accessible tourism network

Promoting accessible tourism for all

What is accessible tourism?

Accessible tourism enables all people to participate in and enjoy tourism experiences. More people have access needs, whether or not related to a physical condition. For example, older and less mobile people have access needs, which can become a huge obstacle when traveling or touring. Thus, accessible tourism is the ongoing endeavour to ensure tourist destinations, products and services are accessible to all people, regardless of their physical limitations, disabilities or age. This inludes publicly and privately owned tourist locations, facilities and services.

Accessible tourism involves a collaborative process among all stakeholders, Governments, international agencies, tour-operators and end-users, including persons with disabilities and their organizations (DPOs). A successful tourism product requires effective partnerships and cooperation across many sectors at the national, regional and international levels. From idea to implementation, a single destination visit normally involves many factors, including accessing information, long-distance travel of various sorts, local transportation, accommodation, shopping, and dining. The impact of accessible tourism thus goes beyond the tourist beneficiaries to the wider society, engraining accessibility into the social and economic values of society. International action and normative frameworks

The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) was adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 2006. CRPD Article 9 on Accessibility calls for State Parties to take appropriate measures to ensure that persons with disabilities have equal access to the physical environment, information, transportation and other facilities and services open or provided to the public. It also calls for the elimination of obstacles and barriers to accessibility, including all transportation and facilities. Furthermore, Article 30 on Participation in cultural life, recreation, leisure and sport also calls for State Parties to ensure that persons with disabilities enjoy the benefits of tourism.

At the 2013, historic UN High-level Meeting on Disability and Development, which included several Heads of State, the link of disability and development was discussed and the meeting called for enhanced action to mainstream disability in the global development agenda. In the outcome document of the meeting, accessibility was identified as a key area for action.

Furthermore, in his message for the 2013 World Habitat Day , UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called on the international community to make towns and cities accessible to all.

In the recent 2030 Agenda for Global Action containing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 2015), Goal 11 focuses on principles to “Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”. This goal captures tourism and recreation through its call for the provisions of universal design for accessible and sustainable transport systems, inclusive urbanization, and access to green and public spaces. In its 2011 Declaration, The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) predicted tourism will increase and experience sustained development, reaching 1.8 billion international tourists by 2030. Accessible cities and tourism provisions therefore ensure the full social and economic inclusion of all persons with direct benefits of promoting more sustainable travel habits among users.

What are the barriers to travel and tourism for persons with disabilities?

For persons with disabilities, travelling can be a challenge, as finding the information on accessible services, checking luggage on a plane, booking a room to fulfil access needs, often prove to be difficult, costly and time consuming.

Challenges for persons with disabilities include: • Untrained professional staff capable of informing and advising about accessibility issues • Inaccessible booking services and related websites • Lack of accessible airports and transfer facilities and services • Unavailability of adapted and accessible hotel rooms, restaurants, shops, toilets and public places • Inaccessible streets and transport services • Unavailable information on accessible facilities, services, equipment rentals and tourist attractions

Why is accessible tourism important?

Accessibility is a central element of any responsible and sustainable development policy. It is both a human rights imperative, as well as an exceptional business opportunity. In this context, accessible tourism does not only benefit persons with disabilities, it benefits all of society.

To ensure that accessible tourism is developed in a sustainable manner requires that tourist destinations go beyond ad hoc services to adopting the principle of universal design, ensuring that all persons, regardless of their physical or cognitive needs, are able to use and enjoy the available amenities in an equitable and sustainable manner. This approach foregoes preferential or segregated treatment of differently abled constituents to permitting uninhibited use of facilities and services by all, at any time, to equitable effect.

I am not a person with a disability – how does this affect me?

Accessibility is also an important aspect of realizing the rights of the world’s ageing population. As we grow older, our chance of experiencing a permanent or temporary disability is increased. A focus on accessibility can therefore ensure that we are able to participate fully in our societies well into our older years. Accessibility also benefits pregnant women and persons who are temporarily rendered immobile.

The improvements to physical and service infrastructure that come with a focus on accessibility also encourage a more multigenerational focus in development planning. For families with small children, accessible infrastructure – particularly in transportation, city planning and building design – improves the ability of these families to participate in social and cultural activities.

The United Nations is committed to sustainable and equitable development. Certainly, making basic adjustments to a facility, providing accurate information, and understanding the needs of disabled people can result in increased visitor numbers. Improving the accessibility of tourism services increases their quality and their enjoyment for all tourists, as well as improving quality of life in the local communities.

Other resources:

• UN News Centre: Accessible tourism will benefit everyone, say senior UN officials on World Day
• World Tourism Day 2016 Theme: Promoting Universal Accessibility
• UN Environment : #Tourism4All videos 1 , 2 , 3
• The UNWTO General Assembly adopts Recommendations on Accessible Information in Tourism
• UN World Tourism Organisation Accessible Tourism Manuals
• Disabled World Travel Documents
• European Commission Improving Accessibility
• Sustainable Tourism Online
• 7th Session of the Conference of State Parties to the CRPD
• United Nations World Tourism Organisation Best Practice Guide  
• European Network for Accessible Tourism – World Summit in Montreal, October 2014
• Centre of Excellence for Destination
• European Network for Accessible Tourism
• Society for Accessible Travel and Hospitality
• Capitalising on the Grey-haired Globetrotters Economic Aspects of Increasing Tourism among Older and Disabled People

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Accessible tourism futures: the world we dream to live in and the opportunities we hope to have

Journal of Tourism Futures

ISSN : 2055-5911

Article publication date: 14 September 2015

Accessible tourism is evolving as a field of academic research and industry practice, set within a dynamic social context. The field is interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary. The purpose of this paper is to examine key concepts and global initiatives that will shape accessible tourism futures.

