big island volcano eruption travel

Kilauea volcano eruption resumes on Hawaii's Big Island, alert elevated from watch to warning

USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory elevated the alert from "watch" to "warning."

The Kilauea volcano on Hawaii's Big Island has started erupting again.

The U.S. Geological Survey said Thursday night that its Hawaiian Volcano Observatory "detected glow" in webcam images of the Kilauea summit, "indicating that the eruption has resumed within Halemaʻumaʻu crater in Kīlauea's summit caldera, within Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park."

MORE: Hawaii's Big Island abuzz over simultaneous eruptions at Mauna Loa and Kilauea

The USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory has elevated the volcano alert from "watch" to "warning."

"The opening phases of eruptions are dynamic. Webcam imagery shows fissures at the base of Halemaʻumaʻu crater generating lava flows on the surface of the crater floor," the USGS said. "The activity is confined to Halemaʻumaʻu and the hazards will be reassessed as the eruption progresses."

The Hawaii Emergency Management Agency said lava is confined to the crater and that no communities are threatened.

Just last month, both Kilauea, one of the most active volcanos in the world, and Mauna Loa, the largest volcano in the world, ignited the landscape of Hawaii's Big Island.

Officials told ABC News at the time that it was a sign that Pele, the Polynesian goddess of fire, is blessing the land.

Locals and tourists alike flocked to the best spots to take in the views of the red-hot lava slowly bubbling from the crater of the volcanoes at the time.

The double eruption was so unique because the volcanoes are fed by different magma or "plumbing" systems, and neither eruption is sparked by the other, Jessica Ferracane, public affairs specialist for Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, told ABC News at the time.

Mauna Loa had not erupted since 1984.

A lake of lava has been forming inside the summit crater of Kilauea since September 2021, and Kilauea has been erupting consistently ever since, according to Ferracane. But in 2018, about 700 homes were destroyed during a particularly devastating eruption at Kilauea, which caused the entire summit to collapse into a crater quadruple its size and closed the park for 134 days, Ferracane said.

Related Topics

As the world’s largest active volcano erupts in Hawaii, here’s what travelers need to know

Nov 28, 2022 • 3 min read

The smoking crater of Mauna Loa (photographed in 2018) © Getty Images

Mauna Loa , on the Big Island of Hawai‘i , began spewing ash and debris into the air on Sunday, turning the sky red. Authorities said on Monday there could be more volcanic activity, prompting the State of Hawaii to raise the volcano-alert level to “warning.”

Mauna Loa has been belching ash and lava since 11:30pm local time on Sunday, according to the US Geological Survey (USGS) – the first time the volcano has erupted since 1984.

“At this time, lava flows are contained within the summit area and are not threatening downslope communities,” a notification from USGS said.

No evacuation orders are in place, and businesses and schools remain open; still, locals have been asked to prepare for the possibility of the lava flow changing direction. In response, the Red Cross has opened shelters on the island as a precaution. 

On Monday morning, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory upgraded the volcano alert level from “advisory” to “warning” and advised residents that volcanic gases, ash, and  Pele’s Hair  (thin fibers created by volcanic gas) may be carried their way. People with breathing difficulties are encouraged to stay indoors.

Could the eruption impact my travel plans?

Unlikely for now. The situation seems to have stabilized and the eruption could remain contained in an area where it’s easier to monitor. There is no immediate threat to people’s safety in local communities. 

On Monday, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory said that Mauna Loa’s eruption moved from the summit caldera to the northeast rift zone. This is an area where the terrain is flatter, which gives officials more time for preparation and early warning if the lava flow begins to move downhill toward neighborhoods. It takes the “threat away from the steepest slopes of the volcano where lava moves the fastest,” the HVO explains.

Regardless, locals and tourists visiting the area should review preparedness and refer to Hawaii County Civil Defense updates  for further guidance, the HVO said.

“Based on past events, the early stages of a Mauna Loa rift zone eruption can be very dynamic, and the location and advance of lava flows can change rapidly,” the HVO said. “HVO is in close consultation with emergency management partners and will monitor the volcano closely to provide further updates on activity.”

#MaunaLoa is erupting from vents on the Northeast Rift zone. Flows are moving downslope to the north. USGS Photos from Civil Air Patrol fight. #MaunaLoaErupts @Volcanoes_NPS @Hawaii_EMA @CivilDefenseHI pic.twitter.com/kUYWYPdk4L — USGS Volcanoes🌋 (@USGSVolcanoes) November 28, 2022

The Department of Transportation issued a travel advisory on Monday, asking passengers with flights to Hilo International Airport or the Ellison Onizuka Kona International Airport at Keahole to check with their airline prior to heading to the airport due to the volcanic activity at Mauna Loa. 

If you’re on the ground, it’s worth noting that Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park   closed part of the summit  to visitors last month as a precautionary measure because of recent earthquakes. Mauna Loa Rd and the 6662ft Mauna Loa Lookout remain open to the public.

Mauna Loa is the largest active volcano on the planet. Until Sunday’s eruption, the NPS said this had been Mauna Loa’s longest recorded quiet period. However, a string of earthquakes at its summit in recent months put scientists on high alert for eruption.

Volcanic eruptions in Hawaii are traditionally seen as “ hō-ailona ,” a sign or omen, and mark a time of change. 

Explore related stories

Tips & Advice

Mar 28, 2024 • 19 min read

Don your flower lei and kick back on the beach with this guide to using points and miles to travel to Hawaii.

Mar 5, 2024 • 12 min read

Feb 15, 2024 • 7 min read

Feb 2, 2024 • 6 min read

Feb 1, 2024 • 7 min read

Jan 27, 2024 • 15 min read

Dec 27, 2023 • 8 min read

Nov 17, 2023 • 10 min read

Nov 16, 2023 • 6 min read

Nov 11, 2023 • 9 min read

Kilauea volcano in Hawaii continues to erupt. Here's how to watch the lava fountains

One of the world's most active volcanoes, Kilauea on the Big Island of Hawaii, continued to erupt Thursday, sending up fountains of lava from its crater floor.

The U.S. Geological Survey said the eruption began at 4:44 a.m. Wednesday local time with the glow of lava at the summit, and moved its volcano alert level from "warning" to "watch," and the aviation warning in the area to "red."

Viewers can see the glowing red lava ooze out of Kilauea for themselves via a livestream on YouTube . On Thursday morning, the stream showed lava bubbling to the surface of the crater and oozing down the volcano.

The eruption is confined to a closed area of Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, the service said.

The Hawaii Emergency Management Agency said on Twitter that populated areas were not under threat. Lava flows from other parts of the volcano have destroyed populated areas in years past.

But officials warned Wednesday of airborne health hazards to people, agriculture and livestock as the eruption can generate gases that react as smog, and drop ash and even shards of volcanic glass that worsen breathing problems and irritate eyes and skin.

"High levels of volcanic gas are the primary hazard of concern, as this hazard can have far-reaching effects downwind," the USGS said.

How can I watch the Kilauea eruption?

USGS broadcasts a livestream video of the crater on its YouTube channel, where viewers can see glowing molten lava bubbling and oozing out of the ground. The lava is especially visible in the dark hours before dawn. Hawaii time is several hours behind the mainland U.S.

What island is Kilauea volcano on?

The volcano that began erupting Wednesday is located on Hawaii's Big Island, otherwise known as the Island of Hawaii. Five volcanoes make up the island. Kilauea's bigger neighbor, Mauna Loa , sent molten lava sliding toward a major highway as recently as last year.

How often does the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii erupt?

The Kilauea volcano has erupted as recently as March. It also erupted from September 2021 through mid-December. 

The eruption of Kilauea volcano is happening in a section of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park that has been completely closed to the public since 2007, according to the USGS .

Is Kilauea dangerous?

Past eruptions have led to lava flows from different parts of the volcano that caused extensive damage.

A 2018 eruption flooded an area 10 times the size of New York's Central Park, destroying more than 700 structures, including 200 homes, and displacing about 3,000 people . The damage estimate totaled nearly $300 million for residents, with another $236 million in damage to roads, waterlines and public parks.

Officials note that the eruption is currently contained within the Halemaumau Crater, meaning it poses no risk at this time to nearby homes or roads.

The crater at the site of the volcano has unstable walls, the earth in the area of the volcano cracks open and there are earthquakes that cause rocks and other materials to fall apart.

"This underscores the extremely hazardous nature of Kīlauea caldera rim," the USGS website said.

• Election 2024
• Entertainment
• Newsletters
• Photography
• Personal Finance
• AP Investigations
• AP Buyline Personal Finance
• Press Releases
• Israel-Hamas War
• Russia-Ukraine War
• Global elections
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East
• Election Results
• Delegate Tracker
• AP & Elections
• March Madness
• AP Top 25 Poll
• Movie reviews
• Book reviews
• Personal finance
• Financial Markets
• Business Highlights
• Financial wellness
• Artificial Intelligence
• Social Media

Kilauea, one of the world’s most active volcanoes, begins erupting after 3-month pause

Kilauea, one of the most active volcanoes in the world, began erupting on Wednesday after a three-month pause, displaying spectacular fountains of mesmerizing, glowing lava that’s a safe distance from people and structures in a national park on the Big Island. (June 7)

Hawaii’s Kilauea Volcano erupts after 3-month pause

In this photo provided by the National Park Service lava spews from the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii, Wednesday, June 7, 2023. (Janice Wei/National Park Service via AP)

• Copy Link copied

In this webcam image provided by the U.S. Geological Survey, an eruption takes place on the summit of the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii, Wednesday June 7, 2023. Kilauea, the second largest volcano in Hawaii, began erupting Wednesday morning, officials with the U.S. Geological Survey said in a statement. Kilauea, one of the world’s most active volcanoes, erupted from Sept. 2021 to Dec 2022. A 2018 Kilauea eruption destroyed more than 700 residences. (U.S. Geological Survey via AP)

In this webcam image provided by the U.S. Geological Survey, an eruption takes place on the summit of the Kilauea volcano in Hawaii, Wednesday morning, June 7, 2023. Kilauea, the second largest volcano in Hawaii, began erupting Wednesday morning, officials with the U.S. Geological Survey said in a statement. Kilauea, one of the world’s most active volcanoes, erupted from Sept. 2021 to Dec 2022. A 2018 Kilauea eruption destroyed more than 700 residences. (U.S. Geological Survey via AP)

HONOLULU (AP) — Kilauea, one of the most active volcanoes in the world, began erupting on Wednesday after a three-month pause, displaying spectacular fountains of mesmerizing, glowing lava that’s a safe distance from people and structures in a national park on the Big Island.

A glow was detected in webcam images from Kilauea’s summit early in the morning, indicating that an eruption was occurring within the Halemaumau crater in the summit caldera, the U.S. Geological Survey’s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory said.

The images show fissures at the base of the crater generating lava flows on the crater floor’s surface, the observatory said.

Before issuing the eruption notice, the observatory said increased earthquake activity and changes in the patterns of ground deformation at the summit started Tuesday night, indicating the movement of magma in the subsurface.

“We’re not seeing any signs of activity out on the rift zones right now,” said Mike Zoeller, a geologist with the observatory. “There’s no reason to expect this to transition into a rift eruption that would threaten any communities here on the island with lava flows or anything like that.”

