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Management of Tourism

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• Abraham Pizam 3 &
• Valeriya Shapoval 3  

Tourism management can be analyzed at four levels: scope, ownership, industry sector, and function. At the first level, those who are concerned with the macro-effects of the tourism industry have analyzed its consequences on the economy, the ecology, and sociocultural milieu of the host community. Economists have developed mathematical models to estimate the direct, indirect, and induced impacts of income injected by tourists into the national, regional, or local economies (Dwyer et al. 2020 ). Ecologists, geographers, and regional planners have mostly studied the negative effects of tourism on the physical environment. Tourism can have negative impacts on the destination by overusing and depleting natural resources. Therefore, environmental quality is increasingly important to ensure the future existence of destinations (Archer et al. 2005 ).

Maintaining environmental quality is essential for saving resources and maintaining the quality and competitiveness of the environment and...

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Archer, B., C. Cooper, and L. Ruhanen. 2005. The positive and negative impacts of tourism. Global Tourism 3: 79–102.

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Abraham Pizam & Valeriya Shapoval

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Correspondence to Valeriya Shapoval .

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School of Hospitality Leadership, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, WI, USA

Jafar Jafari

School of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

Honggen Xiao

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Department of Tourism, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

Nevenka Cavlek

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Pizam, A., Shapoval, V. (2023). Management of Tourism. In: Jafari, J., Xiao, H. (eds) Encyclopedia of Tourism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_125-2

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_125-2

Received : 20 September 2021

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_125-2

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The Business of Tourism

• J. Christopher Holloway - University of the West of England
• Claire Humphreys - University of Westminster
• Description

This popular and comprehensive textbook helps students to not only understand these changes but study them with a critical mindset and historical perspective, desirable for success in assessments. The text also continues to retain its focus on ‘business’ and the operational aspects of tourism, making it especially useful for students considering a career and/or short term placement in the tourism industry.

This 12th edition of The Business of Tourism includes updates to take in changes to the tourism industry and consumption behaviours as a result of:

• Brexit (the UK’s decision to leave the European Union)
• the pandemic and its impacts on nature; the operation of attractions; event tourism; hotel chains; transport; and governmental support
• Sustainability and the reduction of the negative impacts caused by tourism

Chris Holloway  was a former Professor of Tourism Management at the University of the West of England.

Claire Humphreys  is a former Head of Department and Principal Lecturer at the University of Westminster.

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The Business of Tourism Management

Equips students and future managers of tourism with both the business skills and an understanding of tourism , which will enhance their employment prospects within this dynamic industry.

• ISBN-10 0273688014
• ISBN-13 978-0273688013
• Publisher Pearson
• Publication date November 8, 2005
• Language English
• Dimensions 7.68 x 1.42 x 10.43 inches
• Print length 605 pages
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This exciting new book, firmly embedded in the management discipline, helps to equip students and future managers with both the business skills and an understanding of tourism, which will enhance their employment prospects within this dynamic industry.

The Business of Tourism Management provides an introduction to key aspects of tourism, and to the practice of managing a tourism business. It explores the functions of management within the world of tourism, showing how tourism as a business has evolved, how the tourism and travel industry is structured, and how tourism businesses operate within their political, economic and socio-cultural environments.

Written and contributed by leading academics and practitioners in the UK, Europe and Australia, The Business of Tourism Management is ideal for both undergraduate and postgraduate students of tourism management.

KEY FEATURES

• An internationally and business-focused textbook that meets the needs of tourism management students around the world.
• Many original case studies and examples encourage and enable students to apply theory to real-world scenarios.
• Extensive coverage of electronic commerce, reflecting the fast-paced development and realities of the industry.
• Learning Outcomes, case studies, guided questions, discussion points and ideas for further research help students structure their progress.

The BOTM Blog is a website designed to support this book with tourism management news stories and other internet resources. It is regularly updated by the editors at businessoftourismmanagement.blogspot.com.

ABOUT THE EDITORS

John Beech is Head of the Department of Strategy and Applied Management at Coventry Business School, Coventry University.

Simon Chadwick is Programme Director for the MSc in Sport Management and the Business of Football at Birkbeck College, the University of London.

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• Publisher ‏ : ‎ Pearson (November 8, 2005)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Paperback ‏ : ‎ 605 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0273688014
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0273688013
• Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 3.23 pounds
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 7.68 x 1.42 x 10.43 inches
• #11,217 in Hospitality, Travel & Tourism (Books)
• #26,048 in Motivational Management & Leadership
• #65,710 in Core

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This publication represents a major contribution to developing professionalism in the field of destination management. It is intended as a practical guide, showing how concepts of destination management may be translated into practice. Besides it will be of considerable interest to academics as we acknowledge the work of other experts and academic leaders who have contributed to the field of destination management. As the main purpose of Destination Management Organisations is to attract people to visit in the first place, this practical guide will explain through models, guidelines and snapshot case studies how to create a suitable environment and quality delivery on the ground and how to ensure that visitors’ expectations are met at the destination.