Design/methodology/approach

Three of the authors have extensive academic experience in the area and the fourth author is the Managing Director of the pre-eminent European Network for Accessible Tourism. In taking a limited Delphi approach to canvassing key areas likely to shape accessible tourism futures, the following concepts and policy initiatives were examined: motivations, dreams and aspirations of people with disability; demography; UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; destination competitiveness; universal design (UD); and the UN Sustainable Development Goals for 2030.

A discussion of each of the above areas was placed in context to accessible tourism futures and to contextualise the papers that were selected for the special issue. The latter part of the paper outlines the contribution of each empirical paper to the issue discussing the approach, findings and implications. Stakeholder collaboration was identified as the key common theme of the papers and the factor for developing accessible tourism solutions, recognising the value of the market and capitalising on it. A collaborative approach is required to recognise the complementary nature of the different paradigms; to re-shape and transform the future of the accessible tourism industry. To assist in the development of accessible tourism futures, UD principles should provide a foundation to enhance the future competitiveness of tourism destinations and organisations.

Originality/value

The paper’s examination of the concepts and global policy considerations provides a strong academic and practitioner foundation for considering accessible tourism futures. In doing so, accessible tourism futures are shown to be affected by key concepts related to core tourism considerations and major policy initiatives on accessibility and sustainability. Yet, accessible tourism futures also have the potential to create their own momentum and contribute unique learnings on the diversity of tourism markets that will shape tourism concepts and global policy initiatives in their own right.

• Accessible tourism
• Tourism industry
• Organization practice
• Destination management

Michopoulou, E. , Darcy, S. , Ambrose, I. and Buhalis, D. (2015), "Accessible tourism futures: the world we dream to live in and the opportunities we hope to have", Journal of Tourism Futures , Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-08-2015-0043

Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2015, Eleni Michopoulou, Simon Darcy, Ivor Ambrose and Dimitros Buhalis

Published in the Journal of Tourism Futures . This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode

Introduction

This special issue was designed to examine the future dimensions of the intersection of disability and tourism in the emerging field of accessible tourism. The special issue explores theoretical approaches, foundations and issues in the study of accessible tourism from a futures perspective. Accessible tourism, as with any area of academic study is an evolving field of academic research and industry practice, set within a dynamic social context. The field is interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary, and is influenced by geography, ageing and disability studies, economics, public policy, psychology, law, architecture, construction sciences, technology and marketing. Past research has attempted to view, explain and unpack the inherent complexities ( Darcy, 2010 ) within accessible tourism through a variety of lenses, including human rights, critical tourism, embodiment, customer segmentation and universal design (UD), to name a few (see Buhalis and Darcy, 2011 ; Buhalis et al. , 2012 ).

The special issue is timely given the operationalisation of the United Nations (2006) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities by 160 countries. Central to the convention is the right for tourists with disability to access transport and built environment in Article 9 and tourism experiences, goods and services within Article 30. It is therefore pertinent to look at the future of accessible tourism and contemplate a number of issues including (but not limited to) the role of technology in reshaping disability; if and how policy makers and planners are addressing the impact of accessible tourism in a sustainable manner; the political influence of people with disabilities, who make up the largest minority group in the USA, on the future of tourism; the science fiction of exoskeletons and gene therapy as a new form of adventure tourist; and the future state of embodied identity and accessible tourism.

The special issue provides the opportunity for contributors to take part in the current discourses on accessible tourism from a futures perspective, in order that we can understand, manage and contribute to the development of accessible tourism in the context of economically, socially and environmentally sustainable communities. Specific topics included conceptual and research papers, viewpoints and trend papers, both qualitative and quantitative, discussing topics relating to the future of accessible tourism. Papers include a range of issues including: inclusive destinations; accessible tourism in Development Planning (toward the UN Sustainable Development Goals 2030); policy-making for accessible tourism; embodiment; representation; law and legislation; architecture and universal design; inclusion/exclusion from experiences; markets and needs analysis; accessible transport; accessible events; accessibility and culture/heritage; accessible accommodation; education/training; and technology and applications.

In contrast to the past 30 years, where disability and tourism research has been largely concerned with overcoming barriers that exclude certain people (see Smith, 1987 ), we can discern the contours of new movements in accessible tourism, whereby overarching principles and standards of sustainability, social responsibility and customer service. The delivery of equitable tourism experiences demand the attention of sector actors and stakeholders. Accessible tourism, in this context, should be seen in the future as much more than a range of supports to excluded target groups, becoming a set of ground rules and codes of practice which contribute to the development of all tourism offers and destinations in an inclusive way.

If we should gaze into the crystal ball for a moment, we could envisage that tourism will not be defined primarily in terms of different target groups, since principles of responsibility, sustainability and accessibility will in the future inform the quality criteria to which all destinations should comply and be judged as part of destination competitiveness in increasingly global context. Customers will become more aware of their individual rights and also the need to protect and sustain communities and the natural environment, influencing tourism service providers to follow generally accepted rules of service quality, genuine interactivity and engagement with the local culture, people and resources.

The capability of tourism providers to recognise those rights for all (e.g. of tourists with disabilities, Design for All, responsible behaviour, inclusion of the local communities in a transparent system of remuneration and participation, working opportunities for socially excluded group etc.) is going to be the threshold, which determines whether their offers will succeed or fail in the future. The tourism sector will increasingly be seen as having transformational power as “a shaper of society”, acting as a promoter of jobs and economic growth, a participant in regional and community planning and a partner in global development programmes. In addition, tourism should be developed as industry that promotes understanding, inclusion and well-being for all in an equitable way.

Businesses, destinations and networks, that are already active in the field of accessible tourism and/or representing markets with different specific requirements will participate more widely in the mainstream, bringing their expertise and knowledge to bear on all those issues that are still seen as “different types of tourism”. In the development of accessible destinations and experiences, the United Nations World Tourism Organisation (2015) will be playing an increasingly supportive role, especially through its Global Code for Ethics in Tourism and the recently published Manuals on Accessible Tourism (2015) , produced by ONCE Foundation and the European Network for Accessible Tourism (2015b) .