All activity was within a closed area of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.

“The lava this morning is all confined within ... the summit caldera. So plenty of room for it still to produce more without threatening any homes or infrastructure,” said park spokesperson Jessica Ferracane. “So that’s the way we like our eruptions here.”

She said park officials are bracing for crowds to arrive because visitors can see the eruption from many overlooks.

“Kilauea overlook was spectacular this morning,” she said of the vast lava lake. “It was molten red lava. There’s several areas of pretty robust fountaining. It’s just really, really pretty.”

The lava lake, covering the crater floor over lava that remained from previous eruptions, measured about 371 acres (150 hectares) at about 6 a.m., Zoeller said. It measured about 4,300 feet (1,300 meters) wide.

Word was getting out and parking lots were starting to fill up at the park, Ferracane said, adding that she expected long lines getting into the park by evening.

Since the park is open 24 hours a day , visitors can beat the crowds by visiting between 9 p.m. and sunrise, Ferracane said.

She reminded visitors to stay out of closed areas and remain on marked trails for safety reasons, including avoiding gases from the eruption.

Residents of Pahala, 20 miles (30 kilometers) downwind of Kilauea’s summit, reported a very light dusting of gritty fine ash and “Pele’s hair” — glass particles that form when lava erupts from a fissure and rapidly cools — named for the Hawaiian goddess of volcanoes, the observatory said.

Two small earthquakes jolted Janice Wei awake. As a volunteer photographer for the park who lives in the nearby town of Volcano, she was able to see fountains she estimated to be 150 feet (46 meters) high at around 4:30 a.m.

She said she saw about 15 fountains, which were dying down by mid-morning.

Fountain heights decreased to 13 feet to 30 feet (4 meters to 9 meters) in the afternoon, according to the observatory.

The red bursts could be seen on the USGS livestream Wednesday afternoon.

The volcano’s alert level was raised to warning status and the aviation color code went to red as scientists evaluate the eruption and associated hazards.

Kilauea, Hawaii’s second largest volcano, erupted from September 2021 until last December. For about two weeks in December, Hawaii’s biggest volcano, Mauna Loa , also was erupting on Hawaii’s Big Island.

After a short pause, Kilauea began erupting again in January. That eruption lasted for 61 days , ending in March.

This eruption is looking very similar, Zoeller said: “This eruption is following a very similar playbook to the last three that we’ve seen here since 2020.”

A 2018 Kilauea eruption destroyed more than 700 homes.

Before the major 2018 eruption, Kilauea had been erupting since 1983, and streams of lava occasionally covered farms and homes. During that time, the lava sometimes reached the ocean, causing dramatic interactions with the water.

Thiessen reported from Anchorage, Alaska.

Big Island Beaches Guide

Hapuna, Kua Bay, Green Sand, ...

Big Island Sights Guide

Kilauea, Waipio, Rainbow Falls, ...

Big Island Hiking Guide

Kilauea Iki, Muliwai, Pololu Valley, ...

Big Island Regions Guide

Kailua-Kona, Hilo, Puna, Kohala, ...

When to Visit Big Island

Learn about the best time to visit →

Big Island Travel Tips

Big Island travel tips & recommendations →

Big Island Top Picks

Explore the Big Island's Must See & Do →

All Hawaii Island Guides →

Big Island Accommodations →

Lodging by type.

• Big Island Hotels & Resorts
• Big Island B&B's and Inn's
• Big Island Vacation Rentals

Popular Reads

• Where to stay on the Big Island →
• When to visit the Big Island →
• Big Island Attractions →
• Big Island Weather →

Explore Big Island Hotels & Resorts Search Now

Big Island Activities →

Hawaii tours by type.

• Land Tours & Services
• Ocean & Water Tours
• Plane & Helicopter Tours
• Big Island Itineraries

Popular Big Island Activities...

• Big Island Hiking Tours →
• Big Island Helicopter Tours →
• Big Island Stargazing Tours →
• Big Island Horseback Tours →

Explore Big Island Tours Search Now

Hawaii Eruption Information

Big island lava viewing guide - where is the lava located in hawaii volcanoes national park.

2024 Hawaii Visitor Guides

Discount Hawaii Car Rentals

Hawaii Island Volcanoes (click to view entire chain)

Where is the Lava?

Hawaii eruption tracker & updates, kilauea volcano is not currently erupting, last updated:  march 2, 2024.

If you're heading to Hawaii's Big Island, then one of the first questions you may have is, 'Where is the lava? I want to see lava! Wait, or is it magma?' First, yes, typically, it's lava you're looking for - lava is anything that's erupted from the volcano (to the surface), and it comes in two flavors, Pahoehoe and A`a. You can read more about the two lava types on our  Hawaii Geology  page. If it's still within the volcano, it's known as magma.

The top photo above is a USGS photo of the previous Kilauea Eruption.

Kilauea Eruption Updates

Last eruption activity: september 2023, lava had returned to halemaumau crater in hvnp.

• See our ' What's Happening on Kilauea Now ' section for current information on the Kilauea eruption.

— article continued below —

2024 Big Island Visitor Guides

Visiting the Big Island of Hawaii soon? Be sure to grab your copy of one of our updated Big Island Visitor Guides .

~ Trusted by Millions of Hawaii Visitors Annually ~

Big Island Lava Flow

Locating the Lava Flows

Now, to answer the question of ' where .' Well, the answer to that question depends on the mood of Pele (the Hawaiian Volcano Goddess). And Madame Pele is very unpredictable.

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park  is open 24 hours a day, so your chance to see glowing lava (from near or far) is pretty good when the volcano is actively erupting (it's periodically erupting only at the summit in Halemaumau currently), especially when it's dark. Just look for the red glow. As always, the Park Rangers at the entry station are your best guide to current conditions - we advise all visitors to check in with them before exploring the park. 

Ultimately, in our opinion, even if you don't get to see any flowing lava in person, which you might not at times, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and the Big Island are well worth the time. 

September 2023 Eruption - USGS YouTube

September 2023 Night Eruption - USGS YouTube

Kilauea & Volcanoes National Park Lava Viewing Guide

• What's Happening Now at Kilauea
• September 2023 Eruption
• June 2023 Eruption
• January - March 2023 Eruption
• 2021-2022 Eruption Details
• 2020-2021 Eruption Summary
• 2019 Lava Lake Development
• 2018 Eruption Summary
• Circa 2018 Noteworthy Eruptions
• Mauna Loa Eruption Updates  - after 38 years, Mauna Loa erupted in late 2022
• Hike to the lava yourself
• Or check our recommendations for Guided Kilauea Tours
• Helicopter tours over the volcano
• Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Maps

Separately, don't forget to review our Hawaii Safety Guide for the Volcano Area (and other important Hawaii safety tips).

Kilauea Summit Eruption

What's Happening Now at Kilauea?

Periodic kilauea eruption; volcano is not currently active.

Kilauea volcano, on the Big Island of Hawai i, is NOT currently erupting at its summit. Current conditions are additionally included below.

Kilauea Eruption Timeline

The eruption that began at the Kilauea summit on September 10, 2023, has ended. Lava supply to the vents on the downdropped block in Kilauea's summit caldera ceased on September 16, 2023, based on visual and geophysical observations.

The last three eruptions which previously ended in June 2023, March 2023, and in early December 2022 respectively, were each similar to the preceding recent Kilauea eruption, which was also confined to Halema'uma'u crater and generated a lava lake; from December 2020 to May 2021.  More information and a timeline of Kilauea's historical events   (including the current eruption, when applicable) are included below.

Current Kilauea Conditions Summary *

At this time, Kilauea is no longer erupting. Lava supply to the Halemaʻumaʻu lava lake paused on September 16, 2023, based on lava lake levels and the behavior of the crater floor. Kilauea could begin erupting again at any time, however.

HVO continues to closely monitor Kilauea for signs of renewed activity. Should volcanic activity change significantly a new Volcanic Activity Notice will be issued. 

Activity Summary: Current conditions, updated daily, can be found on the USGS site .

*Activity Summary, Summit Observations, and Lava Lake Observations courtesy of the USGS and/or  NPS

Halemaumau as seen from Keanakako'i Overlook in late August 2022

Follow HVNP for additional updates

This situation is rapidly evolving and the Hawaii Volcanoes Observatory will continue to issue statements when more information is available to the public. For now, you can receive ongoing eruption updates by following the social media accounts of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park ( Facebook ,  Instagram , and Twitter ).

• View the live cameras located at the Kilauea summit.
• Additional updates can be found on the Hawaii Volcanoes National park website .
• Animated GIF of the latest webcam footage from the current eruption

Additional video footage and imagery, of the current eruption at Halemaumau Crater in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, can be found below.

Big Island Volcano Tour Suggestions

Noteworthy events at kilauea volcano, click any link below to learn more....

• September 2023 Eruption - Fountains of lava return to the summit crater
• June 2023 Eruption - Lava returned to Halemaumau crater
• January - March 2023  Eruption - Eruption activity resumed within Halemaumau
• 2021-2022 Eruption - additional summit activity in Halemaumau
• 2020-2021 Eruption - Lava returned to Halemaumau
• 2019 Eruption  -  Lava Lake Developed in Halemaumau Crater
• 2018 Eruption  - Significant event in the East Rift Zone
• Previous Historic Eruptions

This section will be updated accordingly.

Eruption temporarily resumes in Halemaumau Crater

September 2023 eruption.

At approximately 3:15 p.m. HST on September 10, 2023, the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory observed eruptive activity in Kilauea summit webcam images and from field reports indicating that an eruption has commenced within Halemaʻumaʻu crater and on the down-dropped block to the east in Kīlauea's summit caldera, within Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park.  The eruption was preceded by a period of strong seismicity and rapid uplift of the summit.

We will continue to post updates above , on this page as eruption(s) continue.

Eruption resumes again in Halemaumau Crater

June 2023 eruption.

At approximately 4:44 a.m. HST on June 7, 2023, the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory detected glow in Kilauea summit webcam images indicating that an eruption had commenced within Halema'uma'u crater in Kilauea's summit caldera, within Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park.

This summit eruption event at Kīlauea volcano ended on June 19, 2023.

Kilauea June 2023 Eruption Photos

USGS Photo of Eruption on June 7, 2023

Eruption on June 7, 2023 - USGS

Eruption resumes in Halemaumau Crater

January 2023 - march 2023 eruption.

Kilauea volcano was previously erupting. At approximately 4:34 p.m. HST on January 5, 2023, the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory detected a glow in Kilauea's  summit webcam images, indicating that the eruption had resumed within Halemaʻumaʻu crater in Kilauea's summit caldera, within Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park.

This eruption concluded on March 7, 2023 .

Kilauea Early 2023 Eruption Photos

Halemaumau Crater - Jan 6, 2023 at Sunrise :: Credit USGS

Lava Fountains during January 2023 Eruption :: Credit USGS

Eruption in January 2023 - Credit: USGS

Lava fills crater floor - Credit: USGS

Halemaumau in October 2021

More activity in Halemaumau Crater

September 2021 - december 2022 eruption.

