travel south sudan

Update April 12, 2024

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South Sudan

Travel Advisory July 31, 2023

South sudan - level 4: do not travel.

Reissued with obsolete COVID-19 page links removed.

Do not travel to South Sudan due to crime, kidnapping, and armed conflict.

Country Summary : Violent crime, such as carjackings, shootings, ambushes, assaults, robberies, and kidnappings is common throughout South Sudan, including Juba. Foreign nationals have been the victims of rape, sexual assault, armed robberies, and other violent crimes.

Armed conflict is ongoing and includes fighting between various political and ethnic groups. Weapons are readily available to the population. In addition, cattle raids occur throughout the country and often lead to violence.

Reporting in South Sudan without the proper documentation from the South Sudanese Media Authority is considered illegal, and any journalistic work there is very dangerous. Journalists regularly report being harassed in South Sudan, and many have been killed while covering the conflict.

The U.S. government has limited ability to provide emergency consular services to U.S. citizens in South Sudan. U.S. government personnel in South Sudan are under a strict curfew. They must use armored vehicles for nearly all movements, and official travel outside Juba is limited. Due to the critical crime threat in Juba, walking is also restricted; when allowed, it is limited to a small area in the immediate vicinity of the Embassy and during daylight hours only. Family members cannot accompany U.S. government employees who work in South Sudan.

Due to risks to civil aviation operating within or in the vicinity of South Sudan, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has issued a Notice to Air Missions (NOTAM) and/or a Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR). For more information U.S. citizens should consult the Federal Aviation Administration’s Prohibitions, Restrictions, and Notices .

Read the country information page for additional information on travel to South Sudan.

If you decide to travel to South Sudan:

• Exercise extreme care in all parts of the country, including Juba. Travel outside of Juba with a minimum of two vehicles along with appropriate recovery and medical equipment in case of mechanical failure or other emergency.
• Avoid travel along border areas.
• Avoid demonstrations and public gatherings. Even events intended to be peaceful can become violent.
• Be aware that photography in public is strictly controlled and you are required to obtain authorization from the Ministry of Information before taking any photographs or video in public – including while inside a vehicle.
• Monitor local/international news and consular messages .
• Enroll your trip in the State Department's Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) .
• Review your personal security plan and visit our page on travel to high risk areas.
• Draft a will and designate appropriate insurance beneficiaries and/or power of attorney.
• Discuss a plan with loved ones regarding care/custody of children, pets, property, belongings, non-liquid assets (collections, artwork, etc.), funeral wishes, etc.
• Share important documents, log-in information, and points of contact with loved ones so that they can manage your affairs, if you are unable to return as planned to the United States. Find a suggested list of such documents here .
• Establish your own personal security plan in coordination with your employer or host organization, or consider consulting with a professional security organization. Your plan should include sheltering in place, maintaining outside communication, and a personal evacuation plan via commercial means.
• Develop a communication plan with family and/or your employer or host organization so that they can monitor your safety and location as you travel through high-risk areas. This plan should specify who you would contact first, and how they should share the information.
• Be sure to appoint one family member to serve as the point of contact with hostage-takers, media, U.S. and host country government agencies, and Members of Congress, if you are taken hostage or detained.
• Establish a proof of life protocol with your loved ones, so that if you are taken hostage, your loved ones can know specific questions (and answers) to ask the hostage-takers to be sure that you are alive (and to rule out a hoax).
• Leave DNA samples with your medical provider in case it is necessary for your family to access them.
• Erase any sensitive photos, comments, or other materials from your social media pages, cameras, laptops, and other electronic devices that could be considered controversial or provocative by local groups.
• Leave your expensive/sentimental belongings behind.
• Follow the Department of State on Facebook and Twitter .
• Review the Country Security Report for South Sudan.
• U.S. citizens who travel abroad should always have a contingency plan for emergency situations. Review the Traveler’s Checklist .
• Visit the CDC page for the latest Travel Health Information related to your travel.

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Yellow fever.

Embassies and Consulates

U.s. embassy juba.

Kololo Road, Tongping Juba, South Sudan Telephone: +(211) 912-105-188 (Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.) Emergency After-Hours Telephone: +(211) 912-105-107 Email:   [email protected]

Destination Description

Learn about the U.S. relationship to countries around the world.

Entry, Exit and Visa Requirements

Please visit the Embassy’s COVID-19 page for more information on entry/exit requirements related to COVID-19 in South Sudan.

Requirements for Entry:

• Passport with two blank pages, valid for six months after date of entry
• Visa obtained before arrival
• World Health Organization (WHO) card with  yellow fever vaccination
• If traveling while assigned to the United Nations, you must obtain pre-authorization from the Government of South Sudan prior to your arrival. Contact the United Nations for additional information.

Visit the Embassy of the Republic of South Sudan website for the most current visa information.

If you are staying longer than three days, register with the Department of Immigration and Aliens Control at the Ministry of Interior in Juba. 

Do not work without a work permit or your passport could be temporarily confiscated. A work permit and/or long-term visa may be obtained at any Republic of South Sudan Immigration office.

Requirements for Exit:

• Proof of Yellow Fever vaccination. Countries with direct flights from South Sudan (including Kenya and Ethiopia) typically require yellow fever immunization for passengers arriving from South Sudan.
• South Sudanese passport must be presented if you are a dual U.S -South Sudanese citizen. South Sudanese authorities have delayed or detained dual U.S.-South Sudanese nationals attempting to use their U.S. passport to depart South Sudan. 
• Sudanese visa or entry permit obtained in advance when traveling from South Sudan to Sudan.

The U.S. Department of State is unaware of any HIV/AIDS entry restrictions for visitors to or foreign residents of South Sudan.

Find information on dual nationality , prevention of international child abduction and customs regulations on our websites.

Safety and Security

The U.S. Embassy’s ability to provide consular services outside of Juba, even in emergencies, is extremely limited.

Land mines remain a hazard, especially outside of Juba.

Armed conflict between various political and ethnic groups continues throughout the country.

• Exercise extreme care in all parts of the country, including Juba.
• Be vigilant when traveling outside of cities and avoid travel along border areas.
• Monitor local/international news and  consular messages .

Crime: The population has ready access to weapons due to years of civil war, inter- and intra-ethnic conflict, and political unrest.

In Juba ,   the most frequently reported violent crimes include armed robbery, carjacking, and home invasion. Criminals target people who are walking, driving, traveling alone or in small groups, especially at night. Most criminal incidents affecting Westerners appear to target victims based on perceived wealth and vulnerability rather than nationality. Criminals frequently wear security service uniforms, carry military weapons, and use the ruse of security check points or official business to stop individuals or gain access to compounds.

Outside Juba , road ambushes and roadside crime are common and often involve violence. Violent crimes (murder, armed robbery, home invasions, cattle raiding, kidnapping) and non-violent petty theft and fraud are pervasive.

Throughout the country, crimes of opportunity include:

• Pickpocketing
• Theft from vehicles
• Fraudulent currency exchanges

Thefts usually occur near restaurants, banks, or other areas in proximity of foreigners.

• Avoid walking alone, especially after dark.
• Do not display cash or valuables.
• Dress conservatively.
• Drive with doors locked and windows closed.
• Travel with a copy of your U.S. passport and visa. Keep original documents in a secure location.

International Financial Scams:  See the  Department of State  and the  FBI pages for information.

Victims of Crime: U.S. citizen victims of sexual assault are encouraged to contact the U.S. Embassy for assistance.

Report crimes to the local police by going in-person to the closest police station and contact the U.S. Embassy at +(211) 912-105-188. Remember that local authorities are responsible for investigating and prosecuting crime.

See our webpage on help for U.S. victims of crime overseas .

• Help you find appropriate medical care
• Assist you in reporting a crime to the police
• Contact relatives or friends with your written consent
• Provide general information regarding the victim’s role during the local investigation and following its conclusion
• Provide a list of local attorneys
• Provide our information on victim’s compensation programs in the U.S.
• Provide an emergency loan for repatriation to the United States and/or limited medical support in cases of destitution
• Help you find accommodation and arrange flights home
• Replace a stolen or lost passport

Domestic Violence: U.S. citizen victims of domestic violence are encouraged to contact the Embassy for assistance.

Tourism: No formal tourism industry infrastructure is in place on any level. Tourists are considered to be participating in activities at their own risk. Emergency response and subsequent appropriate medical treatment is not available in-country. U.S. citizens are encouraged to purchase medical evacuation insurance. See our webpage for more information on insurance providers for overseas coverage .

Local Laws & Special Circumstances

Criminal Penalties: You are subject to local laws. If you violate local laws, even unknowingly, you may be expelled, arrested, or imprisoned. Individuals establishing a business or practicing a profession that requires additional permits or licensing should seek information from the competent local authorities, prior to practicing or operating a business.

South Sudan’s security services commit arbitrary arrests and often detain foreign nationals, including U.S. citizens. Extortion is common.

Security forces often operate outside civilian control and do not always follow laws governing due process and treatment of detainees.

U.S. citizens may have little recourse to justice should they be detained. Legal proceedings can be lengthy and subjective.

Furthermore, some laws are also prosecutable in the United States, regardless of local law. For examples, see our website on crimes against minors abroad and the Department of Justice website.

Arrest Notification: If you are arrested or detained, ask police or prison officials to notify the U.S. Embassy immediately. See our webpage for further information.

South Sudanese law enforcement officials routinely block access to foreign nationals and dual nationals in detention.  

If you have reason to believe a U.S. citizen may be detained or incarcerated in South Sudan, do not assume the Embassy is already aware. Contact the Embassy and provide as much information as possible.

Journalism: Reporting in South Sudan without the proper documentation from the South Sudanese Media Authority is considered illegal. Journalists regularly report being harassed in South Sudan and have been killed while covering the conflict. They have also reported being detained with no due process or deported from the country with no warning.

Controlled Items: Certain items which are normal and legal to possess elsewhere are tightly controlled in South Sudan. Bringing them into the country without government permission, or even traveling internally with them, can result in extra scrutiny by security officials, the confiscation of your items, and your arrest.

Metal detectors, which can be used for prospecting, are tightly controlled, especially if you are traveling to an area where mining takes place. Some forms of communication equipment such as satellite phones (commonly referred to by their trade names: Thurayas or Iridiums) are required to be registered with the government. Imports of any form of military material or “dual-use” items including their components are highly scrutinized, even if commercially available; this includes commercial drones.

U.S. citizens should contact the Embassy of the Republic of South Sudan for questions regarding what equipment they may or may not import into the country and how to obtain authorizations for specific equipment or to bring in large sums of cash.

Dual Nationals: The Embassy recommends all dual nationals obtain visas for their U.S. passport covering the duration of their stay in South Sudan. If staying longer than a typical visa will allow, dual nationals are strongly encouraged to obtain a five-year residency permit. These documents are available for a fee at any local Government of South Sudan Immigration office.

Aid Workers:  Consult with the security personnel representing your organization. Compounds housing aid workers have been breached and aid workers, including U.S. citizens, have been the targets of shootings, ambushes, violent assaults, harassment, and robberies.

Currency:  The South Sudanese pound (SSP) is the official currency. It is a cash exclusive society. Carry sufficient funds in to cover all your expenses for the duration of your stay. ATMs draw on local banks only. Exchange currency only at reputable banks. U.S. currency that is damaged or issued prior to 2006 is not accepted.

Photography:  For any photography, amateur and professional, a permit is required and may be obtained from the Ministry of Interior for $50. Even with a permit, you must be careful taking pictures, as police have arrested and physically assaulted tourists for using a camera. In addition, traveling with professional photography equipment will trigger extra scrutiny regardless of occupation.

• Never take pictures of government buildings, vehicles, or persons in uniform.
• Do not take pictures of infrastructure such as bridges or airports.
• Keep your camera concealed and do not take random photos in public.
• Do not take photos of South Sudanese without their permission and be courteous of those who shy away from having their pictures taken.

Faith-Based Travelers: See the following webpages for details:

• Faith-Based Travel Information
• International Religious Freedom Report – see country reports
• Human Rights Report – see country reports
• Hajj Fact Sheet for Travelers
• Best Practices for Volunteering Abroad

LGBTQI+ Travelers: Same-sex sexual relations are considered illegal in South Sudan with penalties of up to 10 years’ imprisonment, if consensual. If non-consensual, the penalty is up to 14 years’ imprisonment. Societal discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex (LGBTQI+) persons is widespread, and there are no known LGBTQI+ organizations.

See our LGBTI Travel Information page and section 6 of our Human Rights report for further details.

Travelers with Disabilities: Persons with disabilities face limited access to transportation, public buildings, hotels, and communication accommodations. There are few sidewalks and no curb-cuts, and most buildings lack elevators.

Students: See our Students Abroad page and FBI travel tips .

Women Travelers: Women suffer from high levels of sexual violence, including abduction, rape, and forced marriage. The law does not prohibit domestic violence. Spousal abuse is common and police seldom intervene.

See our travel tips for Women Travelers .

For emergency services in South Sudan, dial 999.

For Public Health Emergency Services (currently used for COVID), dial 6666.

Ambulance services are not present throughout the country.

Medical facilities  in Juba fall far short of western standards. Outside Juba, the few hospitals and clinics that exist are poorly equipped and staffed.

We do not pay medical bills. Be aware that U.S. Medicare/Medicaid does not apply overseas. Most hospitals and doctors overseas do not accept U.S. health insurance.

Medical Insurance: Make sure your health insurance plan provides coverage overseas. Most care providers overseas only accept cash payments. See our webpage for more information on insurance providers for overseas coverage. Visit the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for more information on type of insurance you should consider before you travel overseas.

We strongly recommend supplemental insurance to cover medical evacuation.

Always carry your prescription medication in original packaging, along with your doctor’s prescription. Check with South Sudanese customs to ensure the medication is legal in South Sudan.

Vaccinations: Be up-to-date on all vaccinations recommended by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Further health information:

• World Health Organization
• U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Air Quality: Visit AirNow Department of State for information on air quality at U.S. Embassies and Consulates.

The U.S. Embassy maintains a list of doctors and hospitals . We do not endorse or recommend any specific medical provider or clinic.

Health facilities in general:

• Public medical clinics lack basic resources and supplies.
• All hospitals and doctors require payment “up front” prior to service or admission. All hospitals and medical professionals require cash payment.
• Psychological and psychiatric services are limited, even in the larger cities.

Pharmaceuticals:

• Exercise caution when purchasing medication overseas. Pharmaceuticals, both over the counter and those requiring prescription in the United States, are often readily available for purchase with little controls. Counterfeit medication is common and may prove to be ineffective, the wrong strength, or contain dangerous ingredients. Medication should be purchased in consultation with a medical professional and from reputable establishments.
• U.S. Customs and Border Protection and the Food and Drug Administration are responsible for rules governing the transport of medication back to the United States. Medication purchased abroad must meet their requirements to be legally brought back into the United States. Medication should be for personal use and must be approved for usage in the United States. Please visit the U.S. Customs and Border Protection and the Food and Drug Administration websites for more information.

Water Quality:

• In many areas, tap water is not potable. Bottled water and beverages are generally safe, although you should be aware that many restaurants and hotels serve tap water unless bottled water is specifically requested. Always ensure that the bottle is sealed and do not allow staff to open the bottle for you. Be aware that ice for drinks may be made using tap water.

The following diseases are prevalent:

• Diarrheal illnesses
• Hepatitis A
• Meningococcal disease
• Yellow fever
• Use the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-recommended mosquito repellents and sleep under insecticide-impregnated mosquito nets. Chemoprophylaxis is recommended for all travelers even for short stays.
• There are shortages of food, water, medicine, and medical supplies throughout South Sudan.
• Visit the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website for more information about Resources for Travelers regarding specific issues in South Sudan.

Travel and Transportation

Road Conditions and Safety: There are very few paved roads; most are narrow, rutted, and poorly maintained. Roads are often impassable during the rainy season (March to November). Pedestrians and animals in the roadways, excessive speed, erratic driving, lack of street lights, and overloaded or poorly maintained vehicles pose additional risks.

When driving in remote areas, travel during daylight hours only and use convoys of multiple vehicles to mitigate the threat of roadside criminals. Carry spare tires, parts, fuel, and provisions. Service stations are separated by long distances. Professional roadside assistance service is not available.

Checkpoints: Approach all vehicle checkpoints with caution, especially after dark or during times of heightened political or military tensions, and do not attempt to evade them. Even stops at checkpoints operated by the government of South Sudan may become hostile or violent.

Keep car doors locked at all times to prevent carjacking and vehicle intrusion. Only roll car windows down enough to communicate when necessary. Anyone staffing checkpoints will often solicit bribes. Display requested documents, but do not surrender them, as officials may take them if bribes are not paid. You may wish to keep a laminated copy of your documents with you that can be shown in place of your actual passports or identification cards.

Landmines: Years of conflict have left the threat of unexploded ordnance, including landmines, as a hazard on or near major roads. Stay on main roads marked as cleared by a competent de-mining authority.

Traffic Laws: An international driver's license and third-party liability insurance from the government is required. Those convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol face fines, jail sentences, and corporal punishment.

Accidents: If involved in an accident resulting in death or injury, report the incident to the nearest police station or police officer as soon as possible. Remain inside the vehicle and wait for police. If a hostile mob forms or you feel your safety is in danger, leave the scene and proceed directly to the nearest police station to report the incident. Do not stop at the scene of an accident or at intersections where people have gathered, as mobs can develop quickly. Many local drivers are uninsured.

Public Transportation: You should hire private transportation from a reputable source. The use of public transportation (small buses, vans, or motorbike taxis “boda-bodas”) is off-limits to U.S. Embassy personnel and should be avoided whenever possible. Drivers of these vehicles frequently have little training and are reckless, and the vehicles are often poorly maintained. Schedules are unpublished and subject to change without notice. There is some public transit to rural communities by irregularly scheduled mini-buses.

See our Road Safety page for more information.

Aviation Safety Oversight: As there is no direct commercial air service to the United States by carriers registered in South Sudan, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has not assessed the government of South Sudan’s Civil Aviation Authority for compliance with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) aviation safety standards. Further information may be found on the FAA’s safety assessment page .

For additional travel information

• Enroll in the  Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP)  to receive security messages and make it easier to locate you in an emergency.
• Call us in Washington, D.C. at 1-888-407-4747 (toll-free in the United States and Canada) or 1-202-501-4444 (from all other countries) from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Eastern Standard Time, Monday through Friday (except U.S. federal holidays).
• See the  State Department’s travel website  for the  Worldwide Caution  and  Travel Advisories .
• Follow us on  Twitter  and  Facebook .
• See  traveling safely abroad  for useful travel tips.

For additional IPCA-related information, please see the  International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act (ICAPRA)  report.

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South Sudan Travel Guide – Everything You Need to Know

South Sudan, the world’s newest country, offers a unique and largely undiscovered destination for intrepid travelers. Endowed with diverse landscapes, including lush tropical forests, expansive savannahs, and the iconic Nile River, South Sudan holds immense potential for those seeking off-the-beaten-path adventures. While the tourism infrastructure is still developing, the nation’s rich cultural heritage, vibrant communities, and the opportunity to explore untamed natural beauty make it an intriguing destination for those eager to experience the raw and authentic essence of Africa.

What’s the Best Time to Visit? 📅

The best time to visit South Sudan as a tourist is during the dry season, which typically spans from December to April. During these months, the weather is generally more predictable, and travel conditions are more favorable. Here are some considerations for each season:

• This period is characterized by lower rainfall, making it easier to explore outdoor attractions and navigate the country’s landscapes.
• Wildlife viewing is optimal during the dry season, as animals tend to gather around water sources, making them more visible.
• The weather is typically warm and sunny, providing pleasant conditions for various activities.
• The wet season brings heavier rainfall, leading to lush green landscapes, but it can also result in muddy and challenging travel conditions.
• Some regions may become inaccessible due to flooding, and outdoor activities like safaris might be more challenging.
• The wet season, however, can be an excellent time for birdwatching, as migratory birds are often present.

It’s important to note that South Sudan is still in the process of developing its tourism infrastructure, and travel conditions may vary. Before planning your visit, check the latest weather forecasts, consult with local authorities, and stay informed about any travel advisories. Additionally, consider the specific activities you plan to undertake and the regions you intend to explore, as conditions can vary across the country.

What’s the Best Way to Get Around? 🚌

Traveling within South Sudan can be challenging due to the limited road network and other logistical constraints. However, here are some common modes of transportation for tourists:

• Domestic flights are a practical option for covering long distances quickly. Juba International Airport is the main airport in the country, and there are smaller airports in other cities.
• Traveling by road may involve using buses, shared taxis, or private transportation. However, road conditions can be challenging, especially during the rainy season when some areas may become impassable due to flooding.
• Within cities and towns, you may find taxis, motorcycle taxis, or rickshaws for short-distance travel. Negotiate fares in advance, and be aware that infrastructure may be basic.
• Consider joining organized tours with reputable local operators. They can provide transportation, guides, and assistance in navigating the local terrain.
• In regions with waterways, boat travel might be an option. This is particularly relevant in areas along the Nile River.
• In urban areas, walking may be a feasible way to explore, especially if you’re navigating smaller distances. Be mindful of local customs and safety considerations.

Before traveling, it’s crucial to check for the latest information on transportation options and conditions in South Sudan. Keep in mind that infrastructure limitations may impact the reliability and availability of transportation services.

What’s the Official Language?

The official languages of South Sudan are English and various indigenous languages spoken by different ethnic groups. English serves as the lingua franca for communication between various ethnic groups and government institutions. Here are a few English phrases that might be useful for tourists:

• Hello: Hello
• Goodbye: Goodbye
• Please: Please
• Thank you: Thank you
• Excuse me / I’m sorry: Excuse me / I’m sorry
• How much is this?: How much is this?
• Where is…?: Where is…?
• I don’t understand: I don’t understand
• Do you speak English?: Do you speak English?

It’s worth noting that South Sudan is a linguistically diverse country with numerous ethnic groups, each having its own languages and dialects. Learning a few basic phrases in the local languages of the specific regions you’re visiting can also be appreciated by the local communities. If you’re interacting with people from specific ethnic groups, consider asking about common greetings and expressions in their languages as a gesture of respect and cultural appreciation.

