the journey of man a genetic odyssey video summary

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Journey of Man

Traces the expansion of the human race from central Africa to Asia to the edge of South America. Traces the expansion of the human race from central Africa to Asia to the edge of South America. Traces the expansion of the human race from central Africa to Asia to the edge of South America.

• Clive Maltby
• William H. Calvin
• Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza
• Nina Jablonski
• 4 User reviews
• (as William Calvin)

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• OnlyRocknRoll
• Jul 31, 2009
• What did the Chukchi guide eat while walking to meet Spencer's expedition?
• January 21, 2003 (United States)
• United States
• A Jornada do Homem
• Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Arizona, USA
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The Journey of Man

Geneticist, anthropologist, and historian Spencer Wells talked about his book, The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey , published by Princeto… read more

Geneticist, anthropologist, and historian Spencer Wells talked about his book, The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey , published by Princeton University Press . Using slide shows and film clips, the author detailed his research tracing the human genetic lineage across continents. According to Mr. Wells, all human beings descended from a single man, who lived in Africa around 60,000 years ago. close

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• Smithsonian Institution | Hirshhorn Museum Smithsonian Institution | Hirshhorn Museum

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• Dec 21, 2003 | 9:06pm EST | C-SPAN 2
• Jan 05, 2004 | 6:45am EST | C-SPAN 2
• Feb 07, 2004 | 8:46am EST | C-SPAN 2
• Feb 28, 2004 | 3:14pm EST | C-SPAN 2

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Author: Aldo Matteucci

The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey

Where did mankind come from originally, how did it spread across the continents, and when did this take place? This question has fascinated us since – upon observing mankind’s ‘racial diversity’ – we started disbelieving our parochial foundation myths. At first, the occasional old bone and scattered artefact was our only guide to answering these questions. Anthropology followed by re-tracing the evolution of cultures over time. Then came linguistics – suggesting a way back from today’s cacophony of languages to a likely Ur-language the human ape first spoke. Now genetics has joined them in the fray and delivered novel answers. Each of these disciplines throws up conjectures that the others verify independently – we make ‘pre-dictions’ to be tested in the field. When the results turn out to be positive, we feel more confirmed in our way of thinking.

How can genetics contribute to mankind’s history? Dante’s manuscript of the  Divina Commedia  is lost. We have about 600 handwritten copies. How do we know which is the closest to the original – hence more ‘genuine’? Look for copying mistakes is an answer. If a number of manuscripts share the same mistake, they are more likely to have been copied from each other than from anyone of the rest. We can skilfully establish a sort of genealogy of mistakes, and thanks to this strange tree, the genealogy of the manuscripts. Of course this is not ‘experimental’ proof (two copiers could have made the same mistake independently, or the error may have been corrected): just the application of Ockham’s razor – the principle of parsimony. The simplest explanation is the most likely, says this principle:  natura non facit saltum.

Every man and woman carries within himself a manuscript, the genetic code. Over the years small copying errors occur, about thirty in each generation, which are mostly harmless to the individual but mark the passage of time. If the population is small and mates locally, it takes only a few generations before drastic gene frequency changes may occur – the individual’s marker spreads throughout his group and identifies it. If we are skilful, we can identify these groups and, through DNA analysis of the descendants, track their meanderings around the world. Recent advances in technology allow us to do this fast and reliably.

The concept of race never enters the methodology. For, firstly we would like to revert to the races’ origins – the initial ‘soup’ frown which they ‘emerged’. Secondly, upon closer statistical analysis of our genes the concept of ‘race’ proves to be empty: in humans about 85% of all genetic variation is found within the race, and only 8% between the races.

The main problem is that sex blurs the genetic variation picture quickly through recombination, so the markers diffuse rapidly and loose the function we would like to assign to them. We need markers that remain stable over time – untouched by sex. We have markers (polymorphisms) on the man’s Y chromosome, which is transmitted unchanged from father to son. On the female side we have markers in the mitochondria, the small enclosures in the cells that produce energy. This genetic material (mtDNA) is transmitted untouched from mother to offspring in the egg material that surrounds our chromosomes. Clever collection of these ‘virgin’ strands of genetic material from the descendants allows us to follow our foremothers and -fathers on their worldwide migration.

The markers on the Y-chromosome allow us to go back about 60,000 years – after that the signal is blurred. The female M-marker takes us back to about 150,000. So what’s the likely story on our last 60,000 years?

All disciplines concur:  Homo sapiens sapiens  emerged about 60,000 years ago in Africa. What made the difference? Probably it was the acquisition of language and its associated symbolic perception of the world. Efficient tools, art, and the better use of food resources were the result. Social organisation deepened. Together with natural curiosity climatic change became the driver of expansion at this point.

