingos.

At Safari West, you’ll have plenty of chances to check out all the wildlife that wasn’t viewable on the jeep tour.

The first word that comes to mind when trying to describe the over-night tents at Safari West is “luxurious.”

Spending the night in on of these spacious tents is an adventure in itself. It’ll be one of the best glamping experiences you and your family will ever expereince.

Each safari-tent has it’s own private deck that has outdoor furniture and patio umbrella. It’s the perfect place to share meals, enjoy a good book, and just bask the peaceful surroundings around you.

Each tent also comes with it’s very own bathroom, complete with flushing toiling, sink with running water, and stand-up shower. After a long day, this en-suite gives you a clean and private space to clean up before turning in.

And because these at made out of canvas, you’ll get to experiences all the wondrous sounds of the wildlife as you doze off at night and as you rise in the morning.

Accomodations

The accommodations of the safari tents are very well-kept and extremely cozy. 

The beds, bedding, and pillows are so plush and comfortable, you’d think you were staying at a hotel. On cold nights the layered linens, blankets, and electric space heater will keep your whole family warm all night long.

Another great thing is that there’s no need to pack your own towels or toiletries on this stay. Every tent comes with fluffy clean towels, wash cloths, and travel-size toiletries for you to use.

Then, during warmer days, each tent has an overhead fan that you can easily turn on with a switch. 

When the sun goes down and the sky is dark, the electric lamps inside and outside your tent will provide plenty of light whether you’re reading a book in bed or enjoying a glass of wine outside on the deck.

On-site Dining

There are a couple of places inside Safari West were you can grab something eat.

The first is Deliah’s which is a small walk-up window that serves up light food and beverages.

For a fuller meal, however, the Savannah Cafe cooks up an amazing spread of food. Their delicious meals are freshly cooked before it getting served up buffet-style by super helpful staff.

On the menu there are starters like cheese, fruit, and salad. For the main dish, your family will fill their bellies with flavorful BBQ pork, BBQ chicken, vegetables, potatoes, and macaroni n cheese. To end the meal, you’ll satisfy your sweet teeth with an all-time favorite: ice cream sundaes.

Keep in mind that no walk-ups can be accommodated at the Savannah Cafe and reservations can only be made as part of a safari and/or overnight reservation.  

What's Included in Your Stay

• Continental breakfast: eggs, oatmeal, fruit, yogurt, pasties, juices, milk, coffee, and teas.
• Marshmallow-roasting and s’more-making at the community campfire.
•  Access to the safari walk
• Each tent comes with a set of flash lights for you to borrow during your stay.
• Each tent comes with an ice chest with ice where you can store your perishable food.

Customer Service

The customer service at Safari West is, without a doubt, is top-notch. From booking to check out, they make it a priority to provide their guest with the very best care.

Since cars are not allowed inside the reserve, they must stay in the parking lot, which is pretty far from the over-night tents.

To make the Safari West experience more enjoyable from the very start, upon arrival, an amazing Safari West staff member picks you up from your car, helps you load your belongings into a jeep, and drives you to your tent. 

Once at the tent, they make sure you and your family have your flashlights, ice, and everything you need before they leave to enjoy your stay.

Things to Know for an Unforgettable Trip to Safari West

• Remember that only guests 4 years and older are able to experience the safari tours.
• Take slow, leisurely walks around the park. It’s super fun and you might spot free-roaming peacocks, turkeys, and other animals.
• Bring your favorite books,  card games, board games, and easy crafts. 
• Bring glow sticks to play with at night.
• Bring kids binoculars to use during the jeep safari.
• Kid-friendly headlamps are fun for exploring the camp grounds when it gets dark.
• Download a stargazing app to help kids identify constellations at night. 
• Bring a bluetooth speaker to play relaxing, soft music in your tent. No loud music. It’s a nature reserve, after all.
• No cooking is allowed at Safari West. Bring easy meals that require little to no prep work: pre-made sandwiches, cheese boards, muffins, fruit, etc. 
• You will have an ice cooler and ice at your tent to store some perishables over night.
• Bring battery-operated puck lights to serve as night lights for kiddos who might be afraid of the dark at bedtime.
• Bring your kids’ favorite stuffed animal or blanket to create a welcoming bed for them to sleep in at night.
• For grown-ups, bring a bottle of your favorite wine to enjoy on the patio while the sun sets.
• Bring ear plugs to wear at night if you’re sensitive to noise. All that separates you and the sounds of the animals is the thin canvas of the tent.
• There is very limited cell service at Safari West. Take this time to unplug from technology and reconnect with the family.
• The most pleasant weather at the park tends to be during May and June.

In Conclusion

Safari west is great family fun.

Safari West is one-hundred percent worth it and should be a bucket list destination for any family visiting Northern California.

At this special wildlife preserve you’ll feel like you’re on a completely different part of the world without even having to board a long plane ride or renew your passport.

You’ll experience superb customer service, plush accommodations, unique overnight tents, open-air jeep safaris, and some of the best family experiences that you and your kids will never forget. 

Plus, you’ll walk away with more appreciation and love for the precious wildlife we share this this Earth with.

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Safari West

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3115 Porter Creek Rd, Santa Rosa, 95404-9655, CA

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Safari West seamlessly combines lodging accommodations with an onsite accredited zoo. Families will feel like they’ve left Northern California and arrived at an African safari upon entering through the gates. Located about 20 minutes outside of downtown Santa Rosa in the foothills of the Mayacamas Mountains is this 400-acre luxury glamping tent preserve that’s home to more than 800 individual animals. Families can visit Safari West for the day or spend the night.

The 30 glamping tents are more like mini-cottages with canvas walls and roofs. They each feature heated beds and their own bathroom with a shower, along with electricity and a heater. While you will be “roughing” it with no air conditioning or Wi-Fi in the tents, the sounds of the surrounding animals will have you feeling happy to unplug and enjoy nature.

Families can wander the property on their own and see monkeys, cheetahs, flamingos, lemur and tons of species of birds in the aviary. Or take a guided safari tour on an open-air safari vehicle that will allow you to see the larger animals like giraffe, rhino, antelope, zebra and much more. Families can start the morning with the free continental breakfast, and the onsite restaurant serves lunch and dinner as well. There are outdoor fires to cozy up to once the sun goes down and the staff is always on hand to answer any questions about the animals.

Safari West is a great destination for families who are looking for something more than a hotel and are ready to unplug, reconnect and bond with nature.

Our Editor Loves

• Onsite safari animals and guided tours
• Elevated glamping tents with bathrooms
• Heated beds and electricity

Family Interests

• Museum/Cultural

Family Amenities

• Family Room 5+
• Free Breakfast
• Onsite Dining

Room Information

Find the best price for your stay.

The 30 glamping tents were imported from Botswana and customized for Safari West. They feature hardwood floors and canvas walls and roofs. Each has electricity and an en-suite bathroom. There is no television, air conditioning or Wi-Fi in the tents, and there is very limited cell phone service at all in the tents. But unplugging from devices and the sounds of the surrounding animals will easily put you to sleep.

The tents feature heated king or double beds, a bathroom with a standup shower, a large private deck with chairs and a large space heater, which is a must when it gets cool at night. The tents can accommodate up to four people and the Family Tents include bunk beds and can sleep up to six people.

The tents are mostly all elevated on stilts above the ground, but there are accessible tents. A staff member will drive families in a Safari West Jeep to your individual tent with your luggage as the tents are situated down dirt and gravel pathways. It’s about a five-minute walk to the cafe and safari tours from the tents. Flashlights are available to borrow.

by Damien B

I took my daughter and three of her "besties" for an overnight adventure for her birthday. The accommodation was fantastic - simple but completely adequate. Dinner was great and the staff could not have been more helpful. I highly recommend the overnight stay at an already terrific zoo.

by zapprint

A number of years ago we saw an article in the LA Times about Safari West. I thought it would be a great couples trip, but other destinations always came up. Finally an opportunity to take the adult “kids” and grandsons came up. We arrived early afternoon and checked into our tents 7/17. We wanted them a bit closer but ours, #17 had a great view of the antelopes and giraffes. The day we arrived was Very hot so everyone had to take a nap. We all arrived early for dinner, which was very good. After, the kids found other kids to run in the grass and visited the cheetahs. The next day we had the 10:00 tour with Sky who was great for the kids & adults. Being able to see most all the animals close up was great. I would highly recommend the experience, if you can, spend the night, if not. The tour & lunch or dinner, so you can walk around some.

Family Activities

The more than 800 individual animals at Safari West are the main attraction here. Families can wander the property on their own to see some of the smaller animals in more of a zoo-like setting. Or book a guided safari tour in an open-air vehicle where you can see the larger animals. It’s important to note that all of the animals at Safari West are wild animals and are never to be touched or fed.

Safari Tours Families can book a guided safari tour in an open-air vehicle that takes visitors throughout the 400-acre preserve to see the larger animals like giraffe, rhino, zebra, buffalo, antelope and more. Children must be at least 4 years old to go on a safari tour and must be at least 45 inches tall to sit on the rooftop seat of the safari vehicle. Expert guides explain all of the animal’s habits and where they come from along the two-hour, vehicle portion of the tour.

Then there is a 45-minute walking portion of the tour where families will be guided through the Aviary with its hundred different species of birds. The tours run rain or shine so be prepared if it rains and closed-toe shoes are recommended. Lunch, dinner or a wine tasting can also be added to these tours.

Aviary and Animals Smaller animals such as lemur, monkeys, flamingos and cheetahs can be viewed in a more zoo-like atmosphere on your own at no additional cost. The large Aviary is also home to a hundred different species of birds. A walk through the Aviary with a guide is included in the Safari Tour or you can view them on your own from outside.

Behind the Scenes Private safari tours are available to book, as well as a few behind-the-scenes private tours that get you closer to the animals. Some of these tours include closer encounters with the rhinos and cheetah. You can also be a Keeper for the Day, where you can care for and feed some of the animals.

Family Dining

Breakfast A complimentary continental breakfast is included in your stay. Things like cereal, pastries, coffee, fruit and oatmeal are available in the Savannah Cafe from 7 to 10 a.m. daily.

Savannah Cafe Lunch and dinner are available here in a South African-style called Braai (pronounced bry). Braai is similar to a BBQ buffet and features meats like chicken and pork grilled over a wood fire and tons of side dishes like macaroni and cheese, baked beans and vegetables. Reservations are required at Savannah Cafe and reservations must be booked with your overnight accommodations.

Delilah’s Snack Shop There is a snack shop with beverages and snacks available for purchase. Beer and wine can also be purchased here.

Planning & Tips

All About the Extras

• Wi-Fi Complimentary Wi-Fi is available only in the Savannah Cafe. Internet and cell phone service in general is very limited at Safari West, and is mostly determined by your phone carrier. It’s highly likely that you’ll not have any type of cell service or internet connection from your lodging accommodations. Call boxes are situated outside of the tents for any emergencies or calls needed to the front desk.
•   Parking Free parking is available.

The Best Time to Visit Safari West is a seasonal property open from March through December. It’s closed in January and February. Peak season runs from March through November with the summer months and school holiday seasons being the most popular with families.

Safari West is in Northern California so expect cooler temperatures at night. Temperatures range between 60 and 85 degrees most of the year, with it being a bit cooler in the winter and a bit warmer in the summer.

Getting There Safari West is located in Northern California about 90 minutes north of San Francisco. The Sonoma County Airport is located about 20 minutes away. The San Francisco International Airport is located about 90 minutes away and the Sacramento International Airport is about two hours away.

Getting Around Once on the property, all attractions, animals and restaurants are within walking distance from the lodging area. A vehicle is needed if you plan to explore outside of Safari West.

For Parents

• Massage For those seeking a little more relaxation, an in-tent massage can be added to your overnight stay.

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Our 60 most popular moscow trips. compare tour itineraries from 45 tour companies. 308 reviews. 4.7/5 avg rating., popular moscow tours.

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Moscow [lower-alpha 1] is the capital and largest city of Russia . The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia , with a population estimated at 13.0   million residents within the city limits, [5] over 18.8   million residents in the urban area, [6] and over 21.5   million residents in the metropolitan area . [14] The city covers an area of 2,511 square kilometers (970   sq   mi) , while the urban area covers 5,891 square kilometers (2,275   sq   mi) , [6] and the metropolitan area covers over 26,000 square kilometers (10,000   sq   mi) . [14] Moscow is among the world's largest cities , being the most populous city entirely in Europe, the largest urban and metropolitan area in Europe, [6] [14] and the largest city by land area on the European continent. [15]

Other names

Early history (1147–1284), grand duchy (1283–1547), tsardom (1547–1721), empire (1721–1917), soviet period (1917–1991), recent history (1991–present), paleontology, demographics, ethnic groups, vital statistics, architecture, parks and landmarks, moscow rings, transport rings in moscow, museums and galleries, performing arts, football clubs, entertainment, authorities, moscow authorities, federal authorities, administrative divisions, cost of living, public utilities, transportation, bus, trolleybus and electric bus, moscow cable car, sharing system, future development, tv and radio, international relations, twin towns – sister cities, cooperation agreements, former twin towns and sister cities, external links.

First documented in 1147, Moscow grew to become a prosperous and powerful city that served as the capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow . When the Tsardom of Russia was proclaimed, Moscow remained the political and economic center for most of its history. Under the reign of Peter the Great , the Russian capital was moved to the newly founded city of Saint Petersburg in 1712, diminishing Moscow's influence. Following the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Russian SFSR , the capital was moved back to Moscow in 1918, where it later became the political center of the Soviet Union . [16] In the aftermath of the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Moscow remained the capital city of the newly established Russian Federation.

The northernmost and coldest megacity in the world, Moscow is governed as a federal city , [17] where it serves as the political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe . As an alpha world city , [18] Moscow has one of the world's largest urban economies . [19] The city is one of the fastest-growing tourist destinations in the world, [20] and is one of Europe's most visited cities . Moscow is home to the sixth-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world. [21] The Moscow International Business Center is one of the largest financial centers in Europe and the world, and features the majority of Europe's tallest skyscrapers . Moscow was the host city of the 1980 Summer Olympics , and one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . [22]

As the historic core of Russia, Moscow serves as the home of numerous Russian artists, scientists, and sports figures due to the presence of its various museums, academic and political institutions, and theaters. The city is home to several UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is well known for its display of Russian architecture , particularly its historic Red Square , and buildings such as the Saint Basil's Cathedral and the Moscow Kremlin , of which the latter serves as the seat of power of the Government of Russia . Moscow is home to many Russian companies in numerous industries and is served by a comprehensive transit network, which includes four international airports , ten railway terminals, a tram system , a monorail system , and most notably the Moscow Metro , the busiest metro system in Europe, and one of the largest rapid transit systems in the world. The city has over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery, making it one of the greenest cities in the world. [15] [23]

The name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the Moskva River . [24] [25] Several theories of the origin of the name of the river have been proposed.

The most linguistically well-grounded and widely accepted is from the Proto-Balto-Slavic root * mŭzg -/ muzg - from the Proto-Indo-European * meu - "wet", [25] [26] [27] so the name Moskva might signify a river at a wetland or a marsh. [24] Its cognates include Russian : музга , muzga "pool, puddle", Lithuanian : mazgoti and Latvian : mazgāt "to wash", Sanskrit : májjati "to drown", Latin : mergō "to dip, immerse". [24] [26] In many Slavic countries Moskov is a surname, most common in Russia, Bulgaria , Ukraine and North Macedonia . [28] Additionally, there are similarly named places in Poland like Mozgawa . [24] [25] [26]

According to one the Finno-Ugric hypotheses, the Merya and Muroma people, who were among the several pre-Slavic tribes which originally inhabited the area, called the river Mustajoki "Black river", and the name of the river derives from this term. [29] Various other theories (of Celtic , Iranian , Caucasic origins), having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists. [24] [25]

The original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as * Москы , * Mosky , [24] [25] hence it was one of a few Slavic ū -stem nouns . As with other nouns of that declension, it had been undergoing a morphological transformation at the early stage of the development of the language, as a result, the first written mentions in the 12th century were Московь , Moskovĭ ( accusative case ), Москви , Moskvi ( locative case ), Москвe/Москвѣ , Moskve/Moskvě ( genitive case ). [24] [25] From the latter forms came to the modern Russian name Москва , Moskva , which is a result of morphological generalization with the numerous Slavic ā -stem nouns .

However, the form Moskovĭ has left some traces in many other languages, including English: Moscow , German : Moskau , French : Moscou , Georgian : მოსკოვი , Latvian : Maskava , Bashkir : Мәскәү , Tatar : Mäskäw , Portuguese : Moscovo , Chuvash : Мускав , and Spanish : Moscú .