Where to Stay? 🏨

South Sudan’s tourism infrastructure is still developing, and options for tourists may be limited compared to more established tourist destinations. However, there are some accommodation options available, particularly in the capital city, Juba. Here are some areas and types of accommodations you might consider:

• Juba is the capital and largest city, and it is likely to have the most diverse range of accommodation options. You can find international hotels, guesthouses, and budget accommodations in and around Juba.
• Look for international hotel chains that operate in Juba. These hotels typically offer standard amenities and services catering to international travelers.
• Guesthouses and smaller local accommodations might be available in various parts of the city. They can provide a more intimate and local experience.
• Local tour operators may have recommendations for accommodations based on your travel itinerary and preferences. They can provide insights into safe and reliable options.
• Explore online booking platforms to check for available accommodations in Juba. However, be aware that the selection may be more limited compared to more popular tourist destinations.
• Before booking any accommodation, verify safety standards and read reviews from other travelers. Reliable reviews can provide insights into the quality of service and the safety of the area.
• In some cases, government or NGO guesthouses may be available for travelers. These accommodations might have limited availability and specific entry requirements.

It’s important to note that conditions can change, and new accommodations may become available. Before planning your trip, check for the latest information on accommodations, and consider reaching out to local authorities, tour operators, or travel agencies for up-to-date recommendations.

What to Eat? 🍽️

South Sudanese cuisine reflects the country’s diverse ethnic groups and is influenced by its East African and Arabic neighbors. While the culinary scene may not be as internationally recognized as in some other countries, there are several dishes that tourists might want to try for an authentic South Sudanese culinary experience. Here are some must-try foods:

• Bamia is a popular okra-based stew often cooked with meat, onions, and various spices. It’s typically served with rice or a starchy side like millet or sorghum.
• Asida is a staple in South Sudanese cuisine. It’s a type of porridge made from sorghum or millet flour and is often eaten with stews or soups.
• Molokhia is a green leafy vegetable often cooked into a thick soup or stew. It can be combined with meat, fish, or chicken and is served with a side of rice.
• Nyama Choma, meaning “grilled meat” in Swahili, is a popular dish that involves grilling meat, often goat or beef, with spices. It’s a common street food and social dish.
• Kisra is a type of flatbread made from fermented sorghum or millet. It is often served with stews and is a staple in South Sudanese households.
• Mukebbeh is a dish made from minced and spiced meat, often mixed with onions, peppers, and other seasonings. The mixture is shaped into balls and deep-fried.
• Lahoh is a type of spongy flatbread, somewhat similar to a pancake, made from a fermented batter of sorghum or millet. It is commonly eaten for breakfast.
• Basta is a popular dish consisting of fried or grilled fish, typically Nile perch or tilapia. It’s often seasoned with spices and served with a side of rice or other grains.
• Wali is a rice dish that may be served with various stews and sauces. It’s a common accompaniment to many South Sudanese meals.
• Ataif is a type of sweet dumpling often filled with nuts or dates and fried until golden brown. It is a popular dessert in South Sudan.

While exploring South Sudanese cuisine, be open to trying local variations and regional specialties. Dining in local markets and eateries can provide an authentic experience, allowing you to savor the flavors of South Sudanese home-cooked meals.

What to See? 🔍

South Sudan, with its diverse landscapes and cultural heritage, offers some unique and off-the-beaten-path attractions for tourists. Here are some must-see places in South Sudan:

• Explore the capital city, Juba, to experience the vibrant local culture, markets, and historical sites. Visit the Juba Souk for local crafts and the Mausoleum of Dr. John Garang de Mabior, an important political figure.
• The Nile River, one of the world’s longest rivers, flows through South Sudan. Take a boat trip or a cruise along the Nile to enjoy its scenic beauty and witness daily life along its banks.
• Boma National Park is known for its diverse wildlife, including elephants, giraffes, and various bird species. It’s a great destination for nature lovers and safari enthusiasts.
• Experience the unique Mundari culture by visiting their traditional cattle camps. The Mundari people are known for their distinctive cattle herding practices and body scarification.
• The Tutwa Desert, also known as the Eastern or Jonglei Desert, is an arid region with unique landscapes. Explore the desert to witness its vastness and the nomadic communities that call it home.
• Torit is a town known for its historical significance. Visit the Torit Cathedral and the nearby mountain ranges for a glimpse into the region’s cultural and religious heritage.
• Nimule National Park is located along the border with Uganda and is home to diverse wildlife, including elephants, giraffes, and various antelope species. It’s a great destination for nature and wildlife enthusiasts.
• While Kidepo Valley National Park is primarily in Uganda, the South Sudanese border offers access to this stunning park known for its landscapes, wildlife, and Karamojong culture.
• Visit the Kapoeta area to see the impact craters created by meteorites. This geological phenomenon offers a unique landscape to explore.
• Old Fangak is a town along the Nile River known for its traditional architecture and cultural heritage. It provides a glimpse into local life and customs.

When traveling in South Sudan, it’s essential to stay informed about safety conditions, local customs, and travel advisories. Additionally, consider hiring local guides to enhance your experience and provide insights into the cultural and historical significance of the places you visit.

What to Do? 📸

South Sudan, being a less conventional tourist destination, offers unique and authentic experiences for adventurous travelers. Here are some must-do activities for tourists in South Sudan:

• Engage with local communities to gain insights into South Sudanese culture. Participate in community activities, attend local events, and be open to learning about daily life from the people themselves.
• Immerse yourself in the cultural vibrancy of Juba. Visit local markets, explore art galleries, and attend cultural performances to witness the diverse expressions of South Sudanese creativity.
• Take a boat trip along the Nile River to enjoy the scenic beauty and witness daily life along its banks. Cruises offer a unique perspective on the country’s landscapes and communities.
• If the opportunity arises, attend a traditional ceremony or celebration. South Sudanese communities often host events with music, dance, and rituals that showcase their cultural heritage.
• Experience the unique Mundari culture by visiting traditional cattle camps. The Mundari people are known for their distinctive practices related to cattle herding and body scarification.
• Embark on a safari in Boma National Park to witness diverse wildlife, including elephants, giraffes, and various bird species. The park offers a chance to connect with South Sudan’s natural beauty.
• Venture into the Tutwa Desert to experience its arid landscapes and connect with the nomadic communities that inhabit this unique environment.
• Explore Nimule National Park for wildlife watching, birding, and enjoying the natural beauty along the border with Uganda.
• South Sudan’s diverse landscapes provide opportunities for outdoor activities. Consider hiking, trekking, or exploring the country’s natural wonders.
• Gain an understanding of South Sudan’s history by learning about the struggle for independence. Visit historical sites and monuments that commemorate the liberation struggle.
• Seek out cultural workshops or activities where you can learn traditional South Sudanese crafts, dances, or cooking. This hands-on experience can deepen your connection with the local culture.
• Purchase locally-made arts and crafts to support the livelihoods of local artisans. Look for traditional artifacts, beadwork, and other handmade items.

When engaging in these activities, it’s crucial to be respectful of local customs, seek permission when necessary, and prioritize responsible tourism practices.

Culture and Safety 🦺

• South Sudan is culturally diverse, with numerous ethnic groups. Respect local customs, traditions, and social norms. Greetings and gestures may vary, so be observant and follow local etiquette.
• Dress modestly, especially in more conservative areas or when visiting religious sites. It’s advisable to cover shoulders and knees, and women may consider wearing longer skirts or dresses.
• Greetings are important in South Sudanese culture. Handshakes are common, and using titles and appropriate greetings demonstrates respect. Learn basic greetings in the local languages if possible.
• Always ask for permission before taking photographs, especially of people. Some communities may prefer not to be photographed, so respect their wishes.
• Gift giving is a common practice, especially when visiting someone’s home. Small, thoughtful gifts are appreciated as a gesture of goodwill.
• If invited to someone’s home, accepting food or drink shows appreciation. South Sudanese cuisine often involves communal eating, and it’s customary to eat with your right hand.
• Stay informed about the current political and security situation in the areas you plan to visit. Check travel advisories from your government and reliable sources before and during your trip.
• Register with your embassy or consulate upon arrival. This allows local authorities to contact you in case of emergencies and enables you to receive updates on safety and security.
• When engaging in tours or excursions, use reputable and licensed tour operators. They are likely to have experienced guides and prioritize the safety of their clients.
• Check with healthcare professionals about necessary vaccinations and health precautions before traveling. Carry essential medications and ensure access to medical facilities.
• Be cautious when using local transportation. Ensure that vehicles are in good condition, and if possible, choose reliable transportation options. Follow local advice regarding travel during specific times of the day.
• Keep your belongings secure to avoid theft. Be cautious with valuables, use hotel safes when available, and be discreet with expensive items.
• Choose well-established and reputable accommodations. These establishments are more likely to prioritize safety and security measures.
• Keep a list of emergency contacts, including local authorities, your embassy, and any tour operators. Share your itinerary with someone you trust.
• Obtain comprehensive travel insurance that covers medical emergencies, trip cancellations, and other unforeseen events.
• Stay aware of your surroundings and be mindful of cultural norms and potential safety concerns. Trust your instincts and avoid risky situations.

While South Sudan has unique cultural experiences to offer, it’s crucial to prioritize safety and be well-informed about local customs to have a positive and secure travel experience. Always check for the latest travel advisories and consult with local authorities or tour operators for up-to-date information.

Visiting South Sudan promises a distinctive and off-the-beaten-path experience for adventurous travelers. The country’s rich cultural diversity, untamed landscapes, and warm hospitality offer a unique opportunity to explore Africa in its raw and authentic form. While challenges in infrastructure and safety considerations exist, careful planning, respect for local customs, and engagement with reputable tour operators can contribute to a rewarding and memorable journey. Tourists venturing into South Sudan should approach the experience with an open mind, a spirit of adventure, and a commitment to responsible travel practices, ensuring a deeper connection with the nation’s cultural tapestry and natural wonders.

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Everything You Need to Know Before Traveling to South Sudan

From obtaining a visa to planning the perfect itinerary, this travel guide provides all the essential information for your visit to South Sudan trouble-free.

Venturing into South Sudan is not a typical travel experience. Located in the heart of East Africa, South Sudan is the world’s youngest country and, therefore, a place of strong contrasts and complexities. From its still untouched rich cultural heritage to its turbulent recent history, South Sudan is a destination that promises an unforgettable adventure but also involves a few challenges.

In 2022, I had the opportunity to visit South Sudan and experience firsthand the difficulties of planning a trip in which there is basically no information online for independent travelers. Still, after lots of asking, researching, and contacting other travelers who had already visited this country, I was able to explore South Sudan the way I wanted.

In this guide, I want to provide you with a step-by-step idea of how you can also start planning your trip to South Sudan. What are the concerns and maybe even dangers involved, and how can you make the most of a short stay in this uncharted country?

Understanding South Sudan

Being the newest nation on the planet doesn’t come without its own challenges. South Sudan gained independence from Sudan in 2011 after decades of brutal civil war due to religious differences. Unfortunately, gaining independence led to another internal conflict, with clashes over political power, control of resources, and tribal divisions.

Despite a few peace agreements in recent years, complete stability is unlikely in the near future. South Sudan is not currently in an active war ; there are no bombings or kidnappings occurring in the country. However, the situation remains tense, which can make traveling around the country somewhat challenging.

Furthermore, with very basic infrastructure and virtually no tourism, traveling in South Sudan is markedly different from traveling in any other country in the world. Once we left Juba, we had to carry our own tents, food, and water. Electricity? Well, we knew from the beginning that was also out of the question.

Before the Trip

Finding information on planning a trip to South Sudan via Google is an extremely challenging task. Aside from one personal blog and a few websites belonging to tour agencies that organize group trips to the country, there’s virtually no guidance on what to do, see, and most importantly, how to start planning a trip to this destination.

So lets dig into that:

Independent Traveling

Now, for the not-so-great news: planning a completely independent trip to South Sudan appears to be a nightmare, if not verging on the impossible. There’s a lack of information regarding public transportation between cities, and hundreds of checkpoint controls are scattered across the nation.

Undertaking an independent journey means securing all permits independently, registering after your arrival, navigating its politicians’ rather corrupt bureaucracy, and dealing with equally corrupt checkpoints where you may find yourself paying for no apparent reason. Not to mention the pressing question: what exactly are you going to see?

Regardless of your destination within South Sudan, approvals are a necessity. If you intend to visit a South Sudanese community, you’ll need to arrange negotiations with the community’s chief in advance.

We had to wait in a car 3 hours until our guide talked to the Mundari community chief after our arrival.

I’ve also heard stories of independent travelers arriving in Juba only to be detained at the airport and pressured into paying bribes as high as $200 for inexplicable reasons. Given that most travelers arrive with big sums of cash, officers are inclined to find any pretext to halt you and extract money.

However, there’s no need to be overly alarmed; my intention is to shed light on the complexities of independent travel.

Private and Group Tours

Thankfully, there are more manageable alternatives for your journey to South Sudan. You can opt for one of the group tours provided by companies like Lupine Travel or Young Pioneers . These two organizations (among others) offer 5-6 day tours for approximately 2500 EUR . While these tours are packed and somewhat pricey, they offer a hassle-free alternative that allows you to experience the country without grappling with numerous logistics.

Here’s some information on major companies offering tours to South Sudan, links to their sites, and their prices:

• Lupine Travel : 6 days for 2100 GBP
• Native Eye : 9 days 3900 GPB
• Penguin Travel: 8 days for 2000 EUR
• Young Pioneer Tours: 4 days for 1500 USD

NOTE: Keep in mind that these companies generally employ the same local guides you’ll find listed below. The difference lies in the fact that you’ll be dealing with a Western company that understands the expectations of Western travelers and offers substantial support.

For a more adventurous approach, you can seek out a private local tour operator and arrange a tour with them. These operators are somewhat tricky to find through a Google search. However, Facebook groups such as “ Every Passport Stamp ” or “ Backpacking Africa ” feature numerous travelers reviewing and recommending (or criticizing) the tour operators they’ve chosen.

These operators typically charge an average of 1500 EUR per person for a 6-day trip. If you manage to convince two friends to join you, you might be able to reduce the price to 900-1000 EUR.

Here’s a list of all the local tour operators I’ve identified after extensive research in these groups and forums:

• Mayom – Metro Safaris
• David from Boma Hills
• Fedrick Pitia (Mobile/WhatsApp +211 921 628 654)

INSIDE INFO: I personally opted for a private trip and simultaneously contacted all these operators. I compared their offers, conducted independent research, and negotiated for the best itinerary for myself and my three travel companions. Looking back, we managed to secure the finest possible itinerary at the most favorable price.

Disclaimer: My experience was with Mayom as a private guide, and our trip went smoothly. However, there have been recent reports criticizing his services, citing disorganization and a failure to follow agreed-upon itineraries. Be sure to research thoroughly and consider recent reviews when choosing a guide for your trip.

Visas and Security

Getting a visa for South Sudan is relatively straightforward once you’ve secured a guide or tour company. Most nationalities need to apply for an e-visa in advance, and this can be efficiently handled through your tour operator.

Here’s how it works: You obtain a letter of invitation from your operator, apply for the visa via the e-visa website, pay the required fee, and then patiently await the arrival of your visa, which typically takes between 1 to 2 weeks.

I’d recommend applying for the visa at least one month in advance . This way, you won’t have to worry about it in the days leading up to your South Sudan trip. Nevertheless, one of my three travel companions experienced a delay in receiving her visa. Fortunately, our operator, Mayom, personally intervened and visited the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to resolve the issue.

NOTE: if you plan to stay solely in Juba or intend to travel independently within South Sudan, I’ve heard accounts of travelers obtaining their letters of invitation from the hotels where they stayed.

Regarding security, comprehending the situation in South Sudan can be exceptionally challenging. Personally, I felt extremely comfortable and safe throughout the country. However, this might have been due to my limited understanding of the ongoing political dynamics. Most hotels have stringent security measures in place before allowing entry, and public photography is generally prohibited.

One of my friends went to the rooftop of our hotel and began filming a few videos. A short while later, two security agents entered our room and questioned him about his actions. Fortunately, we handled the situation calmly and prevented it from escalating.

NOTE: It’s worth noting that during your research about South Sudan, you’ll come across stories of individuals who faced serious consequences for seemingly minor transgressions. While I may not have the full context of these stories, it’s essential to remember that South Sudan is not Europe or North America. If you ever find yourself interrogated or harassed by an official, it’s crucial to remain composed and comply with their instructions. I’ve encountered a few idiots in countries like these who mistakenly believed they could outwit officials simply because they held a strong passport.

I personally felt at ease in Juba, even when exploring independently on several occasions. The key is to remain composed and stay aware of your surroundings. My friends and I walked to a few bars in the area, explored the central market, and took short strolls around our hotel without any issues.

Getting Around

While having a tightly structured tour itinerary might initially appear limiting, we found it to be a successful way to make the most of our time in South Sudan. We planned a six-day itinerary (not counting arrival and departure, as most companies do) and extended our stay in Juba by three additional days.

During this time, we had the opportunity to meet a few United Nations Mission in South Sudan workers (a special shout-out to my Colombian friends working there) . They introduced us to their favorite bars, restaurants, and local hangouts in Juba, offering a unique perspective on the city.

These extra days also made our South Sudan experience much more comfortable. We managed practicalities like obtaining SIM cards, delved deeper into exploring the city, and simply took some time to relax.

Furthermore, we were able to save some money by independently finding accommodation in Juba. Many hotels in the city are relatively expensive (starting 100 USD a night), and tour operators often choose the best options for their clients. We discovered a more affordable but still decent hotel, cutting our expenses to less than half.

However, outside of Juba, the situation is vastly different. South Sudan is largely underdeveloped, with minimal natural attractions beyond a few scattered houses. Military checkpoints are a frequent occurrence, approximately every 20 kilometers. Each checkpoint involved our guide exiting the vehicle, engaging in lengthy discussions with officers, and making bribe payments to proceed.

What to Expect to See in South Sudan

South Sudan offers a unique opportunity to explore ethnic diversity. With approximately 60 distinct tribes, each with its own rich culture and traditions, the country is a remarkable showcase of cultural differences. I was personally astounded by the chance to spend time with these diverse groups, which left me fascinated.

Visiting ethnic groups is the primary draw of South Sudan as a travel destination. It’s not the place for swimming in pristine lakes or mountain climbing. South Sudan primarily provides a window into the lives of some of the world’s most captivating ethnic groups, offering a genuine glimpse into their daily routines.

This also means that tourism in South Sudan differs significantly from other destinations. There are no specially staged performances or locals concealing their smartphones upon your arrival in their communities. Instead, you become a quiet observer of these people’s everyday lives, an experience some travelers might find slow or uneventful.

Tribes in South Sudan

When planning a trip to South Sudan, your guide may ask which tribes you’re most interested in visiting, although this question might seem irrelevant if you’re not familiar with these tribes . During my journey, I had the opportunity to visit the Dinka and the Mundari tribes, but here are some of the other groups I was offered to see:

The Mundari are known for their cattle herding, especially the Ankole-Watusi breed. They lead a semi-nomadic lifestyle, following their herds in search of grazing land. This tribe has a reputation for living a very primitive life centered around cattle. Mundari men often wear vibrant headscarves and body paint. This tribe is a MUST when visiting South Sudan and they are also known for washing their hands and bodies with cow urine and primarily consuming milk.

The Dinka tribe is the largest in South Sudan, recognized for their cattle herding and farming. They have a unique tradition of cattle camps where young men tend to the herds. Dinka individuals are characterized by their tall, slender physique, and they place great importance on songs and dances in their culture. If you visit the Dinka tribes around Juba, you’ll notice that many have adopted more Western clothing and aspire to leave their communities.

The Nuer are pastoralists who rely on cattle and are distinguished by intricate scarification patterns on their bodies. Their social structure is organized around clans and age sets, and cattle raids have been a significant part of their culture. To visit the Nuer, we would have had to cross the country, which was a bit beyond our budget.

The Toposa are nomadic cattle herders with a warrior culture. They have a unique initiation ceremony for young men, marked by ritual scarification. The Toposa often wear distinctive beaded jewelry and are skilled in crafting weaponry. I regret not having seen the Toposa; their scarification rituals are gradually disappearing, and it’s uncertain if such an opportunity will arise again.

If I were to revisit South Sudan, I would prefer to spend time with the Toposa and the Mundari, venturing as far from the city as possible.

Read more: Meeting The Mundari People Of South Sudan

A Day with the Mundari

Spending a day with the Mundari was one of the biggest highlights of my travels . However, what was a highlight for me might be a nightmare for someone else. Here are a few things to keep in mind if you want to spend time with the ethnic groups of South Sudan.

Most short tours typically involve spending one night with the Mundari tribe, allowing you to witness the highlights of their daily life. Upon arriving at the cattle camp, you’ll be captivated by the surreal scenery, with smoky fires against a backdrop of a setting sun. This is the heart of the Mundari tribe.

The smoke results from burning dried cow dung to ward off mosquitoes, which effectively works. I didn’t take any anti-malarial medication and wasn’t bitten by a single mosquito during my stay. However, this time passes quickly, especially if you’re part of a group tour, as many people strive to capture the perfect photograph. There is no electricity once the sun sets, so there is not much to do afterwards besides an early sleep.

Mornings with the Mundari are equally spectacular. At dawn, they awaken, clean the cows, and gather dung. By 9 or 10 a.m., the camp is nearly empty. If you have a knowledgeable guide, they might arrange for the community to demonstrate how they clean themselves with cow urine or engage in traditional wrestling.

Our visit was a bit different. We spent three nights with the Mundari and quickly realized that between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., there’s not much activity. Most Mundari sit in the shade, waiting for the day to pass, while women prepare meals for their families.

Nonetheless, this downtime provided us with a valuable opportunity to rest, engage in conversations with local Mundari, gain insights into their lives, and avoid rushing from place to place. Spending more time with them also led to some unexpected discoveries. We heard the entire community singing late at night while a woman gave birth, one of our friends demonstrated his judo skills to the local fighters, and we observed the Mundari community trading hashish with other tribes and smoking it in the day.

NOTE: Despite the frequent appearance of AK47 rifles in photos of the Mundari (I guess they are just for the likes), I only encountered one firearm during my entire visit to the tribes, which belonged to the leader responsible for herding the cattle.