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You will learn about key aspects of tourism management grounded in the context of the sustainability and environmental issues that relate directly to the communities and ecosystems around you and across the world. You will develop insights into a range of strategic management approaches and tools to address tourism impacts and develop new ways of enabling tourism to benefit people and places.

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Business tourism 101: All you need to know

What is business tourism.

• To participate in internal meetings at different office locations
• To meet business partners (clients or suppliers)
• To go to conferences, exhibitions, trade shows, and other local or international business events
• To take part in company retreats or incentive trips

Why is business tourism important?

• Better understand common goals, needs, and challenges
• Work together more efficiently
• Easily share knowledge and ideas
• Achieve important breakthroughs and solve problems faster

See how to save money on business travel

What are the different types of business tourism, traditional business traveling, incentive trips, conference and exhibitions, how has business tourism evolved over the years.

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What is business tourism and why is it so big?

Disclaimer: Some posts on Tourism Teacher may contain affiliate links. If you appreciate this content, you can show your support by making a purchase through these links or by buying me a coffee . Thank you for your support!

In 2017, the world travel and tourism industry contributed more than $10 trillion dollars to the global economy. Of this amount, business tourism contributed a significant proportion, with a total of $1.23 trillion dollars.

Modern society transportation and infrastructure systems continue to revolutionise and therefore business tourism has the means to provide greater economic power than it has previously.

In this post, I will focus on the growing tourism industry of ‘business tourism’. I will explain what business tourism is, why business tourism is part of the tourism industry and provide a few examples of where business tourism takes place.

What is business tourism?

Definitions of business tourism, why is business tourism important, international exhibitors, corporate hospitality events, conferences, leisure time activities, benefits of business tourism, top business tourism destinations, business tourism in hong kong, business tourism in london, business tourism in new york, business tourism in toronto, business tourism in san francisco, business tourism: a conclusion, further reading.

Business tourism, or business travel, is essentially a form of travel which involves undertaking business activities that are based away from home.

The  United Nations World Tourism Organization  (UNWTO) defines tourists as people ‘traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes’, thus making business an important and integral sector of the tourism economy.

Business tourism activities includes attending meetings, congresses, exhibitions, incentive travel and corporate hospitality.

Academically, there isn’t a huge amount of literature on the characterisation of ‘business tourism’ or ‘business travel’. However, to quote from Davidson (1994) ‘Business tourism is concerned with people travelling for purposes which are related to their work.’

Business tourism represents one of the oldest forms of tourism, man having travelled for the purpose of travel since very early times” (cited in Bathia, 2006, p.272). To elaborate, business tourism is a means of travel that takes place for the primarily importance of a work-related activity.

Often the term ‘business tourism’ is described as ‘business traveller/travellers’.

There is a strong and correlative relation amongst a country’s economy and business tourism.

Business travellers are less cost sensitive on their expenditure as they themselves generally devote only a fraction of the cost. Research has shown that business travellers spend up to four times more during their trip than any other types of tourists . In fact, early research by Davidson and Cope , discovered that the ratio of daily expenditure by business travellers to that of leisure is generally situated somewhat between 2:1 and 3:1.

Therefore, business tourism provides significant economic contributions to the local and global economy. Business tourism also promotes the development for advanced infrastructure and transportation systems which also benefits other forms of tourism as well as the local population .

Business tourism also supports the hospitality industry, i.e. hotel bookings and restaurant bookings. This form of tourism also supports leisure tourism as business travellers tend to combine both activities together. This is referred as ‘bleisure tourism’, the combination of ‘business’ and ‘leisure’.

Business tourism activities

There are many forms of business tourism activities. Here I have demonstrated four key examples.

Business travellers may travel for the purpose of attending an exhibition. Exhibitions offer opportunities for businesses to connect with the international industry community. The exhibition industry entices two groups of people: those with something to sell and those who attend with a view to making a purchase of getting information.

Exhibitions come in all shapes and sizes depending on a person’s area of interest or work. As I have an interest in tourism I have attended a number of relevant travel exhibitions in recent years including ITB in Berlin and The World Travel Market in the UK.

Throughout many business excursions, the business traveller will have some form of meeting to attend during the course of their trip. Meetings may be appointments with clients; a board meeting at the present company or interstate of international branches; or an orientation meeting with staff at a new branch. Meetings can take place face-to-face or electronically using means such as Skype or FaceTime.

Corporate hospitality is a form of business travel that takes place when a corporation invites their guests to attend an event or an organised activity at no extra charge.

Corporate hospitality is a valuable tool used by corporations to foster relations, both internal and external to the company or to brand in influential circles. The extent to which corporate hospitality can yield tangible and intangible benefits is covered really well in the bestselling business book from award-winning restauranteur Danny Meyer, of Union Square Cafe, Gramercy Tavern, and Shake Shack entitled Setting the Table: The Transforming Power of Hospitality in Business .