Before discussing the papers that have been selected for publication we would like to set the scene by examining some major conceptual and policy development areas that we believe will have a significant influence on accessible tourism futures in the future. These include: dreams and aspirations of people with disability; demography; UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; destination competitiveness frameworks; UD; and the newly adopted UN Sustainable Development Goals for 2030. Each of these areas of influence will now be outlined prior to the papers for the special edition being summarised for their contribution to the future of accessible tourism.

Defining and conceptualising accessible tourism

Accessible tourism is a form of tourism that involves collaborative processes between stakeholders that enables people with access requirements, including mobility, vision, hearing and cognitive dimensions of access, to function independently and with equity and dignity through the delivery of universally designed tourism products, services and environments. This definition adopts a whole of life approach where people through their lifespan benefit from accessible tourism provision. These include people with permanent and temporary disabilities, seniors, obese, families with young children and those working in safer and more socially sustainably designed environments (adapted from Darcy and Dickson, 2009, p. 34 in Buhalis and Darcy, 2011, pp. 10-11 ).

Importantly the definition recognises collaboration between stakeholders across demand, supply and coordination to recognise that disability is a complex construct involving mobility, vision, hearing, cognitive and other embodiments. The definition recognises that developing inclusive destinations and accessible tourism experiences also benefit other groups in the community. Hence, it contributes toward a greater social sustainability of the industry by including and, hence, providing for a much broader cross-section of consumers that has previously been considered by the industry. In understanding the importance of individuals with disability, the stakeholders they engage with and the influence of UD on the products, services and environments they wish to seek enabling experiences. Buhalis and Darcy (2011) suggests that to develop accessible tourism futures destination managers must strategically plan through the lens of UD. Figure 1 outlines the cyclical strategic approach to engaging UD approaches across disability and lifespan considerations as a foundation for developing future accessible destination experiences.

Dreams and aspirations of people with disability

The dreams and aspirations of individuals play a fundamental role in shaping the choices, which lead them to travel. Among people who live with a disability, the idea of leaving behind one’s everyday surroundings and going on a journey can create significant anxiety ( Darcy, 1998 ). People with disability often can design or influence their everyday environment whilst they have routines to negotiate any difficulties and thresholds that exist. This does not apply to new environments whilst travelling, where they do not have prior knowledge, networks or influence on the design nor the potential barriers that are to face and the way to overcome them. Indeed, a recent European survey ( GfK, 2015 ) suggests that up to half of people with disability do not travel on holiday, due to a combination of lack of reliable information, lack of funds and previous bad experiences. Yet, the desire to travel remains with studies showing that it is not a person’s impairment that impedes their travel but a series of interpersonal, attitudinal structural constraints ( Daniels et al. , 2005 ; Darcy, 2003 ). In recognising that a person's impairment does not constrain their travel motivations, the boundaries to what is regarded as accessible tourism destinations and experiences are continually pushed by the accessible explorers who forge new pathways for others to follow.

Human rights frameworks and social frameworks

The United Nations’ (2006) Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (CRPWD) was introduced, recognizing that people with disability have a right to access services from all areas of citizenship including under Article 9 (related to transport and the built environment, and under Article 30 which relates to a “cultural life“ including leisure, sport and tourism). The CRPWD was written from a social model approach to disability that recognises that it is not the person’s impairment that “disables” someone from undertaking tourism experiences but the social, political and economic barriers that create the “disabling” tourism environment (see Barnes et al. , 2010 ; United Nations, 2006 ). This is very similar to Packer et al. (2007) research that discussed the interaction between those with disability, the tourism barriers they encounter including service attitudes that affect tourism participation adversely to people without disability. These types of it constraints and barriers in tourism have been the focus of a great deal of disability and tourism research, with the more recent research on accessible tourism seeking to focus on the development of “enabling” practice.

While “people with disability” suggests a homogenous group who can be dealt with as a “market segment”, the term belies a complexity that is multidimensional across mobility, vision, hearing, cognitive, mental health and other forms of embodiment ( Darcy and Buhalis, 2011 ; Small and Darcy, 2011 ). As outlined in the World Report on Disability, the underlying definitions of impairment and disability are contextual in the way they are operationalised across the globe ( World Health Organization and World Bank, 2011 ). What is not disputed is that about 15 per cent of the global population or some one billion people are living with a disability ( World Health Organization, 2013 ). Each person has unique abilities and disabilities, levels of support and assistive technology that creates a unique mix to consider with respect to the interaction with the tourism environment ( Packer et al. , 2007 ). Therefore the tourism environment of the future needs to be designed in a way that allows for interaction between a person’s abilities, their support needs and the assistive technologies to allow for the enjoyment of all.

Many people with disability can cite a plethora of examples of discrimination caused by negligent or unsuitable design or service provision. In the built environment, wheelchair users are frequently excluded by environmental barriers put in at the design stage: at railway platforms without lifts; at entrances to banks and businesses with revolving doors; and on pavements without dropped kerbs. The same design barriers, of course, are a challenge to parents with children in push-chairs and prams, shoppers with shopping bags, travellers with suitcases and employees occupational health and safety ( Darcy and Dickson, 2009 ). Past and current design practice leads in many ways to the discrimination of people with disability. Unsuitable design prevents access to goods and services and to major areas of social participation such as travel, work and full participation in civil, social and cultural life for the majority of people with disability. It also reduces their independence, dignity, equity and self-determination, thus giving rise to the misconception that disabled people are unable to travel by themselves.

respect for inherent dignity, individual autonomy including the freedom to make one’s own choices, and independence of persons;

non-discrimination;

full and effective participation and inclusion in society;

respect for difference and acceptance of persons with disabilities as part of human diversity and humanity;

equality of opportunity;

accessibility;

equality between men and women; and

respect for the evolving capacities of children with disabilities and respect for the right of children with disabilities to preserve their identities.