Read more: Hidden Gems of Africa: How to plan a trip to Niger

South Sudan in a Nutshell

Here are some essential points to keep in mind when traveling to South Sudan:

• Cash Is King: While South Sudan has made some progress in its banking system, it’s still a good idea to arrive with a significant amount of cash. Bringing $1500-2000 USD is recommended. Although there are some banking options, it’s better to be prepared for situations where electronic payments may not be possible.
• Prepare for a Different Lifestyle: If you plan to visit South Sudan’s ethnic groups, be ready to embrace a simpler way of life. Expect to live without electricity, internet, and hot water for showers. Ensure you have backup power sources like power banks and extra camera batteries if photography is a priority.
• Leave Your Drone Behind: Drone use is strictly prohibited in South Sudan, and attempts to obtain permits are unlikely to succeed. If you bring a drone, it will likely be confiscated at the airport and returned to you only when you depart.
• Respect Privacy: Always ask for permission before taking photos, especially in tribal communities. In some places, photography might not be allowed at all. When visiting tribes, the community chief will typically inform residents of your visit, and many will be willing to participate in your photography.
• Airport VIP Service: There’s a VIP airport service available for $30 upon arrival and $50 at departure. This service includes assistance with passport and customs procedures. However, many travelers find it unnecessary, as airport procedures can be swift, especially with the help of a local guide.
• Stay Connected: You can easily get an MTN South Sudan SIM card for a few dollars, which provides mobile internet access. While coverage is generally good, expect some connectivity challenges, especially in remote areas with the tribes.

Read more: Visiting Lac Assal and Lac Abbe in Djibouti

MY FAVORITE NATIONAL PARKS

Saxon switzerland national park, masai mara natural reserve, bwindi impenetrable forest, white desert protected area, victoria falls national park.

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Republic of South Sudan Traveler View

Travel health notices, vaccines and medicines, non-vaccine-preventable diseases, stay healthy and safe.

• Packing List

After Your Trip

Be aware of current health issues in South Sudan. Learn how to protect yourself.

Level 1 Practice Usual Precautions

• Updated   Global Measles April 26, 2024 Many international destinations are reporting increased numbers of cases of measles. Destination List: Afghanistan, Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Malaysia, Mauritania, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Republic of South Sudan, Republic of the Congo, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste (East Timor), Togo, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Zambia

⇧ Top

Check the vaccines and medicines list and visit your doctor at least a month before your trip to get vaccines or medicines you may need. If you or your doctor need help finding a location that provides certain vaccines or medicines, visit the Find a Clinic page.

Routine vaccines

Recommendations.

Make sure you are up-to-date on all routine vaccines before every trip. Some of these vaccines include

• Chickenpox (Varicella)
• Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis
• Flu (influenza)
• Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR)

Immunization schedules

All eligible travelers should be up to date with their COVID-19 vaccines. Please see  Your COVID-19 Vaccination  for more information. 

COVID-19 vaccine

Areas of active cholera transmission are  localized  to Upper Nile State (last case reported 9–12 months ago) in South Sudan. Cholera is rare in travelers.  Certain factors  may increase the risk of getting cholera or having severe disease ( more information ). Avoiding unsafe food and water and washing your hands can also help prevent cholera.

Vaccination may be considered for children and adults who are traveling to areas of active cholera transmission.

Cholera - CDC Yellow Book

Hepatitis A

Recommended for unvaccinated travelers one year old or older going to South Sudan.

Infants 6 to 11 months old should also be vaccinated against Hepatitis A. The dose does not count toward the routine 2-dose series.

Travelers allergic to a vaccine component or who are younger than 6 months should receive a single dose of immune globulin, which provides effective protection for up to 2 months depending on dosage given.

Unvaccinated travelers who are over 40 years old, immunocompromised, or have chronic medical conditions planning to depart to a risk area in less than 2 weeks should get the initial dose of vaccine and at the same appointment receive immune globulin.

Hepatitis A - CDC Yellow Book

Dosing info - Hep A

Hepatitis B

Recommended for unvaccinated travelers of all ages traveling to South Sudan.

Hepatitis B - CDC Yellow Book

Dosing info - Hep B

CDC recommends that travelers going to South Sudan take prescription medicine to prevent malaria. Depending on the medicine you take, you will need to start taking this medicine multiple days before your trip, as well as during and after your trip. Talk to your doctor about which malaria medication you should take.

Find  country-specific information  about malaria.

Malaria - CDC Yellow Book

Considerations when choosing a drug for malaria prophylaxis (CDC Yellow Book)

Malaria information for South Sudan.

Cases of measles are on the rise worldwide. Travelers are at risk of measles if they have not been fully vaccinated at least two weeks prior to departure, or have not had measles in the past, and travel internationally to areas where measles is spreading.

All international travelers should be fully vaccinated against measles with the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, including an early dose for infants 6–11 months, according to  CDC’s measles vaccination recommendations for international travel .

Measles (Rubeola) - CDC Yellow Book

Meningitis (Meningococcal disease)

Recommended for travelers 2 months old or older traveling to  areas of South Sudan  that are part of the meningitis belt during the dry season.

Meningococcal disease - CDC Yellow Book

Meningitis Belt Map

Rabid dogs are commonly found in South Sudan. If you are bitten or scratched by a dog or other mammal while in South Sudan, there may be limited or no rabies treatment available. 

Consider rabies vaccination before your trip if your activities mean you will be around dogs or wildlife.

Travelers more likely to encounter rabid animals include

• Campers, adventure travelers, or cave explorers (spelunkers)
• Veterinarians, animal handlers, field biologists, or laboratory workers handling animal specimens
• Visitors to rural areas

Since children are more likely to be bitten or scratched by a dog or other animals, consider rabies vaccination for children traveling to South Sudan. 

Rabies - CDC Yellow Book

Recommended for most travelers, especially those staying with friends or relatives or visiting smaller cities or rural areas.

Typhoid - CDC Yellow Book

Dosing info - Typhoid

Yellow Fever

Required for all arriving travelers ≥9 months old.

Recommended for all travelers ≥9 months old.

Yellow Fever - CDC Yellow Book

• Avoid contaminated water

Leptospirosis

How most people get sick (most common modes of transmission)

• Touching urine or other body fluids from an animal infected with leptospirosis
• Swimming or wading in urine-contaminated fresh water, or contact with urine-contaminated mud
• Drinking water or eating food contaminated with animal urine
• Avoid contaminated water and soil

Clinical Guidance

Schistosomiasis

• Wading, swimming, bathing, or washing in contaminated freshwater streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, or untreated pools.

Avoid bug bites

African sleeping sickness (african trypanosomiasis).

• Tsetse fly bite 
• Avoid Bug Bites

African Trypanosomiasis

African Tick-Bite Fever

African Tick-bite fever

Chikungunya

• Mosquito bite

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever

• Tick bite 
• Touching the body fluids of a person or animal infected with CCHF
• Mosquito bite

Leishmaniasis

• Sand fly bite
• Avoid animals
• Touching infected animals (including bats and primates) or their body fluids
• Touching body fluids (blood or sweat) from an infected person
• Touching objects contaminated with the body fluids of a person infected with Ebola or Marburg virus
• Avoid sick people
• Avoid animals and areas where they live

Ebola virus

• Scratched or bitten by an infected animal such as a rodent or primate
• Touching an infected animal or touching animal products, including skins and meat
• Being near an infected person who is coughing or sneezing
• Touching the body fluids or rash of a person with monkeypox
• Avoid animals and animal products
• Avoid people who are sick

Rift Valley Fever

• Touching blood, body fluids, or tissue of infected livestock

Rift Valley fever

Airborne & droplet

• Breathing in air or accidentally eating food contaminated with the urine, droppings, or saliva of infected rodents
• Bite from an infected rodent
• Less commonly, being around someone sick with hantavirus (only occurs with Andes virus)
• Avoid rodents and areas where they live

Tuberculosis (TB)

• Breathe in TB bacteria that is in the air from an infected and contagious person coughing, speaking, or singing.

Counsel your patients on actions they can take on their trip to stay healthy and safe.

Eat and drink safely

Food and water standards around the world vary based on the destination. Standards may also differ within a country and risk may change depending on activity type (e.g., hiking versus business trip). You can learn more about safe food and drink choices when traveling by accessing the resources below.

• Choose Safe Food and Drinks When Traveling
• Water Treatment Options When Hiking, Camping or Traveling
• Global Water, Sanitation and Hygiene | Healthy Water
• Avoid Contaminated Water During Travel

You can also visit the Department of State Country Information Pages for additional information about food and water safety.

Prevent bug bites

Bugs (like mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas) can spread a number of diseases in South Sudan. Many of these diseases cannot be prevented with a vaccine or medicine. You can reduce your risk by taking steps to prevent bug bites.

What can I do to prevent bug bites?

• Cover exposed skin by wearing long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and hats.
• Use an appropriate insect repellent (see below).
• Use permethrin-treated clothing and gear (such as boots, pants, socks, and tents). Do not use permethrin directly on skin.
• Stay and sleep in air-conditioned or screened rooms.
• Use a bed net if the area where you are sleeping is exposed to the outdoors.

What type of insect repellent should I use?

• FOR PROTECTION AGAINST TICKS AND MOSQUITOES: Use a repellent that contains 20% or more DEET for protection that lasts up to several hours.
• Picaridin (also known as KBR 3023, Bayrepel, and icaridin)
• Oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) or para-menthane-diol (PMD)
• 2-undecanone
• Always use insect repellent as directed.

What should I do if I am bitten by bugs?

• Avoid scratching bug bites, and apply hydrocortisone cream or calamine lotion to reduce the itching.
• Check your entire body for ticks after outdoor activity. Be sure to remove ticks properly.

What can I do to avoid bed bugs?

Although bed bugs do not carry disease, they are an annoyance. See our information page about avoiding bug bites for some easy tips to avoid them. For more information on bed bugs, see Bed Bugs .

For more detailed information on avoiding bug bites, see Avoid Bug Bites .

Stay safe outdoors

If your travel plans in South Sudan include outdoor activities, take these steps to stay safe and healthy during your trip.

• Stay alert to changing weather conditions and adjust your plans if conditions become unsafe.
• Prepare for activities by wearing the right clothes and packing protective items, such as bug spray, sunscreen, and a basic first aid kit.
• Consider learning basic first aid and CPR before travel. Bring a travel health kit with items appropriate for your activities.
• If you are outside for many hours in heat, eat salty snacks and drink water to stay hydrated and replace salt lost through sweating.
• Protect yourself from UV radiation : use sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15, wear protective clothing, and seek shade during the hottest time of day (10 a.m.–4 p.m.).
• Be especially careful during summer months and at high elevation. Because sunlight reflects off snow, sand, and water, sun exposure may be increased during activities like skiing, swimming, and sailing.
• Very cold temperatures can be dangerous. Dress in layers and cover heads, hands, and feet properly if you are visiting a cold location.

Stay safe around water

• Swim only in designated swimming areas. Obey lifeguards and warning flags on beaches.
• Practice safe boating—follow all boating safety laws, do not drink alcohol if driving a boat, and always wear a life jacket.
• Do not dive into shallow water.
• Do not swim in freshwater in developing areas or where sanitation is poor.
• Avoid swallowing water when swimming. Untreated water can carry germs that make you sick.
• To prevent infections, wear shoes on beaches where there may be animal waste.

Schistosomiasis, a parasitic infection that can be spread in fresh water, is found in South Sudan. Avoid swimming in fresh, unchlorinated water, such as lakes, ponds, or rivers.

Keep away from animals

Most animals avoid people, but they may attack if they feel threatened, are protecting their young or territory, or if they are injured or ill. Animal bites and scratches can lead to serious diseases such as rabies.

Follow these tips to protect yourself:

• Do not touch or feed any animals you do not know.
• Do not allow animals to lick open wounds, and do not get animal saliva in your eyes or mouth.
• Avoid rodents and their urine and feces.
• Traveling pets should be supervised closely and not allowed to come in contact with local animals.
• If you wake in a room with a bat, seek medical care immediately. Bat bites may be hard to see.

All animals can pose a threat, but be extra careful around dogs, bats, monkeys, sea animals such as jellyfish, and snakes. If you are bitten or scratched by an animal, immediately:

• Wash the wound with soap and clean water.
• Go to a doctor right away.
• Tell your doctor about your injury when you get back to the United States.

Consider buying medical evacuation insurance. Rabies is a deadly disease that must be treated quickly, and treatment may not be available in some countries.

Reduce your exposure to germs

Follow these tips to avoid getting sick or spreading illness to others while traveling:

• Wash your hands often, especially before eating.
• If soap and water aren’t available, clean hands with hand sanitizer (containing at least 60% alcohol).
• Don’t touch your eyes, nose, or mouth. If you need to touch your face, make sure your hands are clean.
• Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when coughing or sneezing.
• Try to avoid contact with people who are sick.
• If you are sick, stay home or in your hotel room, unless you need medical care.

Avoid sharing body fluids

Diseases can be spread through body fluids, such as saliva, blood, vomit, and semen.

Protect yourself:

• Use latex condoms correctly.
• Do not inject drugs.
• Limit alcohol consumption. People take more risks when intoxicated.
• Do not share needles or any devices that can break the skin. That includes needles for tattoos, piercings, and acupuncture.
• If you receive medical or dental care, make sure the equipment is disinfected or sanitized.

Know how to get medical care while traveling

Plan for how you will get health care during your trip, should the need arise:

• Carry a list of local doctors and hospitals at your destination.
• Review your health insurance plan to determine what medical services it would cover during your trip. Consider purchasing travel health and medical evacuation insurance.
• Carry a card that identifies, in the local language, your blood type, chronic conditions or serious allergies, and the generic names of any medications you take.
• Some prescription drugs may be illegal in other countries. Call South Sudan’s embassy to verify that all of your prescription(s) are legal to bring with you.
• Bring all the medicines (including over-the-counter medicines) you think you might need during your trip, including extra in case of travel delays. Ask your doctor to help you get prescriptions filled early if you need to.

Many foreign hospitals and clinics are accredited by the Joint Commission International. A list of accredited facilities is available at their website ( www.jointcommissioninternational.org ).

In some countries, medicine (prescription and over-the-counter) may be substandard or counterfeit. Bring the medicines you will need from the United States to avoid having to buy them at your destination.

Malaria is a risk in South Sudan. Fill your malaria prescription before you leave and take enough with you for the entire length of your trip. Follow your doctor’s instructions for taking the pills; some need to be started before you leave.

Select safe transportation

Motor vehicle crashes are the #1 killer of healthy US citizens in foreign countries.

In many places cars, buses, large trucks, rickshaws, bikes, people on foot, and even animals share the same lanes of traffic, increasing the risk for crashes.

Be smart when you are traveling on foot.

• Use sidewalks and marked crosswalks.
• Pay attention to the traffic around you, especially in crowded areas.
• Remember, people on foot do not always have the right of way in other countries.

Riding/Driving

Choose a safe vehicle.

• Choose official taxis or public transportation, such as trains and buses.
• Ride only in cars that have seatbelts.
• Avoid overcrowded, overloaded, top-heavy buses and minivans.
• Avoid riding on motorcycles or motorbikes, especially motorbike taxis. (Many crashes are caused by inexperienced motorbike drivers.)
• Choose newer vehicles—they may have more safety features, such as airbags, and be more reliable.
• Choose larger vehicles, which may provide more protection in crashes.

Think about the driver.

• Do not drive after drinking alcohol or ride with someone who has been drinking.
• Consider hiring a licensed, trained driver familiar with the area.
• Arrange payment before departing.

Follow basic safety tips.

• Wear a seatbelt at all times.
• Sit in the back seat of cars and taxis.
• When on motorbikes or bicycles, always wear a helmet. (Bring a helmet from home, if needed.)
• Avoid driving at night; street lighting in certain parts of South Sudan may be poor.
• Do not use a cell phone or text while driving (illegal in many countries).
• Travel during daylight hours only, especially in rural areas.
• If you choose to drive a vehicle in South Sudan, learn the local traffic laws and have the proper paperwork.
• Get any driving permits and insurance you may need. Get an International Driving Permit (IDP). Carry the IDP and a US-issued driver's license at all times.
• Check with your auto insurance policy's international coverage, and get more coverage if needed. Make sure you have liability insurance.
• Avoid using local, unscheduled aircraft.
• If possible, fly on larger planes (more than 30 seats); larger airplanes are more likely to have regular safety inspections.
• Try to schedule flights during daylight hours and in good weather.

Medical Evacuation Insurance

If you are seriously injured, emergency care may not be available or may not meet US standards. Trauma care centers are uncommon outside urban areas. Having medical evacuation insurance can be helpful for these reasons.

Helpful Resources

Road Safety Overseas (Information from the US Department of State): Includes tips on driving in other countries, International Driving Permits, auto insurance, and other resources.

The Association for International Road Travel has country-specific Road Travel Reports available for most countries for a minimal fee.

Maintain personal security

Use the same common sense traveling overseas that you would at home, and always stay alert and aware of your surroundings.

Before you leave

• Research your destination(s), including local laws, customs, and culture.
• Monitor travel advisories and alerts and read travel tips from the US Department of State.
• Enroll in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) .
• Leave a copy of your itinerary, contact information, credit cards, and passport with someone at home.
• Pack as light as possible, and leave at home any item you could not replace.

While at your destination(s)

• Carry contact information for the nearest US embassy or consulate .
• Carry a photocopy of your passport and entry stamp; leave the actual passport securely in your hotel.
• Follow all local laws and social customs.
• Do not wear expensive clothing or jewelry.
• Always keep hotel doors locked, and store valuables in secure areas.
• If possible, choose hotel rooms between the 2nd and 6th floors.

Healthy Travel Packing List

Remind your patients to pack health and safety items. Use the Healthy Travel Packing List for South Sudan for a list of health-related items they should consider packing.

If you are not feeling well after your trip, you may need to see a doctor. If you need help finding a travel medicine specialist, see Find a Clinic . Be sure to tell your doctor about your travel, including where you went and what you did on your trip. Also tell your doctor if you were bitten or scratched by an animal while traveling.

If your doctor prescribed antimalarial medicine for your trip, keep taking the rest of your pills after you return home. If you stop taking your medicine too soon, you could still get sick.

Malaria is always a serious disease and may be a deadly illness. If you become ill with a fever either while traveling in a malaria-risk area or after you return home (for up to 1 year), you should seek immediate medical attention and should tell the doctor about your travel history.

For more information on what to do if you are sick after your trip, see Getting Sick after Travel .

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COVID-19: travel health notice for all travellers

South Sudan travel advice

Latest updates: The Health section was updated - travel health information (Public Health Agency of Canada)

Last updated: April 17, 2024 11:57 ET

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Safety and security, entry and exit requirements, laws and culture, natural disasters and climate, south sudan - avoid all travel.

Avoid all travel to South Sudan, due to armed conflicts, inter-ethnic violence and high levels of violent crime.

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Political situation

While the security environment has improved since the signing of the peace agreement in 2018 and the formation of a transitional government in 2020, fighting continues between the government and opposition groups. Tensions remain following a two-year extension of the transitional period, now set to end in 2025.

Security situation

Many security checkpoints have been set up throughout the country, making road travel difficult. Vehicles are regularly stopped and searched and violence has occurred during such encounters. Restrict your movements.

Violent clashes traditionally increase during the dry season, from December to April.

With the deteriorating economic conditions, urban crime rates are rising significantly. Tensions are high and the potential for spontaneous unrest is significant.

Inter-tribal clashes occur without warning throughout the country, and there is frequent fighting between the army and armed militia groups.

Regions bordering Sudan are particularly insecure due to periodic tension between Sudan and South Sudan.

The situation in Juba is relatively calm but remains unpredictable.

Jonglei state

The situation is extremely volatile in Jonglei state, more specifically in Bor and Pibor due to inter-communal fighting.

Anti-government forces control of much of the countryside, while the government retains control within Bor and the Greater Pibor Administrative Area.

Northern states

Conflict between breakaway armed opposition forces continues in Unity and Upper Nile states. The government currently controls Malakal, but anti-government forces are in control of much of Upper Nile state, west of the Nile River. The government holds most of Unity, including Bentiu.

Occasional tensions between South Sudan and Sudan have led to increased military activity in regions bordering Sudan, and both states have threatened to escalate their activities.

Fighting in the border areas of Blue Nile state and South Kordofan, Sudan, has displaced tens of thousands of people over the border since South Sudan’s secession in 2011. The ongoing conflict in Sudan is likely to increase the number of displaced persons.

Be aware of security threats in the oil development region, especially in and around Paloich, Upper Nile state. Oil installations and the surrounding areas are potential targets for military and rebel attacks.

The Abyei region, which borders South Sudan’s Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Warrap and Unity states and Sudan, is a disputed territory between the two countries. The Abyei region is the site of frequent fighting and mass displacement.

Inter-tribal conflict and cattle rustling are becoming prevalent in Lakes state. Tensions are particularly high in Rumbek East County.

If you remain in the area:

• restrict your movement
• avoid the road connecting Rumbek and Yirol

Southern states

There is increased militia activity in Central Equatoria and some parts of Western Equatoria states, particularly in Mundri.

Travel on the three main roads has become extremely dangerous as armed attacks on these roads are frequent between:

• Juba–Nimule
• Juba–Kajo Keji
• Juba–Yei

The border area between South Sudan and Kenya remains volatile due to clashes between heavily armed youths on both sides of the borders.

There is an increase of attacks by non-state armed groups near the border crossing with Uganda at Nimule, Eastern Equatoria. South Sudanese authorities will close the border crossing for short periods when incidents occur.

Petty crime

Petty crime, such as pickpocketing and handbag snatching, occurs regularly and mainly in Juba.

During your stay in South Sudan:

• ensure that your personal belongings, including your passport and your other travel documents are secure at all times
• avoid showing signs of affluence or wearing expensive jewellery
• avoid carrying large sums of cash or valuables

Violent crime

There is widespread violent crime throughout South Sudan. Incidents include:

• kidnappings
• armed robbery
• carjackings
• compound invasions

The current economic crisis has led to a significant increase in the number of crimes involving guns. The economic crisis will likely deepen in the short to medium term.

There are frequent armed invasions of the compounds housing international non-governmental organizations.

Incidences are especially high in Juba, which has seen regular outbreaks of violence and lawlessness and increasing numbers of carjackings.

Crime usually rises in the run-up to Christmas, New Year and Easter seasons. Foreigners have been victims of many crimes, including rape and robbery.