If Africa was our cradle, Australia was the continent humans settled first – so the genetic markers tell us. How did we get there? Humans simply walked the beaches, exploiting food from both sea and land As the ice age advanced and water became locked in the ice caps, the sea level dropped by over 100m and the exposed swaths of continental shelf brought islands and continents in view of each other and within easy reach of makeshift rafts. Any archaeological trace of this passage would have been subsequently submerged, but for a genetic marker found along the coast of Southern India.

50,000 years ago humans started moving into the Middle East. From there they took the ‘Steppe Highway’ into central Asia and became identified by new genetic markers as Eurasians. They split into two groups, one moving to the north of the Hindu Kush, the other to the south into the Indian subcontinent. Those that went north moved into central Asia – Mongolia and Siberia – as they followed the steppe antelopes only to switch to the bigger game to be found in colder climate (mammoth). Again a split took place, with some groups continuing eastward and others dropping south towards China and Southeast Asia, while others detoured through southern Siberia before descending towards Korea, Japan and China. Genetically, even today northern and southern Chinese are clearly distinct.

And what about the Europeans? Surprisingly, they did not move northwest from the Levant, but circled back from central Asia into Europe, where they became the Cro-Magnons and probably drove the Neanderthals to extinction by excluding them from their food resources – it takes only a reduction in fertility or an increase in mortality of 1 percent to wipe out a small population within 1,000 years. Agriculture as technology on the other hand did indeed move from the Levant directly into Europe – this is what the genes tell us – but not people: 80% of the European gene pool does not come from the Middle East.

Alaska became accessible to a few humans from the eastern Siberian clans (probably less than 500) once the Bering Strait dried up. About 15-12,000 years ago the ice that covered much of the north American continent began to melt, and a passage opened, through which these tiny populations of Siberian hunters expanded south, reaching the tip of South America within 1,000 years. There was another wave of migrants, though, coming up from Southeast Asia, that settled in the American southwest. They speak the Na-Dene languages, which linguistically is a distant cousin of Sino-Tibetan. Linguistics and genetics match.

Despite its rather technical nature the book reads like a mystery novel as it brings up concordant strands of evidence from the different disciplines. Increasingly, the reality matches our ‘pre-dictions’, and we can feel the bog of myth and speculation recede as the scientific ground becomes more solid under our feet.

The book ends on a poignantly pessimistic note. Globalisation has increased mobility. Soon the thorough mixing of the genes, languages and cultures will erase the story of our past. In Federico Fellini’s  Roma,  the engineers excavating the underground suddenly get a glimpse of rooms that had been remained hermetically sealed for centuries. As they stand in awe before the beauty of the paintings on the walls the air rushing through the opening eats away at the colours and turns everything to grey dust. We are lucky that science has developed methods to record our history before it is thoroughly erased, and that scientists trained these tools on the problem in the nick of time. Spencer Wells, together with many others before him, deserves our gratitude for their deep curiosity.

Review by Aldo Matteucci

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Jotted Lines

A Collection Of Essays

The Journey of Man by Spencer Wells (Documentary): Summary & Analysis

The Journey of Man, presented by Dr. Spencer Wells, is a very important documentary film that sends out a message of human solidarity.  As Dr. Wells says in the introduction, it is the retracing of the all routes of human migration out of Africa in the last 50,000 years.  It is a fascinating story constructed on a grand timescale.  The drama and significance of this story lies in the high stakes involved for those early humans who ventured into alien territories. There are several facets and themes to the documentary film.  But the most striking and profound is that of human solidarity amidst diversity.  This essay will expound on this thesis.

In this most compelling story of natural history, the pivotal moment was the great Ice Age that set in 50 thousand years ago.  Up until this point, the entire human population (technically of the species Homo sapiens ) were confined to just the African continent.  This is understandable, for most of the early hominids evolved in this landmass, with the evolution of our species being a natural progression.  With the onset of the Ice Age, the rich and diverse ecology of central and southern Africa began to change.  With the substantial drop in temperatures, the erstwhile green and fertile regions began to dry up.  The early human populations that depended on this ecosystem for survival faced drought like conditions. To illustrate the depth of the problem, the sea-shore caves of South Africa, which were used as shelter by primitive people, became ever more distant from the shore line – nearly 40 kilometers at the peak of the Ice Age.  Such radical changes to the ecology forced people to move toward he north-east of the continent, where the climate was somewhat more temperate.  And this crisis for survival is perhaps the most important event in anthropology.  For, without it, Homo sapiens might not have ever left Africa.  In consequence, the richness, diversity and reach of human species might have been limited.