The 2021-2022 eruption within Halemaumau Crater started about 20 minutes after 3 p.m. Wednesday - September 29, 2021; all lava was confined within the crater. The eruption came after a day of increased earthquake activity at the volcano and summit.

The eruption from September 2021 - December 2022 was confined to Halemaumau crater, within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.  As of December 9, 2022, Kilauea was no longer erupting. Lava supply to the Halemaʻumaʻu lava lake ceased based on lava lake levels and the behavior of the crater floor.

At the time of the last eruption, HVO did not see any indication of activity migrating elsewhere on Kilauea volcano  and expects the eruption to remain confined to the summit region.

Kilauea summit eruptions over the past 200 years have lasted from less than a day to more than a decade.

The eruption slowed in early December 2022, coinciding, but likely unrelated to, the eruption of neighboring Mauna Loa. As of approximately December 9, 2022, Kilauea was no longer erupting.

View from the Keanakako'i Overlook in late 2021. Credit: NPS Photo/J.Wei

Eruption in Halemaumau Crater (Credit: USGS)

Two of the many spattering sources within Halemaumau (Credit: USGS)

September 29th 2021 Eruption at Halemaumau Crater (Credit: USGS)

Lava lake statistics through May 7, 2021 (Click for full size) - via USGS

Lava returns to Halemaumau Crater

December 2020 - may 2021 eruption.

After the huge changes that occurred with the 2018 eruption and subsequent summit collapse, some had speculated that Kilauea would not erupt for a significant period of time. Pele had other plans, however.

At approximately 9:30 p.m. HST on Sunday - December 20, 2020, the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) detected a new glow within the Halemaumau crater at the summit of Kilauea Volcano.

Within Halemaumau, an eruption had commenced at Kilauea's summit caldera. Previously, as noted below the caldera had been filling with a green-ish water lake , but that quickly disappeared, as lava has once again made an appearance inside of the crater. Within one week, what had been a history-making lake of water was replaced by a nearly 600-foot deep lake of molten lava.

• Animated GIF of eruption first occurring on December 20, 2020

A magnitude 4.4 earthquake additionally hit about an hour after the volcano began erupting. By the morning of 12/21/20, two of the three initial fissure vents on the wall of the Halemaumau crater were feeding a growing lava lake.

The eruption paused in late May 2021, after several months of activity in the Halemaumau crater.

2020-2021 Eruption Images

Halemaumau crater at kilauea volcano.

Credit: USGS/M. Patrick

Credit: NPS/A. LaValle

Credit: NPS/J. Wei

Kilauea's Lava Lake - Credit: USGS

Development of Water Lake in 2019

On August 1, 2019, USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) scientists confirmed a growing pond of water in the recently enlarged Halemumau crater. Initially, it appeared as small, separate turquoise ponds, but over time, the small ponds united and began to grow dramatically. For a period of time, the depth of the growing lake was increasing several inches per day. In the space of just over one year's time, a persistent lake of lava had vanished in a dramatic collapse, only to be replaced by the first lake of water to be recorded at Kilauea in modern history. Over the course of its relatively short lifespan, the lake grew to be approximately 160 feet (49 m) deep. That's taller than a 10-story building, for reference. The lake also changed color due to the precipitation of iron-sulfate minerals and SO2 being dissolved into the water.

2018 East Rift Zone Eruption

Kilauea caldera has undergone a tremendous amount of change over the last decade, and prior to the eruption in December 2020, had not been very active since 2018. See the maps immediately below to get an idea of how volatile the years between 2009 and 2018 were at the park or explore this geo-narrative by the USGS about the 2018 eruption.

In the first days of May 2018, the lava lake that had existed in Halemaumau crater for almost a decade began to drain away. Magma moved from the summit of Kilauea to the Lower East Rift Zone, marked by a series of earthquakes. On May 3rd, the first fissures opened up in the subdivision of Leilani Estates and the massive eruption of 2018 began to unfold in lower Puna. With less magma left to support the summit, the Halemaumau crater began to collapse. Every 28 hours, on average, the ground within the summit caldera of Kilauea sank with dramatic collapse events. By the end of the 2018 eruption, the Halemaumau crater had sunk by 1,600 feet (488m), and its diameter more than doubled.

Halemaumau Crater Changes from 2009 to 2018. Provided by the USGS.

2018 Eruption - Source: USGS

Activity circa 2018 East Rift Zone Eruption

Prior to 2018, you could just as easily have witnessed lava flows chewing on  Chain of Craters Road  as you could view a steam plume from afar. Kilauea is a living, breathing volcano with a mind of its own.

Kilauea's oldest lava flows are dated between 210,000 and 280,000 years ago. Those flows are considered generally young, geologically speaking, for an active volcano.

For the last one thousand years, Kilauea's ongoing eruptions have dramatically shaped the southeast portion of the Big Island of Hawaii. 

The most recent 100 years of volcanic activity at Kilauea can be divided into seven distinct eruptions.

Summaries are provided below from the USGS website:

• May 1924 explosive eruption
• 1955 Lower East Rift Zone Eruption
• 1959 eruption of the Kilauea Iki
• 1960 Kapoho eruption
• 1969-1974 Mauna Ulu Eruption  
• 2008-2018 Summit Eruption & Lava Lake
• 1983-2018 Pu'u 'O'o Eruption

Hiking to Lava

Lava viewing guide.

Check THIS SITE  for updates on lava flows and Kilauea activity. We've also included some maps below to generally help provide you an overview of the park and where the lava might be located during your visit. Just remember, this is an active living and breathing volcano and things regularly change, the maps are always out of date for that reason to some extent.

If the flows have recently been near the surface within the Park and IF it's safe to access (check with the Rangers), it's pretty easy to locate the lava yourself - so don't feel like you HAVE to join a tour to experience a lava flow. Before heading out, be sure you've prepared accordingly - dress appropriately with the right footwear for your adventure; be sure to keep water with you at all times, it can be easy to get dehydrated on the lava fields. Sunscreen is also your best friend on this part of the island.

As always, remember that lava flows outside the Park's boundary are on private property and you should not explore these locations without a guide who has permission to properly access the property.

Kilauea Volcano Tours

Our recommendation for Kilauea & lava tours is to contact Scott and Becky at The Volcano Van . They offer amazing tours of Kilauea, including several tours that depart from Kona.

View Lava from Above

Helicopter Volcano Tours

Another great option is to take a helicopter tour over Pu`u O`o for a look into the bowels of the earth. While that too could change tomorrow, as lava has a mind of its own - a helicopter tour is your BEST opportunity to see lava.

Our recommendation for helicopters tours is to fly with Safari Helicopters. They have some amazing tours over the volcano that are perfect for experiecing Kilauea from above.

Mauna Loa 2022 Eruption

Mauna Loa Eruption

Mauna loa eruption updates, last activity: november 2022 - december 2022, after 38 years, mauna loa briefly erupted.

• Mauna Loa , the world's largest volcano, which had been rumbling since mid-September 2022,  erupted from late November until mid-December 2022 .
• Check out some great USGS photos of the 2022 Mauna Loa Eruption
• View the USGS eruption map for a visualization of the eruption location
• See our ' What's Happening on Mauna Loa ' section below for current information.

What happened?

The Mauna Loa volcano, located on the Big Island of Hawaii, recently erupted on Sunday - November 27, 2022 . The eruption, which was the first in nearly 40 years, was relatively small and caused no damage to nearby communities or infrastructure. The eruption was preceded by several weeks of increasing seismic activity, as well as ground deformation and elevated sulfur dioxide emissions. The HVO had placed the volcano on "watch" status shortly before the eruption, indicating an eruption was likely. As of December 11, 2022, the eruption has concluded .

As noted above, the eruption was relatively small, and no evacuations were necessary. No major highways were damaged, though initial concerns were that Saddle Road (Daniel K. Inouye Highway) might be impacted. Fortunately, it never was impacted by the lava flows. The lava flow was not close enough to any populated areas or infrastructure to cause any damage.

The recent eruption is a reminder of the power and unpredictability of volcanoes. Mauna Loa is one of five active/dormant volcanoes in the Hawaiian Islands and is the largest active volcano on Earth.

Latest Mauna Loa Developments

Updates provided by the usgs.

Current daily updates on the status of the Mauna Loa Eruption can be found on the USGS website .

See the USGS eruption map  to visualize the current eruption location, or view these incredible USGS photos of the recent Mauna Loa eruption .

Mauna Loa Eruption Maps

USGS Mauna Loa eruption map

Mauna Loa Eruption Photos

Lava channel on Dec 4th - USGS

Mauna Loa Fissure 3 - Dec 4th - USGS

Closeup View of Fissure 3 Mauna Loa - December 1st. Credit: USGS

Fissure 3 on Mauna Loa's Northeast Rift Zone - December 1st. Credit: USGS

Mauna Loa eruption on Nov. 30th - Credit: USGS

Mauna Loa Lava Fountains - USGS

Northeast Rift Zone Eruption - USGS

Mauna Loa Eruption - USGS

Mauna Loa Lava Fountaining - USGS

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Overview Maps

 ~ click to enlarge any map ~.

Crater Rim Drive (before the 2008-2018 summit eruption)

HVNP Overview (showing lava flows through 2010)

2018 Lava Flow in Puna

Napau Crater Trail

Hawaii Eruption Information Photo Gallery

You may also be interested in...

Recommended big island tours, terms of use & disclosures.

This website's use is your expressly conditioned acceptance of the terms, conditions, and disclaimers found within our Disclaimer of Warranty and Limitation of Liability page without any modifications. Your use of this website constitutes your acceptance of all the terms , conditions, and disclaimers posted herein. If you do not agree with any part of these terms and conditions, you should not use this website. We also receive a small commission from travel partners for some of the links found on this website. All partners and related links comply with our Advertising Disclosures . For example, as an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases. These links do not cost you anything and help provide the necessary funding to maintain this website. Mahalo!

Download our Hawaii Map Packet

Includes most major attractions, all major routes, airports, and a chart with estimated driving times for each respective island..

Our popular Summary Guidesheets are now included.

Download your copy of our... 2024 Hawaii Travel Guide

Hawaii-Guide.com has been featured in...

Hawaii Visitor Information...

Try out our new AI Powered Search & Chatbot →

Plus & Premium Benefits

Donate and remove ALL the ads

Mahalo for your support!

By donating to our small business, you accept and acknowledge the donation terms . Mahalo!

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

•   Facebook
•   Twitter
•   Linkedin
•   Digg
•   Reddit
•   Pinterest
•   Email

Latest Earthquakes |    Chat Share Social Media  

Volcano Watch — New map defines lava flow hazard zones on the Big Island

The U.S Geological Survey has recently published a new, full-sized map which defines the boundaries of nine lava flow hazard zones on the island. This map is an updated version of the page-sized map included in the USGS booklet Volcanic and Seismic Hazards on the Island of Hawaii published in 1990. 