Law enforcement personnel have limited capacity to deter crime.

Kidnappings

Several kidnappings have occurred primarily in the oil producing areas of Unity and Upper Nile states.

Kidnappers mainly target workers in the oil and aid sectors working in remote and contested areas.

If you plan to go to these areas despite the risk:

• exercise caution at all times
• use varied and unpredictable routes and itineraries

Restrictions on movement

Roadblocks are common and are frequently erected after dark.

Increasingly frequent fuel shortages may impede your ability to move freely at short notice and could lead to unexpected shortages of basic foodstuffs.

• Have your identity and vehicle documents readily available
• Follow the instructions of local authorities
• Take adequate precautions

Demonstrations

Demonstrations may occur. Even peaceful demonstrations can turn violent at any time. They can also lead to disruptions to traffic and public transportation.

• Avoid areas where demonstrations and large gatherings are taking place
• Monitor local media for information on ongoing demonstrations

Mass gatherings (large-scale events)

Communications

Telecommunications are unreliable.

There are no fixed telephone lines. Mobile devices don't have full functionality.

There is no international postal service.

Road safety

Landmines pose a threat, especially outside of Juba.

Road conditions are extremely poor. Many roads are unpaved and poorly maintained. A four-wheel-drive vehicle is required, except in some urban areas such as Juba and Malakal, especially during the rainy season from March to November.

You should only undertake desert travel if you are experienced and fully equipped. Basic equipment should include:

• metal ramps for heavy sand
• a GPS device
• water and food supplies

Unpredictable local driving habits, pedestrians and roaming animals pose risks.

Public transportation

A few taxis are available in urban centres but are generally old and uncomfortable.

Public transportation is limited outside of major urban areas.

Most other buses are irregularly scheduled, poorly maintained and very badly driven. Fatal accidents involving buses are routine and increasing.

Only use top-of-the-line buses.

We do not make assessments on the compliance of foreign domestic airlines with international safety standards.

Information about foreign domestic airlines

Every country or territory decides who can enter or exit through its borders. The Government of Canada cannot intervene on your behalf if you do not meet your destination’s entry or exit requirements.

We have obtained the information on this page from the South Sudanese authorities. It can, however, change at any time.

Verify this information with the  Foreign Representatives in Canada .

Entry requirements vary depending on the type of passport you use for travel.

Before you travel, check with your transportation company about passport requirements. Its rules on passport validity may be more stringent than the country’s entry rules.

Regular Canadian passport

Your passport must be valid for at least 6 months beyond the date you expect to leave South Sudan.

Passport for official travel

Different entry rules may apply.

Official travel

Passport with “X” gender identifier

While the Government of Canada issues passports with an “X” gender identifier, it cannot guarantee your entry or transit through other countries. You might face entry restrictions in countries that do not recognize the “X” gender identifier. Before you leave, check with the closest foreign representative for your destination.

Other travel documents

Different entry rules may apply when travelling with a temporary passport or an emergency travel document. Before you leave, check with the closest foreign representative for your destination.

Useful links

• Foreign Representatives in Canada
• Canadian passports

Tourist visa: required Business visa: required Student visa: required Transit visa: required

Electronic Visa

You must obtain your E-visa online, through the government’s website, prior to your departure to South Sudan

E-Visa portal - South Sudan's Ministry of Interior

Health screening

Due to the ongoing outbreak of Ebola virus disease in neighboring countries, which has subsided for now, you may be subject to a quick thermal scanner screening and a health questionnaire at Juba International Airport upon disembarkation.

Children and travel

Learn more about travelling with children .

Yellow fever

Learn about potential entry requirements related to yellow fever (vaccines section).

Relevant Travel Health Notices

• Global Measles Notice - 13 March, 2024
• COVID-19 and International Travel - 13 March, 2024
• Polio: Advice for travellers - 17 April, 2024

This section contains information on possible health risks and restrictions regularly found or ongoing in the destination. Follow this advice to lower your risk of becoming ill while travelling. Not all risks are listed below.

Consult a health care professional or visit a travel health clinic preferably 6 weeks before you travel to get personalized health advice and recommendations.

Routine vaccines

Be sure that your  routine vaccinations , as per your province or territory , are up-to-date before travelling, regardless of your destination.

Some of these vaccinations include measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, varicella (chickenpox), influenza and others.

Pre-travel vaccines and medications

You may be at risk for preventable diseases while travelling in this destination. Talk to a travel health professional about which medications or vaccines may be right for you, based on your destination and itinerary. 

There is a risk of hepatitis A in this destination. It is a disease of the liver. People can get hepatitis A if they ingest contaminated food or water, eat foods prepared by an infectious person, or if they have close physical contact (such as oral-anal sex) with an infectious person, although casual contact among people does not spread the virus.

Practise  safe food and water precautions and wash your hands often. Vaccination is recommended for all travellers to areas where hepatitis A is present.

Yellow fever   is a disease caused by a flavivirus from the bite of an infected mosquito.

Travellers get vaccinated either because it is required to enter a country or because it is recommended for their protection.

• There is a risk of yellow fever in this country.

Country Entry Requirement*

• Proof of yellow fever vaccination for travellers from all countries.

Recommendation

• Vaccination is recommended.
• Contact a designated  Yellow Fever Vaccination Centre  well in advance of their trip to arrange for vaccination.
• Discuss travel plans, activities, and destinations with a health care professional.
• Protect yourself from mosquito bites .

About Yellow Fever

Yellow Fever Vaccination Centres in Canada * It is important to note that  country entry requirements  may not reflect your risk of yellow fever at your destination. It is recommended that you contact the nearest  diplomatic or consular office  of the destination(s) you will be visiting to verify any additional entry requirements.

Measles is a highly contagious viral disease. It can spread quickly from person to person by direct contact and through droplets in the air.

Anyone who is not protected against measles is at risk of being infected with it when travelling internationally.

Regardless of where you are going, talk to a health care professional before travelling to make sure you are fully protected against measles.

This destination is in the African Meningitis Belt, an area which has the highest rates of meningococcal disease in the world. Meningococcal disease is a serious and sometimes fatal infection. 

Travellers who are at higher risk should discuss vaccination with a health care provider. High-risk travellers include those living or working with the local population (e.g., health care workers) or those travelling to crowded areas or taking part in large gatherings.

  Hepatitis B is a risk in every destination. It is a viral liver disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another through exposure to blood and body fluids containing the hepatitis B virus.  Travellers who may be exposed to blood or other bodily fluids (e.g., through sexual contact, medical treatment, sharing needles, tattooing, acupuncture or occupational exposure) are at higher risk of getting hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all travellers. Prevent hepatitis B infection by practicing safe sex, only using new and sterile drug equipment, and only getting tattoos and piercings in settings that follow public health regulations and standards.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious viral disease. It can spread from person to person by direct contact and through droplets in the air.

It is recommended that all eligible travellers complete a COVID-19 vaccine series along with any additional recommended doses in Canada before travelling. Evidence shows that vaccines are very effective at preventing severe illness, hospitalization and death from COVID-19. While vaccination provides better protection against serious illness, you may still be at risk of infection from the virus that causes COVID-19. Anyone who has not completed a vaccine series is at increased risk of being infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 and is at greater risk for severe disease when travelling internationally.

Before travelling, verify your destination’s COVID-19 vaccination entry/exit requirements. Regardless of where you are going, talk to a health care professional before travelling to make sure you are adequately protected against COVID-19.

 The best way to protect yourself from seasonal influenza (flu) is to get vaccinated every year. Get the flu shot at least 2 weeks before travelling.  

 The flu occurs worldwide. 

•  In the Northern Hemisphere, the flu season usually runs from November to   April.
•  In the Southern Hemisphere, the flu season usually runs between April and   October.
•  In the tropics, there is flu activity year round. 

The flu vaccine available in one hemisphere may only offer partial protection against the flu in the other hemisphere.

The flu virus spreads from person to person when they cough or sneeze or by touching objects and surfaces that have been contaminated with the virus. Clean your hands often and wear a mask if you have a fever or respiratory symptoms.

Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease that is caused by parasites spread through the bites of mosquitoes.

Malaria is a risk to travellers to this destination.   Antimalarial medication is recommended for most travellers to this destination and should be taken as recommended. Consult a health care professional or visit a travel health clinic before travelling to discuss your options. It is recommended to do this 6 weeks before travel, however, it is still a good idea any time before leaving.    Protect yourself from mosquito bites at all times: 

• Cover your skin and use an approved insect repellent on uncovered skin.
• Exclude mosquitoes from your living area with screening and/or closed, well-sealed doors and windows.
• Use insecticide-treated bed nets if mosquitoes cannot be excluded from your living area.
• Wear permethrin-treated clothing. 

 If you develop symptoms similar to malaria when you are travelling or up to a year after you return home, see a health care professional immediately. Tell them where you have been travelling or living. 

Polio (poliomyelitis) is an infectious disease that can be prevented by vaccination. It is caused by poliovirus type 1, 2 or 3. Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus 2 (cVDPV2) is present in this country. Polio is spread from person to person and through contaminated food and water. Infection with the polio virus can cause paralysis and death in individuals of any age who are not immune.

Recommendations:

• Be sure that your polio vaccinations are up to date before travelling. Polio is part of the routine vaccine schedule for children in Canada.
• One booster dose of the polio vaccine is recommended as an adult .

Safe food and water precautions

Many illnesses can be caused by eating food or drinking beverages contaminated by bacteria, parasites, toxins, or viruses, or by swimming or bathing in contaminated water.

• Learn more about food and water precautions to take to avoid getting sick by visiting our eat and drink safely abroad page. Remember: Boil it, cook it, peel it, or leave it!
• Avoid getting water into your eyes, mouth or nose when swimming or participating in activities in freshwater (streams, canals, lakes), particularly after flooding or heavy rain. Water may look clean but could still be polluted or contaminated.
• Avoid inhaling or swallowing water while bathing, showering, or swimming in pools or hot tubs. 

Cholera is a risk in parts of this country. Most travellers are at very low risk.

To protect against cholera, all travellers should practise safe food and water precautions .

Travellers at higher risk of getting cholera include those:

• visiting, working or living in areas with limited access to safe food, water and proper sanitation
• visiting areas where outbreaks are occurring

Vaccination may be recommended for high-risk travellers, and should be discussed with a health care professional.

Travellers' diarrhea is the most common illness affecting travellers. It is spread from eating or drinking contaminated food or water.

Risk of developing travellers' diarrhea increases when travelling in regions with poor standards of hygiene and sanitation. Practise safe food and water precautions.

The most important treatment for travellers' diarrhea is rehydration (drinking lots of fluids). Carry oral rehydration salts when travelling.

Typhoid   is a bacterial infection spread by contaminated food or water. Risk is higher among children, travellers going to rural areas, travellers visiting friends and relatives or those travelling for a long period of time.

Travellers visiting regions with a risk of typhoid, especially those exposed to places with poor sanitation, should speak to a health care professional about vaccination.  

There is a risk of schistosomiasis in this destination. Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by tiny worms (blood flukes) which can be found in freshwater (lakes, rivers, ponds, and wetlands). The worms can break the skin, and their eggs can cause stomach pain, diarrhea, flu-like symptoms, or urinary problems. Schistosomiasis mostly affects underdeveloped and r ural communities, particularly agricultural and fishing communities.

Most travellers are at low risk. Travellers should avoid contact with untreated freshwater such as lakes, rivers, and ponds (e.g., swimming, bathing, wading, ingesting). There is no vaccine or medication available to prevent infection.

Insect bite prevention

Many diseases are spread by the bites of infected insects such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas or flies. When travelling to areas where infected insects may be present:

• Use insect repellent (bug spray) on exposed skin
• Cover up with light-coloured, loose clothes made of tightly woven materials such as nylon or polyester
• Minimize exposure to insects
• Use mosquito netting when sleeping outdoors or in buildings that are not fully enclosed

To learn more about how you can reduce your risk of infection and disease caused by bites, both at home and abroad, visit our insect bite prevention page.

Find out what types of insects are present where you’re travelling, when they’re most active, and the symptoms of the diseases they spread.

African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)  is caused by a parasite spread through the bite of a tsetse fly. Tsetse flies usually bite during the day and the bites are usually painful. If untreated, the disease is eventually fatal. Risk is generally low for most travellers. Protect yourself from bites especially in game parks and rural areas. Avoid wearing bright or dark-coloured clothing as these colours attract tsetse flies. There is no vaccine available for this disease.

There is a risk of chikungunya in this country.  The risk may vary between regions of a country.  Chikungunya is a virus spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. Chikungunya can cause a viral disease that typically causes fever and pain in the joints. In some cases, the joint pain can be severe and last for months or years.

Protect yourself from mosquito bites at all times. There is no vaccine available for chikungunya.

• In this country, risk of  dengue  is sporadic. It is a viral disease spread to humans by mosquito bites.
• Dengue can cause flu-like symptoms. In some cases, it can lead to severe dengue, which can be fatal.
• The level of risk of dengue changes seasonally, and varies from year to year. The level of risk also varies between regions in a country and can depend on the elevation in the region.
• Mosquitoes carrying dengue typically bite during the daytime, particularly around sunrise and sunset.
• Protect yourself from mosquito bites . There is no vaccine or medication that protects against dengue fever.

Rift Valley fever is a viral disease that can cause severe flu-like symptoms. In some cases, it can be fatal. It is spread to humans through contact with infected animal blood or tissues, from the bite of an infected mosquito, or eating or drinking unpasteurized dairy. Risk is generally low for most travellers. Protect yourself from insect bites and avoid animals, particularly livestock, and unpasteurized dairy. There is no vaccine available for Rift Valley fever.

Visceral  leishmaniasis   (or kala azar) affects the bone marrow and internal organs. It is caused by a parasite spread through the bite of a female sandfly. It can also be transmitted by blood transfusion or sharing contaminated needles. If left untreated it can cause death. Risk is generally low for most travellers. Protect yourself from sandfly bites, which typically occur after sunset in rural and forested areas and in some urban centres. There is no vaccine or medication to protect against leishmaniasis.

Onchocerciasis (river blindness)   is an eye and skin disease caused by a parasite spread through the bite of an infected female blackfly.  Onchocerciasis often leads to blindness if left untreated. Risk is generally low for most travellers. Protect yourself from blackfly bites, which are most common close to fast-flowing rivers and streams. There is no vaccine available for onchocerciasis although drug treatments exist.

Animal precautions

Some infections, such as rabies and influenza, can be shared between humans and animals. Certain types of activities may increase your chance of contact with animals, such as travelling in rural or forested areas, camping, hiking, and visiting wet markets (places where live animals are slaughtered and sold) or caves.

Travellers are cautioned to avoid contact with animals, including dogs, livestock (pigs, cows), monkeys, snakes, rodents, birds, and bats, and to avoid eating undercooked wild game.

Closely supervise children, as they are more likely to come in contact with animals.

Mpox (monkeypox)   is a risk in this country. It is a viral disease that can cause serious illness in some circumstances. Risk is generally low for most travellers.

Mpox spreads in 3 ways:

• from animals to humans through direct contact or by eating or preparing undercooked meat of infected animals or coming into contact with an infected animal's body fluids
• from person to person through close contact, including direct contact with the skin lesions, blood, body fluids, or mucosal surfaces (such as eyes, mouth, throat, genitalia, anus, or rectum) of an infected person
• through direct contact with contaminated objects such as bedding and towels, or by sharing personal objects used by an infected person

Follow recommended public health measures   and avoid contact with animals such as rodents and primates to help prevent getting or spreading the infection.

Person-to-person infections

Stay home if you’re sick and practise proper cough and sneeze etiquette , which includes coughing or sneezing into a tissue or the bend of your arm, not your hand. Reduce your risk of colds, the flu and other illnesses by:

•   washing your hands often
• avoiding or limiting the amount of time spent in closed spaces, crowded places, or at large-scale events (concerts, sporting events, rallies)
• avoiding close physical contact with people who may be showing symptoms of illness 

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) , HIV , and mpox are spread through blood and bodily fluids; use condoms, practise safe sex, and limit your number of sexual partners. Check with your local public health authority pre-travel to determine your eligibility for mpox vaccine.  

Tuberculosis is an infection caused by bacteria and usually affects the lungs.

For most travellers the risk of tuberculosis is low.

Travellers who may be at high risk while travelling in regions with risk of tuberculosis should discuss pre- and post-travel options with a health care professional.

High-risk travellers include those visiting or working in prisons, refugee camps, homeless shelters, or hospitals, or travellers visiting friends and relatives.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)   is a virus that attacks and impairs the immune system, resulting in a chronic, progressive illness known as AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). 

High risk activities include anything which puts you in contact with blood or body fluids, such as unprotected sex and exposure to unsterilized needles for medications or other substances (for example, steroids and drugs), tattooing, body-piercing or acupuncture.

Sporadic outbreaks of Ebola disease occur in this country.

Ebola disease can be caused by 6 different viruses, including Sudan virus and Ebola virus, which spread through contact with infected bodily fluids (from people or animals). It is very serious and often fatal.

Practise good hygiene (frequent and proper hand washing) and avoid contact with the body fluids of people with Ebola disease or unknown illnesses. Avoid contact with wild animals.

Of the different viruses that cause Ebola disease, there is only a vaccine to prevent disease caused by Ebola virus. It is available under certain circumstances; however, it is not authorized for sale in Canada. There are currently no approved vaccines or effective treatments for Ebola disease caused by the other viruses, including Sudan virus.

Medical services and facilities

Medical facilities are inadequate and supplies of medicine are limited.

You will likely need medical evacuation if you fall seriously ill or are injured. Air ambulances are usually not available on short notice and the airport is closed after dark.

Make sure you get travel insurance for South Sudan that includes coverage for:

• medical evacuation
• repatriation
• hospital stays

Make sure you get travel insurance that includes coverage for medical evacuation and hospital stays.

Travel health and safety

Some prescription medications may not be available in South Sudan.

If you take prescription medications, you’re responsible for determining if they’re legal in the country.

• Bring sufficient quantities of your medication with you
• Always keep your medication in the original container
• Pack them in your carry-on luggage
• Carry a copy of your prescriptions

Keep in Mind...

The decision to travel is the sole responsibility of the traveller. The traveller is also responsible for his or her own personal safety.

Be prepared. Do not expect medical services to be the same as in Canada. Pack a   travel health kit , especially if you will be travelling away from major city centres.

You must abide by local laws.

Learn about what you should do and how we can help if you are arrested or detained abroad .

Penalties for possession, use or trafficking of illegal drugs are severe. Convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences or heavy fines.

Drugs, alcohol and travel

Death penalty

Photography.

A permit for photography, including on a mobile phone, is required. Permits can be obtained at the Ministry of Information.

Even with a photography permit, it is prohibited to photograph:

• military installations
• military and police personnel
• government buildings and infrastructure, including roads, bridges, dams and airfields
• public utilities including gas stations

2SLGBTQI+ travellers

South Sudanese law prohibits sexual acts between individuals of the same sex. Public displays of affection between members of the opposite sex are frowned upon.

2SLGBTQI+ travellers have experienced harassment and verbal abuse.

Travel and your sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics

Dual citizenship

Dual citizenship is legally recognized in South Sudan.

If you are a Canadian citizen, but also a citizen of South Sudan, our ability to offer you consular services may be limited while you're there. You may also be subject to different entry/exit requirements .

Travellers with dual citizenship

International Child Abduction

The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction is an international treaty. It can help parents with the return of children who have been removed to or retained in certain countries in violation of custody rights. It does not apply between Canada and South Sudan.

If your child was wrongfully taken to, or is being held in South Sudan by an abducting parent:

• act as quickly as you can
• consult a lawyer in Canada and in South Sudan to explore all the legal options for the return of your child
• report the situation to the nearest Canadian government office abroad or to the Vulnerable Children’s Consular Unit at Global Affairs Canada by calling the Emergency Watch and Response Centre.

If your child was removed from a country other than Canada, consult a lawyer to determine if The Hague Convention applies.

Be aware that Canadian consular officials cannot interfere in private legal matters or in another country’s judicial affairs.

• International Child Abduction: A Guidebook for Left-Behind Parents
• Travelling with children
• Canadian embassies and consulates by destination
• Emergency Watch and Response Centre

You should carry an international driving permit.

International Driving Permit

Dress and behaviour

South Sudan is a traditional, conservative society. Women should dress conservatively and should avoid:

• mini skirts
• low necklines

The currency is the South Sudan pound (SSP). The Sudanese pound (SDG) is not recognized as legal tender.

Transferring U.S. or Canadian dollars to the country is difficult. Currency exchange houses and merchants do not accept U.S. currency dated before 2006 and will reject notes with any marks.

Credit cards are only accepted in South Sudan in limited locations such as:

• major hotels
• some restaurants
• shopping centers
• supermarkets

There are automated teller machines (ATMs), but they are not reliable, and only dispense South Sudanese pounds. You must pay in cash for larger expenses, such as hotel bills.

There is currently a vast and growing disparity between the official exchange and black-market rates for South Sudanese pounds. It is illegal to exchange currency except in authorized locations, such as banks and exchange bureaus.

• Carry sufficient funds in U.S. dollars to cover your expenses for the duration of your stay
• Expect to pay for all international flights booked in South Sudan in U.S. dollars

South Sudan is prone to extreme weather events such as:

The onset of rainy season in South Sudan is from March to October. Many roads may become impassable during this period due to flooding.

• Monitor local news and weather reports
• Follow the instructions of local authorities, including evacuation orders

Heat waves and drought

Humidity and heat may be severe during both the rainy season and the dry season from November to March. South Sudan is also subject to periods of drought.

Know the symptoms of dehydration and heatstroke, which can both be fatal.

Wildfires occur throughout the country. The air quality in areas near active fires may deteriorate due to heavy smoke.

In case of a major fire:

• stay away from the affected area, particularly if you suffer from respiratory ailments
• follow the instructions of local emergency services personnel
• monitor local media for up-to-date information on the situation

Local services

Emergency services exist but may be subject to certain limitations.

In case of emergency, dial 777.

Consular assistance

Burundi, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda

For emergency consular assistance, call the Embassy of Canada to South Sudan, in Juba, and follow the instructions. At any time, you may also contact the Emergency Watch and Response Centre in Ottawa.