A conference is a formal meeting of people with a shared interest. Conferences may last a day or they may last several days.

Conferences are common across a number of industries. Having worked in academia for a number of years, I have attended and presented at many conferences such as the ICOT conference in Thailand in 2017 and the International Conference on Sustainable Tourism in Nepal in 2018. I even won the three minute thesis competition at a PhD conference that I attended at the University of Staffordshire!

There are also many conferences and get togethers for travel bloggers that I am interested, such as TBEX , Traverse and Travel Massive .

Often in the business tourism literature you will come across the term MICE. MICE is a reference for Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Events. The term MICE has been recognised as ‘The Meeting Industry’ according to the United Nations World Tourism Organisation .

The MICE industry contributes significantly to the wider business tourism sector. It is becoming increasingly recognised as a prominent part of the industry and is beginning to receive growing attention amongst the academic community. You can read a detailed article about MICE tourism here.

Along with the examples demonstrated above, business travellers also participate in leisure activities outside of their business commitments. These activities could range from dining out, sightseeing and other recreational activities. When I attended a conference in Nepal in 2017, for example, I took my mother in law and daughter along for the conference gala dinner where we took part in traditional Nepalese evening celebrations!

There are many benefits of business tourism. Notably, it brings economic value to the wider tourism industry as well as the local economy, for example through hotel bookings or sales of business travel backpacks . What many people forget to mention, however, are the benefits that business tourism can also have for the tourist!

I have travelled many times for business, whether this as part of my former Cabin Crew career, for an academic conference or to undertake consultancy work. Travelling frequently for work can yield many benefits for the individual, such as;

• Collecting frequent flier miles and redeeming these for personal use
• Becoming a member of hotel loyalty programmes and receiving associated benefits during both work and personal trips
• Saving money on things such as food and drink when attending corporate hospitality events
• Enhanced networking opportunities that may otherwise be inaccessible
• Taking advantage of leisure opportunities that may be otherwise inaccessible
• Enjoying the use of facilities, such as gyms or swimming pools, that may not otherwise be available to you

Business tourism destinations

There are a variety of business tourism destinations all across the world. However, this type of tourism is predominantly situated in global north countries. This is mainly because global north countries are developed countries and have the means to provide well equipped resources and infrastructure to makes business tourism easily accessible and thus desirable choices among business travellers.

According to Egencia , the corporate travel group collected data from flight booking and reservations during the years 2014 and 2018. Their collection of data led them to discover the top 20 destinations for global business tourism.

Following the list above, I have listed a set of examples of business tourism that are listed within the top ten destinations for global business tourism/travel.

Hong Kong ranks 8 th in the world for global business tourism and has been deemed one of Asia’s top choice for business travel. According to CTM , Central and Tsim Sha Tsui are the most popular commercial areas for business travel, with several hotels and business headquarters.

Hong Kong is the perfect destination for MICE (meetings, incentives, conferences and events) and in 2014, this form of tourism accounted for 1.82 million visitors.

There are around 283 hotels in Hong Kong.

There are a variety of things to do in Hong Kong during a business trip of the traveller is wanting to blend business and leisure together. A list of things to do are:

• Victoria Peak
• Tian Tan Buddha
• Victoria Harbour The Peak Tram

London ranks 2 nd in the world for global business tourism. London is the financial capital of the world and with this status comes several high-profile companies and is thought to be one of the best places to network and seek new business opportunities. This is why so many business tourists visit London for conferences, meetings and exhibitions.

London has around 1500 hotels.

There are a variety of things to do in London during a business trip of the traveller is wanting to blend business and leisure together. A list of things to do are:

• Buckingham Palace
• Coco Cola London Eye
• The British Museum
• Palace of Westminster

In 2019, New York was named the world’s top destination for business tourism for the fourth consecutive year. At no surprise when business travel flight bookings increased by more than 120% between 2014 and 2018.

New York is also a popular destination for business tourism as it offers a great deal of leisure activities and promotes the idea of blending business with leisure travel.

There are a variety of things to do in New York during a business trip of the traveller is wanting to blend business and leisure together. A list of things to do are:

• Statue of Liberty National Monument
• Central Park
• Empire State Building
• The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Toronto has been ranked the 5 th destination for global business tourism, outranking major commercial centres in the U.S.

Toronto (pronounced as “Traw-no” by the locals), is the financial capital of Canada. And according to Business Events, Toronto is the top Canadian domestic travel destination and the most popular choice for U.S sponsored association meetings outside the U.S.

In Toronto there are over 170 hotels which collectively has around 36,000 hotel rooms.

There are a variety of things to do in Toronto during a business trip of the traveller is wanting to blend business and leisure together. A list of things to do are:

• Royal Ontario Museum Art Gallery of Ontario

San Francisco has been ranked 7 th in the world for global business tourism.  According to The San Francisco Travel Association , San Francisco welcomed 18.9 million leisure visitors and 5.8 million business travellers in 2015.