The U.S Geological Survey has recently published a new, full-sized map which defines the boundaries of nine lava flow hazard zones on the island. This map is an updated version of the page-sized map included in the USGS booklet Volcanic and Seismic Hazards on the Island of Hawaii published in 1990. We have discussed the lava flow hazards on Kīlauea and Hualālai Volcanoes in previous "Volcano Watch" columns, and in the future, we will detail the lava flow hazards for the remaining volcanoes. The updated, more detailed map was produced in cooperation with the Hawai`i Office of State Planning, which digitized hazard zone boundaries to produce the nine-color map. The staff at HVO and the USGS Branch of Technical Reports added an underlay showing roads and towns. The map was published at a scale of 1:250,000, meaning that one inch on the map equals about four miles on the ground. It can be overlain on the USGS single-sheet topographic map of the Big Island, which was published at the same scale. The designation of nine lava flow hazard zones, with number one used for the most hazardous areas, is based solely on geologic criteria, including frequency of past lava flows and coverage, distance from eruptive ventsand topography that currently protects certain areas from lava inundation. The areas designated as the most hazardous zones are the summits and rift zones of Kīlauea and Mauna Loa Volcanoes and the least hazardous zone is all of Kohala Volcano. Boundaries between volcanoes are depicted with lines equivalent to a mile in width, to reflect the overlapping of flows from adjacent volcanoes along their common boundaries. Boundaries between hazard zones are drawn with a line equivalent to one-quarter to one-half mile in width to reflect uncertainties in the geological placement of boundaries. These boundaries are approximate and gradational and are not specific enough to determine the absolute degree of danger at any particular site. The map was designed to be used for general planning purposes only, according to Thomas Wright, former Scientist-in-Charge at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and the map's first author. The lava flow hazard is one factor that should be considered in land-use decisions, but it is not the only factor. In order to use this map effectively in the development or preservation of any land parcel, a risk analysis should be made to balance positive economic and social benefits against risks posed by lava flows. The new lava flow hazard map will be displayed at public libraries on the Big Island starting this week and at the Jaggar Museum in Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park, at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano. Copies of the map can be purchased by mail from Map Sales, U.S. Geological Survey, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225. The cost of the map is $2.75, plus $1.00 for shipping and handling. Orders must include the name of the map ("Map showing lava flow hazards zones, Island of Hawaii"), its order number (MF-2193), and a check or money order payable to the Department of the Interior. State and County offices and community groups may obtain a free copy by calling the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory at 967-7328. The booklet Volcanic and Seismic Hazards on the Island of Hawaii contains the original lava flow hazards maps for each of the five volcanoes on the island, an earthquake hazards map, volcanic eruptions and damage resulting from them and from earthquakes. Lava flows are only one of the geologic hazards in Hawai`i, which include earthquakes, explosive eruptions at the summit of Kīlauea, and ground cracking and subsidence along the rift zones and earthquake faults associated with the volcanoes. The booklet may be obtained at no cost from the map sales center in Denver at the address listed above. We distributed copies of the booklet and displayed the new map at the recent County Fair in Hilo. The Observatory maintains a small supply of the booklet for local distribution.

Volcano Activity Update

The eruption on the East Rift Zone of Kīlauea Volcano continues at the episode 51 vents, located on the west side of the Pu`u `O`o cone. Slowly advancing pahoehoe flows are heading toward the south and are slowly consuming the forest at about the 2,100-foot elevation. There were two earthquakes strong enough to be felt this past week. The first, which occurred September 19 at 7:56 a.m., was located beneath the south flank of Kīlauea Volcano and had a magnitude of 3.5. The second, which was recorded on September 22 at 4:23 a.m., was located northwest of Pahala and had a magnitude of 3.3. 

Get Our News

These items are in the RSS feed format (Really Simple Syndication) based on categories such as topics, locations, and more. You can install and RSS reader browser extension, software, or use a third-party service to receive immediate news updates depending on the feed that you have added. If you click the feed links below, they may look strange because they are simply XML code. An RSS reader can easily read this code and push out a notification to you when something new is posted to our site.

Hawaii News

Hawaiian Volcano Observatory News

Kīlauea News

Natural Hazards News

United States of America News

Volcano Hazards Program News

Empty Roads and Spewing Lava: 4 Months Into Iceland’s Eruptions

Volcanic eruptions are continuing in the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland. Streets are empty and the Blue Lagoon resort remains closed.

The plume from a volcanic eruption as viewed from Route 41 near the town of Kalfatjorn in western Iceland on Wednesday. Credit...

Supported by

• Share full article

By Claire Moses

Photographs by Tony Cenicola

• March 29, 2024

The scene is as spectacular as it is dangerous: flowing rivers of shimmering lava and a dramatic plume of toxic gas.

That image has been the reality for much of the past four months in the Reykjanes Peninsula in southern Iceland, which the country’s tourism website has called a “geological wonder where lighthouses outnumber villages.”

A series of volcano eruptions began in December after hundreds of earthquakes shook the peninsula, cracking open a fissure that sent lava spewing into a residential neighborhood for the first time in more than four decades. The volcanic system has erupted several more times since then.

Grindavik, a fishing town of more than 3,500 people about 30 miles southwest of the country’s capital, Reykjavik, has been evacuated, and the nearby Blue Lagoon, a popular geothermal spa, has been largely closed since early November.

While much of life goes on in the rest of Iceland, the eruptions have had an effect beyond the peninsula, disrupting the tourism operations of a country that relies heavily on visitors .

Icelandair said it has seen a negative impact on bookings because of the threat of the eruptions. While the overall number of passengers carried by the airline in February increased compared to last year, the number flying to Iceland dropped by 8 percent, according to the airline.

While the eruptions continue, the situation has been “steady” this week, according to the Icelandic Meteorological Office, the country’s weather service. But lava continues to flow from three craters toward Grindavik, the service said.

The eruptions also produce high levels of gas pollution. The concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air is “very unhealthy,” according to the Met Office, which added that “people are likely to experience respiratory symptoms if exposed.”

The Blue Lagoon, a spa and hotel complex in Grindavik, is closed at the moment. It first temporarily shut its doors in November after thousands of earthquakes, signs of the impending eruption, hit the region.

The resort has reopened occasionally, but has been closed for more than 85 days since then, the hotel said in an email. It is currently on its sixth closure since Nov. 9.

Lava damaged several houses in Grindavik when it breached a defense wall that was supposed to route it away from the town.

Around the town, earthquakes caused cracks in the streets. Breaks in the roads have been filled with gravel.

The authorities continue to warn visitors to stay away from the eruption site. “The edges of the new lava field are unstable and large chunks of lava can fall suddenly,” the Met Office said.

Claire Moses is a reporter for the Express desk in London. More about Claire Moses

Tony Cenicola is a Times photographer. More about Tony Cenicola

Advertisement

Travel Hot Spots: The Most Breathtaking Volcanoes in the World

Posted: November 15, 2023 | Last updated: November 15, 2023

Travel Hot Spots

Once you’ve caught the travel bug, it can be hard to stay in one place for an extended period of time. Sure, museums are great, and visiting bustling cities can satisfy the travel cravings, but have you thought about placing volcanoes on your bucket list? What’s more exciting than visiting nature’s version of a jack in a box? As of June 2023, 48 volcanoes  around the world were in some state of eruption. We’ve rounded up a list of volcanoes that you can visit and take in nature at its most unpredictable. 

Hawaii Elevation: 13,681 feet

One of the most popular tourist attractions in Hawaii is Mauna Loa, or the “long mountain.” This beautiful and active volcano on the Big Island of Hawaii has been in eruption since millions of years ago, and began spewing lava flows on Nov. 27, 2022. for the first time since 1984 . SThe National Park Service cautions would-be travelers that the hike up the volcano can be challenging, with loose rocks and a steep incline. Backpackers are welcome, but are limited to three consecutive nights per site.     

Mount St. Helens

Washington Elevation: 8,363 feet Mount St. Helens surprised locals and the world alike when it erupted on May 18, 1980 , as many thought the volcano was extinct. A plume of ash and smoke blasted 80,000 feet into the sky , destroying 230 square miles of vegetation and wildlife within 5 to 9 minutes. The best views are from the plaza behind the Johnston Ridge Observatory, named after volcanologist David A. Johnston who died as a result of the eruption. The observation center, which is part of Gifford Pinchot National Park , is closed for the foreseeable future, but the plaza remains open for visitors. The National Park warns visitors that the closest gas stations to the park are in Castle Rock or Toutle, some 52 and 40 miles from the park, respectively.

Elevation: 12,388 feet

Located in Fuji Hakone Izu National Park , you can also visit the base of the mountain year-round by foot (which is great for those who don't like heights). For those who want a view of the mountain, visitors can take day trips to towns around the foot of Mount Fuji. The park also offers boating, an aerial tramway, and hot springs.     

For more great travel guides and vacation tips,  please sign up for our free newsletters . 

Mount Rainier

Washington  Elevation: 14,409 feet

As the tallest mountain in Washington and the Cascade Range, Mount Rainier ranks as the highest peak in the state. Aside from this, it is the most glaciated peak within the contiguous United States. Mount Rainier can be viewed by taking a helicopter tour or driving to Ashford, Washington, to Mount Rainier National Park . If you're looking for a day trip from Seattle, Mount Rainier might be the one. 

Italy Elevation: 10,922 feet (changes often due to activity) 

Chile Elevation: 9,340 feet

Snow-covered Villarrica, one of Chile's most active volcanoes (and popular tourist destination), rises above the lake and town of the same name. It erupts basaltic lava and is one of the few permanently active volcanoes in the world, sometimes with a small lava lake present in its summit crater.      

Related: 15 Bucket-List Destinations Below the Equator

Costa Rica Elevation: 5,436 feet The Arenal Volcano in Costa Rica is one of the most visited tourist attractions in Central America. You can visit and hike through the national park, which is an hour's drive from San Jose, or you can enjoy an adventure like the 2-hour 4x4 tour through the mountain with a local guide.   

Related: 18 Things You Must Do While Traveling Central America

Mount Vesuvius

Italy Elevation: 4,202 feet

Perhaps one of the most famous volcanoes in the world, Vesuvius is definitely one of those bucket list trips. Stop by the famous city of Pompeii before or after your hike up the mountain , but make time to visit the nearby Herculaneum, a city that was destroyed by the same eruption as Pompeii.    

Eyjafjallajökull

Iceland Elevation: 5,466 feet Eyjafjallajökull (pronounced "e-ya-fjalyock-uh-jock-uhl") means Eyafjalla glacier mountain. In 2010, the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland caused massive flooding and destruction. The eruption's ash plume — which could be seen from miles away — disrupted air travel in Northwest Europe for nearly a week, stranding thousands of passengers. Now, it is safe to visit with tours specifically designed to show the effects of the eruption. There's a visitor's center ( aptly named Lava Centre ) near the town of Hvolsvöllur where you can find more information on the experience of one family whose farm was destroyed by the volcano.     

Related: Here's How to Visit Iceland Without Spending a Fortune

Indonesia Elevation: 2,667 feet

If you've ever wanted to visit the world's biggest (and most famous) active volcano, look no further. The Krakatoa eruption of 1883 devastated the area, causing more than 36,000 deaths. In modern times, tourists can hike the mountain, or, for the less adventurous, view the land mass from the safety of a tour boat. 

Ethiopia Elevation: 2,011 feet For adventurous and competent climbers only, Erta Ale has been described as one of " the most inhospitable places on the continent. " The site, about 62 miles from Mikelle, is best seen at sunset when the temperatures drop.    