The decision to travel is your choice and you are responsible for your personal safety abroad. We take the safety and security of Canadians abroad very seriously and provide credible and timely information in our Travel Advice to enable you to make well-informed decisions regarding your travel abroad.

The content on this page is provided for information only. While we make every effort to give you correct information, it is provided on an "as is" basis without warranty of any kind, expressed or implied. The Government of Canada does not assume responsibility and will not be liable for any damages in connection to the information provided.

If you need consular assistance while abroad, we will make every effort to help you. However, there may be constraints that will limit the ability of the Government of Canada to provide services.

Learn more about consular services .

Risk Levels

  take normal security precautions.

Take similar precautions to those you would take in Canada.

  Exercise a high degree of caution

There are certain safety and security concerns or the situation could change quickly. Be very cautious at all times, monitor local media and follow the instructions of local authorities.

IMPORTANT: The two levels below are official Government of Canada Travel Advisories and are issued when the safety and security of Canadians travelling or living in the country or region may be at risk.

  Avoid non-essential travel

Your safety and security could be at risk. You should think about your need to travel to this country, territory or region based on family or business requirements, knowledge of or familiarity with the region, and other factors. If you are already there, think about whether you really need to be there. If you do not need to be there, you should think about leaving.

  Avoid all travel

You should not travel to this country, territory or region. Your personal safety and security are at great risk. If you are already there, you should think about leaving if it is safe to do so.

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• Passports, travel and living abroad
• Travel abroad
• Foreign travel advice

South Sudan

Entry requirements.

This page has information on travelling to South Sudan.

This page reflects the UK government’s understanding of current rules for people travelling on a full ‘British Citizen’ passport from the UK, for the most common types of travel.

The authorities in South Sudan set and enforce entry rules. If you’re unsure how South Sudan’s entry requirements apply to you, contact its UK embassy, high commission or consulate .

All travellers

South Sudan has reopened its land borders but all travellers should check restrictions in place from neighbouring countries.

If you’re fully vaccinated

If you’re fully vaccinated, you must present evidence of having completed a full course of a COVID-19 vaccinations with WHO Emergency Use Listing (EUL) upon arrival. Fully vaccinated travellers are not required to have a negative PCR test certificate.

If you arrive in South Sudan with COVID-19 symptoms you will be given a rapid diagnostic test. This applies to fully vaccinated travellers and travellers with a negative PCR test certificate. A positive result will be taken as confirmed COVID-19, and case management and contact tracing protocols will be followed. Confirmed COVID-19 cases will be required to undergo a 10 day home isolation. Negative results will be confirmed using a PCR test. At present, no fees are charged.

Proof of vaccination status

You should bring a printed version of the UK’s proof of COVID-19vaccination record . Your NHS appointment card from vaccination centres is not designed to be used as proof of vaccination and should not be used to demonstrate your vaccine status.

If you’re not fully vaccinated

If you’re not fully vaccinated, you must have a negative PCR test certificate showing you are free from COVID-19, issued no more than 72 hours in advance of your arrival time in South Sudan. A hard or soft copy of the PCR test certificate is required from a recognised laboratory from the country of origin. Children below the age of 5 years are not required to show proof of a negative PCR test certificate.

If you’ve had COVID-19 in the past 6 months

If you’re not fully vaccinated and cannot provide a negative test result because you have tested positive for COVID-19 in the last 6 months, you can enter South Sudan and are exempt from quarantine on arrival. You will need to show evidence of the UK’s proof of COVID-19 recovery from within the last 6 months. It is recommended that you bring this in hard copy. Children and young people

Children below the age of 5 years who are not fully vaccinated are not required to show proof of a negative PCR test certificate to enter South Sudan.

If you’re transiting through South Sudan

Transiting is when you pass through one country on the way to your final destination.

Commercial flights are operating to and from South Sudan to some regional countries. There are no direct flights to the UK. You should check directly with airlines to confirm their flight schedules and any transit requirements. You should also consult Travel Advice pages for any requirements in your destination country or any country through which you are transiting, as requirements vary considerably.

Check your passport and travel documents before you travel

Passport validity.

Your passport should be valid for a minimum period of six months from the date of entry into South Sudan.

You will need a visa to enter or travel through South Sudan as a visitor. You should contact the Embassy of South Sudan in London. Visa applications are available online .

Visas are valid for 1 month. If you wish to stay in South Sudan for longer than 1 month you’ll need to apply for an extension at the Ministry of Interior in Juba (although visas and visa extensions are currently not being issued due to coronavirus (COVID-19) measures now in place). You should also consider whether you require a work permit while in South Sudan. If in doubt you should contact the Ministry of Labour in Juba. You must register with the local police station if you’re in South Sudan for longer than 4 days.

Yellow fever certificate requirements

Although the World Health Organisation doesn’t specify a certificate requirement, you’re required to provide a certificate of vaccination against yellow fever when you apply for your visa. You should also bring a hard copy of this certificate to present upon arrival into South Sudan.

Returning to the UK

Travellers departing South Sudan will be asked to present evidence that you are not required to hold a negative PCR test certificate or evidence of vaccination for entry into England, Scotland, Wales of Ireland. You should We recommend bringing a hard copy of the official guidance as evidence. Check what you must do to return to the UK .

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South Sudan

Latest update.

We continue to advise:

Do not travel to South Sudan, including Juba, due to the dangerous security situation and the threat of armed conflict.

South Sudan (PDF 756.63 KB)

Africa (PDF 1.68 MB)

Local emergency contacts

Fire and rescue services, medical emergencies.

Call 999 or go to the hospital.

Advice levels

Do not travel  to South Sudan.

Do not travel  to South Sudan, including Juba, due to the dangerous security situation and the threat of armed conflict. 

• The security situation is volatile and can worsen without warning. Reports of intercommunal violence are common. Border areas are especially dangerous. 
• Terrorist attacks could occur without warning. Public places, hotels, restaurants and government buildings are targets. Airports and transport hubs may also be targets. Be alert in public places. Don't walk alone, especially after dark. Report any suspicious items or activity to the police.
• Kidnapping, murder, shootings, home invasions, armed robbery, carjacking and sexual assault are common throughout South Sudan, including in Juba. Petty crime, such as theft and fraudulent currency exchange, is common. Safeguard your belongings.
• If you decide to remain in South Sudan, be highly vigilant, monitor security developments closely and abide by any imposed curfews.
• If, despite our advice, you travel to South Sudan, get professional security advice.

Full travel advice:  Safety

• The risk of polio in South Sudan is high. Check your vaccinations are up to date at least 8 weeks before you travel. 
• HIV/AIDS is common. Take precautions if you're taking part in high-risk activity. According to the WHO, Monkeypox is endemic in South Sudan.
• Yellow fever is widespread, so get vaccinated before you travel. Malaria is common year-round. Consider taking anti-malarial medication. Other insect-borne diseases include dengue, filariasis and leishmaniasis. Ensure your accommodation is insect-proof. Use insect repellent.
• Waterborne, foodborne, parasitic and other infectious diseases include typhoid, cholera and hepatitis. Drink only boiled or bottled water. Avoid raw or undercooked food. Don't swim in fresh water.
• Medical facilities are basic in Juba and extremely limited elsewhere. If you're seriously ill or injured, you'll need medical evacuation. This can cost thousands of US dollars.

Get comprehensive  travel insurance  before you leave. Your policy needs to cover all overseas medical costs, including medical evacuation. The Australian Government won't pay for these costs.

Full travel advice:  Health

• Don't use or carry illegal drugs. Penalties for drug offences are severe. They may include the death penalty.
• The legal systems in South Sudan are basic. Penalties for criminal offences include long jail sentences, corporal punishment and the death penalty. Get professional advice if you're involved in local legal matters, especially regarding family law. 
• Same-sex relationships are illegal. LGBTQIA+ travellers may be harassed by the public or the police.
• It's illegal to take any photos, including on a mobile phone, without a permit from the Ministry of Information.
• The South Sudanese Government recognises dual nationality but considers its dual citizens as South Sudanese first. Government authorities may not inform the Australian Government if you're arrested or detained.

Full travel advice:  Local laws

• If, despite our advice, you travel to South Sudan, you'll need to get a visa issued before you travel. Entry and exit conditions can change at short notice. You should contact the nearest embassy or consulate of South Sudan for the latest details.

You'll need a valid yellow fever vaccination certificate to enter South Sudan.

• Restrictions and curfews can be implemented at short notice.
• Landmines and unexploded remnants of war are a danger throughout South Sudan. Use only main roads and paths labelled as cleared by a competent de-mining authority.
• Road travel is very dangerous due to poor road conditions and the security environment. If you need to travel by road, seek professional security advice.

Full travel advice:  Travel

Local contacts

• The  Consular Services Charter  details what the Australian Government can and can’t do to help you overseas.
• Our ability to provide consular services in South Sudan is extremely limited.
• Australia doesn't have an embassy or consulate in South Sudan. For consular help, contact the  Australian Embassy in Ethiopia .
• To stay up to date with local information, follow the Embassy’s social media accounts.

Full travel advice:  Local contacts

Full advice

Civil unrest and political tension, armed conflict.

Lack of law and order across the country is a serious threat, the security situation is volatile and could deteriorate with little warning, including in Juba. Thousands of people have been killed in South Sudan since violence began in December 2013. Intercommunal violence and fighting between armed groups continue across the country. Border areas are especially dangerous.

There's a serious risk of attacks on civilians. National or international events could prompt attacks on foreigners. Due to the extremely volatile security environment, South Sudan remains a dangerous operating environment for aid workers. 

With little warning, local authorities can impose:

• other security measures

Juba airport may close or be inaccessible, flights could be suspended and routes in and out of the country may be closed with little notice. The main road connecting Juba to Uganda is highly dangerous.

South Sudan is currently experiencing an influx of people fleeing conflict in neighbouring Sudan. This may contribute to further instability. 

If you travel to South Sudan, despite our advice, be highly vigilant, monitor security developments closely and abide by any imposed curfews. In addition:

• ensure your travel documents are up to date
• carry copies of your identification with you at all times, including to hand over to immigration or the police, if required
• seek professional security advice
• arrange personal security measures
• keep a low profile
• keep in contact with friends and family

Demonstrations and protests

Public protests and events that draw large groups of people can turn violent.

To protect yourself during periods of unrest:

• avoid demonstrations, protests and other public gatherings
• monitor the media for safety and security risks
• monitor political events that may inflame existing tensions

If civil unrest or conflict happens, shelter indoors and stay off the streets.

More information:

• Demonstrations and civil unrest

Attacks could occur anywhere at any time.

Security at official facilities is high. Terrorists may look for easier targets, such as housing compounds.

Terrorists may target places popular with travellers, including tourist areas, hotels, clubs, restaurants and bars. Airports, bus stations and other transport hubs are also possible targets.

Other possible targets include:

• foreign government, multinational corporations and international organisations' buildings
• oil installations
• public spaces including schools and marketplaces
• places of worship
• outdoor events

If despite our advice, you are in South Sudan, be alert to possible threats and report any suspicious behaviour or items to police.

Carefully plan your activities and reconsider travelling to places known to be terrorist targets.

To protect yourself from terrorism:

• monitor the media for new or emerging threats
• take official warnings seriously
• follow the advice of local authorities

If there's an attack, leave the affected area immediately if it's safe to do so.

Stay away from affected areas due to the risk of secondary attacks.

Terrorism is a threat worldwide.

Violent crime

Violent crime is widespread and can happen at any time of the day. Armed robbery, including ambush and roadside crime, is common.

Murder, shootings, home invasions,  armed robbery , carjacking and  sexual assault  are common throughout South Sudan, including in Juba.

Gun crime happens frequently and may include:

• compound invasions
• attacks on hotels and restaurants
• attacks on other places foreigners go

Petty crime

Petty crime is common and can include:

• pickpocketing
• theft of items from vehicles
• fraudulent currency exchanges

Criminals are often armed and there's been an increase in the number of crimes involving guns.

There's no official government curfew in Juba but this can change at short notice. Most embassies and international organisations have a self-imposed curfew. The time varies depending on local events.

If, despite our advice, you travel to South Sudan:

• always travel with vehicle doors locked and windows up
• be on guard against carjacking
• be alert to threats when stopped in traffic
• secure your accommodation
• always be alert to your surroundings

HIV/AIDS is common. If you're a victim of rape or violent crime, seek immediate medical assistance outside of South Sudan as availability of HIV prophylaxis and psychosocial support may be limited.

Cyber security

You may be at risk of cyber-based threats during overseas travel to any country. Digital identity theft is a growing concern. Your devices and personal data can be compromised, especially if you’re connecting to Wi-Fi, using or connecting to shared or public computers, or to Bluetooth. 

Social media can also be risky in destinations where there are social or political tensions, or laws that may seem unreasonable by Australian standards. Travellers have been arrested for things they have said on social media. Don't comment on local or political events on your social media. 

More information:  

• Cyber security when travelling overseas 

Kidnapping occurs across the world with political, ideological, and criminal motives. Foreigners, including Australians, have been kidnapped overseas whilst travelling. Kidnaps can happen anywhere, anytime, including in destinations that are typically at lower risk. 

Violent crime is widespread in South Sudan and kidnappings are common. Kidnappers mainly target workers in the oil and aid sectors working in remote and contested areas.

If, despite our advice, you travel to an area with a high risk of kidnapping, our ability to provide consular assistance in these destinations will be limited. 

To reduce the risk of kidnapping: 

• always be alert to your personal security and surroundings 
• get professional security advice for travel in locations with a heightened kidnap risk 
• check your accommodation has appropriate security measures 
• avoid isolated locations, particularly when travelling alone 
• notify family or friends of planned travel and share your location 
• avoid talking about your money or business affairs 
• use ATMs in public places and during daylight hours 
• avoid giving personal details to strangers online or over the phone 

The Australian Government's longstanding policy is that it doesn't make payments or concessions to kidnappers. Ransom payments to kidnappers have funded further terrorist attacks and criminal activity. Paying a ransom to terrorist groups will likely break Australian counter-terrorism financing laws. 

More information: 

Climate and natural disasters

South Sudan experiences  natural disasters  and  severe weather , including:

• dust storms

If, despite our advice, you travel to South Sudan and a natural disaster occurs:

• secure your passport in a safe, waterproof location
• monitor local media and other sources
• keep in contact with your friends and family

Severe weather

Flooding often occurs in South Sudan, particularly during the rainy season from July to November.

Floods can lead to shortages of drinking water and food. Transport and communication infrastructure can also be damaged.

You're still at risk of waterborne disease after the floodwaters recede.

Northern areas of South Sudan often experience high temperatures. During the hottest months of the year, the temperature can be higher than 50˚C.

Sandstorms, drought and dust storms can occur.

• Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System

Travel insurance

You'll need a specific insurance policy that covers travel to high-risk destinations. Most Australian policies won't cover you for South Sudan.

If you can't afford travel insurance, you can't afford to travel. This applies to everyone, no matter how healthy and fit you are.

If you're not insured, you may have to pay many thousands of dollars up-front for medical care.

• what activities and care your policy covers
• that your insurance covers you for the whole time you'll be away.

Physical and mental health

Consider your physical and mental health before you travel, especially if you have an existing medical condition.

See your doctor or travel clinic to:

• have a basic health check-up
• ask if your travel plans may affect your health
• plan any vaccinations you need

Do this at least 8 weeks before you leave.

If you have immediate concerns for your welfare, or the welfare of someone you know, call the 24-hour Consular Emergency Centre on +61 2 6261 3305 or contact your  nearest Australian Embassy, High Commission or Consulate  to discuss counselling hotlines and services available in your location.

• General health advice
• Healthy holiday tips  (Healthdirect Australia)

If you plan to bring medication, check if it's legal in South Sudan. Take enough legal medication for your trip.

Carry a copy of your prescription or a letter from your doctor stating:

• what the medication is
• your required dosage
• that it's for personal use

Health risks

The risk of  polio  in South Sudan is high.

Make sure you've completed a primary course of polio vaccination and get a booster dose before you travel.

If you're unsure, check with your doctor at least 8 weeks before you travel.

Yellow fever

Yellow fever  is widespread in South Sudan. Yellow fever is a potentially fatal virus spread by mosquitoes. It's prevented by vaccination. Get vaccinated before you travel.

Find out about  re-entering Australia  after exposure to yellow fever.

• Yellow fever risk and certification requirements by country (PDF 253KB)

Other insect-borne diseases

Malaria  is common throughout the year across South Sudan.

Other insect-borne diseases occur, including:

• dengue fever
• leishmaniasis
• river blindness (onchocerciasis)
• African sleeping sickness

To protect yourself from disease:

• make sure your accommodation is insect-proof
• use insect repellent
• wear long, loose, light-coloured clothing
• consider taking medicine to prevent malaria

Get medical advice if you have a fever, muscle pain, rash or severe headache.

Monkeypox  is endemic in South Sudan, according to WHO. Monkeypox is transmitted to humans from animals, usually monkeys, rodents, and squirrels.

In areas where Monkeypox occurs, avoid:

• contact with rodents and primates
• contact with people infected with Monkeypox
• items that may have come in contact with an infected person.
• Infectious diseases

HIV/AIDS  is common. Take steps to reduce your risk of exposure to the virus.

If you're a victim of rape or violent crime, seek immediate medical assistance outside of South Sudan.

Other health risks

Waterborne, foodborne, parasitic and other infectious diseases are common. These include:

• tuberculosis
• meningococcal disease
• viral haemorrhagic fever
• Rift Valley virus

Serious outbreaks sometimes occur. Outbreaks of cholera in Juba and other locations have occurred.

To protect yourself from illness:

• drink boiled water or bottled water with sealed lids
• avoid raw or undercooked food, such as salads
• don't swim in fresh water

Get medical advice if you have a fever or diarrhoea.

Medical care

Medical facilities.

Medical facilities are basic in Juba and extremely limited elsewhere.

Specialised doctors, surgeons and operating facilities are inadequate in Juba and don't exist elsewhere.

You'll need to pay cash up-front before doctors and hospitals will treat you.

If you become seriously ill or injured, you'll need to be evacuated to another country with better facilities. Medical evacuation can be very difficult to arrange. Air ambulances aren't available at short notice. Juba airport is closed after dark.

You're subject to all local laws and penalties, including those that may appear harsh by Australian standards. Research local laws before travelling.

If you are arrested or detained, ask police or prison officials to notify the Australian Embassy in Addis Ababa immediately. The Australian Government will do what it can to help you under our  Consular Services Charter . But we can't get you out of trouble or out of jail. 

Penalties for drug offences are severe and may include the death penalty.

• Carrying or using drugs

Legal proceedings can be lengthy and ineffective. Be aware of your rights and responsibilities.

Seek professional advice if you do anything that involves local legal matters. This is especially the case for family law matters, including:

• child custody
• child support

Penalties for criminal offences can include:

• corporal punishment
• long jail term

It is illegal to take any photos without a permit from the Ministry of Information. This includes photos taken with a mobile phone. 

• don’t take pictures of government buildings, airports, vehicles, or persons in uniform
• keep your camera concealed and do not take random photos in public

Same-sex relationships are illegal in South Sudan and may lead to severe punishment, including lengthy jail terms. Discrimination based on sexual orientation is widespread and may lead to harassment by the public and police. LGBTQIA+ travellers should carefully consider the risks of travelling to South Sudan. 

• Advice for LGBTQIA+ travellers

Australian laws

Some Australian criminal laws still apply when you're overseas. If you break these laws, you may face prosecution in Australia.

• Staying within the law and respecting customs

Dual citizenship

South Sudan recognises dual nationality but considers its dual citizens as South Sudanese first. 

This limits the  consular services  we can give if you're arrested or detained. You may not be allowed to tell us of your situation.

Officials have previously stopped some dual nationals from leaving South Sudan. 

• Dual nationals

Local customs

Conservative standards of dress and behaviour are expected in South Sudan, especially in rural areas.

Same-sex relationships are illegal and may lead to harassment by the public and police. LGBTQIA+ travellers should carefully consider the risks of travelling to South Sudan. Avoid public displays of affection. 

Take care not to offend. If in doubt, seek local advice.

Visas and border measures

Every country or territory decides who can enter or leave through its borders. For specific information about the evidence you'll need to enter a foreign destination, check with the nearest embassy, consulate or immigration department of the destination you're entering. 

Visa requirements

If, despite our advice, you plan to travel to South Sudan, you need to get a visa issued in advance. You won't be allowed to enter the country without one. To get an Department of e-Visa and Immigration Services.

Entry and exit conditions can change at short notice. Contact the nearest South Sudanese embassy or consulate for details about visas, currency and customs.

Border measures

To enter South Sudan you may be required to show a copy of your COVID-19 vaccination certificate.

The airport at Juba and all land border points can close with little or no warning. Juba Airport is closed after dark.

Check with your security provider for up-to-date information and security assessments on entry points to South Sudan.

Other formalities

Yellow fever vaccination.

Find out about returning to Australia  after exposure to yellow fever .

• Countries with a risk of yellow fever (PDF 253KB)

Arriving travellers may be screened at Juba International Airport and some land entry points to South Sudan.

Dual Nationals

Border officials may scrutinise the travel documents of dual nationals. This may lead to delays at the airport. Previously, officials have stopped some dual nationals from leaving.

South Sudan requires you to have at least five blank pages in your passport on arrival.

Some countries won't let you enter unless your passport is valid for 6 months after you plan to leave that country. This can apply even if you're just transiting or stopping over.

Some foreign governments and airlines apply the rule inconsistently. You may receive conflicting advice from different sources.

You can end up stranded if your passport is not valid for more than 6 months.

The Australian Government does not set these rules. Check your passport's expiry date before you travel. If you're not sure it'll be valid for long enough, consider getting  a new passport .

Lost or stolen passport

Your passport is a valuable document. It's attractive to people who may try to use your identity to commit crimes.

Some people may try to trick you into giving them your passport. Always keep it in a safe place.

If your passport is lost or stolen, tell the Australian Government as soon as possible:

• in Australia, contact the  Australian Passport Information Service
• if you're overseas, contact the nearest  Australian embassy or consulate

Passport with ‘X’ gender identifier

Although Australian passports comply with international standards for sex and gender, we can’t guarantee that a passport showing 'X' in the sex field will be accepted for entry or transit by another country. Contact the nearest  embassy, high commission or consulate of your destination  before you arrive at the border to confirm if authorities will accept passports with 'X' gender markers. 