As stated, Article 9 provides a right to transportation and access to the built environment where Article 30 of the convention recognises the right to equal participation in tourism as an important part of any person’s citizenship. Some 160 nations have adopted the CRPWD. Yet, as already identified, people with disabilities participate less in all forms of citizenship where the transportation of people with disabilities to tourism destinations, access to accommodation and attractions is central to those rights. Yet, as documented in the USA, UK and Australia, a series of discriminatory tourism practices exist that curtail the potential of the citizenship rights ( Darcy and Taylor, 2009 ; Miller and Kirk, 2002 ; Ronald and Richard, 2001 ; Shaw et al. , 2007 ).

Millennium development goals (MDGs) and the UN global compact

Eradicating extreme poverty continues to be one of the main challenges of our time, and is a major concern of the international community. Ending this scourge will require the combined efforts of all, governments, civil society organizations and the private sector, in the context of a stronger and more effective global partnership for development. The Millennium Development Goals set timebound targets, by which progress in reducing income poverty, hunger, disease, lack of adequate shelter and exclusion – while promoting gender equality, health, education and environmental sustainability – can be measured. They also embody basic human rights – the rights of each person on the planet to health, education, shelter and security. The Goals are ambitious but feasible and, together with the comprehensive United Nations development agenda, set the course for the world’s efforts to alleviate extreme poverty by 2015 (United Nations Secretary-General BAN Ki-moon).

The aim of the MDGs is to encourage development by improving social and economic conditions in the world’s poorest countries. Since the MDG’s were agreed to significant progress has been made. To date average overall incomes have increased by approximately 21 per cent. The number of people living in extreme poverty declined by an estimated 130 million. Chile mortality rates fell from 103 deaths per 1,000 live births a year to 88. Life expectancy rose from 63 years to 65 years. An additional 8 per cent of the developing world’s people received access to clean water and an additional 15 per cent acquired access to improved sanitation services. In 2015 the UN countries will adopt a new sustainable development agenda and a new global agreement on climate change. The actions taken in 2015 are expected to result in new sustainable development goals that build on the eight MDG’s ( United Nations, 2015 ).

Tourism has long been seen as having significant potential to help achieve the MDG’s in developing countries. For example in 1990 developing countries had 18 per cent of international tourism receipts. By 2005 this had risen to 30 per cent and to date it continues to rise. There has been significant promotion of the direct economic links between tourists and the poor. Tourism may provide employment opportunities for marginalised groups, may bring direct income to individual communities and may promote equality in developing countries ( Saarinen and Rogerson, 2013 ).

UD supports destination competitiveness

Universal design is the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. The intent of the universal design concept is to simplify life for everyone by making products, communications, and the built environment more usable by more people at little or no extra cost. The universal design concept targets all people of all ages, sizes and abilities’. The Universal Design approach goes beyond traditional design, which tends to focus on the ‘average’ user. Universal Design is a design approach, reflecting a way of understanding people’s needs. It is not a list of particular solutions, measurements, or products – Universal Design is the way to reach the solution, contributing to social inclusion (cited in Center for Universal Design, 2009 ; and first articulated by Mace, 1985 ).

Applying the principles of UD can be seen as a way of developing tourism environments, transportation, services and offers, underpinning sustainable communities and businesses. Today, according to a recent study by European Network for Accessible Tourism (2015a) and partners, less than 10 per cent of tourism suppliers in Europe offer “accessible” tourism services, while demand for such services is set to increase due to the ageing population and continuing upward trend in market demand. Adopting UD enlarges the target markets of destinations as well as ensures that more pleasant experiences can be delivered. Therefore it can increase the market base, reduce seasonality and support the competitiveness of destinations ( Buhalis, 2000 ). Yet, few studies have examined accessible tourism in relation to destination management and only recently has accessible tourism been examined from destination competitiveness perspective ( Domínguez Vila et al. , 2015 ).

Papers in this issue

To address these concepts and developments this special issue is bringing a range of papers together that discuss research on many accessibility tourism aspects.

Naniopoulos and Tsalis (2015) discuss a methodology for addressing the accessibility of monuments. They focus on heritage attraction sites, highlighting the challenges with archaeological sites where interventions become problematic or even impossible. In doing so, they approached accessibility as a dual notion; accessibility of an area and its potential for independent physical access and movement around the monuments as well as perceived accessibility in terms of interpreting, understanding and learning from the environment. The methodology was applied to a number of byzantine monuments as part of a cultural route in the city of Thessaloniki in Greece, as case studies. Results provide both tools for assessing monument accessibility (process orientations and checklists) and insights into the needs of travellers with disabilities for more “usable” heritage attractions. Concluding remarks place a focus on the prerequisites of training and cooperation to allow for the future of accessible monuments to be realised.

Tsalis et al. (2015) provide an interesting study on the challenges of implementing accessibility solutions, also within the context of protection, conservation, and management of historical centres and monuments. Viewed from a tourism perspective, archaeological sites and monuments are location bound and exist only in their original place. Hence, access to such sites enables unique and authentic tourism experiences. Discourses on objective, constructive and existential authenticity are of paramount importance when accessibility is concerned. This study provides relevant examples of accessibility interventions on six monuments as well as considerations on the design of the tools that assisted site interpretation and interconnection in a cultural route. Results demonstrate how accessibility improvements can occur while respecting the history, architecture and character of the monuments. The study concludes by emphasizing that it is primarily through providing greater access, that the “socialisation” of these monuments will propagate authentic tourism experiences in the future.

Bowtell (2015) offers an examination of the market value and attractiveness of accessible tourism in Europe. Historic data were used to provide a forecast for 2025, while primary data obtained from travel and leisure companies provided insights into managerial perceptions. Findings show a very promising potential for accessible tourism market with significant projected revenues. However, a number of challenges including lack of awareness, cost of investments, complexity of customers’ needs and legal inconsistencies within the EU, create barriers toward developing comprehensive solutions for accessible tourism. Authors provide recommendations on bridging demand and supply.