According to Joe D’Alessandro, president and CEO of San Francisco Travel, San Francisco is “experiencing sustained growth in all market segments – domestic, international, leisure and business – as a result of our highly professional and sophisticated community of hotels, restaurants, cultural organizations and SFO, one of the finest airports in the world.” 

There are a variety of things to do in San Francisco during a business trip of the traveller is wanting to blend business and leisure together. A list of things to do are:

• Fisherman’s Wharf
• Golden Gate Bridge
• Golden Gate Park

Where business exists, the demand for business travel follows. Business tourism is predominantly located where good transportation systems are allocated, i.e. airports, taxis, railways. The choices of hotels and restaurants also attracts business travel.

Do you travel for business? What things do you look out for on your business trip? Are you a lover of combining business and leisure activities? Leave a comment below.

Like this post? For more on different types of tourism, I’d suggest reading my tourism glossary !

• Setting the Table: The Transforming Power of Hospitality in Business – The bestselling business book from award-winning restauranteur Danny Meyer, of Union Square Cafe, Gramercy Tavern, and Shake Shack
• Event Planning: The Ultimate Guide To Successful Meetings, Corporate Events, Fundraising Galas, Conferences, Conventions, Incentives and Other Special Events – An academic text focussing on MICE in the events industry
• The Business of Tourism – A introductory text to the tourism industry

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MSc in Tourism Management

This program meets the growing needs of the tourism industry to shape high skilled and knowledgeable professionals, so that they can assume leading roles in the management of tourism organizations. The program blends the requisite specialist operational knowledge and skills, with advanced managerial competencies, in order to educate the new generation of tourism executives. It emphasizes the cross-cultural, moral, ethical, institutional and environmental issues in the management of tourism organizations, while covering all specialized business and operational skills. The strategic partnership with Costa Navarino and a series of events in collaboration with key tourism players throughout the program, as well as a well-organized internship process strongly support the development of a professional network and increase considerably the employability of students upon graduation.

Why Tourism?

The tourism sector fuels growth and job creation around the world, at sustained pace, according to the World Tourism Organization:

• Represents approximately 9% of the global economy;
• Has created approximately 69 million new jobs in the past 10 years.

The Greek tourism industry is one of the most dynamic fields of employment in the country, according to SETE, the Association of Greek Tourism Enterprises:

• Represents 17.3% of the country’s GDP;
• Supports 18.3% of total domestic employment, directly employing nearly 700.000 people across all skill levels.

Key features of the program:

• Weekday synchronous, distance learning classes between 18:00 – 22:00, twice a week on average for part-time mode;
• A 12-month program (24-month program for part-time mode);
• 14 core modules and 5 workshops (3 of which face-to-face between November-March);
• Assessment: group reports/presentations, case study analysis, mid-term tests, final exams;
• Dissertation or Internship (in Greece or abroad).

The MSc in Tourism Management is designed for:

• Entrepreneurs in tourism business;
• Members of family tourism business;
• Professionals in hospitality, tour operators, tour guides, travel agencies (air, land and sea), event and conference organizers, cruise makers, leisure and entertainment organizers, real estate developers.

  You may find  here   more information about the Program's Intended Learning Outcomes.

Current Student Profile

International Recognition : Accredited by the  The New England Commission of Higher Education (NE CHE);

The quality and academic standing of its faculty , both resident and visiting, combined with flexibility and the very latest technology , now available to tourism professionals around Greece and internationally via synchronous, distance learning;

Academic rigor with practical know-how: Academic courses are combined with specialized workshops (some of which face-to-face between November-March) by leading industry experts, tailored to address realistic technological and management challenges in travel, destination, tour guide, event, conference, leisure and entertainment management;

Strategic Partnership with Costa Navarino : Specialized workshops by Costa Navarino professionals, tailored to address challenges in hospitality and destination management. Three-day visit at The Westin Resort Costa Navarino, located at the first resort area in Costa Navarino. Costa Navarino is the prime, sustainable destination in Messinia, southwest Peloponnese, encompassing luxury resort hotels, high-end residences, a new golf destination, spa, sports & leisure facilities, as well as authentic cultural experiences;

Internship: Opportunity to spend t hree months at the heart of the tourism season at a number of tourism organizations. Internship at Costa Navarino offers c.v. inclusion into a global employment database and access to the most exciting online and classroom training programs;

Ideal location: The program is offered in Greece, a country with a long-lasting tradition in tourism;

Links to the industry: Students will benefit from the close links between Alba and the Greek tourism community.