In a similar manner the Latin name Moscovia has been formed, later it became a colloquial name for Russia used in Western Europe in the 16th–17th centuries. From it as well came English Muscovy and muscovite . [30] [ failed verification ]

Moscow has acquired several epithets , most referring to its size and preeminent status within the nation: The Third Rome ( Третий Рим ), the Whitestone One ( Белокаменная ), the First Throne ( Первопрестольная ), the Forty Soroks ( Сорок Сороков ) ("sorok" meaning both "forty, a great many" and "a district or parish" in Old Russian ). Moscow is also one of the twelve Hero Cities . The demonym for a Moscow resident is " москвич " ( moskvich ) for male or " москвич ка" ( moskvichka ) for female, rendered in English as Muscovite . The name "Moscow" is abbreviated "MSK" ( МСК in Russian). [ citation needed ]

Archaeological digs show that the site of today's Moscow and the surrounding area have been inhabited since time immemorial. Among the earliest finds are relics of the Lyalovo culture, which experts assign to the Neolithic period, the last phase of the Stone Age . [31]

They confirm that the first inhabitants of the area were hunters and gatherers. Around 950 AD, two Slavic tribes, Vyatichi and Krivichi , settled here. Possibly the Vyatichi formed the core of Moscow's indigenous population. [32]

The first known reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a meeting place of Yuri Dolgoruky and Sviatoslav Olgovich . At the time it was a minor town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. The chronicle says, "Come, my brother, to Moskov" ( Приди ко мне, брате, в Москов ). [33]

In 1156, Knyaz Yuri Dolgorukiy fortified the town with a timber fence and a moat. In the course of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' , the Mongols under Batu Khan burned the city to the ground and killed its inhabitants. [ citation needed ]

The timber fort na Moskvě "on the Moscow River" was inherited by Daniel , the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky , in the 1260s, at the time considered the least valuable of his father's possessions. Daniel was still a child at the time, and the big fort was governed by tiuns (deputies), appointed by Daniel's paternal uncle, Yaroslav of Tver . [ citation needed ]

Daniel came of age in the 1270s and became involved in the power struggles of the principality with lasting success, siding with his brother Dmitry in his bid for the rule of Novgorod . From 1283 he acted as the ruler of an independent principality alongside Dmitry, who became Grand Duke of Vladimir . Daniel has been credited with founding the first Moscow monasteries, dedicated to the Lord's Epiphany and to Saint Daniel. [34]

Daniel ruled Moscow as Grand Duke until 1303 and established it as a prosperous city that would eclipse its parent principality of Vladimir by the 1320s.

On the right bank of the Moskva River, at a distance of eight kilometres (5   mi) from the Kremlin, not later than in 1282, Daniel founded the first monastery with the wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite, which is now the Danilov Monastery. Daniel died in 1303, at the age of 42. Before his death, he became a monk and, according to his will, was buried in the cemetery of the St. Daniel Monastery.

Moscow was quite stable and prosperous for many years and attracted a large number of refugees from across Russia. The Rurikids maintained large landholdings by practicing primogeniture , whereby all land was passed to the eldest sons, rather than dividing it up among all sons. By 1304, Yury of Moscow contested with Mikhail of Tver for the throne of the principality of Vladimir . Ivan I eventually defeated Tver to become the sole collector of taxes for the Mongol rulers, making Moscow the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal . By paying high tribute, Ivan won an important concession from the Khan .

While the Khan of the Golden Horde initially attempted to limit Moscow's influence, when the growth of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania began to threaten all of Russia, the Khan strengthened Moscow to counterbalance Lithuania, allowing it to become one of the most powerful cities in Russia. In 1380, prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Mongols in the Battle of Kulikovo . Afterward, Moscow took the leading role in liberating Russia from Mongol domination. In 1480, Ivan III had finally broken the Russians free from Tatar control, and Moscow became the capital of an empire that would eventually encompass all of Russia and Siberia , and parts of many other lands.

In 1462 Ivan III, (1440–1505) became Grand Prince of Moscow (then part of the medieval Muscovy state). He began fighting the Tatars, enlarged the territory of Muscovy, and enriched his capital city. By 1500 it had a population of 100,000 and was one of the largest cities in the world. He conquered the far larger principality of Novgorod to the north, which had been allied to the hostile Lithuanians. Thus he enlarged the territory sevenfold, from 430,000 to 2,800,000 square kilometres (170,000 to 1,080,000 square miles) . He took control of the ancient " Novgorod Chronicle " and made it a propaganda vehicle for his regime. [35] [36]

The original Moscow Kremlin was built in the 14th century. It was reconstructed by Ivan, who in the 1480s invited architects from Renaissance Italy , such as Petrus Antonius Solarius , who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers, and Marco Ruffo who designed the new palace for the prince. The Kremlin walls as they now appear are those designed by Solarius, completed in 1495. The Kremlin's Great Bell Tower was built in 1505–08 and augmented to its present height in 1600.

A trading settlement, or posad , grew up to the east of the Kremlin, in the area known as Zaradye (Зарядье). In the time of Ivan III, the Red Square , originally named the Hollow Field (Полое поле) appeared.

In 1508–1516, the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin (Novy) arranged for the construction of a moat in front of the eastern wall, which would connect the Moskva and Neglinnaya and be filled in with water from Neglinnaya. This moat, known as the Alevizov moat and having a length of 541 metres (1,775 feet) , width of 36 metres (118 feet) , and a depth of 9.5   to 13 metres (31–43 feet) was lined with limestone and, in 1533, fenced on both sides with low, four-metre-thick (13-foot) cogged-brick walls.

In the 16th and 17th centuries, the three circular defenses were built: Kitay-gorod (Китай-город), the White City (Белый город) and the Earthen City (Земляной город). However, in 1547, two fires destroyed much of the town, and in 1571 the Crimean Tatars captured Moscow , burning everything except the Kremlin. [37] The annals record that only 30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants survived.

The Crimean Tatars attacked again in 1591, but this time were held back by new defense walls, built between 1584 and 1591 by a craftsman named Fyodor Kon . In 1592, an outer earth rampart with 50 towers was erected around the city, including an area on the right bank of the Moscow River. As an outermost line of defense, a chain of strongly fortified monasteries was established beyond the ramparts to the south and east, principally the Novodevichy Convent and Donskoy , Danilov , Simonov , Novospasskiy , and Andronikov monasteries, most of which now house museums. From its ramparts, the city became poetically known as Bielokamennaya , the "White-Walled". The city's limits as marked by the ramparts built in 1592 are now marked by the Garden Ring .

Three square gates existed on the eastern side of the Kremlin wall, which in the 17th century, were known as Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (owing their names to the icons of Constantine and Helen, the Saviour and St. Nicholas that hung over them). The last two were directly opposite the Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral.

The Russian famine of 1601–03 killed perhaps 100,000 in Moscow. From 1610 through 1612, troops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth occupied Moscow, as its ruler Sigismund III tried to take the Russian throne. In 1612, the people of Nizhny Novgorod and other Russian cities conducted by prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin rose against the Polish occupants, besieged the Kremlin, and expelled them . In 1613, the Zemsky sobor elected Michael Romanov tsar, establishing the Romanov dynasty . The 17th century was rich in popular risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish–Lithuanian invaders (1612), the Salt Riot (1648), the Copper Riot (1662), and the Moscow Uprising of 1682 .

During the first half of the 17th century, the population of Moscow doubled from roughly 100,000 to 200,000. It expanded beyond its ramparts in the later 17th century. It is estimated, that in the middle of the 17th century, 20% of Moscow suburb's inhabitants were from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , practically all of them being driven from their homeland to Moscow by Muscovite invaders. [38] By 1682, there were 692 households established north of the ramparts, by Ukrainians and Belarusians abducted from their hometowns in the course of the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) . These new outskirts of the city came to be known as the Meshchanskaya sloboda , after Ruthenian meshchane "town people". The term meshchane (мещане) acquired pejorative connotations in 18th-century Russia and today means "petty bourgeois" or "narrow-minded philistine". [39]

The entire city of the late 17th century, including the slobodas that grew up outside the city ramparts, are contained within what is today Moscow's Central Administrative Okrug .

Numerous disasters befell the city. The plague epidemics ravaged Moscow in 1570–1571, 1592 and 1654–1656. [40] The plague killed upwards of 80% of the people in 1654–55. Fires burned out much of the wooden city in 1626 and 1648. [41] In 1712 Peter the Great moved his government to the newly built Saint Petersburg on the Baltic coast. Moscow ceased to be Russia's capital, except for a brief period from 1728 to 1732 under the influence of the Supreme Privy Council .

After losing the status as the capital of the empire, the population of Moscow at first decreased, from 200,000 in the 17th century to 130,000 in 1750. But after 1750, the population grew more than tenfold over the remaining duration of the Russian Empire, reaching 1.8 million by 1915. The 1770–1772 Russian plague killed up to 100,000 people in Moscow. [42]

By 1700, the building of cobbled roads had begun. In November 1730, the permanent street light was introduced, and by 1867 many streets had a gaslight. In 1883, near the Prechistinskiye Gates, arc lamps were installed. In 1741 Moscow was surrounded by a barricade 40 kilometres (25   mi) long, the Kamer-Kollezhskiy barrier, with 16 gates at which customs tolls were collected. Its line is traced today by a number of streets called val ("ramparts"). Between 1781 and 1804 the Mytischinskiy water pipe (the first in Russia) was built. In 1813, following the destruction of much of the city during the French occupation, a Commission for the Construction of the City of Moscow was established. It launched a great program of rebuilding, including a partial replanning of the city-centre. Among many buildings constructed or reconstructed at this time was the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Kremlin Armoury , the Moscow University , the Moscow Manege (Riding School), and the Bolshoi Theatre . In 1903 the Moskvoretskaya water supply was completed.

In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, but the Spassky Gate was the main front gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and (following the 17th-century improvements) stone bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns – "raskats". The Tsar Cannon was located on the platform of the Lobnoye mesto .

The road connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, now the M10 highway , was completed in 1746, its Moscow end following the old Tver road, which had existed since the 16th century. It became known as Peterburskoye Schosse after it was paved in the 1780s. Petrovsky Palace was built in 1776–1780 by Matvey Kazakov .

When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, the Moscovites were evacuated. It is suspected that the Moscow fire was principally the effect of Russian sabotage. Napoleon's Grande Armée was forced to retreat and was nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter and sporadic attacks by Russian military forces. As many as 400,000 of Napoleon's soldiers died during this time. [43]

Moscow State University was established in 1755. Its main building was reconstructed after the 1812 fire by Domenico Giliardi . The Moskovskiye Vedomosti newspaper appeared from 1756, originally in weekly intervals, and from 1859 as a daily newspaper.

The Arbat Street had been in existence since at least the 15th century, but it was developed into a prestigious area during the 18th century. It was destroyed in the fire of 1812 and was rebuilt completely in the early 19th century.

In the 1830s, general Alexander Bashilov planned the first regular grid of city streets north from Petrovsky Palace. Khodynka field south of the highway was used for military training. Smolensky Rail station (forerunner of present-day Belorussky Rail Terminal ) was inaugurated in 1870. Sokolniki Park , in the 18th century the home of the tsar's falconers well outside Moscow, became contiguous with the expanding city in the later 19th century and was developed into a public municipal park in 1878. The suburban Savyolovsky Rail Terminal was built in 1902. In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or Mayor , was officially introduced in Moscow, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow's first official mayor.

When Catherine II came to power in 1762, the city's filth and the smell of sewage were depicted by observers as a symptom of disorderly lifestyles of lower-class Russians recently arrived from the farms. Elites called for improving sanitation, which became part of Catherine's plans for increasing control over social life. National political and military successes from 1812 through 1855 calmed the critics and validated efforts to produce a more enlightened and stable society. There was less talk about the smell and the poor conditions of public health. However, in the wake of Russia's failures in the Crimean War in 1855–56, confidence in the ability of the state to maintain order in the slums eroded, and demands for improved public health put filth back on the agenda. [44]

In November 1917, upon learning of the uprising happening in Petrograd , Moscow's Bolsheviks also began their uprising . On November 2 (15), 1917, after heavy fighting, Soviet power was established in Moscow. [45]

Then Vladimir Lenin , fearing possible foreign invasion, moved the capital from Petrograd ( Saint Petersburg ) back to Moscow on March 12, 1918. [46] The Kremlin once again became the seat of power and the political centre of the new state.

With the change in values imposed by communist ideology , the tradition of preservation of cultural heritage was broken. Independent preservation societies, even those that defended only secular landmarks such as Moscow-based OIRU were disbanded by the end of the 1920s. A new anti-religious campaign, launched in 1929, coincided with the collectivization of peasants; the destruction of churches in the cities peaked around 1932. In 1937 several letters were written to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to rename Moscow to "Stalindar" or "Stalinodar", one from an elderly pensioner whose dream was to "live in Stalinodar" and had selected the name to represent the "gift" (dar) of the genius of Stalin. [47] Stalin rejected this suggestion, and after it was suggested again to him by Nikolai Yezhov , he was outraged, saying "What do I need this for?". This was following Stalin banning the renaming of places in his name in 1936. [48]

During World War II , the Soviet State Committee of Defence and the General Staff of the Red Army were located in Moscow. In 1941, 16 divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), 25 battalions (18,000 people), and four engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. Between October 1941 and January 1942, the German Army Group Centre was stopped at the outskirts of the city and then driven off in the course of the Battle of Moscow . Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from October 20 the city was declared to be in a state of siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defenses, while the city was bombarded from the air. On May 1, 1944, a medal "For the defence of Moscow" and in 1947 another medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow" was instituted.

Both German and Soviet casualties during the Battle of Moscow have been a subject of debate, as various sources provide somewhat different estimates. Total casualties between September 30, 1941, and January 7, 1942, are estimated to be between 248,000 and 400,000 for the Wehrmacht and between 650,000 and 1,280,000 for the Red Army. [49] [50] [51]

During the postwar years, there was a serious housing crisis, solved by the invention of high-rise apartments . There are over 11,000 of these standardised and prefabricated apartment blocks, housing the majority of Moscow's population, making it by far the city with the most high-rise buildings. [52] Apartments were built and partly furnished in the factory before being raised and stacked into tall columns. The popular Soviet-era comic film Irony of Fate parodies this construction method.

The city of Zelenograd was built in 1958 at 37 kilometres (23 miles) from the city centre to the north-west, along with the Leningradskoye Shosse , and incorporated as one of Moscow's administrative okrugs . Moscow State University moved to its campus on Sparrow Hills in 1953.

In 1959 Nikita Khrushchev launched his anti-religious campaign . By 1964 over 10 thousand churches out of 20 thousand were shut down (mostly in rural areas) and many were demolished. Of 58 monasteries and convents operating in 1959, only sixteen remained by 1964; of Moscow's fifty churches operating in 1959, thirty were closed and six demolished.

On May 8, 1965, due to the actual 20th anniversary of the victory in World War II, Moscow was awarded a title of the Hero City .

The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) was opened in 1961. It had four lanes running 109 kilometres (68 miles) along the city borders. The MKAD marked the administrative boundaries of the city of Moscow until the 1980s when outlying suburbs beyond the ring road began to be incorporated. In 1980, Moscow hosted the Summer Olympic Games , which were boycotted by the United States and several other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's involvement in Afghanistan in late 1979. In 1991 Moscow was the scene of a coup attempt by conservative communists opposed to the liberal reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev .

When the USSR was dissolved in the same year, Moscow remained the capital of the Russian SFSR (on December 25, 1991, the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation ). Since then, a market economy has emerged in Moscow, producing an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles.

The city has continued to grow during the 1990s to 2000s, its population rising from below nine to above ten million. Mason and Nigmatullina argue that Soviet-era urban-growth controls (before 1991) produced controlled and sustainable metropolitan development, typified by the greenbelt built in 1935. Since then, however, there has been a dramatic growth of low-density suburban sprawl, created by heavy demand for single-family dwellings as opposed to crowded apartments. In 1995–1997 the MKAD ring road was widened from the initial four to ten lanes.

In December 2002 Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo became the first Moscow Metro station that opened beyond the limits of MKAD. The Third Ring Road , intermediate between the early 19th-century Garden Ring and the Soviet-era outer ring road, was completed in 2004. The greenbelt is becoming more and more fragmented, and satellite cities are appearing at the fringe. Summer dachas are being converted into year-round residences, and with the proliferation of automobiles there is heavy traffic congestion. [53] Multiple old churches and other examples of architectural heritage that had been demolished during the Stalin era have been restored, such as the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour . In 2010s Moscow's Administration has launched some long duration projects like the Moja Ulitsa (in English: My Street ) urban redevelopment program [54] or the Residency renovation one. [55]

By its territorial expansion on July 1, 2012, southwest into the Moscow Oblast the area of the capital more than doubled, going from 1,091 to 2,511 square kilometers (421 to 970   sq   mi) , resulting in Moscow becoming the largest city on the European continent by area; it also gained an additional population of 233,000 people. [56] [57] The annexed territory was officially named Новая Москва (New Moscow).