Related: 21 Epic Hiking Trails Around the World

Japan Elevation: 5,223 feet

Mount Aso is an active, living volcano. When Mount Aso is active, it's shut off to the public; but when it's less active, you can visit and be an adventurer . The volcano has formed an impressive crater: 15 miles wide and about 62 miles around. In its ancient past, the crater was so vast that local legend claims people actually lived in it .       

Mount Stromboli

Italy Elevation: 3,038 feet

Stromboli has been erupting almost continuously since 1932, making it one of Earth's most active volcanoes. Mount Stromboli is an active volcano located in the Mediterranean Sea in southern Italy. Stromboli’s three crater lakes are among the deepest in the world. Because it has been active for much of the last 2,000 years and its eruptions are visible for long distances at night, it is known as the " Lighthouse of the Mediterranean. "       

Ecuador Elevation: 17,159 feet Sangay, located about 25 miles northwest of Quito, is home to a lush park and vibrant scenery. The mountain was declared a national park in 1991, following UNESCO declaring the area a World Heritage Site in 1983. Visitors can camp, climb the mountain, hike, raft, or cycle through the park.   

Mount Batur

Bali, Indonesia Elevation: 5,633 feet The peak of Mount Batur is undoubtedly one of Bali's most scenic attractions, and it's easy to understand why — a blend of green palm trees, white beaches, and a turquoise-blue sea, it's hard to beat. However, you should be prepared for the journey up the mountain: High temperatures mean that most tours start before dawn. Once you're there, you'll be rewarded with some of the island's most spectacular views.    

Related: 24 Beautiful Destinations Threatened By Overtourism — and Where to Go Instead

Mount Ngauruhoe

New Zealand Elevation: 6,489 feet In addition to being the dramatic site of Mount Doom of the "Lord of the Rings" fame, Mount Ngauruhoe is a spectacular mountain in Tongariro National Park . This mountain has an awesome hike that can be done with a guide (to make sure you're not one of those Hobbits that the treacherous climb takes out). After your trek, stay for skiing, biking, climbing, or camping.      

Related: 50 Iconic Movie Locations Around the World

Ecuador Elevation: 19,393 feet The pride of the Andes, Parque Nacional Cotopaxi entices visitors from all over the globe. Some 37 miles away from Quito, the park offers the volcano, of course, as well as picturesque lagoons and waterways.   

Masaya Volcano

Nicaragua Elevation: 2,083 feet The Masaya volcano is located in Nicaragua’s largest national park . It's a car ride away from Managua and can be seen from Las Terrenas. Visitors can see the lava lake left over from past eruptions when they explore the volcano's crater. The region is popular with hikers, as trails abound.      

Mount Bromo

Indonesia  Elevation: 7,641 feet Indonesia is full of perfect places to see the sun rise, but one of the most stunning views is that of Mount Bromo . The mountain has a tremendous peak and red lava river in a region that’s well known for its Ring of Fire. In addition to the incredible views, the surrounding area is covered by thick clouds that make it an ideal place to view the sunrise. People also come from all over to experience the enormous hot springs that emerge just below the volcano and flow into the lake. 

Galeras Volcano

Colombia Elevation: 24,029 feet One of the most active volcanoes in the world, the Galeras Volcano in Colombia is surrounded by a park, which attracts visitors from all over. The top of the volcano itself is closed for safety reasons. A group of scientists and tourists were in the volcano's crater and were killed when it erupted in January 1993.      

Piton de la Fournaise

Réunion, Indian Ocean Elevation: 8,632 feet The Piton de la Fournaise (“The Sacred Furnace") is the youngest of the three volcanoes that make up the volcanic archipelago of the French island of Reunion. The volcano erupts every nine months on average, proof that this is still very much an active site. Visitors to the area can stop by the waterfalls and then pop over to the sea turtle observatory before or after their volcanic adventure. 

Philippines Elevation: 1,020 feet The Taal Volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines. It's located on the island of Luzon, and has been active for over 200 years. The last major eruption was in 2020 , but tours still operate to the volcano and adjacent lake, where visitors can walk along the hardened black lava to the rim of the crater.    

Mount Nyiragongo

Democratic Republic of the Congo Elevation: 11,384 feet The Democratic Republic of Congo’s Nyiragongo hosts the world’s largest lava lake and is one of Africa's most active volcanoes . It’s not only the volcano that attracts tourists to see it; the beautiful landscape and the rich culture also help to make it a must visit. Visitors also come to see Kivu, a crater lake located less than a mile away.      

This article was originally published on Cheapism

More From Cheapism

• Net Winnings: The Best Seafood Restaurant in Every State
• 24 Best Places to Travel After Christmas
• From Crab Croquettes To McSpicy Paneers: Here Are 25 Fan Favorites From McDonald's International Menu
• 11 Things to Know About Costco Car Rental
• Is Spirit Airlines Safe, and Why Is It So Cheap?

Like Cheapism's content? Be sure to follow us .

More for You

Here’s How Long You Should Walk Every Day to Keep Your Heart Healthy

"Why he was crying? I didn't care" - Scottie Pippen showed no sympathy for John Paxson when he cried during an apology call

50 iconic movie lines that you have probably quoted at least once

Toy Company Launches Life-Sized M3GAN Doll Replica

Angus Deaton won a Nobel Prize in economics. Now he says he got it wrong on globalization.

Jordan Spieth Intentionally Hits Onto TPC San Antonio Clubhouse Roof In Clever Rules Hack

19 Easy Ways to Fall Back Asleep After Waking Up in the Middle of the Night

Cholesterol-gobbling gut bacteria could protect against heart disease

Forgotten 1990s Blockbusters Everyone Should Rewatch

The Best Place To Store Your Canned Tuna Isn't In The Pantry

UAE property tycoon withdraws from sanctions-hit Belarus, collaborates with Kushner

NBA levies massive fine to 76ers for playing Joel Embiid

17 Jobs That Pay $25 an Hour to Work From Home

I Did a 25 Day Water Fast. I Lost 20lbs and My Skin Cleared Up

Michael Bloomberg is worth an estimated $106 billion — but you won't find him on the Bloomberg rich list

The 16 worst-paying college majors, five years after graduation

30 slang words you may not realize came from TV and movies

5 Odd Facts About The Boeing B-52 Stratofortress That You May Not Know

The Best Movies on Amazon Prime Video to Instantly Cure Your Boredom

I quit sugar for 6 months and this is what it did to my face and body

Atka volcano briefly erupts, raises alert levels

This July 19, 2004 photo released by the Alaska Volcano Observatory/U.S. Geological Survey shows the village of Atka on Atka Island.

A small volcanic eruption occurred on Atka Island March 27 night. But it was short-lived and no significant ash emissions were observed in satellite images, according to the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO).

The eruption happened at Korovin Volcano, one of several volcanoes in the Atka volcanic complex, located about 10 miles north of the community of Atka. Since noon March 28, the AVO hadn’t received any reports from locals who noticed the small explosion. The eruption was detected from local infrasound and seismic data, followed by a few minutes of seismic shaking.

The quick detection came because of AVO’s updated monitoring equipment on the volcano. Michelle Coombs, a geologist with the AVO, said the organization updated the volcano’s monitoring network in 2019. Coombs also said that the eruption was likely hot gasses breaking free from the summit of Korovin Volcano, and chances are the volcano will return to its sleep state soon, something it typically does based on past similar eruptions.

However, the AVO raised the aviation and alert levels for the Atka volcanic complex due to the recent unrest and continued seismic activity. Coombs said small explosions don’t happen often there. The last time the volcanic activity at the complex increased its advisory level was in August 2021. The AVO will continue to closely monitor the volcanic activity.

• Print Replica
• Election 2024
• Russia Attacks Ukraine
• Red Hill Water Crisis
• Crime in Hawaii
• America in Turmoil
• Traffic Map
• Photo Galleries
• Homeless in Hawaii
• Volcanic Ash
• Latest Sports News
• TV & Radio
• Sports Blogs
• Hawaii Prep World
• Hawaii Warrior World
• Letters to the Editor
• Submit a Letter to the Editor
• Arts & Entertainment
• State Legals
• Political Cartoons
• Classifieds
• Star Channels
• Hawaii Renovation
• Email Newsletters
• Corrections
• Special Sections
• Partner Content
• Partner Videos
• Web Push Notifications
• Mobile Apps
• Privacy Policy
• Terms of Service
• Activate Digital Account
• Forgot Password
• Customer Service

• Sunday, April 7, 2024
• Today's Paper

Hawaii News

Big power supply problems continue to plague hawaii island.

• By Andrew Gomes [email protected]
• Updated 12:46 a.m.

CINDY ELLEN RUSSELL / [email protected]

Trouble at Hamakua Energy appeared Dec. 30 when output fell because of an unknown cause, according to a March 11 report from Hawaiian Electric to the state Public Utilities Commission.

The Hamakua Energy power plant, the second-biggest one on the island, is completely shut down because of mechanical problems, which are awaiting repair by backlogged technicians from the mainland.

Hawaiian Electric contends that it faces an “extremely tight” supply of power at peak use periods, especially when production from wind, solar and hydroelectric facilities is lower than normal. Read more

Mahalo for reading the Honolulu Star-Advertiser!

You're reading a premium story. Read the full story with our Print & Digital Subscription.

Already a subscriber? Log in now to continue reading this story.

Print subscriber but without online access? Activate your Digital Account now.

The biggest electric utility in Hawaii has had an extraordinary challenge this year keeping the lights on for the biggest island in the state.

Hawaiian Electric resorted to rolling blackouts on Hawaii island once in January and once in February, and on March 25 issued a plea for customers to reduce or shift electricity use to help avoid forced outages through mid-April.

The company has been facing an unusual situation with mechanical problems at three of the island’s five largest power plants while part of the largest plant undergoes an annual overhaul. All four of these affected power plants are owned by the utility or an affiliate of its parent company.

Also contributing to the trouble is lower output from a geothermal plant, which has the third-largest generation capacity on the island and is owned by an independent operator.

“This is an unusual situation, driven mainly by the unavailability of several large generators that have experienced mechanical problems, are at reduced output, or are undergoing maintenance,” Hawaiian Electric said in its March 25 announcement asking customers to use less electricity, especially on weekdays from 5 to 9 p.m.

The company explained that it faces an “extremely tight” supply of power at peak use periods, especially when production from wind, solar and hydroelectric facilities is lower than normal. Those sources of variable, renewable energy can supply up to 15% of electricity needs on the island.

“Without enough supply to meet electricity demand, the company may initiate rolling outages of up to an hour around the island,” the March 25 announcement said.

Hawaiian Electric, which posts service information on its X social media account, even partnered with Hawaii County Civil Defense after the February rolling blackouts to have energy conservation requests and rolling outage alerts broadcast on the radio and to emergency notification subscribers through alert distribution firm Everbridge.

The predicament generated concerns over whether the power would stay on for the weeklong Merrie Monarch Festival for hula in Hilo last week, and upset customers after the forced January and February outages.

“Just used to the 3rd world power company by now!” Brandon Belmarez posted Feb. 16 on X, formerly Twitter, using the hashtag #bigislandoutage during an outage three days after rolling blackouts.