• LGBTQIA+ travellers  

The local currency is the South Sudanese Pound (SSP).

South Sudan is a cash-based society.

Credit and debit cards, traveller's cheques and cash cards are generally not accepted. ATMs are scarce and often unreliable.

You'll need to pay cash in local currency or US dollars dated 2017 onwards for all purchases, including hotel bills.

Local travel

Landmines and unexploded remnants of war are a danger throughout South Sudan.

Use only main roads and paths marked as cleared by a competent de-mining authority.

Road travel

Road travel is very dangerous due to poor road conditions and the security environment.

Hazards include:

• poorly maintained vehicles
• poor street lighting
• unsealed and unmaintained roads
• pedestrians and animals wandering on or near roads
• overloaded and unpredictable movement of vehicles

Police presence on roadways outside major towns is limited. Traffic police are poorly trained.

Local drivers regularly ignore traffic signals, and traffic accidents are common.

Road conditions deteriorate during the wet season from July to November.

Highways and other roads may become impassable and some parts of the country can become inaccessible for months.

Roadblocks, official and unofficial armed checkpoints are common throughout South Sudan, including in Juba and especially after dark. Approach all vehicle checkpoints with caution. 

Diplomatic, UN and NGO drivers have been stopped and harassed at checkpoints.

There are regular reports of money being demanded from drivers and passengers at these checkpoints.

If despite our advice, you need to drive in South Sudan:

• check local security and road conditions
• seek local advice on possible routes
• make contingency plans
• Driving or riding

Public transport

Avoid public transport.

Many vehicles are badly maintained. Driving standards can be poor.

DFAT doesn't provide information on the safety of individual commercial airlines or flight paths.

Check  South Sudan's air safety profile  with the Aviation Safety Network. 

Emergencies

Depending on what you need, you should contact your:

• family and friends
• travel agent
• insurance provider

Call 999 or 777.

Always get a police report when you report a crime.

Your insurer should have a 24-hour emergency number.

Consular contacts

Read the  Consular Services Charter  for what the Australian Government can and can't do to help you overseas.

The security situation and other factors mean the Australian Government's ability to provide consular services in South Sudan is extremely limited.

Australia doesn't have an embassy or consulate in South Sudan. For consular assistance, contact the Australian Embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Australian Embassy, Addis Ababa

Turkish compound (off Cape Verde Street) Bole Subcity, Woreda 3 PO Box 3715 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Phone: +251 11 6672651 / 6672652 / 6672693 / 6672694 Email:  [email protected] Website:  ethiopia.embassy.gov.au Facebook:  @AusEmb.ET Twitter: @AusEmbET

Check the Embassy website for details about opening hours and any temporary closures.

24-hour Consular Emergency Centre

In a consular emergency, if you can't contact an embassy, call the 24-hour Consular Emergency Centre on:

• +61 2 6261 3305 from overseas
• 1300 555 135 in Australia

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South Sudan

In July 2011 Africa’s largest country, Sudan, split into two and with that South Sudan, the world's newest country, was born.

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Get to the heart of South Sudan with one of our in-depth, award-winning guidebooks, covering maps, itineraries, and expert guidance.

South Sudan

• 3 Other destinations
• 4.1 History
• 4.3 Climate
• 4.4 Holidays
• 5.1 Visa requirements
• 5.2 By plane
• 5.5 By train
• 14.1 Photography
• 14.2 Authorities
• 14.3 Journalists and bloggers
• 15 Stay healthy

South Sudan is a country in Central Africa . The world’s youngest country, it was a part of Sudan until it became an independent country on 9 July 2011.

Regions [ edit ]

Cities [ edit ]

• 4.85 31.6 1 Juba – the capital
• 9.533333 31.65 4 Malakal
• 3.6 32.06 5 Nimule
• 6.8 29.683333 6 Rumbek
• 7.7 27.983333 7 Wau
• 4.083333 30.683333 9 Yei

Other destinations [ edit ]

• 5.432778 32.2775 1 Bandingilo National Park
• 6.489 33.914 2 Boma National Park
• 3.7026 31.9476 4 Nimule National Park – a national park along the White Nile

Understand [ edit ]

History [ edit ]

South Sudan was part of Sudan until it gained its independence in 2011, following a long war in which over 1 million people were killed, and a historic referendum. Although South Sudan was granted independence by Sudan after an overwhelming vote for independence in the referendum, relations between the two Sudans remain tense. Sudan depends on hard currency obtained from transshipping oil from South Sudan through Port Sudan on the Red Sea, while the landlocked South Sudan depends on access to that port, and the two countries have argued about terms for transshipment. There has also been some armed conflict over the oil-rich Abyei District which is ruled by Sudan but borders on South Sudan, and the Sudan People's Liberation Army - North, which fought alongside the Sudan People's Liberation Army that now rules South Sudan, continues to fight in the Sudanese provinces of Blue Nile and South Kordofan, with the sympathy and, allegedly, military aid of the South Sudanese government.

People [ edit ]

South Sudan has more than 60 indigenous ethnicities. The Dinka comprise 40% of the population.

Climate [ edit ]

South Sudan's climate is similar to an equatorial or tropical climate, and has a rainy season of high humidity and large amounts of rainfall followed by a drier season.

Holidays [ edit ]

• 9 January: Peace Agreement Day
• 16 May: SPLA Day
• 9 July: Independence Day
• 30 July: Martyrs' Day
• 25 December: Christmas Day

Books [ edit ]

• They Poured Fire on Us From the Sky: The True Story of Three Lost Boys from Sudan , by Benson Deng, Alephonsion Deng, and Benjamin Ajak. Not exactly something to advertise South Sudan as an appealing destination, but it's a vivid and moving account of the war that preceded the country's independence.
• Warchild by Emmanuel Jal
• What is the What by Valentino Achak Deng and Dave Eggers

Get in [ edit ]

Visa requirements [ edit ]

Visas are issued for US$100 at all border crossings and Juba International Airport. The length of the visas issued seems to vary randomly between 1 and 6 months. An invitation letter may be required depending on which official is at the desk on your day of arrival. The process can take 3 hours. If you do not have a local contact with official connections, it would be safer to get a visa before arriving in the country. Visas are now available from the embassy in London for UK₤50 cash and typically take 5 working days to process. The embassy in Nairobi is also a popular place to get a visa.

Once in South Sudan, foreign visitors must register their presence in the country within 72 hours of arrival. Visitors must do this in person.

As of April 2024, you can apply for e-visa on this website: https://evisa.gov.ss/ . Single entry visa is 100 USD, three months multiple entry visa is 300 USD and six months multiple entry visa 350 USD. Make sure you have your Yellow Fever Vaccine card with you.

By plane [ edit ]

Until June 2022, there are no direct commercial flights from outside Africa, with the exception of service from Dubai on flydubai . Turkish Airlines expect to operate 3 flights per week from June 2022. Changing planes is necessary; most airlines flying into Juba depart from Cairo ( Egypt ), Addis Ababa ( Ethiopia ), Entebbe ( Uganda ), Nairobi ( Kenya ) and Khartoum ( Sudan ) from where you should be able to manage flights to and from Europe , Asia or the Americas.

Be careful on taking photos in the airport as this is actually not allowed but an increasing number of people are observed to take photos at the airport these days.

By car [ edit ]

Overland crossing from Sudan to South Sudan was closed from the latter's secession in 2011; Sudanese leaders have announced plans to re-open the border in 2016. [1]

As of April 2024, crossing from Uganda to South Sudan is possible. The Renk crossing for Sudan to South Sudan is also flooded with refugees and returnees fleeing from Sudan.

By bus [ edit ]

By train [ edit ].

There is one railway line in South Sudan that enters from Sudan in the north and terminates at Wau . Before independence there were services between Wau and Babanosa , which had rail connections to Khartoum. As of 2014, however, there are no scheduled passenger services; indeed, the entire Sudanese rail network has come to a halt. Sporadic and non-scheduled trains may, however, still run, so you can try contacting the Sudan Railways Corporation for more information.

Get around [ edit ]

Roads are unpaved, and during the rainy season from July to October and November, they often become impassable. Infrastructure is non-existent,

Talk [ edit ]

English and Arabic (Juba Arabic) are the official languages of South Sudan, although Dinka is the most widely spoken language. Jur Modo, Nuer, Chollo/Shilluk, and Zande languages are also spoken there.

See [ edit ]

• East African wildlife in Nimule National Park .
• Rumbec Freedom Square in Rumbek .
• White Nile. See the White Nile and the locals taking a drip from any of the restaurants located on its bank like Da Vinci and Afex.
• Afex. This restaurant has the best view of the iconic sinking ship that every humanitarian has on their Facebook page.
• Jebel Kujur. Hike up this 684m-high rock and get a good view of the city. However, it is crowded during the weekends. Check the security situation of the area before hiking up.

Do [ edit ]

Safaris to Boma National Park and Nimule National Park. See the parks by 4x4 vehicle or aircraft. See the greatest migration of mammals on the earth.

If you're feeling charitable, visit the Angels of East Africa orphanage (as featured in the film Machine Gun Preacher ), also located in Nimule.

Buy [ edit ]

Money [ edit ].

The currency of the country is the South Sudanese pound (ISO currency code: SSP ). It is divided into 100 piasters. The official rate or "bank exchange rate" (above) is what you would see on sites like Oanda and mataf.net. In December 2023, the black market exchange rate was reported to be SSP1085 for one US dollar. As of April 2024, 1 USD to SSP in the "black market" is 2400 SSP. You can exchange your money by paying in USD at supermarkets like Juba Mall, Lily's, and Phoenicia. They will ask you if you want your change to be in USD or SSP. There are also money changers that line some streets with stacks of SSPs but be wary of them.

Coins in South Sudan come in denominations of 10-, 20 and 50 piasters, 1 and 2 South Sudanese pounds. Banknotes in South Sudan come in denominations of 5-, 10 and 25 piasters, 1-, 5-, 10-, 20-, 25-, 50-, 100-, 500 and 1,000 South Sudanese pounds.

You can withdraw money with a Visa card or Mastercard in any of the Ecobank or Equity bank ATMs in South Sudan.

• Maasai Market. The Maasai Market is a souvenir place but the items sold here are souvenirs from Kenya and Uganda, not from Juba.
• Shea butter. You can buy unprocessed shea butter from the market or from Lulu Life Shea Butter ( https://www.lululife-sheabutter.com/ ) in their physical store in Juba or at Phoenicia.

Eat [ edit ]

South Sudanese cuisine is mostly based on grains such as maize, sorghum.

The national dish of South Sudan is Kisra, sorghum pancake.

It is heavily influenced by Arab cuisine.

The following are the most common dishes served:

• Kisra. This is the main source of carbohydrate. It looks similar to Ethiopia's injeera but is more fermented, has a stronger sour smell, and has a rougher texture. It's color depends on what grain is used but most are made from sorghum, which gives its deeper brown color.
• Mandazi. Deep fried square donuts.
• Wala-wala, millet porridge.
• Aseeda, sorghum porridge
• Shaiyyah. Pan fried meat.
• Mahshi. Similar to the Middle Eastern dolma. Zucchini, tomatoes and bell peppers are stuffed with minced meat, rice, onions etc. in a bed of tomato sauce.
• Gurassa, yeasted pancake.
• Kajaik, fish stew.
• Ful sudani, peanut sweet.
• Molokhia. Made of Molokhia or Jews mallow leaves cooked in a meat based soup.
• Tamia, falafel.

Checkout these websites:

Taste of South Sudan. https://tasteofsouthsudan.com/

Drink [ edit ]

In the towns of South Sudan such as Rumbek and Juba, Kenyan and Ugandan beers are starting to appear in bars at inflated cross-border prices. In Renk, you can even buy Red Horse, a Filipino beer!

Fresh fruit juices are available throughout South Sudan. One of the local juices is "aradeab"(tamarind) and juice made from the baobab fruit.

The cloves-flavoured tea (chai) is very good. Outside the capital, you'll pay usually 10 SSP for one cup. Also the ginger-flavoured coffee is to be tried. In Renk, one cup of this is 100SSP (2019). Both are very sweet, so if you don't want sugar or you want it separately, say "Sukar bara" (serve sugar separate) when you order.

Sleep [ edit ]

• Radisson Blu Hotel
• Pyramid Continental Hotel and
• Juba Grand Hotel
• Palm Africa Hotel
• Acacia Hotel

Stay safe [ edit ]

Although the level of violence has subsided since the establishment of the country and the end of the civil war, South Sudan remains dangerous for travel as ceasefire violations and boundary disputes have continued. Guns are freely and readily available to the populace, and it is not uncommon to hear gunshots being fired in broad daylight. Travel near the Sudan or Central African Republic borders is extremely dangerous . Western governments continue to advise against all travel to South Sudan and the adjacent regions in Sudan. Violent crime remains problematic; unexploded ordnance from years of civil war also poses hazards to civilians.

Photography [ edit ]

South Sudan has very strict photography laws. For any kind of photography, you are required to obtain a photography permit from the Ministry of Interior.

Be very mindful of what you take pictures of, and do not take photos randomly; foreign tourists have been arrested and physically assaulted by South Sudanese law enforcement for simply taking photographs.

To err on the side of safety, keep the following in mind:

• Never take a photograph of a South Sudanese person without their explicit permission.
• Never take photographs of government buildings, vehicles, military personnel, or law enforcement personnel .
• Never take photographs of airports, bridges, or gas stations .

Authorities [ edit ]

South Sudan is one of the most unstable, lawless, and corrupt countries in the world. Many scholars regard South Sudan as a kleptocracy.

Do not expect the South Sudanese police to help you or solve your problems in the event you run into any kind of difficulties during your stay; the South Sudanese police are extremely corrupt and are written off as hapless, abusive, and ineffective.

Low salaries are the main reason why there's a high level of corruption among the police force. As a foreigner, you may attract unwanted attention from corrupt officials.

Be aware of your surroundings at all times, and keep your emotions under control; getting into a fight with corrupt, abusive officials or the wrong person in a country far away from home is not something you (or anyone) would want to do.

Journalists and bloggers [ edit ]

As tempting as it may be to write about South Sudan, it is illegal to report on the country without permission from the South Sudanese Media Authority.

Stay healthy [ edit ]

It's a malarial area, so before arriving, visit a tropical vaccination center to get prophylactic treatment and the necessary vaccines , including yellow fever, polio and hepatitis A and B. Be sure to sleep under a mosquito net and use mosquito repellent. Most of the South Sudanese drink water from the rivers, which exposes them to diarrhoea and cholera. If bottled water is not available, boil/chlorinate the river water before drinking it.

Respect [ edit ]

Connect [ edit ].

Telephone country code for South Sudan is +211, previous to 2011 it used the Sudan country code +249 so some numbers printed may need to be corrected. Local numbers are a 7 digit number preceded by a 2 digit provider code, those starting with a 1 are fixed line those with 9 mobile.

Roaming with foreign phones/SIM cards does not usually work in South Sudan. For mobile communications, you will need to purchase a SIM card from one of the local networks (Zain or MTN). Bring an unlocked phone.

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Home » Travel Guides » South Sudan » 15 Best Places to Visit in South Sudan

15 Best Places to Visit in South Sudan

The world’s youngest independent nation has not had it easy since it decided, pretty unanimously (over 98% of the people here opted to break from the Republic of the Sudan when there was a referendum back in January 2011), to go it alone. Ongoing is the brutal South Sudanese Civil War, which has seen more than 300,000 deaths and more than a million displaced from their homes.

There are also open conflicts with militia groups and private armies, and the Sudanese to the north. That all adds up to make this one pretty much completely out of bounds for travelers. However, in the hope that things will ease up sooner rather than later, we’ve ranged from the soaring peaks of 3,000-meter-high Mount Kinyeti to the endless greens of the Sudd wetland in search of the top places to visit. Expect hartebeest-dotted wilds, the winding courses of the White Nile, and trading towns come metropolises alike.

Lets explore the best places to visit in South Sudan :

1. Boma National Park

Environmentalists and naturalists have been arguing for years over weather Boma National Park is the home of the largest or the second-largest annual land mammal migration on the planet.

Some say it’s the Serengeti and the movement of the countless wildebeest there, others – most notably the South Sudanese themselves! – claim the honor for this vast swathe of wilderness that clings to the edge of the Ethiopian border in the east.

But whether you come to see the great peregrinations of the white-eared kob or not, you can rest assured the park will be one to remember.

Zebras and gazelles, oryx, cheetah and gliding vultures are all visible, hiding amidst the rolling savannah and occasional bluffs of rock.

It’s precisely because of Wau’s place at the confluence of several of South Sudan’s most populous tribal groups that this city is now embroiled in some of the bloodiest episodes of the current conflict engulfing the country.

However, when that all subsides, the hope is that this multicultural gem – the third largest town in the nation no less – will flower once again.

And boy does it have plenty to offer: from age-stained colonial frontispieces to the ramshackle huts and marketplaces constructed from the raw materials of the African bush! There’s also an interesting cathedral topped with a dome to see – one of the biggest in the region.

3. Southern National Park

Covering close to 7,800 square kilometers of land in the very heart of South Sudan, the seemingly endless swathes of patchwork woodlands and grassy savannah that form the Southern National Park are amongst the largest protected game areas in the nation.

Curiously off-the-beaten-track for visitors to this part of Africa, the area has been little explored over the last 70 years.

Those who do come will get to see the likes of the Congo lion, the colobus monkey, bushbabies, marabou storks and kobs aplenty.

4. Kidepo Game Reserve

The Kidepo Game Reserve is located in the southernmost depths of South Sudan.

Contiguous with the famous Kidepo National Park in Uganda across the border, it’s a sea of greenery that extends for more than 1,200 square kilometers across the savannah grasslands and gallery woods of the region.

One of the real pulls for would-be safari goers is the tame and human-friendly nature of the animals.

You can expect to have up-close-and-personal encounters with elephants and defassa waterbuck, all of which wander right into the game lodges that pepper the boundaries of the reserve!

5. Bandingilo National Park

Another great place to come and witness the breathtaking phenomenon of the annual migration of the white-eared kob, Bandingilo National Park is the natural jewel of the Equatoria region.

Spread out over the riparian grass plains that stretch eastwards from the White Nile River, it’s a surprisingly accessible place – thanks largely to that proximity to the capital at Juba; and surprising because stats show that still hardly anyone comes here! If you do decide to take the trip after the current Sudanese troubles reside, you can expect the likes of Nubian giraffes and elephants to pepper the vistas at Bandingilo!

Juba is not a city with a long story to tell.

Founded only in 1922, it straddles the bends of the White Nile River in the deep southern reaches of the country.

It was once just a far-flung trading outpost, built by Greek merchants who wanted to establish regular caravan routes between East Africa and Britain’s colonial bases.

Since then, Juba has been a battleground in South Sudan’s civil wars, and been unexpectedly elevated to the status of capital in 2011. Although there’s not that much to see in this young epicentre of the nation (especially with the war raging all around), the town does have a bustling marketplace and a clutch of safari outfitters.

7. Kodok (Fashoda)

Kodok was formerly known as Fashoda; the town that once gave its name to the famous Fashoda Incident, when the power struggles between Britain and France came to a head in Africa, and these two great superpowers of colonial Europe final decided to divvy up the continent on roughly east and west terms.

Today, Kodok remembers these totemic episodes of African history, but also bears the remains of its onetime Shilluk kings.

Unfortunately, modern times have proved difficult, with famine and war also scarring the settlement.

8. Nimule National Park

For its size, the Nimule National Park certainly packs one hell of a punch! With verdant forests and some of the most biodiverse riparian habitats in the nation, it plays host to everything from swinging baboons to hippos and snapping crocs.

It’s cut through by the courses of the White Nile River, which can be seen drifting northwards towards Juba – the capital is just a short drive away, and safaris to Nimule can be organised from there.

The piece de resistance has to be Opekoloe Island though, which is packed with roaming elephant herds.

Or maybe it’s the Fola Falls, where local fishing folk cling to the rocks in their search of a catch.

We can’t decide.

Once the site of some of the first ever Christian missions to be set up in this region of Africa, Bor is now something of an abandoned ghost town.

The recent conflicts have really taken their toll, while the memory of massacres during the Sudanese Civil War are still raw and emotional – around 20,000 people were murdered here back in 1991! However, the current tumult notwithstanding, Bor still has its immersive tribal character, and it’s still one of the best places to come and see a traditional Sudanese wrestling match – the Muay Thai of Africa, if you will!

10. Radom National Park

Sprawled over the tenuous state lines where Sudan meets the Central African Republic, the protected reserves of the Radom National Park only find their way into South Sudan for a little part of their vast 1,250,000 hectares.

However, that small section of reserve certainly counts, with visitors (and there are virtually none in these trying times) able to see endangered doka woods, roaming herds of elephants, tree-peppered savannah, hopping gazelles, and oodles of other rare East African beasts.

Radom National Park can be hard to get to, with lengthy 4X4 drives from Raga the usual name of the game.

11. Malakal

Imbued with its own international airport and a prime location right on the edge of the White Nile River, you might think that Malakal of the north was a prosperous town.

But the ravages of war have all but destroyed this erstwhile mercantile center.

The marketplace now lays empty and the grand headquarters of the Upper Nile State Government stand deserted.

Perhaps one day the life will return to its streets, and Malakal will be able to showcase its wild surroundings (made famous by the presence of the huge Ez Zeraf Reserve just to the south-east) again.

12. Ez Zeraf Game Reserve

Winding and weaving northwards through the very heart of South Sudan, the White Nile River delves into the vast wetlands known as the Sudd.

Between packs of zebras and mud-caked elephants, the area hosts some jaw-dropping scenery in its vast 1.6 million acres of land.

There are the seasonally flooded forests to navigate on canoes, soggy grassland plains and more, all dotted with the galumphing outlines of hippos and the occasional crocodile.

It’s little wonder that Zeraf – the reserve that encompasses all that – is now one of the major points of focus for conservationists in east-central Africa!

13. Shambe Nature Reserve

First gazetted way back in the mid-1980s, the Shambe National Park can be seen as the southern extension of the aforementioned Ez Zeraf Reserve.

That makes it home to an important part of the White Nile River ecosystem; a place of curious oxbow lakes and pop-up flood plains.