Moscow is situated on the banks of the Moskva River , which flows for just over 500   km (311   mi) through the East European Plain in central Russia, not far from the natural border of the forest and forest- steppe zone. 49 bridges span the river and its canals within the city's limits. The elevation of Moscow at the All-Russia Exhibition Center (VVC), where the leading Moscow weather station is situated, is 156 metres (512 feet) . Teplostan Upland is the city's highest point at 255 metres (837 feet) . [58] The width of Moscow city (not limiting MKAD ) from west to east is 39.7   km (24.7   mi) , and the length from north to south is 51.8   km (32.2   mi) .

Moscow serves as the reference point for the time zone used in most of European Russia , Belarus and the Republic of Crimea . The areas operate in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK, МСК ) , which is 3 hours ahead of UTC , or UTC+3 . Daylight saving time is no longer observed. According to the geographical longitude the average solar noon in Moscow occurs at 12:30. [59]

Moscow has a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ) with long, cold (although average by Russian standards) winters usually lasting from mid-November to the end of March, and warm summers. More extreme continental climates at the same latitude- such as parts of Eastern Canada or Siberia - have much colder winters than Moscow, suggesting that there is still significant moderation from the Atlantic Ocean despite the fact that Moscow is far from the sea. Weather can fluctuate widely, with temperatures ranging from −25   °C (−13   °F) in the city and −30   °C (−22   °F) in the suburbs to above 5   °C (41   °F) in the winter, and from 10 to 35   °C (50 to 95   °F) in the summer. [60]

Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June, July, and August are around a comfortable 20 to 26   °C (68 to 79   °F) , but during heat waves (which can occur between May and September), daytime high temperatures often exceed 30   °C (86   °F) , sometimes for a week or two at a time. In the winter, average temperatures normally drop to approximately −10   °C (14   °F) , though almost every winter there are periods of warmth with day temperatures rising above 0   °C (32   °F) , and periods of cooling with night temperatures falling below −20   °C (−4   °F) . These periods usually last about a week or two. The growing season in Moscow normally lasts for 156 days usually around May 1 to October 5. [61]

The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2   °C (100.8   °F) [62] at the VVC weather station and 39.0   °C (102.2   °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010, during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves . Record high and average temperatures were recorded for January, March, April, May, June, July, August, November, and December in 2007–2022. [63] The average July temperature from 1991 to 2020 is 19.7   °C (67.5   °F) . The lowest ever recorded temperature was −42.1   °C (−43.8   °F) in January 1940. Snow, which is present for about five months a year, often begins to fall mid-October, while snow cover lies in November and melts at the beginning of April.

On average, Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine per year, varying from a low of 8% in December to 52% from May to August. [64] This large annual variation is due to convective cloud formation. In the winter, moist air from the Atlantic condenses in the cold continental interior, resulting in very overcast conditions. However, this same continental influence results in considerably sunnier summers than oceanic cities of similar latitude such as Edinburgh . Between 2004 and 2010, the average was between 1800 and 2000 hours with a tendency to more sunshine in summer months, up to a record 411 hours in July 2014, 79% of possible sunshine. December 2017 was the darkest month in Moscow since records began, with only six minutes of sunlight. [65] [66]

Temperatures in the centre of Moscow are often significantly higher than in the outskirts and nearby suburbs, especially in winter. For example, if the average February temperature in the north-east of Moscow is −6.7   °C (19.9   °F) , in the suburbs it is about −9   °C (16   °F) . [67] The temperature difference between the centre of Moscow and nearby areas of Moscow Oblast can sometimes be more than 10   °C (18   °F) on frosty winter nights.

Recent changes in Moscow's regional climate, since it is in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere, are often cited by climate scientists as evidence of global warming [ citation needed ] , though by definition, climate change is global, not regional. During the summer, extreme heat is often observed in the city (2001, 2002, 2003, 2010 , 2011, 2021 ). Along with a southern part of Central Russia , [77] [78] after recent years of hot summer seasons, the climate of the city gets hot-summer classification trends. Winter also became significantly milder: for example, the average January temperature in the early 1900s was −12.0   °C (10.4   °F) , while now it is about −7.0   °C (19.4   °F) . [79] At the end of January–February it is often colder, with frosts reaching −30.0   °C (−22.0   °F) a few nights per year (2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013).

The last decade was the warmest in the history of meteorological observations of Moscow. Temperature changes in the city are depicted in the table below:

Moscow is one of the few cities with paleontological monuments of world significance on its territory. [81] One of them is the Gorodnya River with its tributaries, on the banks of which outcrops of the Quaternary and older Cretaceous periods are located. Fossils of the bivalve mollusk Inoceramus kleinii and tubular passages of burrowing animals, described in 2017 as a new ichnospecies Skolithos gorodnensis , were discovered in the Coniacian deposits near the stream bed of the Bolshaya Glinka River. [81] Ichnogenera Diplocraterion , Planolites , Skolithos and possibly Ophiomorpha were found in the Albian deposits. Paleolithic flint tools were discovered in the Quaternary deposits of the Bolshaya Glinka stream bed. [81]

In 1878, paleontologist Hermann Trautschold discovered the left flipper of an ichthyosaur near the village of Mnevniki, which later became part of Moscow. In 2014, the animal was named Undorosaurus trautscholdi , after its discoverer. Trautschold determined the age of the sediments from which the specimen was taken to be Kimmeridgian , but, according to more recent studies, they were formed in the Tithonian age of the Jurassic period. [82]

Albian foraminifera and ammonites also known from the Moscow deposits. [81]

Fossils of various organisms are on display in Moscow museums, including the Orlov Museum of Paleontology and Vernadsky State Geological Museum .

According to the results of the 2021 Census , the population of Moscow was 13,010,112; [5] up from 11,503,501 recorded in the 2010 Census . [83]

• 668,409 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. [92]

The official population of Moscow is based on those holding " permanent residency ". According to Russia's Federal Migration Service, Moscow holds 1.8 million official "guests" who have temporary residency on the basis of visas or other documentation, giving a legal population of 14.8 million. The number of Illegal immigrants , the vast majority originating from Central Asia , is estimated to be an additional 1 million people, [93] giving a total population of about 15.8 million.

Vital statistics for 2022: [94] [95]

• Births: 123,654 (9.8 per 1,000)
• Deaths: 126,988 (10.1 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022): [96] 1.42 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021): [97] Total — 74.55 years (male   — 71.00, female   — 77.94)

Christians form the majority of the city's population; most of whom adhere Russian Orthodox Church . The Patriarch of Moscow serves as the head of the church and resides in the Danilov Monastery . Moscow was called the "city of 40 times 40 churches"—prior to 1917. Moscow is Russia's capital of Eastern Orthodox Christianity , which has been the country's traditional religion .

Other religions practiced in Moscow include Buddhism , Hinduism , Islam , Judaism , Yazidism , and Rodnovery . The Moscow Mufti Council claimed that Muslims numbered around 1.5 million of 10.5 million of the city's population in 2010; [100] There are four mosques in the city. [101]

Moscow's architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is the site of Saint Basil's Cathedral , with its elegant onion domes , as well as the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Seven Sisters . The first Kremlin was built in the middle of the 12th century.

Medieval Moscow's design was of concentric walls and intersecting radial thoroughfares. This layout, as well as Moscow's rivers, helped shape Moscow's design in subsequent centuries.

The Kremlin was rebuilt in the 15th century. Its towers and some of its churches were built by Italian architects, lending the city some of the aurae of the renaissance. From the end of the 15th century, the city was embellished by masonry structures such as monasteries, palaces, walls, towers, and churches.

The city's appearance had not changed much by the 18th century. Houses were made of pine and spruce logs, with shingled roofs plastered with sod or covered by birch bark. The rebuilding of Moscow in the second half of the 18th century was necessitated by constant fires and the needs of the nobility. Much of the wooden city was replaced by buildings in the classical style. [102]

For much of its architectural history, Moscow was dominated by Orthodox churches. However, the overall appearance of the city changed drastically during Soviet times, especially as a result of Joseph Stalin 's large-scale effort to "modernize" Moscow. Stalin's plans for the city included a network of broad avenues and roadways, some of them over ten lanes wide, which, while greatly simplifying movement through the city, were constructed at the expense of a great number of historical buildings and districts. Among the many casualties of Stalin's demolitions was the Sukharev Tower , a longtime city landmark, as well as mansions and commercial buildings. The city's newfound status as the capital of a deeply secular nation, made religiously significant buildings especially vulnerable to demolition. Many of the city's churches, which in most cases were some of Moscow's oldest and most prominent buildings, were destroyed; some notable examples include the Kazan Cathedral and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. During the 1990s, both were rebuilt. Many smaller churches, however, were lost. [103]

While the later Stalinist period was characterized by the curtailing of creativity and architectural innovation, the earlier post-revolutionary years saw a plethora of radical new buildings created in the city. Especially notable were the constructivist architects associated with VKHUTEMAS , responsible for such landmarks as Lenin's Mausoleum. Another prominent architect was Vladimir Shukhov , famous for Shukhov Tower, just one of many hyperboloid towers designed by Shukhov. It was built between 1919 and 1922 as a transmission tower for a Russian broadcasting company. [104] Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the Constructivist architecture of early Soviet Russia. He designed spacious elongated shop galleries, most notably the GUM department store on Red Square , [104] bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults.

Perhaps the most recognizable contributions of the Stalinist period are the so-called Seven Sisters , seven massive skyscrapers scattered throughout the city at about an equal distance from the Kremlin. A defining feature of Moscow's skyline, their imposing form was allegedly inspired by the Manhattan Municipal Building in New York City , and their style—with intricate exteriors and a large central spire—has been described as Stalinist Gothic architecture . All seven towers can be seen from most high points in the city; they are among the tallest constructions in central Moscow apart from the Ostankino Tower , which, when it was completed in 1967, was the highest free-standing land structure in the world and today remains the world's seventy-second tallest, ranking among buildings such as the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, Taipei 101 in Taiwan and the CN Tower in Toronto. [105]

The Soviet goal of providing housing for every family, and the rapid growth of Moscow's population, led to the construction of large, monotonous housing blocks. Most of these date from the post-Stalin era and the styles are often named after the leader then in power (Brezhnev, Khrushchev, etc.). They are usually badly maintained.

Although the city still has some five-story apartment buildings constructed before the mid-1960s, more recent apartment buildings are usually at least nine floors tall, and have elevators . It is estimated that Moscow has over twice as many elevators as New York City and four times as many as Chicago . Moslift, one of the city's major elevator operating companies, has about 1500 elevator mechanics on call, to release residents trapped in elevators. [106]

Stalinist-era buildings , mostly found in the central part of the city, are massive and usually ornamented with Socialist realism motifs that imitate classical themes. However, small churches—almost always Eastern Orthodox – found across the city provide glimpses of its past. The Old Arbat Street , a tourist street that was once the heart of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to the 20th century. Many buildings found off the main streets of the inner city (behind the Stalinist façades of Tverskaya Street , for example) are also examples of bourgeois architecture typical of Tsarist times. Ostankino Palace , Kuskovo , Uzkoye and other large estates just outside Moscow originally belong to nobles from the Tsarist era, and some convents, and monasteries , both inside and outside the city, are open to Muscovites and tourists.

Attempts are being made to restore many of the city's best-kept examples of pre-Soviet architecture. These restored structures are easily spotted by their bright new colors and spotless façades. There are a few examples of notable, early Soviet avant-garde work too, such as the house of the architect Konstantin Melnikov in the Arbat area. Many of these restorations were criticized for alleged disrespect of historical authenticity. Facadism is also widely practiced. [107] Later examples of interesting Soviet architecture are usually marked by their impressive size and the semi- Modernist styles employed, such as with the Novy Arbat project, familiarly known as "false teeth of Moscow" and notorious for the wide-scale disruption of a historic area in central Moscow involved in the project.

Plaques on house exteriors will inform passers-by that a well-known personality once lived there. Frequently, the plaques are dedicated to Soviet celebrities not well known outside (or often, like with decorated generals and revolutionaries, now both inside) of Russia. There are also many "museum houses" of famous Russian writers, composers, and artists in the city.

Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing, with several new towers under construction. In recent years, the city administration has been widely criticized for heavy destruction that has affected many historical buildings. As much as a third of historic Moscow has been destroyed in the past few years [108] to make space for luxury apartments and hotels. [109] Other historical buildings, including such landmarks as the 1930 Moskva hotel and the 1913 department store Voyentorg, have been razed and reconstructed anew, with the inevitable loss of historical value. Critics blame the government for not enforcing conservation laws: in the last 12 years, more than 50 buildings with monument status were torn down, several of those dating back to the 17th century. [110] Some critics also wonder if the money used for the reconstruction of razed buildings could not be used for the renovation of decaying structures, which include many works by architect Konstantin Melnikov [111] and Mayakovskaya metro station.

Some organizations, such as Moscow Architecture Preservation Society [112] and Save Europe's Heritage, [113] are trying to draw the international public attention to these problems. [114]

There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, including four botanical gardens . There are 450 square kilometres (170   sq   mi) of green zones besides 100 square kilometres (39   sq   mi) of forests. [115] Moscow is a very green city, if compared to other cities of comparable size in Western Europe and North America; this is partly due to a history of having green "yards" with trees and grass, between residential buildings. There are on average 27 square meters (290   sq   ft) of parks per person in Moscow compared with 6 for Paris , 7.5 in London and 8.6 in New York. [116]

Gorky Park (officially the Central Park of Culture and Rest named after Maxim Gorky ), was founded in 1928. The main part ( 689,000 square metres or 170 acres ) [116] along the Moskva river contains estrades , children's attractions (including the Observation Wheel water ponds with boats and water bicycles), dancing, tennis courts and other sports facilities. It borders the Neskuchny Garden ( 408,000 square metres or 101 acres ), the oldest park in Moscow and a former imperial residence, created as a result of the integration of three estates in the 18th century. The Garden features the Green Theater, one of the largest open amphitheaters in Europe, able to hold up to 15 thousand people. [117] Several parks include a section known as a "Park of Culture and Rest", sometimes alongside a much wilder area (this includes parks such as Izmaylovsky, Fili and Sokolniki). Some parks are designated as Forest Parks (lesopark).

Izmaylovsky Park , created in 1931, is one of the largest urban parks in the world along with Richmond Park in London. Its area of 15.34 square kilometres (5.92   sq   mi) is six times greater than that of Central Park in New York. [116]

Bauman Garden , officially founded in 1920 and renamed in 1922 after the bolshevik Nikolay Bauman , is one of the oldest parks in Moscow. It is standing on the site of the former Golitsyn estate and eighteenth-century public garden. [118]

Sokolniki Park , named after the falcon hunting that occurred there in the past, is one of the oldest parks in Moscow and has an area of 6 square kilometres (2.3   sq   mi) . A central circle with a large fountain is surrounded by birch, maple, and elm tree alleys. A labyrinth composed of green paths lies beyond the park's ponds.

Losiny Ostrov National Park ("Elk Island" National Park), with a total area of more than 116 square kilometres (45   sq   mi) , borders Sokolniki Park and was Russia's first national park. It is quite wild, and is also known as the "city taiga" – elk can be seen there.

Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences , founded in 1945 is the largest in Europe. [119] It covers the territory of 3.61 square kilometres (1.39   sq   mi) bordering the All-Russia Exhibition Center and contains a live exhibition of more than 20 thousand species of plants from around the world, as well as a lab for scientific research. It contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a dendrarium, and an oak forest, with the average age of trees exceeding 100 years. There is a greenhouse taking up more than 5,000 square metres (53,820 square feet) of land. [116]

The All-Russian Exhibition Center (Всероссийский выставочный центр), formerly known as the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV) and later Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy (VDNKh), though officially named a "permanent trade show", is one of the most prominent examples of Stalinist-era monumental architecture. Among the large spans of a recreational park, areas are scores of elaborate pavilions, each representing either a branch of Soviet industry and science or a USSR republic. Even though during the 1990s it was, and for some part still is, misused as a gigantic shopping center (most of the pavilions are rented out for small businesses), it still retains the bulk of its architectural landmarks, including two monumental fountains ( Stone Flower and Friendship of Nations ) and a 360 degrees panoramic cinema. In 2014 the park returned to the name Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy, and in the same year, huge renovation works had been started. [120]

Lilac Park , founded in 1958, has a permanent sculpture display and a large rosarium. Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Some of the more famous attractions include the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square, [121] which was built between the 14th and 17th centuries. [122] The Church of the Ascension at Kolomenskoye, which dates from 1532, is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and another popular attraction. [123]

Near the new Tretyakov Gallery there is a sculpture garden, Museon, often called " the graveyard of fallen monuments " that displays statues of the former Soviet Union that were removed from their place after its dissolution.