System makeup

The utility, which serves about 90,000 Big Island customers through Hawaii Electric Light Co., typically maintains 30% more production capacity from firm power sources, mainly oil-­fueled generating units, than needed for peak demand.

This reserve margin equates to roughly 56 megawatts of firm power. But this year the margin has been low, and twice wasn’t enough to cover demand.

Firm generation capacity on Hawaii island totals 280.5 megawatts, and nearly all of it comes from six power plants, of which five are owned by the company or its parent. These six plants can each deliver between 21 and 77.6 megawatts of electricity.

Hawaiian Electric also can receive up to about 78 megawatts from six renewable-­energy production facilities that range from a 1.1-megawatt hydroelectric plant to a 30-megawatt solar farm where generation normally varies by weather conditions.

Many customers also generate some of their own power. There are about 17,000 rooftop solar systems on the island.

It is normal for some generation sources to be out of service for routine maintenance, and occasional equipment breakdowns usually can be covered by reserve capacity.

This year, however, too many problems with too many power sources have made the adequate supply of electricity on the island precarious.

The single biggest problem has been a 60-megawatt Hamakua Energy Partners plant. This facility, owned by an affiliate of Hawaiian Electric’s parent company, is the second-largest power plant on the island and roughly equates to the utility company’s firm power reserve margin.

Operating problems at the plant got progressively worse in January, according to the report, which redacted information about the size of output drops for competitive reasons.

On Jan. 30, the utility cut power to groups of customers around the island for 30 minutes at a time. The rolling blackouts were necessary to prevent losses for greater numbers of customers if demand was allowed to exceed supply.

Supply on Jan. 30 was critically low because on top of Hamakua Energy’s reduced output, three generation units at other power plants tripped offline, including two that normally generate 32 megawatts of power. Also, a 14-megawatt unit at the utility’s Hill Plant was under repair, and almost no wind existed to drive two wind farms with a combined capacity of 31 megawatts.

The rolling outages ended by 4:30 p.m. that day, and Hawaiian Electric lifted a request for customers to conserve electricity after restoring enough generation for peak evening use.

About two weeks later, on Feb. 13, more rolling blackouts were initiated after Hamakua Energy suffered a complete outage while two other generation units — the same Hill Plant unit and a 15-megawatt unit at the 36.7-megawatt Puna Steam plant were under repair — and a 21-megawatt unit at the 77.6-megawatt Keahole power plant was undergoing annual maintenance. Wind resources also were forecast near zero that day.

The Feb. 13 blackouts only lasted for about three hours in the evening. Still, a precarious supply has persisted largely due to Hamakua Energy, which after partial service restoration went back offline Feb. 29 and remains out of service.

Pacific Current, an affiliate of Hawaiian Electric Industries Inc. that bought Hamakua Energy in 2017 from a private equity firm and assumed a contract to sell power to Hawaiian Electric through 2030, said in a statement that one of the plant’s two generation units is being replaced with a new unit.

“Hamakua Energy is focused on returning to normal operation as soon as possible,” Pacific Current officials stated. “We have invested in a brand new generator, which will replace one of two offline generators. It is expected to restore approximately 50% of the plant’s energy generation capabilities once online.”

Pacific Current does not yet have an estimate on when the new generator will be in operation.

Meanwhile, Hawaiian Electric estimates that the 21-megawatt generation unit at its Keahole power plant will be back in service by the middle of this month after its annual overhaul is complete. This should allow the company to lift its current customer power conservation request.

Long-term plans

In the longer term, a mix of more firm and renewable power is in the works for Hawaii island.

A 30-megawatt solar farm with battery storage, Hale Kuawehi Solar, is under construction and may be ready for operation in October after supply chain delays and other problems prevented the project from being done by late 2022 as previously planned by its developer, Innergex.

Another long-delayed grid addition involves an existing 38-megawatt geothermal power plant.

The Puna Geothermal Venture plant owned by Ormat Technologies was taken offline in 2018 as lava flows threatened and then overran parts of the facility. Ormat restored partial service in 2020 and at that time expected full production to resume by mid-2021. However, Ormat reported that last year, production averaged only 26 megawatts and reached 30 megawatts in October.

Before the 2018 volcanic eruption, Ormat planned to boost the plant’s capacity to 46 megawatts by late 2019 or early 2020. More recently, Ormat projected this additional capacity will come online in 2026.

Renewable energy companies also are working to develop three solar farms on the island with a combined production capacity of 201 megawatts and battery storage, projected to come online between 2028 and 2030 as part of an effort for Hawaiian Electric to achieve 100% of power statewide from renewable resources by 2045.

One new addition to Hawaii island’s grid that didn’t happen in recent years as once expected was a 30-megawatt power plant to run on biofuel.

This project by Hu Honua Bioenergy LLC received PUC approval in 2013, but work by the company to convert a defunct sugar mill power plant to run on eucalyptus trees growing along the Hamakua Coast as well as other woody plants suffered delays that led Hawaiian Electric to cancel its contract with Hu Honua.

A revised contract was agreed to and approved by the PUC in 2017, but environmental organization Life of the Land challenged the approval over greenhouse gas emission impacts. Ultimately, the PUC rejected the project in a 2-1 vote and the Hawaii Supreme Court in 2023 upheld that decision.

Hu Honua, citing the recent power instability, asked the PUC in a letter Monday to direct Hawaiian Electric to negotiate a new contract with Hu Honua for PUC approval so that the 99% complete $520 million biofuel plant can feed power to the grid.

“This electric power crisis never had to be and it does not have to continue one day longer,” Warren Lee, Hu Honua president, said in the letter.

Henry Curtis, Life of the Land executive director, said he is concerned about Hawaiian Electric reliability on Hawaii island but opposes any special approval being given to Hu Honua outside of a normal regulatory proceeding.

PUC officials declined to comment on Hu Honua’s letter, but said the commission has directed Hawaiian Electric to bring online new variable renewable energy projects as quickly as possible, and that it has mechanisms in place to assess penalties for delays.

Hawaii Real Estate Sales: Jan. 29-Feb. 2, 2024

• International

Total solar eclipse

Israel-Gaza news

7.4 magnitude quake hits Taiwan, strongest in 25 years

By Nectar Gan , Wayne Chang , Jerome Taylor, Antoinette Radford, Deva Lee and Maureen Chowdhury , CNN

Our live coverage of the Taiwan earthquake has moved here.

Search and rescue efforts continue after 7.4 magnitude earthquake rocks Taiwan. Here's the latest

From CNN staff

Rescuers are working to free dozens trapped after a 7.4 magnitude earthquake struck the east coast of Taiwan — causing landslides and collapsed structures.

At least nine people have died , more than 900 others are injured and over 100 buildings have been damaged.

The quake is the strongest to hit Taiwan in 25 years .

Here's what else we know:

• The quake:  The earthquake  hit  at 7:58 a.m. local time, 18 kilometers (11 miles) south of the city of Hualien at a depth of 34.8 kilometers, according to the US Geological Survey.
• Aftershocks : The quake was followed by 29 aftershocks greater than a magnitude of 4.0 near the epicenter of the earthquake in east Taiwan so far, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Tremors have been felt across the island, including in Taipei. Tremors as high as magnitude 7 are  expected  in the following days.
• Hualien County:  The region where the quake struck, Hualien County, has a population of about 300,000, around 100,000 of whom live in the main city of Hualien. But many in the region live in remote coastal or mountain communities that  can be hard to reach , so it might take time to understand the extent of Wednesday's quake.
• Trapped miners: Taiwan's national fire agency said that 71 people are trapped in two mines in Hualien.
• Power cuts : More than 91,000 households were without electricity, according to Taiwan's Central Emergency Command Center.
• Medical facilities: Hospitals across Taiwan’s capital , Taipei City, are operating normally despite being damaged by Wednesday’s earthquake, according to the Municipal Government.
• US monitoring: The Biden administration is monitoring the earthquake in Taiwan overnight and is prepared to offer assistance, a National Security Council spokesperson said Wednesday. 

71 miners trapped in 2 mines in Taiwan after earthquake, national fire agency says

From CNN's Shawn Deng

Taiwan's national fire agency said that 71 people are trapped in two mines in Hualien after a powerful earthquake struck the island. 

In the Heping mine, there are 64 people trapped, and seven more are trapped in the Zhonghe mine, the fire agency said in a news conference on Wednesday. 

Video shows man swimming in a rooftop pool when massive earthquake hit 

When a magnitude of 7.4 earthquake rocked Taiwan on Wednesday, it struck during the morning commute.

Video shows highway roads shaking and even a man being heavily swayed and rocked on a rooftop pool.

Watch the moment here:

Taiwanese semiconductor facilities will resume production overnight following earthquake

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited (TSMC), the chipmaking giant, said on Wednesday that its facilities which were impacted by the 7.4 magnitude earthquake are expected to resume production overnight. 

TSMC reported that their overall tool recovery is at more than 70% within 10 hours of the earthquake striking the island. Safety systems are also operating normally, TSMC added.

The company noted that a small number of tools were damaged but that there was no damage to its extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV) tools. Work at construction sites will resume after further inspections are complete, TSMC said.

Earlier, a TSMC spokesperson told CNN they had evacuated some manufacturing plants. All personnel are now safe, TSMC said in an update.

Biden administration monitoring Taiwan earthquake, White House says

From CNN's Sam Fossum

The Biden administration is monitoring the earthquake in Taiwan overnight and is prepared to offer assistance, a National Security Council spokesperson said Wednesday. 

"We are monitoring reports of the earthquake impacting Taiwan and continue to monitor its potential impact on Japan. The United States stands ready to provide any necessary assistance. All those affected are in our prayers," a statement from National Security Council spokesperson Adrienne Watson said.

7 major earthquakes have hit Taiwan over the last 50 years

The 7.4 magnitude earthquake that killed at least nine people and injured hundreds Wednesday, is the strongest to hit Taiwan in 25 years .

Over the last 50 years, the island has experienced a total of seven major earthquakes, the last being a 7.1 magnitude quake in 2006 in Pingtung County in southern Taiwan.

The island sits on the Pacific Ring of Fire , which makes it prone to earthquakes.

See a full list of the earthquakes that have hit Taiwan:

29 aftershocks above 4.0 magnitude have occurred near epicenter since earthquake, US Geological Survey says

From CNN's Sara Tonks 

There have been 29 aftershocks greater than a magnitude of 4.0 near the epicenter of the earthquake in east Taiwan so far, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS).

Of these aftershocks:

• One was above 6.0
• 13 have been at or above 5.0
• 14 have been above 4.0.

Forecast during recovery efforts: Tonight's forecast in Hualien City, near the epicenter, calls for increasing cloud coverage. Thursday is looking at mostly cloudy skies with afternoon showers and rain Thursday night and Friday during the day.

Rainfall totals should be relatively light for Taiwan, with models calling for under 25 mm (less than 1 inch) by Friday evening local time.

Watch landslide engulf road after 7.4 magnitude earthquake hits Taiwan

A dashcam camera has caught the moment a large landslide came down a mountain in Taiwan, triggered by a 7.4 magnitude earthquake on Wednesday morning.