There are many interesting subplots within the epic narrative of Journey of Man. What each of these subplots tells us is that there is a shared sense of adventure and enterprise inherent in our species.  To begin with, the populating of the Australian continent was a tantalizing story of adventure and chance.  Scientists were first confounded by the 6000 mile of ocean that separated the East African coast from the nearest shore in Australia.  Later it came to light that the radically new geological conditions created by the Ice Age provided an easy passage wherever the sea had receded.  In geological timescales, usually populations within a species only gradually expand their habitat.  But the speed with which our species moved out of Africa was unprecedented in the history of evolution.  This is underscored by the astounding fact that in Australia there was not even a single primate species when humans arrived there.  Likewise the crossing of the arctic inhabiting Chikchu people into the New World is another historical achievement of our species.  The Americans who are newly native to this expansive continent nearly covered its entire breadth and width in less than a millennia of its advent.  Instances such as these highlight how all groups within our species shared the same spirit of adventure and tenacity for survival.  It is these qualities that unites us as humans and makes us the most intelligent and successful species on the planet.

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The Journey of Man

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The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey

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Around 200,000 years ago, a man—identical to us in all important respects—lived in Africa. Every person alive today is descended from him. How did this real-life Adam wind up father of us all? What happened to the descendants of other men who lived at the same time? And why, if modern humans share a single prehistoric ancestor, do we come in so many sizes, shapes, and races? Showing how the secrets about our ancestors are hidden in our genetic code, Spencer Wells reveals how developments in the cutting-edge science of population genetics have made it possible to create a family tree for the whole of humanity. We now know not only where our ancestors lived but who they fought, loved, and influenced. Informed by this new science, The Journey of Man is replete with astonishing information. Wells tells us that we can trace our origins back to a single Adam and Eve, but that Eve came first by some 80,000 years. We hear how the male Y-chromosome has been used to trace the spread of humanity from Africa into Eurasia, why differing racial types emerged when mountain ranges split population groups, and that the San Bushmen of the Kalahari have some of the oldest genetic markers in the world. We learn, finally with absolute certainty, that Neanderthals are not our ancestors and that the entire genetic diversity of Native Americans can be accounted for by just ten individuals. It is an enthralling, epic tour through the history and development of early humankind—as well as an accessible look at the analysis of human genetics that is giving us definitive answers to questions we have asked for centuries, questions now more compelling than ever.

" The Journey of Man  is a book that should be read, for undeniably the story Wells reveals will transform our understanding of ourselves."—Tim Flannery, , New York Review of Books

"Spencer Wells chronicles the history of genetic population studies, starting with Darwin's puzzlement over the diversity of humanity he saw first-hand from the deck of the Beagle, and ending with the various attempts to classify human variation on the basis of different political and social agendas."—Rebecca Cann, , Nature

" The Journey of Man  is fascinating and oozes charm. . . . [It] is packed with important insights into our history and our relationships with each other. . . . Who needs literature when science is this much fun?"—Chris Lavers, Guardian

" The Journey of Man  is the best account available of the story of human origins and dispersals."—Colin Renfrew, Times Higher Education Supplement

"Fortunately for the lay reader, Wells has a knack for clear descriptions and clever analogies to help explain the intricacies of the science involved. Both entertaining and enlightening."— Library Journal

"Wells does an excellent job of making complex scientific data accessible and weaves a tapestry of physical anthropology and archaeology as well as linguistics and, of course, genetics to piece together the rise of the agricultural society, the interrelations between far-flung languages, and the eventual settlement of humans into virtually every corner of the globe."—Elise Proulx, East Bay Express

"Written with much verve, easy to read, and up-to-date on many important developments."—Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Stanford University, author of The History and Geography of Human Genes and Genes, Peoples, and Languages .

"Spencer Wells, whose genetic work has contributed to our understanding of human prehistory, has provided the lay reader with an account of the spread and mixing of the human species from its origin in Africa that is both scientifically accurate and accessible to the nonscientist. In achieving that accessibility, he has not made the common error of confusing simple explanations with simplistic ones. Most important, Wells has the intellectual integrity, all too rare in popularizations of science, to distinguish what is really known from what is only speculation."—Richard Lewontin, Harvard University, author of It Ain't Necessarily So: The Dream of the Human Genome and Other Illusions .