Gillovic and McIntosh (2015) present an interesting study on stakeholder perspectives of the future of accessible tourism in New Zealand. The study provides insights into the current situation and the future propensity for an accessible tourism industry in New Zealand. A number of interviews with key stakeholders revealed that there is a need to develop a culture of accessibility that is perceived as the norm. Findings also include the business and demand arguments, but additionally highlighted the “ineptness” of upper industry levels to recognize the opportunity of accessible tourism, exhibiting apathy and complacency instead. Authors conclude with recommendations for the future of accessible tourism in New Zealand which can easily be generalised for other regions.

Zajadacz (2015) discusses the evolution of models of disability as a basis for the future development of accessible tourism. A review of medical, social, biopsychosocial, geographical and economic models of disability reveals the theoretical underpinnings and assumptions entailed in those. These are then linked to tourism, demonstrating that different models influence the tourism provision in terms of both products and services. Authors highlight the understanding of disability under different models toward diverse tourism experiences. Several suggestions are offered on the complementary of the models and the implications on the transformation of the accessible tourism industry in the future.

Cruces Portales (2015) uses a scenario planning approach to envisage alternative futures for accessible tourism. With a timeframe leading to 2050, four alternative futures are unravelled through storytelling. The scenarios are built on a matrix that includes the opposing forces of empathy – apathy, and fear of loss and certainty of benefits. The resulting, aptly named scenarios (Eden Gardens, Golden Bridge, Wasted Future and State of Hope) showcase different behaviours, schedules of changes and insights. Authors conclude with strategic ideas and proposals for the future of accessible tourism.

When exploring the future of tourism in this area two opposing trends can be observed: future societies are predicted to become more similar, more homogenous as a consequence of consumerism, globalisation and converging urban lifestyles. However, the accessible tourism market is characteristically diverse, with complex needs and the range of dreams and ambitions is boundless. Will future global travellers be able to access more varied and personal services or will increasing numbers of travellers give rise to greater standardization of services?

Accessible tourism as an emerging field of study will influence tourism destination competitiveness in the future, whether that be from a human rights, emerging market segment or service delivery perspective. In this conceptual examination, we have presented implications of number of theoretical constructs and lenses through which accessible tourism will be influenced in the future. In this special issue, a number of future dimensions are explored that demonstrate how the field has moved from an examination of the intersection of disability and tourism, to one that is clearly defined through conceptual and definitional approaches as accessible tourism. There is a common thread amongst all the papers presented in this special issue. They focus around stakeholder collaboration, as a foundation for the future development of accessible tourism. It has been explicitly suggested that raising awareness amongst stakeholders is essential to overcome barriers inhibiting the application of solutions that enhance access. The importance of stakeholder collaboration across the accessible tourism value chain has been emphasized in a number of ways in this special issue.

Improving accessibility of facilities, transportation, attractions and destinations more generally, demands the collaboration of a wide range of stakeholders including architects, designers, economists, local councils, policy makers, travellers with disabilities, historians and archaeologists to name a few. Therefore “socialising” tourism means that access can be granted only when a number of relevant stakeholders are in accord, work together and specifically developed strategies to target the accessible tourism market. Stakeholder collaboration is a key factor for developing accessible tourism solutions, recognising the value of the market and capitalising on it. Hence, a collaborative approach is required to recognise the complementary nature of the different paradigms; to re-shape and transform the future of the accessible tourism through influencing the tourism industry, contributing government organisations and the not-for-profit sectors. The strength and depth of stakeholder collaborations will determine alternative future realities; from a future where all cooperate and share benefits for all parties, to a fatalistic picture where each stakeholder is sailing alone because they consider their interests incompatible, and everything in between. UD should provide a better accessible tourism future that should enhance the competitiveness of tourism destinations and organisations.

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Tourism and Disability pp 155–172 Cite as

Tourism for Disabled Travelers: Breaking Down Barriers Through Network Interactions

• Patrizia Accordino 6 ,
• Raffaella Coppolino 7 &
• Elvira Tiziana La Rocca 7  
• First Online: 30 March 2022

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Part of the book series: Tourism on the Verge ((TV))

The chapter starts from the basic idea that collaboration in digital platforms allows removing the barriers making tourism inaccessible to the disabled. Two main steps lead to the drafting of this chapter. The first step concerns the literature review on the theme of tourism for the disabled and aims to highlight the scientific landscape and to understand the evolutionary trend of the studies. Attention is paid to verifying the state of the art of accessible tourism researches focused on collaboration through platforms. The second step is a field check of the main platforms dedicated to supporting the removal of barriers for disabled tourists. The contribution is twofold: the theoretical point of view identifies the main trends of existing literature, whereas the practical vision provides a map of different digital platforms for accessible tourism and their peculiarities, making an overview of the environment and legislation affecting accessible tourism.

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The European market potential for accessible tourism

Accessible Tourism for people with disabilities is a large, valuable market. It does not focus on what tourists cannot do, but on what they can do. The European market offers many opportunities, as it is growing and still largely untapped. For this reason, competition is limited. France, the United Kingdom and Germany offer the main markets. Trends that offer opportunities include focussing on multi-generational travel and offering soft-adventure activities that are suitable for disabled travellers.

Contents of this page

• Product description
• What makes Europe an interesting market for accessible tourism?
• Which European countries offer most opportunities for accessible tourism?
• Which trends offer opportunities or pose threats on the European market for accessible tourism?

1. Product description

Accessible tourism is the ongoing endeavour to ensure that tourist destinations, products and services are accessible to all people, regardless of their physical limitations, disabilities or age. It encompasses publicly and privately owned tourist locations. In addition to benefitting people with permanent physical disabilities, it also helps parents with small children, elderly travellers, people with temporary injuries (e.g. a broken leg) and their travel companions. Tourists with disabilities may travel individually, in groups, with family members or with caretakers.