The quake is the strongest to have rattled the island in 25 years, killing at least nine people and leaving more than 150 trapped.

Please enable JavaScript for a better experience.

BREAKING: South Carolina beats Iowa to cap off an undefeated season

Hawaii’s Big Island warned to be ready as huge volcano rumbles

HONOLULU — Hawaii officials are warning residents of the Big Island that the world’s largest active volcano, Mauna Loa, is sending signals that it may erupt.

Scientists say an eruption isn’t imminent, but they are on alert because of a recent spike in earthquakes at the volcano’s summit. Experts say it would take just a few hours for lava to reach homes closest to vents on the volcano, which last erupted in 1984.

Hawaii’s civil defense agency is holding meetings across the island to educate residents about how to prepare for a possible emergency. They recommend having a ″go″ bag with food, identifying a place to stay once they leave home and making a plan for reuniting with family members.

“Not to panic everybody, but they have to be aware of that you live on the slopes of Mauna Loa. There’s a potential for some kind of lava disaster,” said Talmadge Magno, the administrator for Hawaii County Civil Defense.

The volcano makes up 51% of the Hawaii Island landmass, so a large portion of the island has the potential to be affected by an eruption, Magno said.

There’s been a surge of development on the Big Island in recent decades — its population has more than doubled to 200,000 today from 92,000 in 1980 — and many newer residents weren’t around when Mauna Loa last erupted 38 years ago. All the more reason why Magno said officials are spreading the word about the science of the volcano and urging people to be prepared.

Mauna Loa, rising 13,679 feet (4,169 meters) above sea level, is the much larger neighbor to Kilauea volcano, which erupted in a residential neighborhood and destroyed 700 homes in 2018. Some of its slopes are much steeper than Kilauea’s so when it erupts, its lava can flow much faster.

During a 1950 eruption, the mountain’s lava traveled 15 miles (24 kilometers) to the ocean in less than three hours.

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, which is part of the U.S. Geological Survey, said Mauna Loa has been in  a state of “heightened unrest”  since the middle of last month when the number of summit earthquakes jumped from 10 to 20 per day to 40 to 50 per day.

Scientists believe more earthquakes are occurring because more magma is flowing into Mauna Loa’s summit reservoir system from the hot spot under the earth’s surface that feeds molten rock to  Hawaii’s volcanoes .

The temblors have declined in frequency in recent days but could rise again.

More than 220 people attended a community meeting last weekend that county civil defense officials held in Ocean View, a neighborhood that lava could reach in hours if molten rock erupts through vents on Mauna Loa’s southwest flank.

Bob Werner, an Ocean View resident who didn’t attend the meeting, said it’s wise to be aware of a possible eruption but not to fear it. He’s not concerned that the neighborhood would be completely cut off, if lava flows across the only road connecting it to the bigger towns of Kailua-Kona and Hilo, where many people do their shopping.

The “greater concern is it will be extremely annoying to drive an extra hour or two hours to get the same stuff,” he said.

Ryan Williams, the owner of the Margarita Village bar in Hilo, said the volcanic unrest wasn’t worrying customers who are used to warnings.

There could still be a heightened sense of urgency since officials have been holding town hall meetings, urging people to prepare.

“But everything I’ve read or heard, they trying to kind of assure people that conditions have not changed,” Williams said. “There’s no imminent eruption, but just to be alert.”

Magno said his agency is talking to residents now because communities closest to vents likely wouldn’t have enough time to learn how to respond and prepare once the observatory raises its alert level to “watch,” which means an eruption is imminent.

The current alert level is “advisory” meaning the volcano is showing signs of unrest yet there’s no indication an eruption is likely or certain.

Residents in other parts of the island would have more time to react.

Lava from Mauna Loa’s northeast flank could take days or weeks to reach residential communities. That’s because the mountain’s slopes on that side are relatively gentle and because towns are farther from volcanic vents.

Frank Trusdell, research geologist at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, said all of Mauna Loa’s eruptions in recorded history have started in its summit crater. About half of them stayed there, while the other half later spewed lava from vents lower down the mountain.

Lava erupting from the summit generally doesn’t travel far enough to reach residential areas.

Mauna Loa has erupted 33 times since 1843. It last erupted in 1984 when lava flowed down its eastern flank only to stop 4.5 miles (7.2 kilometers) short of Hilo, the Big Island’s most populous town.

Molten rock flows from Mauna Loa, located on the south-central part of the island of Hawaii, on April 4, 1984. (AP Photo/File)

Mauna Loa also has a history of disgorging huge volumes of lava.

In the 1950 eruption, which lasted for 23 days, Mauna Loa released 1,000 cubic meters (1,307 cubic yards) of lava per second. In contrast, Kilauea released 300 cubic meters (392 cubic yards) per second in 2018.

The earthquakes could continue for a while before any eruption: increased seismic activity lasted for a year before a 1975 eruption and a year-and-a-half before the 1984 one. Alternatively, the temblors could subside and Mauna Loa may not erupt this time.

Trusdell said residents should look at his agency’s maps and learn how quickly lava may show up in their neighborhood. He also urged people living in one of the short-notice areas to pay attention if the summit turns red.

“All you got to do is look up there and see the glow. You grab your stuff, throw it in the car and drive. Go!” he said.

They can always go home after if the lava ultimately doesn’t flow into their neighborhood, he said.

We've detected unusual activity from your computer network

To continue, please click the box below to let us know you're not a robot.

Why did this happen?

Please make sure your browser supports JavaScript and cookies and that you are not blocking them from loading. For more information you can review our Terms of Service and Cookie Policy .

For inquiries related to this message please contact our support team and provide the reference ID below.

• Airborne Weapons
• Airlift and Tanker
• Combat Aircraft
• Special Missions Aircraft
• Training Aircraft
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
• More Air Power
• Appointment
• Soldier Equipment
• Special Operations Forces
• Unmanned Ground Vehicles
• Weapons and Munitions
• More Land Forces
• Aircraft Carriers
• Corvettes and OPVs
• Fast Attack Crafts
• Frigates and Destroyers
• Naval Weapons
• Unmanned Surface/Underwater Vehicles
• More Sea Power
• EW In Depth Articles
• EW Press Releases
• EW Newsletter
• Special – Electronic Warfare – Volume 2 – December 2023
• Special Volume 1 – Electronic Warfare – May 2023
• MilCom In Depth Articles
• MilCom Podcast
• MilCom Press Releases
• Special Volume – Communications – October/November 2023
• Supplement – Tactical Radios – ​2022
• Supplement – Tactical Radios – October/November ​2021
• Supplement – Tactical Radios – October/November 2020
• Artificial Intelligence
• Compendium – SOF – February/March 2020
• Ukraine Conflict
• Upcoming Events
• 2024 Event News
• AOC Europe 2023
• Army Aviation Mission Solutions Summit 2023
• Paris Air Show 2023
• Euronaval 2022
• Eurosatory 2022
• Farnborough 2022
• Indo Defence 2022
• World Defense Show 2022
• Dubai Airshow 2021
• Euronaval 2020
• CANSEC 2019
• Paris Air Show 2019
• Quad-A 2019
• Euronaval 2018
• Eurosatory 2018
• Farnborough Airshow 2018
• Editor-In-Chief Podcast
• Special Volume 2 – Unmanned Systems 2023 – June/July 2023
• Supplement – Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – ​2022
• Supplement – UAV – June/July ​2021
• Supplement – Middle East Defence – Feb/Mar 2021
• Supplement – UAV – June/July 2020
• Compendium Archives
• Sup 1 – Jun/Jul 22 – UAV
• Sup 2 – Oct/Nov 22 – Tactical Radios – ​2022
• Sup 1 – Feb/Mar 21 – Middle East Special
• Sup 2 – Jun/Jul 21 – UAV
• Supp 3 – Oct/Nov 21 – Tactical Radios
• Com 1 – Feb/Mar 20 – Special Operations Forces
• Com 2 – Jun/Jul 20 – UAV
• Com 1 – Jun/Jul 19 – UAV
• Com 2 – Sep 19 – Modern Soldier
• Com 3 – Oct 19 – Tactical Radios
• Com 1 – Apr/May 18 – Military Rotorcraft
• Com 2 – Jun/Jul 18 – Armoured Combat Vehicles
• Com 3 – Jun/Jul 18 – Modern Soldier
• Com 4 – Jun/Jul 18 – Electronic Warfare
• Com 5 – Sep 18 – UAV
• Com 6 – Oct/Nov 18 – Tactical Radios
• Com 1 – April/May 17 – Mega City Wars
• Com 2 – Jun/Jul 17 – Airborne Electronic Warfare
• Com 3 – Sep 17 – Modern Soldier
• Com 4 – Oct/Nov 17 – Tactical Radio
• Com 1 – Feb/Mar 16 – Unmanned Systems
• Com 2 – Apr/May 16 – Special Operations
• Com 3 – Jun/Jul 16 – Modern Soldier
• Com 4 – Aug/Sep 16 – Airborne Electronic Warfare
• Com 5 – Oct/Nov 16 – Tactical Radio
• Magazine Archives
• Overview Archives
• Editorial Calendar 2024
• Media Kit 2024
• Sponsored Content
• From our Correspondents
• Bunker Briefing
• Press Releases
• Industry News
• Photo Galleries
• Editors Viewpoint
• In Depth Analysis
• White Papers
• Digital Magazine – Subscription
• Print Magazine – Subscription
• Subscribe FAQ
• Testimonials
• Banner Specifications – 2024
• Newsletter Specifications – 2024
• Native content Specifications – 2024
• Advertise with us
• Privacy policy

• Electronic Warfare
• Land Warfare

Russian IADS Redux Part-7: The Effectors

In the next part of our series on Russia’s strategic integrated air defence system, we look at the kinetic ground-based air defence systems it deploys.

In part-6 of our series on Russia’s strategic Integrated Air Defence System (IADS) we examined the command and control architecture it depends upon. The IADS’ role is ultimately to provide a response to air threats approaching or entering Russian airspace. In Russian air defence doctrine this response is provided using kinetic and/or electronic effects.

The kinetic side of the IADS depends on the Russian Aerospace Force’s (RASF’s) fighters and Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) systems. Sources have shared with Armada that both the fighter and SAM force would be deployed in wartime to protect key Russian strategic targets. Typically, these could include politico-military targets like the Kremlin, the seat of the Russian government in Moscow. Other potential strategic targets include hardened facilities believed to be earmarked for use by the Russian leadership in wartime. One of these facilities is thought to be located at Mount Yamantau, southwest Russia. A back-up facility may exist at Mount Kosvinsky Kaman, western Russia. Russia’s industrial city of Elektrostal, on the eastern outskirts of Moscow, was one of the first locations where the RASF deployed its S-400 (NATO reporting name SA-21 Growler) high-altitude, long-range SAM systems in 2010.

The SAM Systems

Moscow itself is ring-fenced by the RASF’s 53T6 (ABM-3 Gazelle) anti-ballistic missile system. The 53T6 employs SAMs equipped with a ten kiloton (one kiloton is equal to 1,000 tonnes of conventional explosive) nuclear warhead. These missiles would detonate at altitude in proximity to incoming salvos of ballistic missile warheads or formations of hostile aircraft. The logic is that this ‘shotgun’ approach will vaporise, or at least badly damage, these targets.