MSc in Tourism Program FT Total Year Schedule 2024 -2025

Important Notes:

• In the context of the Introduction to Tourism Management course, a mandatory 3-day visit is included to Costa Navarino Resort. The total cost of the visit is approximately 300 euros;
• Career Development: This is an option provided only to Greek and EU students International VISA holder students who cannot conduct an internship in Greece (due to Greek immigration law), may opt for an paid internship in the United States via HRC-International  (extra fees are involved). Alternatively, they can access global internship opportunities through the international job portals provided by Alba’s Career Office.

You may find the  Graduate Academic Calendar 2024–25  here .

1st Period | October – November

Msc in tourism program pt total year schedule 2024 - 2026.

• Career Development: This is an option provided only to Greek and EU students International VISA holder students who cannot conduct an internship in Greece (due to Greek immigration law), may opt for an paid internship in the United States via   HRC-International  (extra fees are involved). Alternatively, they can access global internship opportunities through the international job portals provided by Alba’s Career Office.

Below you can see the Academic team of our program who deliver all courses. Please note that most courses also contain workshops, which are delivered by well experienced practitioners in the areas of hospitality management, service operations, digital communication and channel management, revenue management and event management. 

Dr. Baralou has broad research interests in how technologies mediate human interactions. She studies serious games and how the gamification process can enhance organizational learning and innovation. Her research draws on activity theory and critical realism as a broader philosophy.

Graduates of the program will be able to:

• Identify new trends and the requirements of employers, and adapt and respond effectively;
• Provide outstanding service along international standards and manage successfully the complexities of the tourism industry;
• Command the theory and practice in all aspects of running a tourism business: strategy, finance, marketing, operations, human resources;
• Contribute to the management and organization of: hospitality, travel, destination, event, conference, leisure, entertainment and real estate development;
• Handle the internal IT systems and online media channels necessary for digital marketing and operations.

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Two (2) partial scholarships amounting to 50% of total tuition fees for various MSc Programs,  based on a combination of academic performance & potential.

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The Taliban are working to woo tourists to Afghanistan

A Taliban-run tourism and hotel management institute has opened its doors to students

KABUL, Afghanistan -- KABUL, Afghanistan (AP) —

Around 30 men are crammed into a Kabul classroom, part of the debut student cohort at a Taliban-run institute training tourism and hospitality professionals.

It’s a motley crew. One student is a model. Another is 17 and has no job history.

The students vary in age, education level and professional experience. They're all men — Afghan women are banned from studying beyond sixth grade — and they don't know anything about tourism or hospitality. But they are all eager to promote a different side of Afghanistan. And the Taliban are happy to help.

Afghanistan’s rulers are pariahs on the global stage, largely because of their restrictions on women and girls. The economy is struggling, infrastructure is poor, and poverty is rife.

And yet, foreigners are visiting the country, encouraged by the sharp drop in violence, increased flight connections with hubs like Dubai, and the bragging rights that come with vacationing in an unusual destination. The numbers aren’t huge — they never were — but there’s a buzz around Afghan tourism.

In 2021, there were 691 foreign tourists. In 2022, that figure rose to 2,300. Last year, there were 7,000.

Mohammad Saeed, the head of the Tourism Directorate in Kabul, said the biggest foreign visitor market is China because of its proximity and large population. Afghanistan also has advantages over some of its neighbors.

“They’ve told me they don’t want to go to Pakistan because it’s dangerous and they get attacked. The Japanese have said this to me also," Saeed said. “This is good for us.”

But there are disadvantages, too.

Visas are difficult and expensive to access. Many countries severed ties with Afghanistan after the Taliban returned to power, and no country recognizes them as the legitimate rulers of the country.

Afghan embassies either closed or suspended their operations. There's an ongoing power struggle between Afghanistan’s embassies and consulates staffed by people from the former Western-backed administration, and those under the Taliban administration’s full control.

Saeed concedes there are obstacles for Afghan tourism to develop but said he was working with ministries to overcome them.

His ultimate aim is to have a visa on arrival for tourists, but that could be years away. There are problems with the road network, which is half-paved or non-existent in some parts of the country, and airlines largely avoid Afghan airspace.

The capital Kabul has the most international flights, but no Afghan airport has direct routes with major tourist markets like China, Europe, or India.

Despite the challenges, Saeed wants Afghanistan to become a tourism powerhouse, an ambition that appears to be backed by the Taliban’s top leaders.

“I have been sent to this department on the instructions of the elders (ministers). They must trust me because they’ve sent me to this important place.”

The students also have aspirations. The model, Ahmed Massoud Talash, wants to learn about Afghanistan’s picturesque spots for Instagram posts and its history for media appearances.

Business school graduate Samir Ahmadzai wants to open a hotel but thinks he should know more about tourism and hospitality first.

“They hear that Afghanistan is backwards, poverty and all about war,” said Ahmadzai. “We have 5,000 years of history. There should be a new page of Afghanistan.”

Classes include Afghan handicrafts and anthropology basics.

An unofficial subject is how to interact with foreign women and how their behavior or habits could clash with local customs and edicts. Examples might be women smoking or eating in public, to mixing freely with men who are not related to them by blood or marriage.