Other attractions include the Moscow Zoo , a zoological garden in two sections (the valleys of two streams) linked by a bridge, with nearly a thousand species and more than 6,500 specimens. [124] Each year, the zoo attracts more than 1.2 million visitors. [124] Many of Moscow's parks and landscaped gardens are protected natural environments.

Moscow's road system is centered roughly on the Kremlin at the heart of the city. From there, roads generally span outwards to intersect with a sequence of circular roads ("rings").

• The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso ( Boulevard Ring ), was built at the former location of the 16th-century city wall around what used to be called Bely Gorod (White Town). [125] The Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a complete circle, but instead a horseshoe-shaped arc that begins at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and ends at the Yauza River .

• The Third Ring Road , was completed in 2003 as a high-speed freeway .
• The Fourth Transport Ring, another freeway, was planned, but cancelled in 2011. A system of chordal highways will replace it.

Aside from the aforementioned hierarchy, line 5 of Moscow Metro is a circle-shaped looped subway line (hence the name Koltsevaya Liniya , literally "ring line"), which is located between the Sadovoye Koltso and Third Transport Ring.

Two modern overlapping lines of Moscow Metro form "two hearts":

• Line 14. Since September 10, 2016, Moscow Central Circle renovated railroad (former Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga ) was introduced as Line 14 of Moscow Metro . The cone-shaped railroad initially opened in 1908 (freight-only railway from 1934 until the 2016 reopening).
• Line 11. Another circle metro line - Big Circle Line ( Bolshaya Koltsevaya Liniya ) is under construction and will be finished in 2023. Kakhovskaya - Savyolovskaya western half of the line was launched in late 2021.

The outermost ring within Moscow is the Moscow Ring Road (often called MKAD , acronym word for Russian Московская Кольцевая Автомобильная Дорога ), which forms the cultural boundary of the city, and was established in the 1950s. It is to note the method of building the road (usage of ground elevation instead of concrete columns throughout the whole way) formed a wall-like barrier that obstacles building roads under the MKAD highway itself).

• Before 2012 expansion of Moscow, MKAD was considered an approximate border for Moscow boundaries.

Outside Moscow, some of the roads encompassing the city continue to follow this circular pattern seen inside city limits, with the notable examples of Betonka roads (highways A107 and A108), originally made of concrete pads.

In order to reduce transit traffic on MKAD, the new ring road (called CKAD - Centralnaya Koltsevaya Avtomobilnaya Doroga , Central Ring Road ) is now under construction beyond the MKAD.

One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the Tretyakov Gallery , which was founded by Pavel Tretyakov , a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city. [126] The Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. The Old Tretyakov gallery, the original gallery in the Tretyakovskaya area on the south bank of the Moskva River, houses works in the classic Russian tradition. [127] The works of famous pre- Revolutionary painters, such as Ilya Repin , as well as the works of early Russian icon painters can be found here. Visitors can even see rare originals by early 15th-century iconographer Andrei Rublev . [127] The New Tretyakov gallery, created in Soviet times, mainly contains the works of Soviet artists, as well as of a few contemporary paintings, but there is some overlap with the Old Tretyakov Gallery for early 20th-century art. The new gallery includes a small reconstruction of Vladimir Tatlin 's famous Monument to the Third International and a mixture of other avant-garde works by artists like Kazimir Malevich and Wassily Kandinsky . Socialist realism features can also be found within the halls of the New Tretyakov Gallery.

Another art museum in the city of Moscow is the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts , which was founded by, among others, the father of Marina Tsvetaeva . The Pushkin Museum is similar to the British Museum in London in that its halls are a cross-section of exhibits on world civilisations, with many copies of ancient sculptures. However, it also hosts paintings from every major Western era; works by Claude Monet , Paul Cézanne , and Pablo Picasso are present in the museum's collection.

The State Historical Museum of Russia (Государственный Исторический музей) is a museum of Russian history located between Red Square and Manege Square in Moscow. Its exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The total number of objects in the museum's collection numbers is several million. The Polytechnical Museum , [128] founded in 1872 is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements, including humanoid automata from the 18th century and the first Soviet computers. Its collection contains more than 160,000 items. [129] The Borodino Panorama [130] museum located on Kutuzov Avenue provides an opportunity for visitors to experience being on a battlefield with a 360° diorama . It is a part of the large historical memorial commemorating the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 over Napoleon's army, that includes also the triumphal arch , erected in 1827. There is also a military history museum that includes statues, and military hardware. Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics under the Monument to the Conquerors of Space at the end of Cosmonauts Alley is the central memorial place for the Russian space officials.

The Shchusev State Museum of Architecture is the national museum of Russian architecture by the name of the architect Alexey Shchusev near the Kremlin area.

Moscow will get its own branch of the Hermitage Museum in 2024, with authorities having agreed upon the final project, to be executed by Hani Rashid, co-founder of New York-based 'Asymptote Architecture' - the same bureau that's behind the city's stock market building, the Busan-based World Business Center Solomon Tower and the Strata Tower in Abu-Dhabi. [131]

Moscow is the heart of the Russian performing arts, including ballet and film, with 68 museums [132] 103 [133] theaters, 132 cinemas and 24 concert halls. Among Moscow's theaters and ballet studios is the Bolshoi Theatre and the Malyi Theatre [134] as well as Vakhtangov Theatre and Moscow Art Theatre .

The Moscow International Performance Arts Center, [135] opened in 2003, also known as Moscow International House of Music , is known for its performances in classical music. It has the largest organ in Russia installed in Svetlanov Hall.

There are also two large circuses in Moscow: Moscow State Circus and Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard [136] named after Yuri Nikulin .

The Mosfilm studio was at the heart of many classic films, as it is responsible for both artistic and mainstream productions. [137] However, despite the continued presence and reputation of internationally renowned Russian filmmakers, the once prolific native studios are much quieter. Rare and historical films may be seen in the Salut cinema, where films from the Museum of Cinema [138] collection are shown regularly. International film festivals such as the Moscow International Film Festival , Stalker , Artdocfest , and Moscow Jewish Film Festival are staged in Moscow.

Over 500 Olympic sports champions lived in the city by 2005. [139] Moscow is home to 63 stadiums (besides eight football and eleven light athletics maneges), of which Luzhniki Stadium is the largest and the 4th biggest in Europe (it hosted the 1998–99 UEFA Cup , 2007–08 UEFA Champions League finals, the 1980 Summer Olympics , and the 2018 FIFA World Cup with 7 games total, including the final ). Forty other sports complexes are located within the city, including 24 with artificial ice. The Olympic Stadium was the world's first indoor arena for bandy and hosted the Bandy World Championship twice. [140] Moscow was again the host of the competition in 2010, this time in Krylatskoye . [141] That arena has also hosted the World Speed Skating Championships . There are also seven horse racing tracks in Moscow, [115] of which Central Moscow Hippodrome , [142] founded in 1834, is the largest.

Moscow was the host city of the 1980 Summer Olympics , with the yachting events being held at Tallinn , in present-day Estonia . Large sports facilities and the main international airport, Sheremetyevo Terminal 2, were built in preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics. Moscow had made a bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics . However, when final voting commenced on July 6, 2005, Moscow was the first city to be eliminated from further rounds. The Games were awarded to London .

The most titled ice hockey team in the Soviet Union and in the world, HC CSKA Moscow comes from Moscow. Other big ice hockey clubs from Moscow are HC Dynamo Moscow , which was the second most titled team in the Soviet Union, and HC Spartak Moscow .

The most titled Soviet, Russian, and one of the most titled Euroleague clubs, is the basketball club from Moscow PBC CSKA Moscow . Moscow hosted the EuroBasket in 1953 and 1965.

Moscow had more winners at the USSR and Russian Chess Championship than any other city.

The most titled volleyball team in the Soviet Union and in Europe ( CEV Champions League ) is VC CSKA Moscow .

In football , FC Spartak Moscow has won more championship titles in the Russian Premier League than any other team. They were second only to FC Dynamo Kyiv in Soviet times . PFC CSKA Moscow became the first Russian football team to win a UEFA title, the UEFA Cup (present-day UEFA Europa League ). FC Lokomotiv Moscow , FC Dynamo Moscow and FC Torpedo Moscow are other professional football teams also based in Moscow.

Moscow houses other prominent football, ice hockey, and basketball teams. Because sports organisations in the Soviet Union were once highly centralized, two of the best Union-level teams represented defence and law-enforcing agencies: the Armed Forces ( CSKA ) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs ( Dinamo ). There were army and police teams in most major cities. As a result, Spartak, CSKA, and Dinamo were among the best-funded teams in the USSR.

The Irina Viner-Usmanova Gymnastics Palace is located in the Luzniki Olympic Complex . The building works started in 2017 and the opening ceremony took place on June 18, 2019. The investor of the Palace is the billionaire Alisher Usmanov , husband of the former gymnast and gymnastics coach Irina Viner-Usmanova . The total surface of the building is 23,500 m 2 , which include 3 fitness rooms, locker rooms, rooms reserved for referees and coaches, saunas, a canteen, a cafeteria, 2 ball halls, a Medical center, a hall reserved for journalists, and a hotel for athletes. [143]

Because of Moscow's cold local climate, winter sports have a following. Many of Moscow's large parks offer marked trails for skiing and frozen ponds for skating.

Moscow hosts the annual Kremlin Cup , a popular tennis tournament on both the WTA and ATP tours. It is one of the ten Tier-I events on the women's tour and a host of Russian players feature every year.

SC Olimpiyskiy hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 , the first and so far the only Eurovision Song Contest arranged in Russia.

Slava Moscow is a professional rugby club, competing in the national Professional Rugby League . Former rugby league heavyweights RC Lokomotiv have entered the same league as of 2011 [ update ] . The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens .

In bandy, one of the most successful clubs in the world is 20 times Russian League champions Dynamo Moscow . They have also won the World Cup thrice and European Cup six times.

MFK Dinamo Moskva is one of the major futsal clubs in Europe, having won the Futsal Champions League title once.

When Russia was selected to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup , the Luzhniki Stadium got an increased capacity, by almost 10,000 new seats, in addition to a further two stadiums that have been built: the Dynamo Stadium , and the Spartak Stadium , although the first one later was dismissed from having World Cup matches.

The city is full of clubs, restaurants, and bars. Tverskaya Street is also one of the busiest shopping streets in Moscow.

The adjoining Tretyakovsky Proyezd , also south of Tverskaya Street, in Kitai-gorod , is host to upmarket boutique stores such as Bulgari , Tiffany & Co. , Armani , Prada and Bentley . [144] Nightlife in Moscow has moved on since Soviet times and today the city has many of the world's largest nightclubs . [145] Clubs, bars, creative spaces and restaurants-turned-into-dancefloors are flooding Moscow streets with new openings every year. The hottest area is located around the old chocolate factory, where bars, nightclubs, galleries, cafés and restaurants are placed. [146]

Dream Island is an amusement park in Moscow that opened on February 29, 2020. [147] [148] It is the largest indoor theme park in Europe. The park covers 300,000 square meters. During the park's construction, 150 acres of nature trees unique and rare animals and birds and plants on the peninsula were destroyed. The appearance is in the style of a fairytale castle similar to Disneyland. The park has 29 unique attractions with many rides, as well as pedestrian malls with fountains and cycle paths. The complex includes a landscaped park along with a concert hall, a cinema, a hotel, a children's sailing school, restaurants, and shops.

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation , Moscow is an independent federal subject of the Russian Federation , the so-called city of federal importance .

The Mayor of Moscow is the leading official in the executive, leading the Government of Moscow , which is the highest organ of executive power. The Moscow City Duma is the City Duma ( city council or local parliament ) and local laws must be approved by it. It includes 45 members who are elected for a five-year term on Single-mandate constituency basis.

From 2006 to 2012, direct elections of the mayor were not held due to changes in the Charter of the city of Moscow , the mayor was appointed by presidential decree. The first direct elections from the time of the 2003 vote were to be held after the expiration of the current mayor in 2015, however, in connection with his resignation of his own free will, they took place in September 2013 .

Local administration is carried out through eleven prefectures, uniting the districts of Moscow into administrative districts on a territorial basis, and 125 regional administrations. According to the law "On the organization of local self-government in the city of Moscow", since the beginning of 2003, the executive bodies of local self-government are municipalities, representative bodies are municipal assemblies, whose members are elected in accordance with the Charter of the intracity municipality.

In Moscow, as in a city endowed with the Constitution of the Russian Federation , the legislative, executive, and judicial federal authorities of the country are located, with the exception of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation , which has been located in Saint Petersburg since 2008.

The supreme executive authority - the Government of the Russian Federation - is located in the House of the Government of the Russian Federation on Krasnopresnenskaya Embankment in the center of Moscow. The State Duma sits on Okhotny Ryad . The Federation Council is located in a building on Bolshaya Dmitrovka . The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation are also located in Moscow.

In addition, the Moscow Kremlin is the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. The president's working residence in the Kremlin is located in the Senate Palace .

According to the ranking of the safest cities made by The Economist Moscow occupies the 37th position with a score of 68,5 points percent. [149] The general level of crime is quite low. [150] More than 170,000 surveillance cameras in Moscow are connected to the facial recognition system. The authorities recognized the successful two-month experiment with automatic recognition of faces, gender, and age of people in real-time - and then they deployed the system to the whole city. The network of video surveillance unites access video cameras (95% of residential apartment buildings in the capital), cameras in the territory and in buildings of schools and kindergartens, at the MCC stations, stadiums, public transport stops, and bus stations, in parks, underground passages. [151]

The emergency numbers are the same as in all the other regions of Russia: 112 is the Single Emergency Number, 101 is the number of the Fire Service and Ministry of Emergency Situations , 102 is the Police one, 103 is the ambulance one, 104 is the Emergency Gas number. [152] Moscow's EMS is the second most efficient one among the world's megacities, as reported by PwC during the presentation of the international study Analysis of EMS Efficiency in Megacities of the World. [153]

The entire city of Moscow is headed by one mayor ( Sergey Sobyanin ). The city of Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs and 125 districts.

The Russian capital's town-planning development began to show as early as the 12th century when the city was founded. The central part of Moscow grew by consolidating with suburbs in line with medieval principles of urban development when strong fortress walls would gradually spread along the circle streets of adjacent new settlements. The first circular defence walls set the trajectory of Moscow's rings, laying the groundwork for the future planning of the Russian capital.

The following fortifications served as the city's circular defense boundaries at some point in history: the Kremlin walls, Zemlyanoy Gorod (Earthwork Town), the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart, the Garden Ring, and the small railway ring. The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) has been Moscow's boundary since 1960. Also in the form of a circle are the main Moscow subway line, the Ring Line, and the so-called Third Automobile Ring, which was completed in 2005. Hence, the characteristic radial-circle planning continues to define Moscow's further development. However, contemporary Moscow has also engulfed a number of territories outside the MKAD, such as Solntsevo, Butovo, and the town of Zelenograd . A part of Moscow Oblast 's territory was merged into Moscow on July 1, 2012; as a result, Moscow is no longer fully surrounded by Moscow Oblast and now also has a border with Kaluga Oblast . [154] In all, Moscow gained about 1,500 square kilometers (580   sq   mi) and 230,000 inhabitants. Moscow's Mayor Sergey Sobyanin lauded the expansion that will help Moscow and the neighboring region, a "mega-city" of twenty million people, to develop "harmonically". [56]

All administrative okrugs and districts have their own coats of arms and flags as well as individual heads of the area.

In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special Status. These usually include areas with small or no permanent populations. Such is the case with the All-Russia Exhibition Centre, the Botanical Garden , large parks, and industrial zones. In recent years, some territories have been merged with different districts. There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the Chinatowns that exist in some North American and East Asian cities. And although districts are not designated by income, as with most cities, those areas that are closer to the city center, metro stations or green zones are considered more prestigious. [155]

Moscow also hosts some of the government bodies of Moscow Oblast , although the city itself is not a part of the oblast. [156]

Moscow has one of the largest municipal economies in Europe and it accounts more than one-fifth of Russia's gross domestic product (GDP). [158] As of 2021 [ update ] , the GRP of Moscow reached almost ₽24.5 trillion( US$ 332 billion). [159] GMP of Moscow Region was ₽31.3 trillion or around US$425 billion.

The average gross monthly wage in the city is ₽123,688 [160] ( US$ 2,000), which is around twice the national average of ₽66,572 ( US$ 1,000), and one of the highest among the federal subjects of Russia.

Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, [161] and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe. It is the financial center of Russia and home to the country's largest banks and many of its largest companies, such as oil giant Rosneft . Moscow accounts for 17% of retail sales in Russia and for 13% of all construction activity in the country. [162] [163] Since the 1998 Russian financial crisis , business sectors in Moscow have shown exponential rates of growth. Many new business centers and office buildings have been built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in office space. As a result, many former industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed to become suitable for office use. Overall, economic stability has improved in recent years; nonetheless, crime and corruption still hinder business development.

Primary industries in Moscow include the chemical , metallurgy , food , textile , furniture , energy production , software development and machinery industries.

The Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant is one of the world's leading producers of military and civil helicopters. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center produces various space equipment, including modules for space stations Mir , Salyut and the ISS as well as Proton launch vehicles and military ICBMs . Sukhoi , Ilyushin , Mikoyan , Tupolev and Yakovlev aircraft design bureaus also situated in Moscow. NPO Energomash , producing the rocket engines for Russian and American space programs, as well as Lavochkin design bureau, which built fighter planes during WWII, but switched to space probes since the Space Race , are in nearby Khimki , an independent city in Moscow Oblast that have largely been enclosed by Moscow from its sides. Automobile plants ZiL and AZLK , as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle plant, are situated in Moscow and Metrovagonmash metro wagon plant is located just outside the city limits. The Poljot Moscow watch factory produces military, professional and sport watches well known in Russia and abroad. Yuri Gagarin in his trip into space used "Shturmanskie" produced by this factory.

The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia. The Kristall distillery [164] is the oldest distillery in Russia producing vodka types, including " Stolichnaya " while wines are produced at Moscow wine plants, including the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery. [165] The Moscow Jewelry Factory [166] and the Jewellerprom [167] are producers of jewelry in Russia; Jewellerprom used to produce the exclusive Order of Victory , awarded to those aiding the Soviet Union's Red Army during World War II.

There are other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as microelectronic industries in Zelenograd, including Ruselectronics companies.

Gazprom, the largest extractor of natural gas in the world and the largest Russian company , has head offices also in Moscow, as well as other oil, gas, and electricity companies.

Moscow hosts headquarters of the many of telecommunication and technology companies, including 1C , ABBYY , Beeline , Kaspersky Lab , Mail.Ru Group , MegaFon , MTS , Rambler&Co , Rostelecom , Yandex , and Yota .

Some industry is being transferred out of the city to improve the ecological state of the city.

During Soviet times, apartments were lent to people by the government according to the square meters-per-person norm (some groups, including people's artists, heroes, and prominent scientists had bonuses according to their honors). Private ownership of apartments was limited until the 1990s when people were permitted to secure property rights to their inhabited places. Since the Soviet era, estate owners have had to pay the service charge for their residences, a fixed amount based on persons per living area.

The price of real estate in Moscow continues to rise. Today, one could expect to pay $4,000 on average per square meter (11 sq ft) on the outskirts of the city [168] or US$6,500–$8,000 per square meter in a prestigious district. The price sometimes may exceed US$40,000 per square meter in a flat. [169] [170] [171] It costs about US$1,200 per month to rent a one-bedroom apartment and about US$1,000 per month for a studio in the center of Moscow.

A typical one-bedroom apartment is about thirty square metres (320 square feet ) , a typical two-bedroom apartment is forty-five square metres (480 square feet) , and a typical three-bedroom apartment is seventy square metres (750 square feet) . Many cannot move out of their apartments, especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment originally granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their apartments while staying in dachas (country houses) outside the city.

In 2006, Mercer Human Resources Consulting named Moscow the world's most expensive city for expatriate employees , ahead of perennial winner Tokyo, due to the stable Russian ruble as well as increasing housing prices within the city. [172] Moscow also ranked first in the 2007 edition and 2008 edition of the survey. However, Tokyo has overtaken Moscow as the most expensive city in the world, placing Moscow at third behind Osaka in second place. [173]

In 2008, Moscow ranked top on the list of most expensive cities for the third year in a row. [174]

In 2014, according to Forbes , Moscow was ranked the 9th most expensive city in the world. Forbes ranked Moscow the 2nd most expensive city the year prior. [175]

In 2019 the Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide Cost of Living survey put Moscow to 102nd place in the biannual ranking of 133 most expensive cities. [176] ECA International's Cost of Living 2019 Survey ranked Moscow at number 120 among 482 locations worldwide. [177]

The heating of buildings in Moscow, like in other cities in Russia is done using central heating system . Before 2004, state unitary enterprises were responsible to produce and supply heat to the clients by the operation of heating stations and heating distribution system of Mosgorteplo, Mosteploenergo, and Teploremontnaladka which gave service to the heating substations in the north-eastern part of the city. Clients were divided between the various enterprises based on their geographical location. A major reform launched in 2004 consolidated the various companies under the umbrella of MIPC which became the municipal heat supplier. Its subsidiaries were the newly transformed Joint-stock companies. The city's main source of heating is the power station of Mosenergo which was reformed in 2005, when around ten subsidiaries were separated from it. One of the newly independent companies was the District Heating Network Company (MTK) ( Russian : Московская теплосетевая компания ). In 2007 the Government of Moscow bought controlling stakes in the company. [178]

City services

"Our city" is a geo-information portal created in 2011 under the mayor of Moscow Sergei Sobyanin with the aim of building a constructive dialogue between Moscow residents and the city's executive authorities. The portal is being developed by the State Public Institution "New Management Technologies" together with the Moscow Department of Information Technologies. In its 10 years of operation, more than 1.7 million users have joined the portal, and during this time it has become an effective tool for monitoring the state of urban infrastructure. [179]

There are 1,696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges. [115] Besides these, there are 222 institutions of higher education, including 60 state universities [115] and the Lomonosov Moscow State University , which was founded in 1755. [180] The main university building located in Vorobyovy Gory ( Sparrow Hills ) is 240 metres (790   ft) tall and when completed, was the tallest building on the continent. [181] The university has over 30,000 undergraduate and 7,000 postgraduate students, who have a choice of twenty-nine faculties and 450 departments for study. Additionally, approximately 10,000 high school students take courses at the university, while over two thousand researchers work. The Moscow State University library contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of Russia. Its acclaim throughout the international academic community has meant that over 11,000 international students have graduated from the university, with many coming to Moscow to become fluent in the Russian language . [182]

The I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University named after Ivan Sechenov or formerly known as Moscow Medical Academy (1stMSMU) is a medical university situated in Moscow, Russia. It was founded in 1785 as the faculty of the Moscow State University. It is a Russian Federal Agency for Health and Social Development. It is one of the largest medical universities in Russia and Europe. More than 9200 students are enrolled in 115 academic departments. It offers courses for post-graduate studies.

The Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (formerly known as Russian State Medical University ) is a medical higher education institution in Moscow, Russia founded in 1906. It is fully accredited and recognized by Russia's Ministry of Education and Science and is currently under the authority of the Ministry of Health and Social Development. Named after Russian surgeon and pedagogue N.I. Pirogov (1810-1888), it is one of the largest medical institutions and the first university in Russia to allow women to acquire degrees.

Moscow is one of the financial centers of the Russian Federation and CIS countries and is known for its business schools. Among them are the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation ; Plekhanov Russian University of Economics ; The State University of Management , and the National Research University - Higher School of Economics . They offer undergraduate degrees in management, finance, accounting, marketing, real estate, and economic theory, as well as Masters programs and MBAs . Most of them have branches in other regions of Russia and countries around the world.

Bauman Moscow State Technical University , founded in 1830, is located in the center of Moscow and provides 18,000 undergraduate and 1,000 postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering, offering technical degrees. [183]

The Moscow Conservatory , [184] founded in 1866, is a prominent music school in Russia whose graduates include Sergey Rachmaninoff , Alexander Scriabin , Aram Khachaturian , Mstislav Rostropovich , and Alfred Schnittke .

The Gerasimov All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography , abbreviated as VGIK, is the world's oldest educational institution in Cinematography , founded by Vladimir Gardin in 1919. Sergei Eisenstein , Vsevolod Pudovkin , and Aleksey Batalov were among its most distinguished professors and Mikhail Vartanov , Sergei Parajanov , Andrei Tarkovsky , Nikita Mikhalkov , Eldar Ryazanov , Alexander Sokurov , Yuriy Norshteyn , Aleksandr Petrov , Vasily Shukshin , Konrad Wolf among graduates.

Moscow State Institute of International Relations , founded in 1944, remains Russia's best- known school of international relations and diplomacy, with six schools focused on international relations. Approximately 4,500 students make up the university's student body and over 700,000 Russian and foreign-language books—of which 20,000 are considered rare—can be found in the library of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations. [185]

Other institutions are the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , also known as Phystech , the Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex , founded in 1988 by Russian eye surgeon Svyatoslav Fyodorov , the Moscow Aviation Institute , the Moscow Motorway Institute (State Technical University), and the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute . Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology has taught numerous Nobel Prize winners, including Pyotr Kapitsa , Nikolay Semyonov , Lev Landau and Alexander Prokhorov , while the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute is known for its research in nuclear physics . [186] The highest Russian military school is the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation .

Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards engineering or the fundamental sciences, in recent years Moscow has seen a growth in the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in business and management. Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and introduced new courses or departments. Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia, have begun to offer new international certificates and postgraduate degrees, including the Master of Business Administration . Student exchange programs with numerous countries, specially with the rest of Europe, have also become widespread in Moscow's universities, while schools within the Russian capital also offer seminars, lectures, and courses for corporate employees and businessmen.

Moscow is one of the largest science centers in Russia. The headquarters of the Russian Academy of Sciences are located in Moscow as well as research and applied science institutions. The Kurchatov Institute , Russia's leading research and development institution in the fields of nuclear energy, where the first nuclear reactor in Europe was built, the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics , Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics , Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems and Steklov Institute of Mathematics are all situated in Moscow.

There are 452 libraries in the city, including 168 for children. [115] The Russian State Library , [187] founded in 1862, is the national library of Russia. The library is home to over 275   km (171   mi) of shelves and 42 million items, including over 17 million books and serial volumes, 13 million journals, 350,000 music scores and sound records, and 150,000 maps, making it the largest library in Russia and one of the largest in the world. Items in 247 languages account for 29% of the collection. [188] [189]

The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the largest library specialising in Russian history . Its collection contains four million items in 112 languages (including 47 languages of the former USSR), mostly on Russian and world history, heraldry , numismatics , and the history of science . [190]

In regard to primary and secondary education, in 2011, Clifford J. Levy of The New York Times wrote, "Moscow has some strong public schools, but the system as a whole is dispiriting, in part because it is being corroded by the corruption that is a post-Soviet scourge. Parents often pay bribes to get their children admitted to better public schools. There are additional payoffs for good grades." [191]

The Moscow Metro system is famous for its art, murals , mosaics , and ornate chandeliers . It started operation in 1935 and immediately became the centrepiece of the transportation system. More than that it was a Stalinist device to awe and reward the populace, and give them an appreciation of Soviet realist art. It became the prototype for future Soviet large-scale technologies. Lazar Kaganovich was in charge; he designed the subway so that citizens would absorb the values and ethos of Stalinist civilisation as they rode. The artwork of the 13 original stations became nationally and internationally famous. For example, the Sverdlov Square subway station featured porcelain bas-reliefs depicting the daily life of the Soviet peoples, and the bas-reliefs at the Dynamo Stadium sports complex glorified sports and the physical prowess of the powerful new "Homo Sovieticus" (Soviet man). [192]

The metro was touted as the symbol of the new social order—a sort of Communist cathedral of engineering modernity. [193] Soviet workers did the labour and the artwork, but the main engineering designs, routes, and construction plans were handled by specialists recruited from the London Underground. The Britons called for tunneling instead of the "cut-and-cover" technique, the use of escalators instead of lifts, and designed the routes and the rolling stock. [194] The paranoia of Stalin and the NKVD was evident when the secret police arrested numerous British engineers for espionage—that is for gaining an in-depth knowledge of the city's physical layout. Engineers for the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company were given a show trial and deported in 1933, ending the role of British business in the USSR. [195]

Today, the Moscow Metro comprises twelve lines, mostly underground with a total of 203 stations. The Metro is one of the deepest subway systems in the world; for instance, the Park Pobedy station, completed in 2003, at 84 metres (276   ft) underground, has the longest escalators in Europe. The Moscow Metro is the busiest metro system in Europe, as well as one of the world's busiest metro systems, serving about ten million passengers daily (300,000,000 people every month). [196] Facing serious transportation problems, Moscow has plans for expanding its Metro. In 2016, the authorities launched a new circle metro railway that contributed to solving transportation issues, namely daily congestion at Koltsevaya Line. [197]

Due to the treatment of Metro stations as possible canvas for art, characterized by the fact that workers of Moscow would get to see them every day, many Stalin-era metro stations were built in different "custom" designs (where each station's design would be, initially, a massive installation on a certain theme. For example, Elektrozavodskaya station was themed solely after nearby lightbulb factory and ceramic ribbed lightbulb sockets); [198] the tradition of "Grand Designs" and, basically, decorating metro stations as single-themed installations, was restored in late 1979.

More recently, Moscow mayor Sergei Sobyanin has introduced comforts ranging from WiFi and USB ports and Apple Pay — while opening new stations at a breakneck pace. Moscow's metro is one of the world's busiest, handling 2.6 billion passengers in 2019. [199]

In the Russian capital, there are over 21.5 thousand Wi-Fi access points, in student dormitories, in parks, cultural and sports institutions, and within the Garden Ring and the Third Transport Ring. From September 2020 to August 2021, 1,700 new access points to urban Wi-Fi were launched in Moscow. [200] The structure of the Wi-Fi network allows citizens to use the Internet without re-authorization. [201]

The Moscow Metro operates a short monorail line (line 13). The line connects Timiryazevskaya metro station and Ulitsa Sergeya Eisensteina , passing close to VDNH (and Line 6 Metro station "V.D.N.Kh."). The line opened in 2004. It accepts overground interchanges, no additional fare is needed if a ride was spent at Moscow Metro within previous 90 minutes.

As Metro stations outside the city center are far apart in comparison to other cities, up to 4 kilometres (2.5   mi) , a bus network radiates from each station to the surrounding residential zones. Moscow has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses ( Central Bus Terminal ) with a daily turnover of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow. [203]

Every major street in the city is served by at least one bus route. Many of these routes are doubled by a trolleybus route and have trolley wires over them.

With the total line length of almost 600 kilometres (370 miles) of a single wire, 8 depots, 104 routes, and 1740 vehicles, the Moscow trolleybus system was the largest in the world . But municipal authority, headed by Sergey Sobyanin, began to destroy the trolleybus system in Moscow in 2014 due the planned replacement of trolleybuses by electric buses. In 2018 Moscow trolleybus system has only 4 depots and dozens of kilometers of unused wires. Almost all trolleybus wires inside Garden Ring (Sadovoe Koltso) were cut in 2016–2017 due to the reconstruction of central streets ("Moya Ulitsa"). Opened on November 15, 1933, it is also the world's 6th oldest operating trolleybus system.

In 2018 the vehicle companies Kamaz and GAZ have won the Mosgortrans tender for delivering 200 electric buses and 62 ultra-fast charging stations to the city transport system. The manufacturers will be responsible for the quality and reliable operation of the buses and charging stations for the next 15 years. The city will be procuring only electric buses as of 2021, replacing the diesel bus fleet gradually. According to expectations, Moscow will become the leader amongst the European cities in terms of electric and gas fuel share in public transport by 2019. [204]

All bus stations and terminals of Moscow are now connected to free Wi-Fi. One may use it in international bus stations Salaryevo, South Gate and North Gate, and in bus terminals Varshavskaya and Orekhovo. As much as 48 hot spots were installed there. [205]

On November 26, 2018, the mayor of Moscow Sergey Sobyanin took part in the ceremony to open the cable car above the Moskva River . The cable car will connect the Luzhniki sports complex with Sparrow Hills and Kosygin Street.

The journey from the well-known viewpoint on Vorobyovy Gory to Luzhniki Stadium will last for five minutes instead of 20 minutes that one would have to spend on the same journey by car. The cable car will work every day from 11 a.m. till 11 p.m.

The cable car is 720 meters (2,360   ft) long. It was built to transport 1,600 passengers per hour in all weathers. There are 35 closed capsules designed by Porsche Design Studio to transport passengers. The booths are equipped with media screens, LED lights, hooks for bikes, skis, and snowboards. Passengers will also be able to use audio guides in English, German, Chinese and Russian.

Moscow has an extensive tram system, which first opened in 1899. [206] The newest line was built in 1984. Its daily usage by Muscovites is low, making up for approximately 5% of trips because many vital connections in the network have been withdrawn. Trams still remain important in some districts as feeders to Metro stations. The trams also provide important cross-links between metro lines, for example between Universitet station of Sokolnicheskaya Line (#1 red line) and Profsoyuznaya station of Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line (#6 orange line) or between Voykovskaya and Strogino . Some routes used to connect downtown with sleep districts, like route 3.