The S-400 is the mainstay of the RASF SAM force. A typical S-400 battalion includes two batteries. A battery comprises between eight and twelve individual launch vehicles, each equipped with four missile tubes. Thus, an S-400 regiment could have between 56 and 84 individual missiles ready to launch if fully loaded.  Each battery has a command post, a 91N6 (Big Bird) S-band (2.3 gigahertz/GHz to 2.5GHz/2.7GHz to 3.7GHz) 324 nautical mile/nm (600 kilometre/km) range surveillance and tracking radar. The 91N6 is joined by a 96L6E (Cheese Board) C-band (5.25GHz to 5.925GHz) early warning and target acquisition radar. This radar has a range of up to 162nm (300km). A plethora of SAMs can be launched by the S-400 with an array of engagement ranges from 21.6nm (40km) using the active radar homing 9M96E missile. Engagement ranges can reach up to 216nm (400km) using the 40N6E missile which has a reported engagement altitude of 98,425 feet/ft (30,000 metres/m).

Legacy systems used by the RASF include the S-300PS (SA-10B Grumble-B) and S-300PM (SA-10D/E Grumble) which have subtle differences. An S-300PS battery has three Maz-543 launch vehicles each with four launch tubes. The battery is also equipped with a single 5N63S (Flap Lid-B) X-band (8.5GHz to 10.68GHz) fire control radar. An S-300PM battery has a single 36N6E (Flap Lid) X-band/Ku-band (13.4GHz to 14GHz/15.7GHz to 17.7GHz) fire control radar with a 162nm (300km) range. Joining the 36N6E is a 76N6 (Clam Shell) X-band (8.5GHz to 10.68GHz) search and track radar with a 70nm (120km) range. The rest of the battery is comprised of up to eight Kraz-260 launch vehicles each with four tubes. Both the S-300PS/PM are thought to deploy 48N6/E SAMs which have a reported 81nm (150km) range. The S-300PS/PM’s 5V55R missile has an engagement range of up to 48.6nm (90km).

Sources have shared with Armada that RASF SAM batteries are not routinely deployed but may deploy from time-to-time to support exercises or training. The batteries would only be deployed in anger to protect key strategic targets like those discussed above. The sources continued that the task of the SAM units is to provide a protective ‘bubble’ above these targets. Air defence coverage up to 54 nautical miles/nm (100 kilometres/km) altitude and a range radius of 189nm (350km) around the target would be provided. The SAM units would work to attrit any incoming air attack as much as possible. Russian air defence doctrine focuses on safeguarding as many strategic targets as possible in anticipation of an eventual counterattack.

One crucial part of the RASF’s SAM force is its 96K6 Pantsir-S1 (SA-22 Greyhound) combined medium-range SAM and anti-aircraft artillery systems. 96K6 units would deploy with S-300 and S-400 batteries. Their role would be to destroy air-launched weapons like anti-radiation missiles or attack helicopters engaging the batteries Armada’s sources added.

Over the longer term, the RASF is looking to introduce new SAM systems to enhance the strategic IADS in the form of the S-350E and S-500 Prometey long-range, high-altitude SAM systems. The S-350E is mooted as a replacement for the RASF’s S-300PS/PM batteries. Open sources state that a S-350E battery has one 50N6A X-band ground-based air surveillance radar with a range of 215nm (400km). The 50N6A is joined by a single 50K6A mobile command post and up to eight 50P6 launch vehicles. Each launch vehicle can fire 9M96/E or 9M100 SAMs with engagement ranges and altitudes of up to 65nm (120km) and 98,000ft (30,000m) respectively. It was reported in January 2020 that the first S-350E battery had entered service, although a developmental system may have been deployed to support Russia’s military presence in Syria. The VKS could receive twelve S-350E batteries by 2027.

The S-500 is mooted to have a longer engagement range than the S-350E. The S-500 ensemble includes a 91N6A(M) air surveillance and battle management radar. This radar is an enhanced version of the 91N6A radar accompanying the S-400. The S-500’s 96L6TSP target acquisition radar is an enhanced variant of the S-400’s 96L6E. These two systems are accompanied by the 76T6 multimode fire control radar, itself thought to be a derivative of the 92N6. Also forming part of the S-500 ensemble is the 77T6 anti-ballistic missile engagement radar the capabilities of which remain largely unknown in the public domain.

Open sources say that missiles equipping the S-500 could hit targets at ranges of up to 270nm (500km). Russian sources have claimed that the S-500 could engage targets at up to 656,168ft (200,000m) altitude. Russian media, seldom the most reliable source, claim that the first S-500 regiment went on combat duty in October 2021.

The long-term prognosis for the S-500 and S-350E systems remains uncertain. As documented by the Royal United Services Institute, a London-based thinktank, the Russian defence industry is dependent on clandestinely-sourced Western microelectronics for sophisticated weapons systems. Will Western efforts to clamp down on Russia’s access to such technology have an impact on the fortunes of the S-350E and S-500?

Stay tuned for more analysis on Russia’s strategic air defence capabilities in the next instalment of our Russian IADS Redux series.

by Dr. Thomas Withington

Read our other Russian IADS Redux   articles:

• Russian IADS Redux Part-1: Resonating with Resonance
• Russian IADS Redux Part-2: Hilltop View
• Russian IADS Redux Part-3: Strategic Skywatchers
• Russian IADS Redux Part-4: Missing Link
• Russian IADS Redux Part-5: Reset Password?
• Russian IADS Redux Part-6: Fundament-alists

Trains Moscow to Elektrostal: Times, Prices and Tickets

• Train Times
• Seasonality
• Accommodations

Moscow to Elektrostal by train

The journey from Moscow to Elektrostal by train is 32.44 mi and takes 2 hr 7 min. There are 71 connections per day, with the first departure at 12:15 AM and the last at 11:46 PM. It is possible to travel from Moscow to Elektrostal by train for as little as or as much as . The best price for this journey is .

Get from Moscow to Elektrostal with Virail

Virail's search tool will provide you with the options you need when you want to go from Moscow to Elektrostal. All you need to do is enter the dates of your planned journey, and let us take care of everything else. Our engine does the hard work, searching through thousands of routes offered by our trusted travel partners to show you options for traveling by train, bus, plane, or carpool. You can filter the results to suit your needs. There are a number of filtering options, including price, one-way or round trip, departure or arrival time, duration of journey, or number of connections. Soon you'll find the best choice for your journey. When you're ready, Virail will transfer you to the provider's website to complete the booking. No matter where you're going, get there with Virail.

How can I find the cheapest train tickets to get from Moscow to Elektrostal?

Prices will vary when you travel from Moscow to Elektrostal. On average, though, you'll pay about for a train ticket. You can find train tickets for prices as low as , but it may require some flexibility with your travel plans. If you're looking for a low price, you may need to prepare to spend more time in transit. You can also often find cheaper train tickets at particular times of day, or on certain days of the week. Of course, ticket prices often change during the year, too; expect to pay more in peak season. For the lowest prices, it's usually best to make your reservation in advance. Be careful, though, as many providers do not offer refunds or exchanges on their cheapest train tickets. Unfortunately, no price was found for your trip from Moscow to Elektrostal. Selecting a new departure or arrival city, without dramatically changing your itinerary could help you find price results. Prices will vary when you travel from Moscow to Elektrostal. On average, though, you'll pay about for a train ticket. If you're looking for a low price, you may need to prepare to spend more time in transit. You can also often find cheaper train tickets at particular times of day, or on certain days of the week. Of course, ticket prices often change during the year, too; expect to pay more in peak season. For the lowest prices, it's usually best to make your reservation in advance. Be careful, though, as many providers do not offer refunds or exchanges on their cheapest train tickets.

How long does it take to get from Moscow to Elektrostal by train?

The journey between Moscow and Elektrostal by train is approximately 32.44 mi. It will take you more or less 2 hr 7 min to complete this journey. This average figure does not take into account any delays that might arise on your route in exceptional circumstances. If you are planning to make a connection or operating on a tight schedule, give yourself plenty of time. The distance between Moscow and Elektrostal is around 32.44 mi. Depending on the exact route and provider you travel with, your journey time can vary. On average, this journey will take approximately 2 hr 7 min. However, the fastest routes between Moscow and Elektrostal take 1 hr 3 min. If a fast journey is a priority for you when traveling, look out for express services that may get you there faster. Some flexibility may be necessary when booking. Often, these services only leave at particular times of day - or even on certain days of the week. You may also find a faster journey by taking an indirect route and connecting in another station along the way.

How many journeys from Moscow to Elektrostal are there every day?

On average, there are 71 daily departures from Moscow to Elektrostal. However, there may be more or less on different days. Providers' timetables can change on certain days of the week or public holidays, and many also vary at particular times of year. Some providers change their schedules during the summer season, for example. At very busy times, there may be up to departures each day. The providers that travel along this route include , and each operates according to their own specific schedules. As a traveler, you may prefer a direct journey, or you may not mind making changes and connections. If you have heavy suitcases, a direct journey could be best; otherwise, you might be able to save money and enjoy more flexibility by making a change along the way. Every day, there are an average of 18 departures from Moscow which travel directly to Elektrostal. There are 53 journeys with one change or more. Unfortunately, no connection was found for your trip from Moscow to Elektrostal. Selecting a new departure or arrival city, without dramatically changing your itinerary could help you find connections.

Book in advance and save

If you're looking for the best deal for your trip from Moscow to Elektrostal, booking train tickets in advance is a great way to save money, but keep in mind that advance tickets are usually not available until 3 months before your travel date.

Stay flexible with your travel time and explore off-peak journeys

Planning your trips around off-peak travel times not only means that you'll be able to avoid the crowds, but can also end up saving you money. Being flexible with your schedule and considering alternative routes or times will significantly impact the amount of money you spend on getting from Moscow to Elektrostal.

Always check special offers

Checking on the latest deals can help save a lot of money, making it worth taking the time to browse and compare prices. So make sure you get the best deal on your ticket and take advantage of special fares for children, youth and seniors as well as discounts for groups.

Unlock the potential of slower trains or connecting trains

If you're planning a trip with some flexible time, why not opt for the scenic route? Taking slower trains or connecting trains that make more stops may save you money on your ticket – definitely worth considering if it fits in your schedule.

Best time to book cheap train tickets from Moscow to Elektrostal

The cheapest Moscow - Elektrostal train tickets can be found for as low as $35.01 if you’re lucky, or $54.00 on average. The most expensive ticket can cost as much as $77.49.

Find the best day to travel to Elektrostal by train

When travelling to Elektrostal by train, if you want to avoid crowds you can check how frequently our customers are travelling in the next 30-days using the graph below. On average, the peak hours to travel are between 6:30am and 9am in the morning, or between 4pm and 7pm in the evening. Please keep this in mind when travelling to your point of departure as you may need some extra time to arrive, particularly in big cities!

Moscow to Elektrostal CO2 Emissions by Train

Anything we can improve?

Frequently Asked Questions

Go local from moscow, trending routes, weekend getaways from moscow, international routes from moscow and nearby areas, other destinations from moscow, other popular routes.