Animal wise, you’ll get all of the biodiversity of the larger park to the north, along with lions and hippos, wild foxes and swinging primates of different kinds, not to mention elephants by the hundred! Shambe Nature Reserve is also a designated birding area, made popular thanks to countless migratory species that pass this way throughout the year.

Now bolstered by the presence of all-new tarmac roads and the runways of its own airport, the city of Aweil represents one of the few glimpses of built-up development in the far-flung reaches of the Bahr el Ghazal region in northern South Sudan.

A couple of hotels, a UN mission, restaurants and decent transport links make the place a good stopover point for travelers eager to make the border to the north, or those heading to the remote wilds of the Radom National Park in the west.

What’s more, Aweil has proved itself resilient to the recent upheavals of the nation, with far less sectarian violence occurring here than in other cities.

15. Gogrial

The onetime home and birthplace of the legendary NBA player and activist Manute Bol (if you believe the locals, that is), Gogrial is the epicentre of its own eponymous state: Gogrial State.

It’s got its own airport (just a dust airstrip that’s suitable for small fliers) too, which us peppered with the decaying remains of old bomber planes left over from the Sudanese Civil War.

And its neatly delineated by the courses of the Jur River, which bends and winds away into the distance before converging with the mighty White Nile.

15 Best Places to Visit in South Sudan:

• Boma National Park
• Southern National Park
• Kidepo Game Reserve
• Bandingilo National Park
• Kodok (Fashoda)
• Nimule National Park
• Radom National Park
• Ez Zeraf Game Reserve
• Shambe Nature Reserve

Traveling to South Sudan as a Tourist

“Why go? Is it worth going?” – these were the most common questions about South Sudan. Many assume that if a destination is difficult it might not be worth visiting. While my trip wasn’t easy I found South Sudan incredibly interesting and allowed me to get to know the amazing people, even if often we didn’t share any common language.

South Sudan is one of the top 10 least visited countries in the world. It’s also the youngest country in the world – only created in 2011.

Personally, I’ve been very interested in this country for a while especially after stories I heard from friends who went on missions and lived there for a while. Interestingly enough, when I began researching more and more, the less information I could find even about the very simplest correct information about South Sudan and its people. That’s exactly why I became very interested.

Between a civil war, genocide, mass corruption and poverty there have been a lot of bad things told about South Sudan. It’s definitely not an easy destination to visit as the country is definitely not ready for tourism. Most of you will probably never visit SS and even some friends had no idea there was Sudan and South Sudan – two separate countries. 

It’s possible to travel to South Sudan as a tourist though… even if there’s really no real tourism in South Sudan .

Is it safe to travel to South Sudan?

The answer is not really, but not everywhere is dangerous either. Most tourists travel to the capital – Juba, and then take an overnight trip to Mundari cattle camp.

When I went we drove to Boya Mountains which I’m yet to see anything else do, because a few tour companies who arrange trips always have a flight from Juba to Kapoeta on their itinerary. This road isn’t safe at all as we found out later, so it’s probably smarter to just pay extra for the flight if you want to venture into this region.

I know various people who claim to have been to every country but only traveled to Juba to check South Sudan off the list, but there’s so much more to South Sudan than just Juba – don’t be afraid!

Getting a Guide for South Sudan

The most important thing to travel in South Sudan is to find smart and reliable local people to show you around safely. You do need a local guide to obtain a visa and quite frankly, you won’t be able to pass any checkpoints without a reliable guide.

Not to mention obviously, there’s no such thing as a rental car or public transportation in the country.

Options are very limited for South Sudan, but two providers are:

• Mayom Metro Safari – WhatsApp +211 920 665 999, Facebook: Metro Safaris
• Frederick – WhatsApp +211 921 628 654, Facebook: Fedrick Pitia

Visa to South Sudan

This part is surprisingly easy. The only thing you need is your visa letter from your guide on the ground. With this, flight confirmation, along with a yellow fever card and passport scan you just apply online.

I and everyone else in the group got visas in less than 24 hours. It was MUCH smoother and easier to get it than ironically, my visa to Kenya due to errors in their system.

Taking Photos in South Sudan

The government is extremely wary of foreigners posing as tourists while undertaking journalism or even spying and it’s probably the hardest country to take photos in despite the expensive permits.

You MUST pay for the permit if you’re bringing a camera. If they see you have a camera without a permit at the checkpoint you might lose the camera and get into a lot of trouble (even if you’re not taking any photos with it).

Taking photos in Juba can put you in serious trouble. The local authorities there do not take it kindly, no matter how mundane the focus of their photography is. Being caught taking a photo of the wrong thing in Juba can lead to imprisonment. Our car was actually stopped because one person was taking a photo and while we managed to get the phone back it was a lot of back-and-forth fighting with the police.

Once outside the capital, these restrictions will relax, but you still need your photography permit that your guide can help you obtain. Keep in mind that not everyone will like photos being taken – some kids loved it, some women were running for their lives if they see your phone out ready for a photo. Be respectful.

Keep and Open Mind!

Most importantly, keep in mind that South Sudan doesn’t really have almost any tourists. While there are a few guides and some people have arrived, it’s mostly aid workers and missionaries who have their own thing going.

The infrastructure is next to none, so your camping situation is basic as you’re sleeping among cows, cow dung, and eating whatever is there to eat.

Hence why your trip might not go exactly according to plan. Similar to Eritrea , permits are given at the last minute and your itinerary is subject to change.

To illustrate it more, on the first day we were supposed to get our registration done. We spent 3h waiting for it while our guide was trying to register the group, but it all failed so we left with a different plan, stayed at a different place that night and never actually stayed at the infamous Royal Palace Hotel (it’s always included on everyone’s itinerary because it’s the nicest, but they often sell out for larger conferences so never had a chance).

Another day we were scheduled to take a boat across the Nile and after we drove 3 hours to the starting point we still had no permits. We also haven’t got a permit to return to Juba, so we got stuck in the city of Bor for hours and hours.

We finally got the permit to return to Juba first and at this point, it was already late, so we had to start heading back. We got the permit for the Nile 10 minutes after we left but it wasn’t possible anymore to turn back. Then, we got stopped on the road for hours and our passports were held hostage overnight at the checkpoint while we reached the camp after 1 AM. So much for getting to the Mundari camp for sunset 😉

You must be open to those changes and remain flexible. Otherwise, you’ll have a very frustrating time.

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Tuesday 5th of March 2024

I love your posts!

I have a 3 question regarding tourism in South Sudann. 1. How many days are enough to tour 2. Places worth visiting 3. Weather

Regards, Anshul

AnnaEverywhere

1. Depends on what do you want to see. Some people only visit the Mundari and this can be done in 3 days. To visit any other tribe and Mundari you need a week. 2. I enjoyed Boya Mountains the most. 3. You're fine as long as you travel outside of the rainy season.

Saturday 4th of March 2023

happy to have found your post as you dont find any about south sudan. and im glad to read that its doable to travel there.

how did you enter and leave? only by plane or do you know if its also possible to cross from sudan by land?

cheers, alex

Anna Karsten

Tuesday 7th of March 2023

I entered by air. From my understanding you cannot enter by land and even if you could it would create issues with visa and since you need a local tour company to see everything it's complicated because driving to other parts of the country requires a special permit and entails multiple checkpoints.

Tuesday 20th of September 2022

I have a question regarding the letter of invitation to South Sudan. Do you have any guides or people on the ground to recommend?

Regards, Fredrik

Wednesday 21st of September 2022

I do! Talk to Mayom from Metro Safaris - https://www.facebook.com/people/Metro-Safaris/100063707384538/

Is It Safe to Visit South Sudan?

Is it safe to visit South Sudan is the first question that travellers ask.

If we had planned to visit every country ten years ago, South Sudan would not have been on our list, because it didn’t exist yet.

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South Sudan is currently the newest country in the world having gained independence from Sudan in 2011. It wasn’t an easy split. Sadly, as soon as the new country was born, it has experienced civil war and conflict.

So, with the current state of instability and insecurity, is it safe to visit South Sudan? 

You won’t find many travellers visiting South Sudan. The foreigners who you will find here are usually diplomats, NGOs, and UN workers trying to help the country get back on its feet by providing aid and much-needed resources.

Everyone else who wishes to visit has usually two concerns. Is it safe to visit South Sudan and how do I get a visa?

Table of Contents

Is it safe to visit South Sudan?

If you read anything about visiting South Sudan, 99% of it will be negative. From government travel advice to the very few blog posts online, you will find that a visit to this country is strongly advised against for any reason.

So here we are, two blonde women with  carry-on luggage , trying to  visit every country in the world .

Every country means having to stop in some of the most unstable and often dangerous countries in the world too.

South Sudan sits high on that list. And the first important question we had was: Is it safe to visit South Sudan?

We researched ahead of time to see whether or not it is safe to visit South Sudan in December 2019. The country is basically a red no-go zone.

Juba seemed to be the only part of South Sudan that we may be able to visit being independent travellers (not part of an organised trip with guides etc).

Providing that we took the right precautions once we reached Juba, such as reserving secure accommodation and moving around the city with a car and local guide, we felt safe and we think it is safe to visit South Sudan even as two females.

Do your research before your arrival

Our flight from Addis Ababa touched down in the capital city of Juba around midday. One thing we have learned when  booking flights  all over the world is that it’s always best to arrive during daylight hours.

This is especially important when arriving in countries that are unsafe or have little infrastructure. And if you are worried if is it safe to visit South Sudan, doing good research is extremely important.

You can find more practical info in our blog  – Essential Tips for Safe Travel .

What we have previously learned from travel to countries that are considered unsafe and receive very few visitors is that they are always expensive. South Sudan was no exception. 

Arriving in Juba

As we approached Juba from the air in our small plane, we could see that it was mostly flat and sparsely populated. Upon arrival, the first sight we see is many WFP (World Food Programme), UN, and other NGO planes filling the parking spaces to the side of the tarmac.

Of course, this was not a usual airport, and looking down at it from the plane we also wondered if it is safe to visit South Sudan for two female travellers and what we should expect. 

Before walking into the small arrivals hall, we first had to stop at a small makeshift building on the side of the airport. We were asked to fill in a health form declaring what countries we’d been to recently. And we had to declare any symptoms or illness on arrival. 

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First, we slathered on some hand sanitiser as instructed, then, we proceed through a small office where the nurse in a white coat takes our temperature.

We’re quite used to this process by now after travelling through West and Central Africa last year. 

Check out  17 Things to know before travelling to West Africa.

The nurse uses a temperature gun that he directs at the side of my head and reads my body temperature. This is to essentially check for viruses, in particular, the deadly Ebola virus.

We personally don’t feel that you should be worried if is it safe to visit South Sudan because you might contract a deadly disease, but don’t forget that medical help can be limited. So should you be injured or fallen sick, you might need to fly out for better health care.

We cleared customs and I could see that the immigration guys look a little puzzled as to why we were in their country. We don’t have light blue diplomatic passports and when they ask us why we’re here, we simply answer, “for tourism”.

Maybe they were thinking the same:”Is it safe to visit South Sudan for tourists?”.

First impressions of Juba

We walk outside to find our arrival transfer driver waiting for us. He’s smiling and introduces himself as Robert. As we drive towards our hotel, Robert points out a few places in town. I wouldn’t have realised that we were driving along the main street in Juba unless he mentioned it.

The street reminded us of other capital cities in parts of Central Africa mostly. 

There is very little infrastructure here. Looking out from my car window, I could see old shops, locals walking along the sides of the dusty roads, big blue trucks with ‘clean drinking water’ printed on the side, and many large white cars with the United Nations (UN) logo.

Personal safety was the main reason why we questioned if it is safe to visit South Sudan for women before we came. We were yet to get out there and see for ourselves. 

Where to stay in Juba, South Sudan

After researching our limited accommodation choices in Juba, we decided to book our stay with  Acacia village .

This place has been recommended by other travellers due to its comfort and facilities.

But most of all for the high level of security it offers. If you’re wondering if is it safe to visit South Sudan, well these photos probably give you an idea that it can be a difficult question to answer.

Another bonus is that they were able to organise an entry permit in advance for us, (for a fee of $100 each). This allowed us to collect our visa on arrival, the price is USD100.

Our stay at Acacia Village was very comfortable, but for USD 150 per night, I’d expect it to be.

As I mentioned earlier in other insecure countries such as the  Central African Republic ,  DRC  and  Chad , accommodation that is suitable (security-wise) for foreigners is ridiculously expensive.

Sadly this region of Africa is known for patchy reports on personal safety so naturally, the most common question for travellers is “Is it safe to visit South Sudan, DRC, Chad or the Central African Republic or Chad” and we do hope our experiences will help you with your trip planning.  

NGO, diplomats, and UN workers

Over the duration of our stay, the only foreigners we saw in Juba were not there for tourism, they were there to help the country gain stability and security. We saw many UN workers, diplomats, and NGOs.

There was a great deal of them staying at Acacia Village as there are rooms here for long-term stays.

The hotel has also an amazing restaurant and we had a really beautiful dinner while staying here.

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Exploring the capital city Juba

We booked a half-day city tour with our own private driver/guide through the team at Acacia Village . A full-day tour is $150 or you can hire a guide for $20 per hour.

We took this option and spent our time with James, a local driver/guide who is also a talented musician in South Sudan. James was super cool, Bob Marley style dreadlocks and we were surprised to find out he has toured many countries with his band, including Australia. 

Honestly, there isn’t much at all in the way of sites to see in Juba. For us, it was more about seeing how the locals live, and their way of life and we wanted to check out the Nile river too.

James drove us around the city, pointing out some areas of interest and answering our questions.

We asked James if he thinks is it safe to visit South Sudan for tourists and he smiled and said: “Yeah, South Sudan has many problems, but we are very friendly people and would love to see more people visit South Sudan.”

We visited a nice church in Juba as the main religion in South Sudan is Christianity. This differs from Sudan, as the main religion there is Islam.

The traffic near the Nile was grid-locked, so we asked James if we could park the car, hop out and walk across the river with him and all the other locals.

No problem. We felt very short walking among the South Sudanese people, they are super tall.

James took us to a peaceful area along the banks of the Nile to sit and drink some Ethiopian coffee and chill out with the locals.

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Photography is discouraged

Juba is a city that you must be content with just observing and taking it all in.

As we experienced in Chad, DRC, Central African Republic, and many countries during our travels in Africa, taking photography here is highly discouraged.

So is it safe to visit South Sudan and take photos like in other places? Definitely not.

There is military everywhere, so you will land yourself in some trouble if they catch you taking photos of something they don’t like. Also, the people here don’t really appreciate seeing cameras or iPhones snapping photos of anything near them, especially not of them.

Of course, it is safe to visit South Sudan with a camera, we had no issues with that at the airport and customs. If you are outside or with locals, always ask first. 

In some way, when other travellers asked us if is it safe to visit South Sudan, we said yes. Just avoid taking photos.

Is it safe to visit South Sudan’s capital Juba?

I felt more relaxed than expected.

From my experience in Juba over a couple of days, the city felt much safer than I had expected. It’s clear to see that life isn’t easy for the South Sudanese people, with trucks carrying ‘clean drinking water’ around town, roads in terrible condition, garbage everywhere, and limited options for food here.

It goes without saying that there is so much work to be done to help give this country a chance. 

The same rule applies in this city as it has done in many of the dangerous cities we’ve visited over the past year. The majority of the people we meet in these places are friendly and welcoming. Is it safe to visit South Sudan we asked, them nodding, saying yes proudly to be part of a new country after years of the long conflict. 

I do hope that the situation improves rapidly for the South Sudanese people and hopefully, visitors’ first question when it comes to South Sudan won’t be: “Is it safe to visit South Sudan?” but “What to see and do in South Sudan?”

What else is there to do in South Sudan?

If you’re interested in visiting other parts of South Sudan, there are opportunities to do so by joining a small group or private tour. The most popular experience for visitors is to see some of the traditional tribes.

We have some close friends who visited this part of the world and when we asked if it was safe to visit South Sudan to learn more about the tribes, they said it was one of the most memorable experiences they have had.

The only way to really do this is to contact a local guide/tour operator on the ground. Having a local operator on the ground can else help to ease the nerves for travellers worried if it is safe to visit South Sudan.

One thing is for certain, organised tours don’t come cheap. In saying that, if you have the time and the budget, I’d recommend choosing this option to gain a deeper insight into South Sudanese culture.

Two popular travel operators that can offer small group tours to South Sudan are  Untamed borders  &  Young Pioneers Tours.

Hopefully, this article helped you with your decision if it is safe to visit South Sudan. Want to see more of Africa? Here are some other articles you might enjoy.

Travel Tips for Africa

Interested in travelling around Africa, particularly West and Central Africa? You may be interested to read our post –  17 Things to know before travelling to West Africa.

This is a difficult part of the world to get around, particularly in terms of applying for visas on-route.

Our  Visa Page  might be useful if you’re planning to travel overland through Africa.

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South Sudan

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11 comments . leave new.

South Sudan must be dangerous depends which part of the country you live in specially Juba, the capital.

Get more advice before you get to the country. This will help your stay there. If you’re from the West and haven’t been there before, please first seek advice from a south sudanese friend. I strongly encourage that.

Thank you very much for visiting my Country I appreciate it God bless you all

Great, it was a good preparation before you acted, that is wisdom.

Thanks for sharing your experience, as resident of Juba and national i must to say south Sudan is safe for tourist and I will be cheap if you get in touch with local tour companies

Thank you for your comment, James. But, could you recommend or offer to tell us any details about a local company that offers cheap tours in your country? This information is very hard difficult to find anywhere. The cheapest tours to South Sudan to see Mundari herders for 5 days start from US $1500 per person. As you would agree, this is very expensive.

Hi- do you have the contact info for the local guide Paul for future visitors?

Hello, and thanks for your message. Our local guide’s name was James and he was recommended to us by our accommodation provider, Acacia Village.

That’s great Rach, I wish I had met you when you first arrived but hopefully, we gonna meet when you come back and I promise to help you people not to spend a lot of money in touring any part of the country. You can contact me or WhatsApp me on +211929911655.

Thanks you for having visited us Dear Rach, South Sudan is a multiethnics country, we all have different amazing cultures and norms, next time when you are planning to come, coordinate it with us so that your expenses will not be more than expected

Thank you Maluac. I look forward to that 🙂

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South Sudan Tour

May 19 - 25th, 2024

What's it all about?

Our May South Sudan tour will get you out of the controlled capital city of Juba and visiting not one but three ethnic communities of South Sudan. We can expect incredible encounters with warm local tribes and to see things very few foreigners have seen.

Our trip takes us to the incredible Mundari tribes, herders who literally live in the wild in symbiosis with their cattle. They are unmistakable by the fact that they cover their whole body in chalk-like makeup. Then we will head to the Dinka tribes and then visit the Lotuko/Otuho. We chose these three tribes as they are not only the most fascinating to visit, but they are also quite different to each other.

This South Sudan tour will follow tours of Mogadishu and Somaliland for independence day – get in touch for more info on making it a combo!

The Mundari Stay at the incredible cattle camp and at the nearby Mundari village. Dinka Tribe Visit the riverside tribe at dusk. Juba Relax by the River Nile. Lotuko Visit the Lotuko hill tribe and camp overnight. Off The Beaten Track It doesn't get much more remote than South Sudan. Get ready for a wild ride! Where? Juba – Mundari Cattle Camp – Mundari Village –  Dinka Cattle Camp – Juba – Lotuko Village – Juba. When? May 19 – 25th, 2024 Visa? We will supply you with an invitation letter to allow you to apply for the online e-visa. The visa usually takes one day to be issued. The Itinerary

South Sudan Tour – May 2024

May 19 - Juba Arrival

• Today is an arrival day so you can book any flight arriving this day. Airport pickup and transfer to our hotel included.
• Meet your fellow travellers this evening and have dinner in the hotel by the pool.
• Overnight in the Imperial Plaza Hotel, Juba.

May 20 - Torit / Lotuko Tribe

• Get our visa registration done this morning – $65 extra.
• Drive to the Lotuko tribal territory after breakfast.
• We will spend the whole day exploring with the hilly Lotuko/Otuho tribe and learn more about their culture.
• There are many different kinds of Lotuko all of which are very different to the Mundari/Dinka.
• Help out your host in the daily activities around the village.
• Dinner and overnight in the village camp.

May 21 - Mundari Cattle Camp

• Morning drive back via Juba to the nomadic Mundari tribe.
• Lunch along the way.
• Get introduced to the Mundari people at the camp.
• The evening is a great time to take sunset photos of the cattle herders as they return from grazing.
• Dinner at our camp in the middle of the Mundari cattle camp
• Overnight camping.

May 22 - Mundari Villages

• We’ll get an opportunity to see how the Mundari people wake up with their cattle. For Mundari, cows are more important than anything, they provide food and milk but are also the most common currency and status symbol amongst members of the tribe.
• See off the animals for grazing.
• The whole day will be spent in getting to know the locals, their cultures, their cows and their livelihood. Mundari people are very social and we’ll have plenty to learn through our guide.
• In the afternoon we’ll drive onwards to a Mundari village.
• Tour the local village for a fascinating insight into life in rural South Sudan.

May 23 - Dinka Cattle Camp

• Wake up early for another village walkabout.
• Drive to the Dinka cattle camp after breakfast.
• We will spend the day exploring with the Dinka at their spectacular camp.
• If we’re lucky we’ll also witness the tribes performing a dance or wrestling with other local tribes.
• Dinner and overnight at the Dinka cattle camp.

May 24 - Dinka / Juba

• Wake up early for sunrise as the cattle exit the camp to graze.
• After breakfast we’ll make our way back to Juba. Arrive in the late afternoon.
• We then head to John Garang Mausoleum. John Garang is famous for leading the revolution but also promoting the concept of Sudanism.
• Our next stop is Jubek Tomb, the tomb of the man after whom Juba was named. 
• We finish our city tour with a stop by the craft market.
• Dinner and drinks by the Nile at the AFEX camp.
• Overnight at the Imperial Plaza Hotel.

May 25 - Depart

• Transfer to the airport
• End of tour.

South Sudan has close to zero tourism infrastructure and things can and will go differently to what is planned above. We will do our utmost to complete the itinerary in this order but flexibility is required at all times.

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• South Sudan Trip

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Best travel moments.

Traveling to South Sudan

Explore the world’s youngest independent nation and refresh your emotions.