There are three tram networks in the city:

• Krasnopresnenskoye depot network with the westernmost point at Strogino (depot location) and the easternmost point near platform Dmitrovskaya. This network became separated in 1973, but until 1997 it could easily have been reconnected by about one kilometre (fifty chains) of track and three switches. The network has the highest usage in Moscow and no weak points based on turnover except to-depot lane (passengers serviced by bus) and tram ring at Dmitrovskaya (because now it is neither a normal transfer point nor a repair terminal).
• The Apakov depot services the south-western part from the Varshavsky lane – Simferopolsky boulevard in the east to the Universitet station in the west and Boulevard lane at the center. This network is connected only by the four-way Dubininskaya and Kozhevnicheskaya streets. A second connection by Vostochnaya (Eastern) street was withdrawn in 1987 due to a fire at the Dinamo plant and has not been recovered, and remains lost (Avtozavodsky bridge) at 1992. The network may be serviced anyway by another depot (now route 35, 38).
• Main three depot networks with railway gate and tram-repair plant.

In addition, tram advocates have suggested that the new rapid transit services (metro to City, Butovo light metro, Monorail) would be more effective as at-grade tram lines and that the problems with trams are only due to poor management and operation, not the technical properties of trams. New tram models have been developed for the Moscow network despite the lack of expansion.

Commercial taxi services and route taxis are in widespread use. In the mid-2010s, service platforms such as Yandex.Taxi , Uber and Gett displaced many private drivers and small service providers and were in 2015 servicing more than 50% of all taxi orders in Moscow. [207] [208]

Russian tech firm Yandex is testing self-driving taxis in Moscow. Yandex's fleet of around 170 driverless cars has travelled more than 14 million kilometres. Robotaxis will available through the company's Yandex.Go application in Yasenevo district. [209]

Several train stations serve the city. Moscow's ten rail terminals (or vokzals ) are:

• Belorussky Rail Terminal
• Kazansky Rail Terminal
• Kiyevsky Rail Terminal
• Kursky Rail Terminal
• Leningradsky Rail Terminal
• Paveletsky Rail Terminal
• Rizhsky Rail Terminal
• Savyolovsky Rail Terminal
• Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal
• Vostochny railway Terminal

The terminals are located close to the city center, along with the metro ringline 5 or close to it, and connect to a metro line to the centre of town. Each station handles trains from different parts of Europe and Asia. [210] There are many smaller railway stations in Moscow. As train tickets are cheap, they are the preferred mode of travel for Russians, especially when departing to Saint Petersburg, Russia's second-largest city. Moscow is the western terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway , which traverses nearly 9,300 kilometres (5,800   mi) of Russian territory to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast.

Suburbs and satellite cities are connected by commuter elektrichka (electric rail) network. Elektrichkas depart from each of these terminals to the nearby (up to 140   km or 87   mi ) large railway stations.

During the 2010s, the Little Ring of the Moscow Railway was converted to be used for frequent passenger service; it is fully integrated with Moscow Metro; the passenger service started on September 10, 2016. A connecting railway line on the North side of the town connects Belorussky terminal with other railway lines. This is used by some suburban trains.

Moscow Central Circle

The Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga formed a ring around the now-downtown Moscow since 1903, but only served as a non-electrified, fueled locomotive-only railway prior to reconstruction into MCC in 2010's.

The Moscow Central Circle is a 54-kilometre-long (34   mi) urban-metro railway orbital line that encircles historical Moscow. It was built alongside Little Ring of the Moscow Railway , taking some of its tracks into itself as well. M.C.C. was opened for passenger use on September 10, 2016. MOZD is integrated as "Line 14 of Moscow Metro", and, while using railway-sized trains, can be perceived as "S-train-design circle line".

The line is operated by the Moscow Government owned company MKZD through the Moscow Metro , with the Federal Government owned Russian Railways selected as the operation subcontractor. The track infrastructure and most platforms are owned by Russian Railways, while MKZD owns most station buildings. However, in S-bahn way, Moscow unified tickets "Ediniiy" and "Troika" are accepted by MCC stations. There is one zero-fee interchange for any ticket used on Moscow Metro station less than 90 minutes before entering an MCC station (and vice versa: a passenger of MCC gets 1 free interchange to Moscow Metro within 90 minutes after entering MCC station)

Moscow Central Diameters

Another system, which forms "genuine S-Bahn " as in "suburbia-city-suburbia"-designed railway, is the Moscow Central Diameters , a pass-through railways system, created by constructing bypasses from "vokzals" final stations (e.g. by avoiding the central stations of already existing Moscow Railway, used for both intercity and urban-suburban travel before) [211] and forming a train line across Moscow's centre.

Out of 5 projected lines, the first 2 lines were completed and launched on 2019-11-21 (e.g. November 21, 2019).

While using the same rails as "regular" suburban trains to vokzals, MCD trains (" Ivolga " model) got distinguishing features (shape; red cabin, different windows, lesser amount of seats; big red "MЦΔ" train logo).

There are over 2.6 million cars in the city daily. Recent years have seen growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and lack of parking space to become major problems.

The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD), along with the Third Transport Ring and the canceled Fourth Transport Ring, is one of only three freeways that run within Moscow city limits. Several other roadway systems form concentric circles around the city.

There are five primary commercial airports serving Moscow: Sheremetyevo (SVO), Domodedovo (DME), Vnukovo (VKO), Zhukovsky (ZIA), Ostafyevo (OSF).

Sheremetyevo International Airport is the most globally connected of Moscow's airports, handling 60% of all international flights. [212] It is also a home to all SkyTeam members, and the main hub for Aeroflot (itself a member of SkyTeam). Domodedovo International Airport is the leading airport in Russia in terms of passenger throughput and is the primary gateway to long-haul domestic and CIS destinations and its international traffic rivals Sheremetyevo. It is a hub for S7 airlines , and most of OneWorld and Star Alliance members use Domodedovo as their international hub. Vnukovo International Airport handles flights of Turkish Airlines , Wizz Air Abu Dhabi and others. Ostafyevo International Airport caters primarily to business aviation.

Moscow's airports vary in distances from the MKAD beltway: Domodedovo is the farthest at 22   km (14   mi) ; Vnukovo is 11   km (7   mi) ; Sheremetyevo is 10   km (6   mi) ; and Ostafievo, the nearest, is about 8 kilometres (5.0   mi) from MKAD. [212]

There are a number of smaller airports close to Moscow (19 in Moscow Oblast) such as Myachkovo Airport , that are intended for private aircraft, helicopters and charters. [213]

Moscow has two passenger terminals, ( South River Terminal and North River Terminal or Rechnoy vokzal), on the river and regular ship routes and cruises along the Moskva and Oka rivers, which are used mostly for entertainment. The North River Terminal , built in 1937, is the main hub for long-range river routes. There are three freight ports serving Moscow.

Moscow has different vehicle sharing options that are sponsored by the local government. There are several car sharing companies which are in charge of providing cars to the population. To drive the automobiles, the user has to book them through the app of the owning company. In 2018 the mayor Sergey Sobyanin said Moscow's car sharing system has become the biggest in Europe in terms of vehicle fleet. [215] Every day about 25,000 people use this service. In the end of the same year Moscow carsharing became the second in the world in therms of fleet with 16.5K available vehicles. [216] Another sharing system is bike sharing ( Velobike ) of a fleet formed by 3000 traditional and electrical bicycles. [217] The Delisamokat is a new sharing service that provides electrical scooters. [218] There are companies that provide different vehicles to the population in proximity to Moscow's big parks.

In 1992, the Moscow government began planning a projected new part of central Moscow, the Moscow International Business Center , with the goal of creating a zone, the first in Russia, and in all of Eastern Europe, [221] that will combine business activity, living space and entertainment. Situated in Presnensky District and located at the Third Ring, the Moscow City area is under intense development. The construction of the MIBC takes place on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The whole project takes up to one square kilometre (250 acres) . The area is the only spot in downtown Moscow that can accommodate a project of this magnitude. Today, most of the buildings there are old factories and industrial complexes.

The Federation Tower , completed in 2016, is the second-tallest building in Europe . It is planned to include a water park and other recreational facilities; business, office, entertainment, and residential buildings, a transport network and a new site for the Moscow government . The construction of four new metro stations in the territory has been completed, two of which have opened and two others are reserved for future metro lines crossing MIBC, some additional stations were planned.

• A rail shuttle service, directly connecting MIBC with the Sheremetyevo International Airport is also planned.

Major thoroughfares through MIBC are the Third Ring and Kutuzovsky Prospekt .

Three metro stations were initially planned for the Filyovskaya Line . The station Delovoi Tsentr opened in 2005 and was later renamed Vystavochnaya in 2009. The branch extended to the Mezhdunarodnaya station in 2006, and all work on the third station, Dorogomilovskaya (between Kiyevskaya and Delovoi Tsentr), has been postponed. There are plans to extend the branch as far as the Savyolovskaya station, on the Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line . Line 4 of Moscow Metro had the longest time intervals between train arrivals (approximately 8 minutes for Mezhdunarodnaya and Vystavochnaya branch of line 4) throughout the 2010s. However, Vystavochnaya has been expanded with Line 8A platforms (segment of future Line 11), and Mezhdunarodnaya has been upgraded with line 14 platform.

The cellphone service provider MTS announced on March 5, 2021, that they would begin the country's first pilot 5G network in Moscow. 14 hotspots were positioned across the city's main tourist attractions, including Lubyanka Square near Red Square, the Moscow City financial district and the VDNKh exhibition center. [222]

Moscow is home to nearly all of Russia's nationwide television networks , radio stations , newspapers, and magazines.

English-language media include The Moscow Times and Moscow News , which are, respectively, the largest [223] and oldest English-language weekly newspapers in all of Russia. Kommersant , Vedomosti and Novaya Gazeta are Russian-language media headquartered in Moscow. Kommersant and Vedomosti are among the country's leading and oldest Russian-language business newspapers.

Other media in Moscow include the Echo of Moscow , the first Soviet and Russian private news radio and information agency, and NTV , one of the first privately owned Russian television stations. The total number of radio stations in Moscow in the FM band is near 50.

Moscow television networks:

Moscow radio stations:

Moscow is twinned with:

• Almaty , Kazakhstan [224]
• Ankara , Turkey [225]
• Astana , Kazakhstan [224]
• Baku , Azerbaijan [226]
• Bangkok , Thailand [227]
• Beijing , China [228]
• Berlin , Germany [229]
• Bucharest , Romania [230]
• Buenos Aires , Argentina [231]
• Cusco , Peru [232]
• Dubai , United Arab Emirates [233]
• Ganja , Azerbaijan [234]
• Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam [235]
• Jakarta , Indonesia [236]
• Ljubljana , Slovenia [237]
• London , United Kingdom [238]
• Manila , Philippines [239]
• New Delhi , India [240]
• Pyongyang , North Korea [241]
• Rasht , Iran [242]
• Reykjavík , Iceland [243]
• Riga , Latvia [244]
• Seoul , South Korea [245]
• Tashkent , Uzbekistan [246]
• Tehran , Iran [247]
• Tokyo , Japan [248]
• Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia [249]

Moscow has cooperation agreements with:

• Bangkok , Thailand (1997) [250]
• Lisbon , Portugal (1997) [251]
• Madrid , Spain (2006) [252]
• Tel Aviv , Israel (2001) [253]
• Tunis , Tunisia (1998) [254]
• Yerevan , Armenia (1995) [255]
• Brno , Czech Republic (terminated due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine ) [256]
• Chicago , United States (suspended due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine) [257]
• Düsseldorf , Germany (suspended due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine) [258] [259]
• Kharkiv , Ukraine [260]
• Kyiv , Ukraine [261]
• Prague , Czech Republic (suspended since 2014 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine) [262] [263] [264]
• Tallinn , Estonia [265]
• Vilnius , Lithuania [266]
• Warsaw , Poland (terminated due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine) [267]
• List of churches in Moscow
• List of Moscow tourist attractions
• List of museums in Moscow
• List of shopping malls in Moscow
• Mayor of Moscow
• Moscow Millionaire Fair
• ↑ Taken from language of respondents