The Taliban have imposed a dress code for women and requirements for them to have a male guardian, or mahram, when they travel. Dining alone, traveling alone, and socializing with other women in public have become harder. With gyms closed to women and beauty salons banned, there are fewer places where they can meet outside the home.

In a sign that the country is preparing for more overseas visitors, the country’s only five-star hotel, the Serena, has reopened its women’s spa and salon for foreign females after a monthslong closure.

Foreigners must show their passport to access services. Women with “born in Afghanistan” on their ID are barred.

The restrictions on Afghan women and girls weigh on overseas travel companies, who say they try to focus on the positive aspect of cultural interactions by making donations, supporting local projects or only visiting family-run businesses.

Shane Horan, the founder of Rocky Road Travel, said visiting Afghanistan should not be seen as an endorsement of any particular government or political regime.

“Ultimately, the goal should be to support responsible tourism practices that contribute positively to the local economy and foster mutual respect and understanding, while also remaining cognizant of the broader political context in Afghanistan.”

He said there was no input from authorities about what tour groups saw or did, and that the company worked closely with a women’s rights organization in Afghanistan. A percentage of the tour cost went into supporting this organization’s programs, Horan added.

There are no women at the Institute of Tourism & Hotel Management. The students don’t mention it. But an official at the Tourism Directorate does.

“It’s a heartbreaking situation,” said the official, who wished to remain anonymous for fear of reprisals. “Even female family members ask if they can study here. But there was a change in policy with the change in government. The women who were studying before (the takeover) never came back. They never graduated.”

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The Taliban are working to woo tourists to Afghanistan

Afghans work in the garden of the renovated Darul Aman Palace in Kabul, Afghanistan, Wednesday, April 24, 2024. Credit: AP/Siddiqullah Alizai

KABUL, Afghanistan —

Around 30 men are crammed into a Kabul classroom, part of the debut student cohort at a Taliban-run institute training tourism and hospitality professionals.

It’s a motley crew. One student is a model. Another is 17 and has no job history.

The students vary in age, education level and professional experience. They're all men — Afghan women are banned from studying beyond sixth grade — and they don't know anything about tourism or hospitality. But they are all eager to promote a different side of Afghanistan. And the Taliban are happy to help.

Afghanistan’s rulers are pariahs on the global stage, largely because of their restrictions on women and girls. The economy is struggling, infrastructure is poor, and poverty is rife.

Get the latest breaking news as it happens.

By clicking Sign up, you agree to our privacy policy .

And yet, foreigners are visiting the country, encouraged by the sharp drop in violence, increased flight connections with hubs like Dubai, and the bragging rights that come with vacationing in an unusual destination. The numbers aren’t huge — they never were — but there’s a buzz around Afghan tourism.

In 2021, there were 691 foreign tourists. In 2022, that figure rose to 2,300. Last year, there were 7,000.

Afghans take selfies at the renovated Darul Aman Palace in Kabul, Afghanistan, Wednesday, April 24, 2024. Credit: AP/Siddiqullah Alizai

Mohammad Saeed, the head of the Tourism Directorate in Kabul, said the biggest foreign visitor market is China because of its proximity and large population. Afghanistan also has advantages over some of its neighbors.

“They’ve told me they don’t want to go to Pakistan because it’s dangerous and they get attacked. The Japanese have said this to me also," Saeed said. “This is good for us.”

But there are disadvantages, too.

Visas are difficult and expensive to access. Many countries severed ties with Afghanistan after the Taliban returned to power, and no country recognizes them as the legitimate rulers of the country.

Afghans walk outside Hazara's Sakhi Shrine in Kabul, Afghanistan, Friday, April 19, 2024. Credit: AP/Siddiqullah Alizai

Afghan embassies either closed or suspended their operations. There's an ongoing power struggle between Afghanistan’s embassies and consulates staffed by people from the former Western-backed administration, and those under the Taliban administration’s full control.

Saeed concedes there are obstacles for Afghan tourism to develop but said he was working with ministries to overcome them.

His ultimate aim is to have a visa on arrival for tourists, but that could be years away. There are problems with the road network, which is half-paved or non-existent in some parts of the country, and airlines largely avoid Afghan airspace.

The capital Kabul has the most international flights, but no Afghan airport has direct routes with major tourist markets like China, Europe, or India.

Despite the challenges, Saeed wants Afghanistan to become a tourism powerhouse, an ambition that appears to be backed by the Taliban’s top leaders.

“I have been sent to this department on the instructions of the elders (ministers). They must trust me because they’ve sent me to this important place.”

The students also have aspirations. The model, Ahmed Massoud Talash, wants to learn about Afghanistan’s picturesque spots for Instagram posts and its history for media appearances.

Business school graduate Samir Ahmadzai wants to open a hotel but thinks he should know more about tourism and hospitality first.