Types of disability

Accessible tourism enables all people to participate in and enjoy tourism experiences globally. According to the World Health Organization, accessible tourism is an umbrella term that covers physical impairments, activity limitations and restrictions to participation. Although some disabilities are visible, many are not, as they can be caused by long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments. The UN World Travel Organization (UNWTO) has developed a toolkit for tour operators and other related leisure businesses. In addition, ISO certification is available for quality assurance. The links are available under the heading ‘Tips’.

In addition to people with disabilities, accessible tourism applies to all other people who may benefit from accessible infrastructures, including elderly people, those carrying heavy luggage and parents with small children. Accessible tourism is thus relevant for anyone who needs special support when travelling, including senior citizens. Accessibility issues can arise for people of any age. Like everyone else, people with disabilities have the right to travel anywhere in the world. This is expressed in the global Sustainable Development Goal 10, which aims to ‘reduce inequality within and among countries’. The figure below shows that, of all disabled people (including senior citizens), one third experience mobility problems.

Needs of disabled travellers

Accessible tourism is a broad theme. It involves diversity and customized, specialized travel. According to the definition of the European Network for Accessible Tourism (ENAT), accessible tourism includes the set of ‘services and facilities’ (e.g. physical environment, transportation, information and communication) that enable people with special access needs (either temporary or permanent) to enjoy a holiday and leisure time without experiencing any particular barriers or problems. At the same time, however, people with disabilities often experience barriers that prevent them from full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others, as many tourism and hospitality services do not cater to people with access needs. These obstacles may have to do with physical facilities, as well as with the digital, social and financial facilities that make travel possible.

Challenges for people with disabilities can include:

• Lack of information on accessible facilities, services, equipment rentals and tourist attractions;
• Inaccessible booking services and related websites;
• Untrained professional staff capable of informing and advising about accessibility issues;
• Lack of accessible airports and transfer facilities and services;
• Inaccessible streets and transport services;
• Lack of adapted and accessible hotel rooms, restaurants, shops, toilets and public places;
• Lack of barrier-free attractions and other destination-related services;
• Reviews of the tourist segment and stories to encourage travel.

Figure 2: Sustainable Development Goal 10

Source: adapted from the United Nations

Certified products

Businesses with customized offerings or that have received awards or certifications have a competitive advantage over others. Various national and international institutions help businesses and destinations achieve certification. Awards for holidays catering to people with disabilities (such as the awards presented by Zoover in the Netherlands) also create opportunities to diversify your products and services. In 2018, the Dutch tour operator TENDENS travel won this award. The company sells packages for small groups. Together with their clients, they create excursions for each day, depending on the capabilities and energy of the client. For more complicated packages, they draw on partnerships with specialized organizations. The key to success is knowing the customer’s journey.

Best practice: Tour operator Travaxy

The UNWTO selected the tour operator Travaxy as a best practice . In line with Sustainable Development Goal 10, the company enables offline/online travel agencies and travel application programme interfaces to locate the most accurate services for travellers with disabilities and senior travellers who need assistance. They do this according to disability type and needs, thereby ensuring a worry-free holiday. The tour operator controls the entire distribution process. For example, it provides airlines with accurate information about the passenger’s disability, the type of assistance needed and all associated equipment and documentation. In addition, the hotel offerings are drafted by disability type, with sub-filters for specific requirements.

• If you would like to welcome visitors with special needs, you will need to arrange for all elements of the customer journey, like accessing information, long-distance travel of various sorts, local transportation, booking accommodations, shopping and dining.
• Closer cooperation with other local service providers, healthcare organizations and volunteers leads to greater the success. The provision of accessible services , packages, healthcare services and attractions is assured throughout the entire customer journey,
• Consult your customers. They are the ones with experience. Healthcare workers and family members of the target group can also provide valuable information.
• Inform yourself on how to provide accessible tourism. Consult these two helpful manuals:
• (1) REopening tourism for travellers with disabilities: How to provide safety without imposing unnecessary obstacles (published by UNWTO, ONCE and ENAT);  (2) ISO - ISO 21902:2021 - Tourism and related services — Accessible tourism for all — Requirements and recommendations . With guidelines for accessible tourism worldwide to help manufacturers, service providers, designers and policymakers create products and services that meet the accessibility needs of every person (published by International Standardization Organisation ISO).

2. What makes Europe an interesting market for accessible tourism?

Accessible tourism is a niche market that is growing gradually. The market for accessible tourism is expected to increase throughout the world in response to changes in society and increasing opportunities for access. Destinations in Southern and South-eastern Asia and Africa are increasingly popular with European tourists with accessibility needs.

According to a market study conducted by the Harris Interactive/Open Doors Organization in the United States, the expansion of accessible travel opportunities has now led disabled travellers to spend more than USD 13 billion a year on travel-related services. This includes more than 17 million hotel visits and 9.4 million airline flights. These figures are attracting the attention of the travel industry as never before.

The travel and tourism industries should view disabled travellers with specific access requirements as a business opportunity and possible competitive advantage. According to recent UNWTO estimates, the potential market of people with disabilities in the European Union (EU) comprises more than 80 million people, and even 130 million when including senior citizens and their travel companions. The overall number of people with disabilities is likely to grow, especially as baby boomers age. Most (70%) people with disabilities in the EU do are financially and physically able to travel.

Data from a report of  the European Travel Commission (GFK) in 2014 provide a detailed overview of the features of accessible tourism in Europe (Table 1). The number of day trips in Europe indicates the need for travel within and outside the country. Particularly interesting for outbound travel are the number of overnight stays outside the European Union (EU27), which accounted for 12.5% of all travel in 2012, and 15.7% for people 65 years of age and older. Unfortunately, more recent data are not available. Nevertheless, these figures give a proper indication of the scope of tourism by Europeans with disabilities. Given the standstill in international tourism during the past three years, the data are more current than they may seem. This also applies to the other statistics reported in this section. Please note that, in 2012, the United Kingdom was still part of the European Union.