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• ↑ "The Moscow Statute" . Moscow City Duma . Moscow City Government. 28 June 1995. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . The supreme and exclusive legislative (representative) body of the state power in Moscow is the Moscow City Duma.
• 1 2 "The Moscow City Mayor" . Government of Moscow. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 . Retrieved 18 March 2010 .
• ↑ "Общая площадь Москвы в длинну и ширину" . RosInfoStat. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021 . Retrieved 2 June 2021 .
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• ↑ Moscow metropolitan area
• ↑ Including Moscow Oblast (8,524,665)
• ↑ "Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 2016-2021гг" . www.rosstat.gov.ru . Archived from the original on 31 March 2023 . Retrieved 21 August 2023 .
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• ↑ "Автомобильные коды регионов России-2022: таблица с последними изменениями" . РИА Новости (in Russian). 16 November 2022. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022 . Retrieved 28 November 2022 .
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• ↑ Roach, Peter (2011). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th   ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-15253-2 .
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• ↑ "A glimpse into history" . mos.ru . Archived from the original on 7 October 2021 . Retrieved 21 September 2021 .
• ↑ According to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network
• ↑ Brade, Isolde; Rudolph, Robert (2004). "Moscow, the Global City? The Position of the Russian Capital within the European System of Metropolitan Areas". Area . 36 (1). Wiley : 69–80. Bibcode : 2004Area...36...69B . doi : 10.1111/j.0004-0894.2004.00306.x . JSTOR   20004359 .
• ↑ According to the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index .
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• 1 2 3 4 5 6 Smolitskaya, G.P. (2002). Toponimicheskyi slovar' Tsentral'noy Rossii Топонимический словарь Центральной России (in Russian). pp.   211–2017.
• 1 2 3 Trubachyov, O.N. , ed. (1994). Etimologicheskyi slovar' slavyanskikh yazykov Этимологический словарь славянских языков (in Russian). V. 20: pp. 19–20, 197, 202–203; V. 21: pp. 12, 19–20, 76–79.
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• ↑ Bronnitsky.), Tikhon (Bishop of (1997). The Orthodox Shrines of Moscow . Publishing House of the Moscow Patriarchate. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023 . Retrieved 18 November 2020 .
• ↑ J. L. I. Fennell, Ivan the Great of Moscow (1961) p. 354
• ↑ Sergei M. Soloviev, and John J. Windhausen, eds. History of Russia. Vol. 8: Russian Society in the Age of Ivan III (1979)
• ↑ " The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World Archived November 22, 2022, at the Wayback Machine ". John F. Richards (2006). University of California Press . p. 260. ISBN   0-520-24678-0
• ↑ Абецедарский, Л. С. (1978). Белоруссия и Россия (in Russian). Москва. p.   213. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link )
• ↑ П.В.Сытин, "Из истории московских улиц", М, 1948, p. 296.
• ↑ Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster Archived November 22, 2022, at the Wayback Machine . John T. Alexander (2002). Oxford University Press US . p. 17. ISBN   0-19-515818-0
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• ↑ Simon Montefiore, The Court of the Red Tsar
• ↑ Moscow Encyclopedia , ed. Great Russian Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1997, entry "Battle of Moscow"
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• ↑ John Erickson, Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies , table 12.4
• ↑ "Skyline Ranking" . Emporis . Archived from the original on 6 November 2012.
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• 1 2 3 4 S. Ju. Malenkina, S. V. Naugolnykh (2017). Geological and historical monuments of upper streams of the Gorodnya River (Moscow, Bitsa forest). In "Palaeoecology. Methodological basis, factological potential, application for museum expositions" (PDF) (in Russian). Media-Grand. p.   104-120. ISBN   978-5-9904241-5-9 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2022.
• ↑ Arkhangelsky M. S., Zverkov N. G. (2014). "On a new ichthyosaur of the genus Undorosaurus" . Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS . 318 (3): 187–196. doi : 10.31610/trudyzin/2014.318.3.187 .
• 1 2 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том   1 [ 2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol.   1 ] . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010   года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" . www.demoscope.ru . Archived from the original on 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2022 .
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• ↑ "NATIONAL COMPOSITION OF POPULATION FOR REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION" . 17 February 2007. Archived from the original on 17 February 2007 . Retrieved 14 June 2022 .
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• ↑ "Перепись-2010: русских становится больше" . Perepis-2010.ru. 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 .
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• ↑ Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости [ Total fertility rate ] . Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLSX) on 10 August 2023 . Retrieved 10 August 2023 .
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• ↑ Kiran Moodley. "Eid al-Fitr 2015: Drone shows huge crowds celebrating the end of Ramadan in Moscow" . The Independent . Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 .
• ↑ Schmidt, Albert J (1 April 1989). The architecture and planning of classical Moscow: a cultural history . American Philosophical Society. pp.   5 –25.
• ↑ Khazanov, Anatoly M. (28 June 2008). "onlinelibrary.wiley.com". City & Society . 10 . onlinelibrary.wiley.com: 269–314. doi : 10.1525/city.1998.10.1.269 . S2CID   145807994 .
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• ↑ List of tallest buildings in the world
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• 1 2 3 4 5 СТОЛИЦА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В ЗЕРКАЛЕ ЦИФР, ФАКТОВ И СОБЫТИЙ (in Russian). Moscow government . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . [ dead link ]
• 1 2 3 4 (in Russian) Green dress of Moscow Archived July 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
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• ↑ Vostryshev & Shokarev 2011 , pp.   57–58.
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• ↑ "About VDNH" . vdnh.ru . Archived from the original on 12 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 June 2016 .
• ↑ UNESCO considers the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square to be part of a single World Heritage Site. See also UNESCO's profile Archived September 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine on this site.
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• 1 2 "General Information" . Moscow Zoo. Archived from the original on 12 July 2006 . Retrieved 15 July 2006 .
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• ↑ "The Official site of the Tretyakov Gallery" . Tretyakovgallery.ru. Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 .
• 1 2 "About The State Tretyakov Gallery" . The State Tretyakov Gallery. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 10 July 2006 .
• ↑ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Polytechnical Museum Archived July 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on July 23, 2006. ( English version Archived 16 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine )
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• ↑ "The official site of Borodino Panorama museum" . 1812panorama.ru. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 .
• ↑ Sinelschikova, Yekaterina (2 September 2021). "Moscow is getting its own Hermitage Museum! (PICS)" . Russia Beyond . Archived from the original on 20 September 2021 . Retrieved 21 September 2021 .
• ↑ "Russian Ministry of Culture official statistics" . Archived from the original on 2 July 2015.
• ↑ "Russian Ministry of Culture official stats" . Archived from the original on 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 .
• ↑ "State Academic Maly Theatre" . 8 July 2016. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 .
• ↑ "The Official Site of the Moscow International Performance Arts Centre" . Mmdm.ru. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 .
• ↑ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Moscow Nikulun Circus Archived July 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on July 17, 2006.
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• ↑ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Central Moscow Hippodrome Archived March 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
• ↑ See also: about the Palace of Gymnastics on the Moscow Investment Portal [ permanent dead link ]
• ↑ "Go Magazine" . The Moscow Times . Archived from the original on 20 February 2007 . Retrieved 20 February 2007 .
• ↑ "Moscow: The City That Never Sleeps" . The Moscow Times. 3 June 2019. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2022 .
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• ↑ "Парк "Остров мечты" откроется в Москве в 2019 году" . Izvestia (in Russian). 3 February 2018. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 9 September 2018 .
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• ↑ "In Moscow, the face recognition system will work through CCTV cameras" . Archived from the original on 23 June 2020 . Retrieved 17 April 2020 .
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• ↑ According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the government bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially named the administrative centre of the oblast.
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• ↑ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery Archived February 20, 2001, at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on July 7, 2006.
• ↑ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Moscow Jewelry Factory Archived July 2, 2006, at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on July 7, 2006.
• ↑ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Experimental Moscow Jewelry Atelier Jewellerprom . Retrieved on July 7, 2006,
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• ↑ "Преодолен абсолютный рекорд роста цен на недвижимость: московский стройкомплекс в зеркале СМИ" . ИА REGNUM . Archived from the original on 10 April 2021 . Retrieved 1 April 2021 .
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• ↑ [Andrey Kovalev, Liliana Proskuryakova. "Innovation in Russian District Heating: Opportunities, Barriers, Mechanisms", pp. 45-46]
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• ↑ Templeton, John Marks (1997). Is Progress Speeding Up?: Our Multiplying Multitudes of Blessings . Templeton Foundation Press. p.   99. ISBN   978-1-890151-02-7 .
• ↑ Russian Regional Economic and Business Atlas Volume 2: Strategic Investment and Business Information ISBN   1-57751-030-5 p. 41
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• ↑ "Stacks" . The Russian State Library. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018 . Retrieved 4 August 2006 .
• ↑ "Official site of the State Public Historical Library" . Archived from the original on 23 August 2006.
• ↑ Levy, Clifford J. (15 September 2011). "My Family's Experiment in Extreme Schooling" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 25 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2012 .
• ↑ Isabel Wünsche , "Homo Sovieticus: The Athletic Motif in the Design of the Dynamo Metro Station", Studies in the Decorative Arts (2000) 7#2 pp. 65–90
• ↑ Andrew Jenks, "A Metro on the Mount", Technology & Culture (2000) 41#4 pp. 697–723
• ↑ Michael Robbins, "London Underground and Moscow Metro", Journal of Transport History , (1997) 18#1 pp. 45–53.
• ↑ Gordon W. Morrell, "Redefining Intelligence and Intelligence-Gathering: The Industrial Intelligence Centre and the Metro-Vickers Affair, Moscow 1933", Intelligence and National Security (1994) 9#3 pp. 520–533.
• ↑ Московский метрополитен (in Russian). Archived from the original on 14 July 2006 . Retrieved 4 July 2006 .
• ↑ RBTH, special to (9 September 2016). "How Moscow's new light rail system will make life easier for passengers" . Archived from the original on 12 September 2016 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 .
• ↑ "The people's palace: exploring Moscow Metro's evolving designs" . RailwayTechnology . 10 December 2018. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020 . Retrieved 30 September 2020 .
• ↑ Seddon, Max (13 February 2021). "The people's subway: the Soviet Union's ornate metros in pictures" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2021 .
• ↑ "Online city: 1.7 thousand new Wi-Fi access points have been installed in Moscow in a year" . Total Telecom. 16 November 2021. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021 . Retrieved 9 January 2022 .
• ↑ "MIL-OSI Submissions: Russian Federation – City Wi-Fi network is available in four more student dormitories in Moscow" . foreignaffairs.co.nz . 29 June 2021. Archived from the original on 3 August 2021 . Retrieved 21 September 2021 .
• ↑ "В Москве вышел на линию 500-й электробус" . Mos.ru (in Russian). 8 October 2020. Archived from the original on 15 October 2020 . Retrieved 8 October 2020 .
• ↑ See also: (in Russian) Archived January 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Realty news. Retrieved on July 22, 2006.
• ↑ "First electric buses have started operating in Moscow in regular transport" . 4 September 2018. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018 . Retrieved 28 September 2018 .
• ↑ "All Moscow Bus Stations and Terminals Connected to Free Wi-Fi" . Total Telecom. 30 November 2021. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021 . Retrieved 9 January 2022 .
• ↑ "The long trip to Vityaz or the story of the Moscow tram system" . MoscowSeasons . 22 September 2018. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020 . Retrieved 29 March 2020 .
• ↑ "Гонки на такси: на чем быстрее и дешевле ездить" . rbc.ru . Archived from the original on 24 July 2015.
• ↑ Оцифрованные шашки: как технологии перекроили рынок такси / РБК Инновации Archived August 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
• ↑ "Russian tech firm Yandex to test self-driving taxis in Moscow this year" . Reuters . 8 September 2021. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021 . Retrieved 29 October 2021 .
• ↑ "Getting to Russia: Arriving by Train" . The Moscow Times . Archived from the original on 8 July 2006 . Retrieved 3 July 2006 .
• ↑ "Moscow Central Diameters, Russia, opens to the public" . 25 November 2019. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019 . Retrieved 24 December 2019 .
• 1 2 "Moscow Airports" . Go-Russia. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 7 October 2007 .
• ↑ "Аэропорт сменил хозяев. "Мячково" будет развивать компания "Финпромко" " . www.sostav.ru . Archived from the original on 22 September 2020 . Retrieved 1 April 2021 .
• ↑ "Москва вышла в мировые лидеры по парку каршеринга" . stroi.mos.ru . 10 January 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020 . Retrieved 18 October 2020 .
• ↑ "Moscow's Car Sharing Market Becomes Biggest in Europe, Mayor Says" . The Moscow Times . 9 March 2018. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019 . Retrieved 21 April 2019 .
• ↑ "Here Is the Future of Car Sharing, and Carmakers Should Be Terrified" . Bloomberg . 8 February 2019. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019 . Retrieved 7 June 2019 .
• ↑ "Велобайк" . velobike.ru . Archived from the original on 21 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Delisamokat" . delisamokat.ru . Archived from the original on 21 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ Любовь Проценко, Сергей Михеев (16 September 2020). "Собянин назвал сроки реализации проекта развития "Большого Сити" " . Rossiyskaya Gazeta . Archived from the original on 28 November 2020 . Retrieved 4 December 2020 .
• ↑ Вера Лунькова (16 September 2020). "Собянин обещал достроить "Большой Сити" через семь лет" . Rbc.ru . Archived from the original on 29 November 2020 . Retrieved 4 December 2020 .
• ↑ Москва-Сити начинается строительство Города столиц (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 23 December 2005. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008 . Retrieved 24 May 2009 .
• ↑ "Russia's MTS Launches Pilot 5G Network in Moscow Hotspots" . Moscow Times . 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021 . Retrieved 27 September 2021 .
• ↑ "Advertising Information" . The Moscow Times . Archived from the original on 6 July 2006 . Retrieved 6 July 2006 .
• 1 2 "Есть ли побратимы у Актау и других городов Казахстана" . tumba.kz (in Russian). Tumba. 4 May 2019. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020 . Retrieved 30 November 2020 .
• ↑ "Sister Cities of Ankara" . ankara.bel.tr . Ankara. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Bakının qardaşlaşdığı şəhərlər - SİYAHI" . modern.az (in Azerbaijani). 16 February 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020 . Retrieved 26 June 2020 .
• ↑ "Moscow" . Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. Archived from the original on 5 November 2020 . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
• ↑ "Sister Cities" . ebeijing.gov.cn . Beijing. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020 . Retrieved 2 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Städtepartnerschaften" . berlin.de (in German). Berlin. Archived from the original on 9 December 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Cu cine este înfrăţit Bucureştiul?" . adevarul.ro (in Romanian). Adevărul. 21 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020 . Retrieved 3 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Convenios Internacionales" . buenosaires.gob.ar (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 14 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Ciudades Hermanas de Cusco" . aatccusco.com (in Spanish). Asociación de Agencias de Turismo del Cusco. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022 . Retrieved 18 February 2020 .
• ↑ "بحضور عمدة مدينة فرانكفورت إزاحة الستار عن النصب التذكاري" . moccae.gov.ae (in Arabic). Ministry of Climate Change and Environment of United Arab Emirates. 9 March 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021 . Retrieved 16 February 2021 .
• ↑ "Gədəbəy şəhəri ilə ABŞ-ın Oklahoma şatatının Stilluater (Stillwater) şəhəri arasında qardaşlaşma memorandumu imzalanıb" . anews.az (in Azerbaijani). Azerbaijan News. 9 November 2019. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020 . Retrieved 26 June 2020 .
• ↑ "Các địa phương kết nghĩa với TPHCM" . mofahcm.gov.vn (in Vietnamese). Foreign affairs in Ho Chi Minh City. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 April 2020 .
• ↑ "Djarot to visit Moscow to extend sister city agreement" . thejakartapost.com . The Jakarta Post. 2 August 2017. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020 . Retrieved 13 April 2020 .
• ↑ "Intercity cooperation" . ljubljana.si . Mestna občina Ljubljana. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019 . Retrieved 2 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Indulge Your Wanderlust With A Trip To London's Twin Cities" . secretldn.com . Secret London. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 30 April 2020 .
• ↑ "Manila, Bacoor sign sister city accord" . news.mb.com.ph . Manila Bulletin. 16 August 2017. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020 . Retrieved 18 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Twin-cities celebrate India-Russia connect" . rbth.com . Russia Beyond. 26 January 2012. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020 . Retrieved 18 February 2020 .
• ↑ Corfield, Justin (2013). "Sister Cities" . Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang . London: Anthem Press. p.   196. ISBN   978-0-85728-234-7 . Archived from the original on 18 February 2023 . Retrieved 14 September 2018 .
• ↑ "About city" . gums.ac.ir . Guilan University of Medical Sciences. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 18 June 2020 .
• ↑ "Minnisblað" (PDF) . reykjavik.is (in Icelandic). Reykjavík. 14 September 2018. p.   3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2020 . Retrieved 11 June 2020 .
• ↑ "Riga Twin Cities" . riga.lv . Riga. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022 . Retrieved 30 November 2020 .
• ↑ "Sister and Friendship Cities" . seoul.go.kr . Seoul Metropolitan Government. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2020 .
• ↑ "Ну, здравствуй, брат! Города-побратимы Ташкента" . vot.uz (in Russian). The Voice of Tashkent. 10 November 2015. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2020 .
• ↑ "گذری بر خواهرخوانده تهران در شرق اروپا" . isna.ir (in Persian). Iranian Students' News Agency. 21 March 2018. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021 . Retrieved 18 June 2020 .
• ↑ "Sister Cities(States) of Tokyo" . metro.tokyo.lg.jp . Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Улаанбаатар хоттой ах, дүү хотууд" . barilga.mn (in Mongolian). Barilga. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022 . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
• ↑ Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; City of Moscow (19 June 1997). "Protocol of friendly ties between the cities of Bangkok and Moscow" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2019 . Retrieved 3 August 2016 .
• ↑ "Acordos de Cooperação e/ou Amizade" . lisboa.pt (in Portuguese). Lisboa. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020 . Retrieved 3 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Agreements with cities" . madrid.es . Madrid. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020 . Retrieved 3 February 2020 .
• ↑ "ערים שותפות" . tel-aviv.gov.il (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. Archived from the original on 18 November 2017 . Retrieved 12 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Coopération internationale" . commune-tunis.gov.tn (in French). Tunis. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Partner cities" . yerevan.am . Yerevan. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Brno Ends Partnerships With Russian Cities" . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022 . Retrieved 6 March 2022 .
• ↑ Sophie Mann (2 March 2022). "Chicago cut ties with 'sister city' Moscow, among latest to disassociate with Russia's aggression" . justthenews.com . Archived from the original on 10 May 2023 . Retrieved 10 May 2023 .
• ↑ "Düsseldorf legt Städtepartnerschaft mit Moskau auf Eis" (in German). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 .
• ↑ "Weltweite Kontakte: Türöffner für Bürger, Wirtschaft und Kultur" . duesseldorf.de (in German). Düsseldorf. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Російські міста — більше не побратими Харкову — міський голова" . suspilne.media (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 8 October 2022 . Retrieved 18 August 2023 .
• ↑ "Kyiv and Moscow - no longer twin cities" . QHA . Archived from the original on 22 December 2021 . Retrieved 22 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Partnerská města HMP" . zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu (in Czech). Prague. Archived from the original on 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Praha pozastavila partnerství s Moskvou. Kvůli Ukrajině (Portál hlavního města Prahy)" . Archived from the original on 29 August 2023 . Retrieved 29 August 2023 .
• ↑ "Pražský magistrát pošle Ukrajině deset milionů. Hřib chce konec partnerství s Moskvou - Novinky" . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023 . Retrieved 29 August 2023 .
• ↑ "Moskva" . tallinn.ee (in Estonian). Tallinn. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023 . Retrieved 18 August 2023 .
• ↑ "Miestai partneriai" . ivilnius.lt (in Lithuanian). Vilnius. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015 . Retrieved 3 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Rada Warszawy: najważniejszym zadaniem jest stworzyć uchodźcom drugi dom" (in Polish). 3 March 2022. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022 . Retrieved 6 March 2022 .
• Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch ; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). "Moscow"   . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol.   18 (11th   ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.   891–894.
• Vostryshev, M.I.; Shokarev, S.Y. (2011). Вся Москва от А до Я. Энциклопедия [ Moscow from A to Z. Encyclopedia ] (in Russian). Алгоритм. p.   1064. ISBN   978-5-4320-0001-9 .
• Official website
• Interactive map of housing in Moscow from 1785–2018 . Archived June 23, 2020, at the Wayback Machine .
• Travel2moscow.com – Official Moscow Guide
• Official Moscow Administration Site
• Informational website of Moscow (in Russian)
• Old maps of Moscow . Archived January 16, 2021, at the Wayback Machine . Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. The National Library of Israel . In Historic Cities Research Project . Archived March 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine .
• Longyearbyen ,   Svalbard   (Norway)
• Tórshavn ,   Faroe Islands   (Denmark)
• Banja Luka (de facto),   Republika Srpska
• Brčko ,   Brčko District
• Sarajevo ,   Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Berlin ,   Berlin
• Bremen ,   Bremen
• Dresden ,   Saxony
• Düsseldorf ,   North Rhine-Westphalia
• Erfurt ,   Thuringia
• Hamburg ,   Hamburg
• Hanover ,   Lower Saxony
• Kiel ,   Schleswig-Holstein
• Magdeburg ,   Saxony-Anhalt
• Mainz ,   Rhineland-Palatinate
• Munich ,   Bavaria
• Potsdam ,   Brandenburg
• Saarbrücken ,   Saarland
• Schwerin ,   Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
• Stuttgart ,   Baden-Württemberg
• Wiesbaden ,   Hesse
• Aarau ,   Aargau
• Altdorf ,   Uri
• Appenzell ,   Appenzell Innerrhoden
• Basel ,   Basel-Stadt
• Bellinzona ,   Ticino
• Chur ,   Grisons
• Delémont ,   Jura
• Frauenfeld ,   Thurgau
• Fribourg ,   Canton of Fribourg
• Geneva ,   Canton of Geneva
• Herisau ,   Appenzell Ausserrhoden
• Lausanne ,   Vaud
• Liestal ,   Basel-Landschaft
• Lucerne ,   Canton of Lucerne
• Neuchâtel ,   Canton of Neuchâtel
• Sarnen ,   Obwalden
• Schaffhausen ,   Canton of Schaffhausen
• Schwyz ,   Canton of Schwyz
• Sion ,   Valais
• Solothurn ,   Canton of Solothurn
• Stans ,   Nidwalden
• St. Gallen ,   Canton of St. Gallen
• Glarus ,   Canton of Glarus
• Zug ,   Canton of Zug
• Zürich ,   Canton of Zürich
• Barcelona ,   Catalonia
• Las Palmas & Santa Cruz de Tenerife ,   Canary Islands
• Logroño ,   La Rioja
• Madrid ,   Community of Madrid
• Mérida ,   Extremadura
• Murcia ,   Region of Murcia
• Oviedo ,   Asturias
• Palma de Mallorca ,   Balearic Islands
• Pamplona ,   Navarre
• Santander ,   Cantabria
• Santiago de Compostela ,   Galicia
• Seville ,   Andalusia
• Toledo ,   Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)
• Valencia ,   Valencian Community
• Valladolid ,   Castile and León (de facto)
• Vitoria-Gasteiz ,   Basque Country (de facto)
• Zaragoza ,   Aragon
• Ajaccio ,   Corsica Collectivité   (France)
• Batumi ,   Adjara   (Georgia)
• Comrat ,   Gagauzia   (Moldova)
• Karyes ,   Mount Athos   (Greece)
• Mariehamn ,   Åland Islands   (Finland)
• Nakhchivan ,   Nakhchivan   (Azerbaijan)
• Novi Sad ,   Vojvodina   (Serbia)
• Simferopol ,   Crimea   (Ukraine)
• 1   Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
• 2   Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union
• 3   Continental placement may vary depending on geographic convention being followed
• 5   A city-state