“They hear that Afghanistan is backwards, poverty and all about war,” said Ahmadzai. “We have 5,000 years of history. There should be a new page of Afghanistan.”

Classes include Afghan handicrafts and anthropology basics.

An unofficial subject is how to interact with foreign women and how their behavior or habits could clash with local customs and edicts. Examples might be women smoking or eating in public, to mixing freely with men who are not related to them by blood or marriage.

The Taliban have imposed a dress code for women and requirements for them to have a male guardian, or mahram, when they travel. Dining alone, traveling alone, and socializing with other women in public have become harder. With gyms closed to women and beauty salons banned, there are fewer places where they can meet outside the home.

In a sign that the country is preparing for more overseas visitors, the country’s only five-star hotel, the Serena, has reopened its women’s spa and salon for foreign females after a monthslong closure.

Foreigners must show their passport to access services. Women with “born in Afghanistan” on their ID are barred.

The restrictions on Afghan women and girls weigh on overseas travel companies, who say they try to focus on the positive aspect of cultural interactions by making donations, supporting local projects or only visiting family-run businesses.

Shane Horan, the founder of Rocky Road Travel, said visiting Afghanistan should not be seen as an endorsement of any particular government or political regime.

“Ultimately, the goal should be to support responsible tourism practices that contribute positively to the local economy and foster mutual respect and understanding, while also remaining cognizant of the broader political context in Afghanistan.”

He said there was no input from authorities about what tour groups saw or did, and that the company worked closely with a women’s rights organization in Afghanistan. A percentage of the tour cost went into supporting this organization’s programs, Horan added.

There are no women at the Institute of Tourism & Hotel Management. The students don’t mention it. But an official at the Tourism Directorate does.

“It’s a heartbreaking situation,” said the official, who wished to remain anonymous for fear of reprisals. “Even female family members ask if they can study here. But there was a change in policy with the change in government. The women who were studying before (the takeover) never came back. They never graduated.”

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Promotion of Rural Tourism Destination for Community and Sustainable Destination Development: An Indigenous Study

Introduction.

Research for rural tourism development has both positive and negative effect of tourism on local community development, social, cultural and environmental and economic factors (Dai, 2023). Sociocultural attribute explains about the cultural value of rural areas, including social and cultural characteristics of local communities. Based on a socio-cultural interpretation, this study maintains that rurality is fundamentally the personification of rural culture. To reflect and gauge rurality also known as the cultural connotation of rurality. we need go back to the rural culture. Few studies have measured the cultural significance of rurality in rural tourism or the correlation between the two, despite the fact that rurality is vital to rural tourism inheriting the definition from a socio-cultural perspective (Chen, 2023). Thus, this research aims to systematically dissect the influence of tourist visitors and destination development for SDGs.

Many rural destinations have their own unique culture, ethnic existence and geographical roots. Developing rural tourism can be made easy having connection between small and medium tour operators, stakeholders. However, more job opportunities can be provided to the rural communities. The early stages of the development of heritage tourism should involve familiarizing oneself with planning, promotion, and marketing activities. Even though UNESCO was designating certain historical and archaeological sites as World Heritage Sites, The public's awareness of the attractions available at these locations is surprisingly limited (Shiong, 2017). Even though the development goes with positive direction, there are some negative drivers like seasonal opportunities in rural areas (Wilson S et al., 2001). Other challenges faced in rural areas are agriculture restructuring, lack of service provision, communication, survival of local communities and lack of promotions small rural family houses. Rural Tourism occurs in non-urbanised areas, typically include associated domains in the umbrella are natural resources, Agriculture, Folklore, national parks, forest, traditions, culture, ethnic practices, sustainability. Rural areas with geographical potential, with cultural and historic monuments can be considered most to improve rural tourism, including traditions, healthy food, outdoor activities, recreational activities. Apart from the before said agendas rural areas may consider more for cultivating organic agricultural products for generation of revenue. Rural households may be developed to provide accommodation facilities, and developing the images of rural destination. This case provide solution for the development of framework for the Government and Non-Government Agencies to develop the destination with in the strategical framework like Destination promotion, Destination Marketing, Quality of rural tourism products. This framework develops the satisfaction of the customers.

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The Taliban are working to woo tourists to Afghanistan

Afghans work in the garden of the renovated Darul Aman Palace in Kabul, Afghanistan, Wednesday, April 24, 2024. (AP Photo/Siddiqullah Alizai)

Afghans take selfies at the renovated Darul Aman Palace in Kabul, Afghanistan, Wednesday, April 24, 2024. (AP Photo/Siddiqullah Alizai)

Afghans walk outside Hazara’s Sakhi Shrine in Kabul, Afghanistan, Friday, April 19, 2024. (AP Photo/Siddiqullah Alizai)

A general view of Kabul, Afghanistan, on Tuesday, April 23, 2024. (AP Photo/Siddiqullah Alizai)

An Afghan works in the garden of the renovated Darul Aman Palace in Kabul, Afghanistan, Wednesday, April 24, 2024. (AP Photo/Siddiqullah Alizai)

Taliban fighters take selfies by the tomb of Afghan Kind Nadir Shah in Kabul, Afghanistan, Wednesday, April 24, 2024. (AP Photo/Siddiqullah Alizai)

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KABUL, Afghanistan (AP) — Around 30 men are crammed into a Kabul classroom, part of the debut student cohort at a Taliban-run institute training tourism and hospitality professionals.