The Pristine beauty of South Sudan

South Sudan is one of the top 10 least visited countries in the world. It’s also the youngest country in the world. That's why the natural beauty is kept over there. When you suggest visiting South Sudan, some of the most common questions are: "Is it safe to travel to South Sudan?" and "Where is South Sudan presently in terms of war?" Following the signing of the hopeful peace accord in 2018, there has been a more calm climate for individuals to travel to the nation without fear or concern.

Pass through travel risks on way to South Sudan, cause you're just well-prepared with travel insurance, every travel risk will be covered. You can enjoy the pristine beauty with mass forests, savannahs, and big mammal species, and learn more about the special lifestyle of Sudan people. You can choose national parks as ideal destinations for your trip, such as Boma National Park, Bandingilo National Park, and Southern National Park.

Take well-prepared documents before traveling!

A blossoming hiking activity in the woods of the Imatong Mountains.

Go on Safari

Visitors can hire a boat to Opekoloe Island for the best sightings of elephants, crocs, and hippos.

Forest Camping is a pleasant and peaceful way for families to get together and enjoy under the night.

Adventuring

The world's largest mammal migration heads to Boma National Park which is home to lions, elephants, giraffes, and cheetahs.

Boma National Park

Boma National Park is the home of the largest or the second-largest annual land mammal migration on the planet.

Huge herds of animals migrate in South Sudan's Boma National Park as water supplies dry up after the seasonal rains, and then again when the rains return. The migration is anticipated to be significantly bigger than anywhere, in which around 2,000,000 animals look for grass. The park is a nominated UNESCO World Heritage Site and an Important Bird Area (IBA), home to 400 bird species such as shoebills and black-crowned cranes.

Southern National Park

The Southern National Park, covers about 7,800 square kilometers of territory in the center of South Sudan, with apparently limitless swaths of woods and grassland savannah.

Surprisingly off-the-beaten-path for travelers to this region of Africa, the area has remained the pristine beauty and nature in the past 70 years. When global travelers do come, there will be a chance to view the Congo lion, the colobus monkey, bushbabies, marabou storks, and kobs aplenty.

Bandingilo National Park

Bandingilo National Park, the natural treasure of the Equatoria area, is another fantastic site to visit and experience the stunning phenomena of the yearly migration of the white-eared kob.

Spread out over the riparian grass plains that reach eastwards from the White Nile River, it's a surprisingly accessible site-owing primarily to its closeness to the capital, Juba.

If you decide to go once the current Sudanese issues have passed, you may expect to see Nubian giraffes and elephants on the view at Bandingilo!

Special discount for new members today!

Our service offers all of the items you need for an amazing trip to South Sudan.

Travel Insurance

Our add-on travel package also supports your convenience with travel insurance coverage of up to 50.000 USD for every travel risk.

Transportation Service

When you're out of line at the port, our transportation team with cars will find you and take you to your destination.

Internet 4G & eSim

To help you always connect with your relative on the whole South Sudan trip, we supply eSim with internet 4G in this package.

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Visit South Sudan

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Take a Trip to South Sudan | Why visit South Sudan?

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The African Encounters - excellent at crafting Trips in South Sudan, culture safaris to South Sudan and Best South Sudan Tours!

As recent as July 2011, the country was able to gain its delayed independence and it was granted the request however much it came along with various civil unrests that later relaxed in 2018. It is an incredible place for intrepid travelers, off-the-beaten path finders, and for tourists longing to see the origin of glorious developments that they have in their respective countries that originated from the state in which South Sudan is in at the moment. A tour in South Sudan is relaxing, heart-warming, and refreshing.

Diverse culture of the people of South Sudan is unmatched anywhere in the world, as much of it is undisturbed by civilization. In Sudan, the countryside life is natural, intact and rich with cultural diversity that would leave any tourist wondering how they never got here much earlier.

National parks are an array of diverse wild life and flora waiting for discovery by many who have continuously kept away from one of Africa’s most gifted gem.

Delay your trip no further, to this unique piece of adventure!

TOP AFRICAN DESTINATIONS

South sudan

Central African Republic

Why should people visit south sudan.

Watch the ancient glorious wrestling

Most African countries had wrestling as their traditional sporting activity but most of the cultures have gone modern and dropped the prominent sport apart from the South Sudanese. Visitors can get to enjoy bare chested youthful wrestlers that look as though they are impenetrable. This sport is basically done from the Bor's freedom square and the winners walk away with various herds of cattle.

South Sudan is a home of unique water sports

This country is a dessert but chances the magnificent flows of River Nile before they reach Egypt. The White Nile is a glory to this country because it possibly supplies water to all most the whole country but to get to the other side, it renders water sports activities like white water rafting, fishing, kayaking among others like sport fishing.

Mix and mingle with the exciting Mundari tribe and other rich cultures in South Sudan

Have you ever moved around and spot individuals with very long earrings, spotted faces, piercing around the mouth, various bangles on their both their arms and wrap shawls over their bodies are clothes, those are the typical South Sudanese and while most cultures have been abandoned due to modernization, these individuals still have their culture at the tip of their fingertips as though they still leave in the barbaric eras and its fascinating to watch them still dwell in their authentic culture.

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Popular Places To Visit During South Sudan Tours?

Worship places

Just like elsewhere in the world, people of South Sudanese are God fearing with major religions being Christianity, Islam and the African traditionalists. Visitors can enjoy touring and praising from churches like Saint Joseph’s Catholic church, Juba Christian Centre, Saint Theresa cathedral, Juba market mosque, main mosque, Konyo Konyo mosques, Kuwait mosques among others to appreciate the architecture and sculptures found in these sites.

Local markets

Because majority of the Sudanese Dinkas are pastoralists, cattle keeping is part of them and a means through which they survive. Big markets include Juba market, Jebel market and Konyo Konyo market. Just as the name suggests in Juba Arabic, Konyo Konyo market is always congested as it nearly feeds the entire country. Most of the indigenous people buy their necessities like food, clothes from this market.

Nimule National Park

Best things come in small packages but Nimule describes it all because it is probably the smallest National Park in the country but offers the most magnificent and enchanting views compared to other parks. Probably because its location at the borders with the glorious Pearl of Africa, the park gets a sneak peek of the climate of this country.

Nimule Park has a variety of lush green vegetation, Savanah woodlands, beautiful landscapes that permit filming and also provide a warm habitat for animals like Hippos, kobs, giraffes, gazelles, African dogs among other wildlife that tourists can sight only if their destination is South Sudan.

Full, fola or Nimule whatever you would wish to call these rapids that thunder down joyfully over gigantic rocks into a glorious water spout of Bahr al Jabal which is part of River Nile. This alone is amazingly enough to assure tourists that a journey to South Sudan will make them realize how good it is to be lost in right direction because falls in a dessert country is something undespicable.

CLIENTS' FEEDBACK

All went very well and I very much enjoyed the trip in South Sudan. I never felt unsafe or in an un-controlled situation. Donald and Joel were a great guiding team. He stayed always very calm and diplomatic and handled everything very well. Joel the driver drove extremely safely. Even after many hours on dirt roads he drove very smoothly and reliably. In my opinion he was more like a second guide than just the driver and definitely had the harder part of the job, navigating on these roads. I am sure it was not my last tour with your organization.

- Cecilia Harlitz (London, UK)

I really enjoyed this trip. It was great meeting the tribes and camping among them. I purchased some very nice items from them and needless to say, got great photos. The accommodation was of very good standard and the food as well.

- Frank Fleischer (London, UK)

Uganda was my first African destination and I loved it. The gorilla experience was superb but what I liked about The African Encounters was the respect for the local communities. Uganda is nature, yes, but also its people and The African Encounters made me enjoy and understand both realities. Thank you Joan and Donald. I look forward for another trip in Africa with your company.

- Carlos Micó (Valencia, Spain)

Safety guidelines to observe during a trip in south sudan.

While on any safari, travelers should ensure that they are safe and secure from any harm especially in countries that are universally known to be unstable. The following are some precautions tourists should take to safe guard themselves from any likely danger in this country.

Avoid moving at night

Since most of the violent crimes and activities are done in the wee ours of the morning and night hours, tourists should consider being in doors by around 7:00pm in the evening and avoid busy / crowded like local markets, down town areas, or big parties.

Hire an experienced tour guide on your South Sudan safari

Because most visitors are not very conversant with the local cities and towns in South Sudan, a local guide would work perfectly as they know the most chaotic areas and can clearly understand the meaning of different sounds and speak the local languages.

Follow guide’s instructions

Having a guide on a safari is advantageous but following their instructions give surety to travels that they will definitely get back home safe and become story tellers for the beautiful sights they see while on safaris in South Sudan.

Purchase a local Simcard in South Sudan.

Mobile phones aid in communication and staying connected with people back at home, hence tourists are encouraged to purchase local simcards so that they can effectively and efficiently communicate to their family, colleagues, friends and communicate to the booking office while they face any challenge or need to offer feedback.

Take photography but some places are prohibited

A safari that was meant to bring joy and happiness can turn into woes after the travelers is faced with charges such as taking pictures in confidential and restricted areas. Therefore, they should put it into account that military bases, parliament and other government buildings do not allow photography.

TRAVEL BLOG

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April 28, 2024

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GUIDE FOR A SOUTH SUDAN VISA

Travel tips for south sudan.

When to go to South Sudan for a tour?

Generally, safaris in South Sudan are undertaken during the dry season but it’s always hot in this country almost the whole year, with temperatures shooting to over 50 0 C but safaris can be done from December to February since the temperatures are always somewhere about 20 0 -37 0 C and can drop to almost half that temperature during the night which is reliably enough to guarantee a favorable weather to the tourists while on their safaris.

Getting a South Sudan visa

Travelers considering a visit to South Sudan should consider obtaining their visas before entering into this country because there are no visas on arrival anymore. South Sudan visas can be obtained by applying and paying for them online.

The traveler can then download their visa, print and present them to the responsible visa officers to obtain a stamp and check other travel documents upon arrival at the airport. South Sudan tourist visas range from $50 – 350$ per person depending on duration of stay and nationality.

Entry requirements

A passport with at least 6 months of validity while in the country and before leaving it is the first requirement that tourists should fulfill before granted entry into the country.

Tourists should possess necessary visas specifying their purpose of visit and period of stay in the country.

Travel permits shouldn’t be missed out especially in areas where they are required because if the travelers don’t have them, they won’t access the site or activity intended to be done.

Tourists should come with US dollars, Euros or local currency because ATM transactions for tourists are not in South Sudan.

The people and culture in South Sudan

Culture in South Sudan consists of religion, foods, ethnic groups, languages but the most prevalent of them all are the rich traditions of indigenous people. South Sudanese are diversely divided into 64 tribes with closely related cultural traits.

Dinka is the largest ethnic group in the country, occupying 36% followed by the Nuer making 16%. The love and attachment South Sudanese have for their tribes is magical.

The people of South Sudan are still typically indigenous and fully attached to their cultures. They have family dynamics similar to most of the African cultures like men inheriting their father’s fortune, women looking after the home and children being groomed by whole community.

Typically, Arabic and English are the official languages in South Sudan, however majority of the people still can’t speak, write and read English.

Their staple food is sorghum, millet, fish, milk which can as well be blended to make other cultural foods like okra stew called Bamwya in the local dialect.

Traditional acts of female genital mutilation are still common in the country.

Christianity is prevalent in South Sudan with over 60 % individuals but they have other religions like Islam and African tradition religions.

Suggested Packing List:

Travel documents and other personal requirements..

This seems obvious but usually the obvious things are forgotten. Tourists should endeavor to pack their passports, visas, travel permits at the fore front before getting anything for their safari. Yellow fever and Covid-19 vaccination certification, anti-malarial pills, insect repellants, etc.

Visitors should consider moving with all their important documents and cash in their wallets and not exposed to attract conmen and pick-pockets.

Tourists should also take up travel insurance that covers cancelation, emergency evacuation so that they are catered for incase of any emergency.

Tipping is not compulsory in South Sudan, but visitors can voluntarily choose any amount to tip a waiter at a local restaurant, porter and even the driver guide.

Photography equipment

Memories obviously cause a dejavu but they become more realistic if visitors have photography evidence. They shouldn’t miss binoculars, cameras, smart phones on their packing lists because they will make them better story tellers if they have evidence of the sites they talk about.

This sounds obvious because we can barely move without them on, but here we mean clothes appropriate for a destination like South Sudan. Light clothes are recommended due to the hot temperatures in this country.

Flash lights

This is Africa! therefore tourists should know that a torch is a must while visiting remote areas of the country because facilities like electricity might still be a challenge in a few places. Therefore, a torch will patch up the whole dark mood created by lack of electricity.

Light hand luggage

Travels are always different hence amount of luggage to be packed, depending on the needs but it’s advisable to carry lighter luggage with only essential items that can be frequently accessed or requested by officials.

Travelers are encouraged to obtain their own travel insurance as most tour operators here don’t provide. Anything can happen while they are here since they are not familiar with the environment and climate. In situations where they meet up with unfortunate incidents like accident or ailment, they can get evacuation services, and access treatment from the best hospitals in t

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THE African ENCOUNTERS

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International Edition

Sudan war could lead to more ethnic killings in volatile Darfur region

Proximity to Chad means violence in North Darfur between the RSF and Sudan’s army could easily spread.

Sudan’s civil war between its army and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) could very well trigger a conflict in North Darfur that has impacts beyond Sudan’s borders, according to residents, aid workers and experts.

Clashes between the Sudanese army and the rival RSF are pulling in tribal actors, raising fears of a spiral into mass killings along ethnic lines, said the director of an international nongovernmental organisation (INGO), who requested anonymity to protect their team in North Darfur.

Keep reading

Will sudan’s violence cause a wave of refugees, how are sudan’s resources linked to the conflict, sudan’s forgotten war.

For the past week, the RSF and aligned nomadic (referred to as “Arab”) militias have clashed with the Sudanese army and allied sedentary (referred to as “non-Arab”) tribal armed movements in North Darfur.

Last week, tensions soared after the Joint Force of Armed Struggle Movements – a coalition of “non-Arab” armed groups – dropped their neutrality on April 12 to support the army against the RSF.

A day later, the RSF side burned down several “non-Arab” villages in the east of North Darfur, following disputes between nomads and farming tribes over stolen cattle, according to residents.

Civilians fled the villages to al-Shagra town and Zamzam camp, which hosts hundreds of thousands of people displaced from across Darfur, and where there have been no RSF attacks to date, residents say.

“We could see an all-out war between all the tribes and that is really the doomsday scenario. At this point, it’s not unrealistic,” the head of the INGO said.

Afnan*, a psychologist in North Darfur’s capital el-Fasher, added that despite the RSF burning down villages, it seems the group is currently more focused on fighting the armed movements directly.

“The [RSF] are saying that the armed movements are the same as the army,” she told Al Jazeera.

Raising the alarm?

Last November, the RSF and allied militias defeated the army in Central, East, South and West Darfur , committing atrocities along the way. The paramilitary then surrounded el-Fasher and threatened to attack the army.

Later that month, Minni Minawi, leader of the Sudanese Liberation Movement, and Gibril Ibrahim, leader of the Justice and Equality Movement, sided with the army. Both men are from the Zaghawa non-Arab tribe.

At the time, the other “non-Arab” armed movements – the Joint Protection Forces (JPF) – reaffirmed their neutrality and deployed fighters to el-Fasher to “protect civilians”.

But with the Joint Protection Forces now at war with the RSF, there is no sizable armed actor available to mediate between the RSF and the army, said the head of the INGO mission in el-Fasher.

“I have seen the demeanour of my team change,” the source told Al Jazeera. “In October and November, the JPF was there, acting like a neutral party that brought tensions down, but now we don’t have that. So whatever spark occurs could mean an all-out war for everybody.”

A war could quickly draw in nomadic and sedentary tribes, said Afnan, adding that many youth from the Zaghawa tribe have mobilised to support the armed movements, or picked up weapons to protect themselves.

“We’re expecting a confrontation,” she said. “The armed movements and the army are in the centre of el-Fasher and in the central market. We’re expecting clashes here, especially if the RSF decides to advance on the centre of the city.”

Regional implications

The Zaghawa tribe extends beyond the borders of Sudan into Chad, and a tribal conflict in North Darfur could draw in Chadian fighters, said Remadji Hoinathy, an expert with the Institute for Security Studies think-tank focusing on Africa.

“Zaghawa people from remote villages in Chad – who live along the border and are very armed – could absolutely be implicated in the conflict [in North Darfur],” Hoinathy told Al Jazeera.

“They could choose to defend villages that could still be defended from the RSF and these dynamics should be observed closely.”

Chad is ruled by President Mahamat Idriss Deby, who took over after his father died unexpectedly in a battle against anti-government rebels in April 2021.

Since the war in Sudan erupted, Deby has been under extensive internal and external pressure to support a side, according to the International Crisis Group, a non-profit dedicated to preventing and mitigating conflict worldwide.

In the event of a conflict between the RSF and Zaghawa armed groups in North Darfur, Hoinathy predicts that high-ranking Zaghawa army officers from Chad will cross into Darfur to fight.

“If they get no support, then this will be seen as a major betrayal by Mahamat Deby and it could lead to a rebellion against him in Chad,” he said.

Bombings and arrests

While the RSF is committing grave violations in North Darfur, so is the Sudanese army, residents told Al Jazeera.

Over the last week, the army has bombed a number of RSF positions , killing scores of civilians. The aerial attacks often come at night, making it difficult for civilians to move away from targeted RSF fighters and positions.

“Every two or three days, the warplanes are hitting RSF positions … but they never hit their targets precisely. For every attack, there are always victims. Civilians are either killed or badly injured and then taken to the hospital,” Afnan told Al Jazeera.

Hoaa al-Daoud, a journalist from North Darfur, said she recently fled to South Sudan due to threats from military intelligence. She added that there has been strict monitoring of civil activists throughout el-Fasher.

“There are a lot of threats from the intelligence and the situation is very difficult. There is a lot of monitoring of journalists and the situation is quite unsafe,” she told Al Jazeera.

The RSF is also assaulting and detaining non-Arab men out of fear that they could be informers for the army, residents told Al Jazeera. Arrests by both sides often cut across tribal lines, raising fears that a battle for el-Fasher could lead to mass ethnic killings.

“The undertone of ethnicity is the problem in all of this,” said the head of mission from the INGO in el-Fasher.

“The worst case scenario is that people are [killed] based on ethnicity. And not just based on ethnicity, but based on how they look. If you look a certain way, it’s going to be the same result,” the source said.

Sudan's horrific war is being fueled by weapons from foreign supporters of rival generals, UN says

The U.N. political chief says the year-old war in Sudan between rival generals vying for power has sparked “a crisis of epic proportions” fueled by weapons from foreign supporters who continue to flout U.N. sanctions aimed at helping end the conflict

UNITED NATIONS -- The year-old war in Sudan between rival generals vying for power has sparked “a crisis of epic proportions” fueled by weapons from foreign supporters who continue to flout U.N. sanctions aimed at helping end the conflict, the U.N. political chief said Friday.

“This is illegal, it is immoral, and it must stop,” Undersecretary-General Rosemary DiCarlo told the U.N. Security Council.

Sudan plunged into chaos in mid-April 2023, when long-simmering tensions between its military, led by Gen. Abdel Fattah Burhan, and the Rapid Support Forces paramilitary commanded by Mohammed Hamdan Dagalo broke out into street battles in the capital, Khartoum. Fighting has spread to other parts of the country, especially urban areas and the western Darfur region.

DiCarlo painted a dire picture of the war’s impact — over 14,000 dead, tens of thousands wounded, looming famine with 25 million people in need of life-saving assistance, and over 8.6 million forced to flee their homes.

Mohamed Ibn Chambas, chair of the African Union panel on Sudan and high representative for its Silence the Guns in Africa initiative, called external interference “a major factor compounding both the efforts to negotiate a cease-fire and to stop the war.”

“As a matter of fact, external support in terms of supply of war materiel and other needs has been the main reason why this war has lasted so long,” Chambas said. “It is the elephant in the room.”

Neither DiCarlo nor Chambas named any of the foreign supporters.

But Burhan, who led a military takeover of Sudan in 2021, is a close ally of neighboring Egypt and its president, former army chief Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi. In February, Sudan’s foreign minister held talks in Tehran with his Iranian counterpart amid unconfirmed reports of drone purchases for government forces.

The Rapid Support Forces' leader, Dagalo, has reportedly received support from Russia’s Wagner mercenary group. U.N. experts said in a recent report that the RSF has also received support from Arab allied communities and new military supply lines running through Chad, Libya and South Sudan.

The Arab-dominated RSF has carried out brutal attacks in Darfur on ethnic African civilians, especially the ethnic Masalit, and has taken control of most of the vast region.

Its newest target appears to be El Fasher, the capital of North Darfur. Edem Wosornu, the U.N. humanitarian office’s director of operations, said RSF-affiliated militias attacked and burned villages west of El Fasher on April 13.

“Since then, there have been continuing reports of clashes in the eastern and northern parts of the city, resulting in more than 36,000 people displaced,” she told the council.

Wosornu warned that “the violence poses an extreme and immediate danger to the 800,000 civilians who reside in El Fasher, and it risks triggering further violence in other parts of Darfur — where more than 9 million people are in dire need of humanitarian assistance.”

Two decades ago, Darfur became synonymous with genocide and war crimes, particularly by the notorious Janjaweed Arab militias, against populations that identify as Central or East African.

That legacy appears to have returned, with the International Criminal Court’s prosecutor, Karim Khan, saying in late January there are grounds to believe both sides may be committing war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide in Darfur.

The RSF was formed from Janjaweed fighters by former Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, who ruled the country for three decades before being overthrown during a popular uprising in 2019. He is wanted by the International Criminal Court on charges of genocide and other crimes during the conflict in Darfur in the 2000s.

DiCarlo called for redoubled efforts to bring peace, saying U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres’ personal envoy for Sudan, Ramtane Lamamra, has proposed convening a meeting with African and Arab organizations and key countries “to develop a comprehensive mediation and peacemaking strategy.”

Chambas said the AU is appealing to countries in the region not to support either side.

It is also organizing “an all inclusive political dialogue for Sudanese that will prepare the civilians for post-war transition to democratic governance,” he said.

“The war has set the country back several decades and it will take more than a generation to rebuild Sudan to its pre-war state,” Chambas said.

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