Moscow, Latah County, Idaho Population and Demographics

In this article, we'll explore the population statistics for Moscow, Idaho, including popular demographics data like median age, number of households, household income, gender, employment and unemployment rates, occupations, religion, and more.

We are using the latest American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year survey data from the US Census Bureau, which is accurate up to 2021.

• Population by Race
• Population by Age
• Household Income
• Income by Age
• Average Income
• Income Tiers

Per Capita Income

Education levels, employment by age, employment by race, occupations, occupations by category, occupations by gender, households and family size, households by marital status, rental rates, property value, property age, vehicles per household, commuting to work.

There is a lot of data that lets us see how many people live in Moscow, Idaho. The most basic data is the total population, which is the total number of people living in Moscow, Idaho. The estimated population of Moscow, Idaho is 25,336 people, with a median age of 26.

We can look at the total population in Moscow over the last 5 years to see how much it has changed.

Population of Moscow, Idaho by Race and Ethnicity

We can also look at how the population has changed over the last 5 years by each of the race/ethnicity types as defined by the US Census Bureau.

This data can be very important for a number of reasons, including social and economic research, planning and development, and marketing to a multi-cultural population.

Note that the Native group includes both Native American and Alaskan Native people.

Population of Moscow, Idaho by Age and Gender

The age and gender of a population is another interesting demographic statistic because it lets us track trends in the population over time. For example, we can see how the population has changed over the last 5 years by median age as a total, and also by male and female.

The median age of Moscow, Idaho gives you an idea of the age distribution, with half of the population being older than the median age and half being younger.

This can then be used to infer and compare against birth rates, parent ages, and more metrics to understand the population. For example, an increasing median age indicates an aging population, which can be a sign of a declining population in terms of birth rates and workforce participation.

Median Household Income

The latest median household income of Moscow, Idaho is $49,251.00 .

In simple terms, the median income is the middle income of a group of people. Half of the people in the group make more than the median income, and half make less. The median income is a good indicator of the overall income of a group of people, and can be used to compare against other metrics such as the average income, per capita income, and more.

Median Income by Age

We can also look at the median income by age to see how the median income varies by age, and how it compares to the overall median income for Moscow.

• Under 25 $20,354.00
• 25 to 44 $63,584.00
• 45 to 64 $70,457.00
• 65 and over $51,835.00

Average Household Income

Whenever we ask what is the average household income in Moscow , we are actually talking about the mean household income.

This is calculated by adding up all the incomes of all the households in Moscow, and then dividing that number by the total number of households. This is a good way to get a general idea of the average income of a group of people, but it can be skewed by a very high or very low incomes.

The average household income of Moscow, Idaho is currently $66,853.00 .

In terms of accurately summarizing income at a geographic level, the median income is a better metric than the average income because it isn't affected by a small number of very high or very low incomes.

If you had an area where the average income was greater than the median, it can mean that there is significant income inequality, with income being concentrated in a small number of wealthy households.

4.75% of households in Moscow are classed as high income households (making $200,000+ per year).

Household Income Tiers

The US Census Bureau divides households into income tiers based on the median income for the area. This is a good way to compare the income of Moscow against other areas.

• Less than $24,999 25.15%
• $25,000 to $49,999 25.84%
• $50,000 to $74,999 18.84%
• $75,000 to $99,999 10.29%
• $100,000 to $149,999 11.14%
• $150,000 to $199,999 3.99%
• $200,000 or more 4.75%

The per capita income in Moscow is $28,075.00 .

Per capita income is the average income of a person in a given area. It is calculated by dividing the total income of Moscow by the total population of Moscow.

This is different from the average or mean income because it includes and accounts for all people in Moscow, Idaho, including people like children, the elderly, unemployed people, retired people, and more.

We can also look at the education levels in Moscow to see how many people have a high school degree, a bachelor's degree, or a graduate degree.

Educational attainment is a good indicator of the overall education level of a population, and can be used to compare against other metrics such as the average income, per capita income, and more to see how education levels affect income, unemployment rates, and more.

• Master's degree or higher 22.87%
• Bachelor's degree 49.35%
• Some college or associate's degree 7.26%
• High school diploma or equivalent 19.10%
• Less than high school diploma 1.42%

Employment rates are all based around the total population in Moscow that are over the age of 16.

The total population of Moscow over the age of 16 is 22,074 .

Of those people, a total of 67.50% are working or actively looking for work. This is called the labor force participation rate.

The participation rate is a useful market measure because it shows the relative amount of labor resources available to the economy.

The employment to total population rate in Moscow is 63.20% .

We can look at the employment rates by age to see how it compares to the overall employment rate.

Another very interesting employment statistic we can look at is the employment and unemployment rates by race in Moscow. The table below shows the rates for each of the ethnicity groups types defined by the US Census Bureau.

In this section we can look at the most common occupations in Moscow as well as the gender breakdown and earnings of them.

The total population of civilian employees that are 16 years old or older in Moscow is 13,953 , with median earnings of $28,024.00 .

Women in Moscow, Idaho earning approximately 72.10% of the men's earnings.

In the table below, we can break down the population and earnings even further by occupation. The list of occupation categories below will show you how many people are employed in each category and the median earnings of each profession.

The table below shows the same occupations from the list above, but we have split them by male and female to see how many male and females work in each occupation, the median earnings, and the male to female ratio of earnings.

That last metric is important because it can be used to look at the gender pay gap between men and women.

A household defined bu the US Census Bureau is a group of people who occupy a housing unit. A housing unit is a house, apartment, mobile home, group of rooms, or single room occupied as separate living quarters.

There are currently 10,225 households in Moscow, with an average household size of 2.18 people.

A family is defined as a group of two or more people related by birth, marriage, or adoption who live together in the same household.

There are 4,689 families in Moscow with an average family size of 2.86 people.

The four categories of household by marital status are:

• Married-couple family
• Male householder with no spouse present
• Female household with no spouse present
• Nonfamily household

The table below shows the total number of households and families, with the average sizes of each.

Of the 4,689 families in Moscow, 7.10% are considered to be below the poverty threshold.

The table below shows the latest poverty thresholds in Moscow:

There are 10,827 housing units in Moscow, Idaho.

The table below shows the split between occupied and vacant units:

53.61% of the total 10,827 housing units in Moscow are rental units. This is approximately 5,804 properties.

For owner-occupied housing units, a total of 4,278 are occupied by the owner - or 39.51% of the total.

The median rent for a property in Moscow is $776.00.

In the chart below, we can look at the number of rental properties in Moscow that fall into a particular rent range. These can then be used to compare with other areas, or to see how they have changed over time.

• No rent paid 143
• Less than $500 528
• $500 to $999 3,635
• $1,000 to $1,499 1,123
• $1,500 to $1,999 307
• $2,000 to $2,499 192
• $2,500 to $2,999 0
• $3,000 or more 19

The median value of a property in Moscow is $251,700.00.

Just like with rental rates, we can look at the number of properties in Moscow that fall into a particular value range.

• Less than $50,000 299
• $50,000 to $99,999 103
• $100,000 to $149,999 41
• $150,000 to $199,999 599
• $200,000 to $299,999 1,873
• $300,000 to $499,999 1,050
• $500,000 to $999,999 283
• $1,000,000 or more 30

We can also look at the age of properties in Moscow. The chart below shows the number of properties in Moscow that fall into a particular age range.

• 1939 or earlier 1,031
• 1940 to 1949 440
• 1950 to 1959 678
• 1960 to 1969 1,268
• 1970 to 1979 1,926
• 1980 to 1989 1,155
• 1990 to 1999 1,691
• 2000 to 2009 1,588
• 2010 to 2013 1,024
• 2014 or later 26

The number of vehicles available per household can be a good indicator of the level of affluence in an area. The chart below shows the number of households in Moscow that have a particular number of vehicles available.

• No vehicles available 596
• 1 vehicle available 3,565
• 2 vehicles available 4,204
• 3 or more vehicles available 1,860

In this section, we can also look at how people in Moscow get to work. The chart below shows the number of people in Moscow that commute to work in a particular way.

15.7 minutes is the average travel time to work for people in Moscow.

These commute times can be compared to other date like income and educational levels to see how they relate to each other and if there are any trends in the data that might suggest a correlation.

• Less than 5 minutes 1,029
• 5 to 9 minutes 3,921
• 10 to 14 minutes 2,472
• 15 to 19 minutes 1,419
• 20 to 24 minutes 1,452
• 25 to 29 minutes 361
• 30 to 34 minutes 883
• 35 to 39 minutes 225
• 40 to 44 minutes 151
• 45 to 59 minutes 208
• 60 to 89 minutes 275
• 90 or more minutes 154

We've covered a LOT of demographic and population data for Moscow, Idaho in this article! Hopefully you have found it very useful in your research of the area.

If you use any of the data found on this page, please consider linking back to USPopulation.org as the source and if you have any feedback or data requests, click here to contact us.

Accessibility Guide

Welcome – safari west accessibility guide.

We welcome guests of all ages and physical abilities to enjoy our beautiful surroundings and learn about our wonderful animals. It is our policy to assist all guests in making their time at Safari West more enjoyable.

This short guide addresses many questions about accessibility. If you have other needs or questions, please contact us at 1 (800) 616-2695 ext. 117. We do encourage you to call at least two weeks before your visit for the best possible assistance. Once on property, please feel free to discuss any special needs you have with our team.

Are your classic safaris accessible to guests with disabilities?

Driving Portion: Our classic safari vehicles are customized Dodge Power Wagons and are not ADA accessible and unfortunately are not equipped to handle wheelchairs or other mobility assisting devices. If a guest utilizing a wheelchair can safely transfer themselves unaided or with the assistance of a family member, friend, or personal assistant, the Classic Safari Tour remains a viable option. Please keep in mind that the Safari West team is ready to assist a guest, however, they are neither trained nor permitted to lift a guest. A guest needing such physical assistance should plan to visit Safari West with an attendant. If you have a wheelchair, it is safe to leave it at the boarding area. It will be brought to you either by your family member or friend or one of our staff upon return from the tour.

Walking Portion: The walking portion is approximately 30-45 minutes long. Areas covered by the walking portion of the tour are accessible by wheelchair. Some behind the scene areas such as dirt paths, may require minor assistance by a member of their party for those with limited mobility. Wheelchairs are also available free of charge.

Do you have any safari accessible to guests with disabilities?

Yes. Please keep in mind, we do our best to accommodate guests with variable disabilities. For those with limited mobility, we have a Modified Safari Vehicle available for our guests. This vehicle may be used by guests unable to transfer into our vintage Dodge Power Wagons. The vehicle accommodates four guests and one wheelchair or a power-driven mobility scooter primarily for use by individuals with mobility challenges. We do request that reservations for the modified safari vehicle be made at least two weeks prior to your visit. For more information or assistance regarding your visit, please contact our office or call 707-566-3620 as the guests’ experience is a high priority for all of us at Safari West.

Do you allow service animals?

Yes. We welcome guests with disabilities to bring their trained service animal as defined by the ADA. Please keep in mind that emotional support animals, comfort animals, and therapy dogs are not service animals under the ADA. (If you have any questions, please refer to Service Animal Defined by Title 11 and Title 111 of the ADA. )

For our guests requiring the use of a service animal please be aware that Safari West is a wildlife preserve covering 400 acres of rough terrain – it’s not a typical zoo or a drive-through park.

Due to the nature of the facility and the proximity to wild animals, a service animal’s presence could produce undue anxiety, stress, agitation, or possibly a direct threat to the safety of our animal collection. We do ask that you review our safety guidelines:

• Service animals are permitted to visit Safari West. However, service animals are restricted in all areas where our exotic collection is not separated from our guests by a physical barrier.
• Service animals may also be restricted in certain areas due to the sensitivity of our animal collection.
• If you are spending the night, your service animal is allowed in one of our tents. However, your service animal may not accompany you while on tour.
• If you are visiting for the day, while you are on tour, your service dog may stay with our staff in the office. We will provide water and a bowl, and it will be clean, safe, and comfortable.
• Service animals must be always under the direct control of the handler, preferably being held by a harness or leash no more than 6 feet in length.
• Service animals must be housebroken.
• Service animals may not display vicious or aggressive behavior toward other people or animals. This includes barking and/or growling. If your service animal is disruptive at any time, you will be asked to remove your service animal from the park.

Some background to help you better understand our guidelines; Safari West is a unique setting where live exotic wild animals roam freely. In fact, Safari West is home to more than 90 different species, including cheetah, giraffe, lemurs, cape buffalo, and zebra to name a few. Often giraffe, zebra, and one of the world’s most dangerous animals, the cape buffalo — will come right up to the vehicle. While Safari West’s tour guides are trained and maintain safe distances, once inside the preserve, no fences or other barriers are keeping these exotic animals away from our guests. Due to the nature of the facility and the proximity to wild animals, a service animal’s presence could constitute a direct threat to the safety of our animal collection.

Hearing Impaired: We request that arrangements for an ASL Interpreter be made at least two weeks in advance of your visit. Should this not be possible, you are also welcomed to bring a certified ASL interpreter at no additional charge. Reasonable accommodations will be provided such as a complimentary safari for the signer for the hearing-impaired guest.

Vision Impaired: With advance notice, a 35-minute tactile tour may be provided for a guest who is visually impaired. A sighted companion will almost always accompany a visually impaired visitor. Should this not be the case, the guest will be accompanied by one of our guest service personnel.

Do you have tent cabins that are accessible?

Yes, we do. There are two accessible tent cabins with seating and rails in the showers and bathrooms, ramps to the deck and entryway, and both have an accessible parking space right outside the tent cabin. They are also the closest tents to our restaurant, offices, gift shop and lower park grounds.

General Parking: Safari West offers free parking to our guests. Our parking lot has several accessible parking spaces for disabled persons supplying a valid disability-parking placard. Additional reserved parking spaces for placarded vehicles may also be available upon advance notice of arrival.

Thank you for your cooperation as we strive to provide you with a safe and positive experience for yourself, your service animal, and our animal collection.

For more information or assistance regarding your visit, please do contact our office or call 707-566-3620 as the guests’ experience is a high priority for all of us at Safari West.

Paratransit Vehicle