It’s a motley crew. One student is a model. Another is 17 and has no job history.

The students vary in age, education level and professional experience. They’re all men — Afghan women are banned from studying beyond sixth grade — and they don’t know anything about tourism or hospitality. But they are all eager to promote a different side of Afghanistan. And the Taliban are happy to help.

Afghanistan’s rulers are pariahs on the global stage, largely because of their restrictions on women and girls . The economy is struggling, infrastructure is poor, and poverty is rife .

And yet, foreigners are visiting the country, encouraged by the sharp drop in violence, increased flight connections with hubs like Dubai , and the bragging rights that come with vacationing in an unusual destination. The numbers aren’t huge — they never were — but there’s a buzz around Afghan tourism.

In 2021, there were 691 foreign tourists. In 2022, that figure rose to 2,300. Last year, there were 7,000.

Mohammad Saeed, the head of the Tourism Directorate in Kabul, said the biggest foreign visitor market is China because of its proximity and large population. Afghanistan also has advantages over some of its neighbors.

“They’ve told me they don’t want to go to Pakistan because it’s dangerous and they get attacked . The Japanese have said this to me also,” Saeed said. “This is good for us.”

But there are disadvantages, too.

Visas are difficult and expensive to access. Many countries severed ties with Afghanistan after the Taliban returned to power , and no country recognizes them as the legitimate rulers of the country.

Afghan embassies either closed or suspended their operations. There’s an ongoing power struggle between Afghanistan’s embassies and consulates staffed by people from the former Western-backed administration, and those under the Taliban administration’s full control .

Saeed concedes there are obstacles for Afghan tourism to develop but said he was working with ministries to overcome them.

His ultimate aim is to have a visa on arrival for tourists, but that could be years away. There are problems with the road network, which is half-paved or non-existent in some parts of the country, and airlines largely avoid Afghan airspace .

The capital Kabul has the most international flights, but no Afghan airport has direct routes with major tourist markets like China, Europe, or India.

Despite the challenges, Saeed wants Afghanistan to become a tourism powerhouse, an ambition that appears to be backed by the Taliban’s top leaders.

“I have been sent to this department on the instructions of the elders (ministers). They must trust me because they’ve sent me to this important place.”

The students also have aspirations. The model, Ahmed Massoud Talash, wants to learn about Afghanistan’s picturesque spots for Instagram posts and its history for media appearances.

Business school graduate Samir Ahmadzai wants to open a hotel but thinks he should know more about tourism and hospitality first.

“They hear that Afghanistan is backwards, poverty and all about war,” said Ahmadzai. “We have 5,000 years of history. There should be a new page of Afghanistan.”

Classes include Afghan handicrafts and anthropology basics.

An unofficial subject is how to interact with foreign women and how their behavior or habits could clash with local customs and edicts. Examples might be women smoking or eating in public, to mixing freely with men who are not related to them by blood or marriage.

The Taliban have imposed a dress code for women and requirements for them to have a male guardian, or mahram, when they travel. Dining alone, traveling alone, and socializing with other women in public have become harder. With gyms closed to women and beauty salons banned , there are fewer places where they can meet outside the home.

In a sign that the country is preparing for more overseas visitors, the country’s only five-star hotel, the Serena, has reopened its women’s spa and salon for foreign females after a monthslong closure.

Foreigners must show their passport to access services. Women with “born in Afghanistan” on their ID are barred.

The restrictions on Afghan women and girls weigh on overseas travel companies, who say they try to focus on the positive aspect of cultural interactions by making donations, supporting local projects or only visiting family-run businesses.

Shane Horan, the founder of Rocky Road Travel, said visiting Afghanistan should not be seen as an endorsement of any particular government or political regime.

“Ultimately, the goal should be to support responsible tourism practices that contribute positively to the local economy and foster mutual respect and understanding, while also remaining cognizant of the broader political context in Afghanistan.”

He said there was no input from authorities about what tour groups saw or did, and that the company worked closely with a women’s rights organization in Afghanistan. A percentage of the tour cost went into supporting this organization’s programs, Horan added.

There are no women at the Institute of Tourism & Hotel Management. The students don’t mention it. But an official at the Tourism Directorate does.

“It’s a heartbreaking situation,” said the official, who wished to remain anonymous for fear of reprisals. “Even female family members ask if they can study here. But there was a change in policy with the change in government. The women who were studying before (the takeover) never came back. They never graduated.”