Table 1: Key statistics on the demand for accessible tourism in the European Union, 2012

Source: GfK, 2012 (United Kingdom still included in the European Union)

In 2012, France, Germany and the United Kingdom were the EU countries with the highest access needs. They constituted the three major source markets in Europe. France, Germany, the United Kingdom (and Italy) had the largest elderly population. Relative to population , France and the United Kingdom had the  largest share of population with accessibility needs, with 10 million and 11 million people,  respectively. In the Netherlands, younger travellers with disabilities are a significant group, as they are eager to travel. Spain and the Netherlands rank fourth and fifth as source markets for accessible tourism in the European Union.

In 2012, the favourite regions for people with specific accessibility needs were the Americas and Africa and the Middle East (Figure 3). At the country level, China (61 million), the United States (32 million) and Brazil (32 million) were the most important destinations. Please note that Egypt was the only individual country outside Europe/EU27 with a share of 5% or higher. Countries with smaller shares are not listed.

In 2012, the most frequently mentioned reason for people with disabilities in the EU to travel was ‘interest in local culture, nature or sightseeing opportunities’ (61%). Most of these travellers (59%) stayed in hotels/B&B (59%).

The most popular activities that European tourists with disabilities undertake during their holidays are as follows: shopping (65%); dining out at a local restaurant or café and trying local food and drink/going out (64%); sightseeing/walking around (63%); social activities and spending time with family or friends (59%); cultural visits (museums, monuments, arts, heritage) (49%); walking, hiking or running (45%); and swimming/sunbathing (45%).

When Europeans with disabilities consider a holiday, the five most important aspects are as follows: transport to and from the destination (53%), accessibility of booking services (53%), nature (48%), safety (48%) and the availability of information once at the destination (47%). The five most important accessibility aspects in buildings (e.g. hotels and museums) are the accessibility of restroom facilities; the accessibility of parking facilities; the ease of use of lifts; the ease of use of furniture, furnishings and lights; and mobility within the building.

Most (74%) customers with disabilities choose their holidays based on the advice of other people (e.g. family, friends, colleagues and their reviews).

Organizing tours for travellers with disabilities is a niche market with great potential to grow. It is complex, however, and not easily arranged. This is because barrier-free travel must be considered throughout the entire customer journey. It requires arrangements with providers of products and services in the economic, social and healthcare domains. It therefore involves a collaborative process amongst all stakeholders, governments, international agencies, tour operators and end-users, including people with disabilities and their organizations. The provision of successful tourism products requires effective partnerships and cooperation across many sectors at the national, regional and international levels, from idea to implementation

Accessible tourism experiences should take place in beautiful, welcoming environments that are designed for all kinds of tourists, both with and without disabilities. Accessibility and respect for diversity, whether visible or invisible, will create a hospitable environment for both visitors and staff. This creates a well-organized work environment, a competitive advantage, awards and, if desired and appropriate, certification, new revenue streams and customer loyalty. Inclusion drives innovation, service quality and business success. This kind of business and development of European destinations is based on the elements of ‘ Universal Design’ .

• Offer excellent service to make your guests act as marketers for your business.
• Promote the accessibility of your business or offer help through your website, brochure or catalogue, or through the travel agent with whom you are cooperating. The majority (68%) of all people with disabilities prefer this type of assistance from the tourism industry.

3. Which European countries offer most opportunities for accessible tourism?

The niche market for accessible tourism is steadily growing. No recent data are available about the demand for accessible tourism in European countries. According to statistics from 2012, however, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands and Sweden are the European markets with the biggest potential. Table 2 presents a description of these markets.    

Table 2: Top 6 source markets for accessible tourism in Europe, with key figures, 2012

Source: GfK, 2012

Statistics about outbound travel by people with disabilities are not retrievable. To provide an indication, Table 3 presents alternative statistics on outbound overnight-stay tourism and how people feel about any personal limitations they might have. These perceptions range from ‘some limitations’ to ‘severe limitations’, depending on the type and level of disability (e.g. functional or mental). These figures reveal an increase in outbound overnight-stay tourism (based on available data) from 2012 to 2019 (the year before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, which severely affected international travel). In the same period, the percentage of Europeans reporting at least some limitations in their usual activities due to their health situation decreased in France, Germany and Spain, and increased in the Netherlands. Taken together, these developments suggest that, in the years before COVID-19, the market for people with disabilities became slightly larger in France, Spain and the Netherlands, whilst apparently declining slightly in Germany.

Table 3: Change in outbound tourism and self-reported disability in Europe

Source: Disability statistics - Statistics Explained (europa.eu)

The statistics above do not reflect the senior market, which is also growing in the European countries in which most people with disabilities travel.

The following sections present figures on people with disabilities living in the EU countries that generate the most tourism.  

In France, 14% of all tourists with disabilities travelled outside the EU in 2012. They tended to travel in groups, with an average size of 3 people. Travellers with disabilities spent more than older travellers (65 years of age and older) on overnight stays. They spent less on day trips. French travellers were more likely to stay in rental houses or flats, or in spas or wellness resorts. They were less likely than average to stay in hotels or B&B. Relative to the European average, French tourists with access needs are more likely to go sightseeing but less likely to take part in local events. They are likely to experience more barriers to aspects they consider important when choosing a destination than do residents of other countries. This is especially the case with regard to transport to and from the destination.

Table 4: Country statistics on the French market for accessible tourism

The United Kingdom

In 2012, when the UK was still part of the EU,  15.2% of all residents with disabilities travelled to destinations outside the EU . On average, they travelled in groups of three. People with disabilities spent less than older travellers (65 years of age and older) did on day trips and overnight stays. According to statistics from 2016 (after the UK had left the EU), travel by people with disabilities increased. Compared to other tourists in the EU, those from the UK are more likely to stay in B&B facilities and less likely to stay in spas or wellness resorts. Travellers from the UK are more likely than those from other EU countries to spend time with family or friends. Residents of the UK are more likely than average to rely on their own experience when preparing for a trip. They are also more likely to search on the internet. They are less likely than travellers from other EU countries are to experience barriers during their holidays.