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Documentary: “The Journey of Man, a Genetic Odyssey” Essay

The world is diverse in every aspect. There are millions of living species in the world. Many of them have been discovered while others still remain a mystery. Human beings have elicited the greatest form of diversity in terms of the reaction of the differences in people of the world. Many studies have been conducted on the subject. Some try to piece together the origin of this diversity, and others try to teach us how to embrace the differences that are in the world. It is imperative that people do acquire this knowledge as it is not only but also empowers people.

The Journey of Man, a Genetic Odyssey by Spencer Wells is an informative documentary where the author explains his theory of the origin of man using genetics. The hypothesis is intensely intriguing and, while he presents convincing facts on the matter, I would take the information with a grain of salt. Wells says that all the people originated from a single man who passed his Y chromosome to future generations, and they continued passing them. Along the way, the genes developed mutation, which he attributes to the differences in the races of the world today. People moved from Africa 50000 years ago and spread across the world. As they did this, the mutations in their bodies took place, and this caused changes in the skin color.

The author states that racial differences are only skin deep and that genetic technology shows that it will lead to convergence, and people will look the same. There has been controversy in the hypothesis because scientists have been found to be bowing to the social pressures of the day. In this case, Wells agrees to prevent racism. Many critics have cited massive differences in races and utterly refuting the case of racial differences being skin deep. An instance given is using intellectual capabilities that have shown particular races to have this characteristic. Moreover, experimentation with dogs, which have high genetic similarity to human beings, shows significant differences in intelligence, and body formation. The critics have shown that the book is merely a distortion of scientific facts to favor the social aspiration of the world.

The world is becoming diverse, and there is a continued embracement of the differences in people. Modern times have seen the disregard of judgment as a result of one’s belonging. This has been clearly shown in the election of the United States President, who has a remarkably diverse heritage and belongs to the minority. Indeed, demographic statistics have shown the growth of cultures in the United States. As mentioned, there is a vast diversity in the world in gender, sexual orientation, age race, ethnicity, and social class. Their recognition of this diversity requires one to be sensitive in order not to sound discriminative or a stereotype towards another’s classification. It is imperative that one remains sensitive to this in order to prevent conflict. There have been many differences that are observed in the cultures of different people.

For instance, values embraced by the various age groups, tolerance, political organizations of various ethnic groups and cultures. On the other hand, there have been similarities in all groups of the world, especially concerning morality and the value of human life. The author presents a convincing case for the reader. Indeed, the text is immensely relevant because people have to know how to get along with people who are of different groups. This will prevent unnecessary conflict and ensure that parties have the skills to do this effectively. The author mentions the need for motivation to learn and get along with others. This, I believe, is immensely vital and may be lacking due to raising and stereotype thoughts and attitudes towards various groups.

These works are related in various ways. They attempt to explain the subject of diversity, one from a historical perspective and the other in a futuristic approach. The books agree in various areas. For instance, there is the case of the importance of language in culture. Wells says that they are not only a way for communication, but can also tell of the culture and the speaker’s intellectual capability. Wells shows that, after the exodus from Africa, the split group lost the click sounds of the San dialect. However, Alghamdi shows that there is a universal language that is communicated non-verbally.

He gives the example of a non-English speaker who asks for directions from a shopkeeper who cannot speak English. The latter explains this but also points to a map that they could use. They could tell it was a tourist. We can also see the continuous growth and evolution of diversity. Will shows that people originally stayed in the Kalahari as the San, then some moved away, and then there was the creation of races. Alghamdi then says that several diversities are sexual orientation and also social class. These are differences that have come up in the modern world due to change in social norms and trade.

Diversity is indeed wide. Through modern science, we are able to trace the history of mankind. It is imperative that we embrace these diversities and appreciate each other as we come. This is to prevent conflict and tensions among people.

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IvyPanda. (2023, December 11). Documentary: "The Journey of Man, a Genetic Odyssey". https://ivypanda.com/essays/documentary-the-journey-of-man-a-genetic-odyssey/

"Documentary: "The Journey of Man, a Genetic Odyssey"." IvyPanda , 11 Dec. 2023, ivypanda.com/essays/documentary-the-journey-of-man-a-genetic-odyssey/.

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IvyPanda . 2023. "Documentary: "The Journey of Man, a Genetic Odyssey"." December 11, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/documentary-the-journey-of-man-a-genetic-odyssey/.

1. IvyPanda . "Documentary: "The Journey of Man, a Genetic Odyssey"." December 11, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/documentary-the-journey-of-man-a-genetic-odyssey/.

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IvyPanda . "Documentary: "The Journey of Man, a Genetic Odyssey"." December 11, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/documentary-the-journey-of-man-a-genetic-odyssey/.

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