Table 5: Country statistics on the UK market for accessible tourism

In 2012, 11.8% of all Germans with disabilities travelled to destinations outside the EU. On average, they travelled in groups of three. People with disabilities spent more than those 65 years of age and older did on day trips and overnight stays.

Table 6: Country statistics on the German market for accessible tourism

In 2012 , 9.3% of all Spanish people with disabilities travelled to destinations outside the EU. On average, they travelled in groups of three. People with disabilities spent more than those 65 years of age and older did on day trips and overnight stays. Compared to those from other EU countries, Spanish people with disabilities are less likely to stay in tents, caravans or motor homes, and they are more likely to stay in hotels or B&B facilities. They are also more likely to prefer to include hiking and dining out in their programmes. Spanish tourists prefer to book in person more than those in other countries do. They are also less likely than other EU travellers to experience barriers with reference to nature and the way tourists are treated.

Table 7: Country statistics for the Spanish market for accessible tourism

The Netherlands

In 2012, 18.2% of all Dutch people with disabilities travelled to destinations outside the European Union . On average, they travelled in groups of three. People with disabilities spent more than those 65 years of age and older did on day trips and overnight stays. Compared to those in other EU countries, residents of the Netherlands are more likely to prefer to swim and sunbathe, and they are less likely to stay with family and friends and to go sightseeing. Dutch travellers with disabilities are less likely than those from other EU countries are to rely on other people and media when planning their holidays. They are more likely to use the internet (like those from the UK). They experience fewer barriers with the accessibility of booking services and various transport types than do tourists from other EU countries.

Table 8: Country statistics on the Dutch market for accessible tourism

In 2012, 8.3% of all Swedish people with disabilities travelled to destinations outside the EU . On average, they travelled in groups of three. Compared to people 65 years of age and older, people with disabilities spend more on day trips and overnight-stay trips. Compared to the average EU tourist with disabilities, those from Sweden are more likely to travel in autumn. According to these figures, Swedish tourists with disabilities are more difficult to satisfy than those from other countries. They assigned lower scores on a wide range of aspects relating to accessibility.

Table 9: Country statistics for the Swedish market for accessible tourism

4. Which trends offer opportunities or pose threats on the European market for accessible tourism?

People with access needs are not a uniform group. Although some overall trends are consistent, results vary across groups (e.g. people travelling with children, people 65 years of age and older, and people with disabilities) and countries. Within countries, variation also occurs across types of disability. Nevertheless, available figures highlight two trends within the niche market for accessible tourism in Europe : the growing demand for multi-generational holidays and the growing interest in adventure travel (with options including diving, deep-sea fishing, kayaking and safaris).

Multi-generational travel

Multi-generational travel refers to holidays that multiple generations within one family spend together. These family groups usually consist of children, parents and grandparents, but they can also include aunts, uncles, cousins and adult siblings. These groups seek experiences that create closer bonds and that enable them to share lasting memories during a well-deserved break. Private guided tours appear to be becoming more popular with families wishing to re-unite. These tours include a private bus and travel director.

The trend is reinforced by the rise of blended or reconstituted families and the verticalization of families. Blended families are composed of two previously divorced persons with their single-parent families, children and, in principle, eight grandparents. The verticalization of families means that, because grandparents are living longer than was the case a few decades ago, they have more time to spend with their grandchildren. As a consequence, the care for the grandchildren is shifting from the siblings and cousins in traditional extended families to the grandparents in modern vertical families.

The business advantage of this niche is that multi-generational families tend to book earlier, and they prefer to take multiple holidays each year. In many cases, they end a family vacation by planning the next one. The key product for this market niche is an accommodation that allows the three generations to stay together comfortably and share quality time. Multi-generational travellers prefer to stay in accommodations that offer a measure of space and privacy to everyone; connecting rooms; and destinations that are colourful, off the beaten track and unique for the family to explore and discover together and, obviously, that feature plenty of chances to swim in pools or at the beach. Ancestral tourism could be a way to give more meaning to a multi-generational holiday and to explore the family’s common heritage.

Several African countries have apparently become top destinations for multi-generational trips, owing to their once-in-a-lifetime cachet for those who can afford it (for example, see NextAvenue ). Myanmar is a new, emerging destination for multi-generational families. African safaris (e.g. to the Serengeti) are also popular. Because many lodges have a minimum age limit, they are suitable for adventurous families with older children. Other suggestions are listed on the Africa Endeavours website . One type of holiday that offers opportunities for this market is the heritage trip, which can include a visit to a family’s hometown or country.

Multi-generational travellers are increasingly returning to the new generation of travel agents (OTAS) . They are becoming aware of the value of experienced travel agents who are able to customize trips to make them perfectly suited to their families. Experienced travel agents thus offer another opportunity for approaching this market.

According to expectations, multi-generational travel should increase again as tourism recovers following the COVID-19 pandemic. The most important reason is that, in many cases, family members have not been able to meet for a long time, and travel restrictions have forced them to skip a number of holidays. Multi-generational holidays have the added advantage of offering a kind of family reunion and a chance to reconnect once everyone in the family has been vaccinated.

The safety of destinations and hotels will continue to be an important factor. Travellers are therefore likely to favour accommodations that are perceived as cleaner (e.g. larger villas and private homes), away from busy resorts or popular destinations and more remote. This is especially the case for families that include members in more vulnerable age groups. Options to consider include contactless payment systems, automatic locks that can be opened without contact using a smartphone and frequent disinfection of facilities.

• Have a large accommodation in prime condition that offers space for privacy. One example is the ‘reunion bungalow’ of Landal Green Parks in the Netherlands , which can accommodate up to 18 people and is equipped with nine bedrooms, nine bathrooms and multiple kitchens.
• Provide activities that family members can do together (e.g. private guided tours).
• Offer sufficient leisure facilities for all age groups, including kids’ clubs for young children, game and evening entertainment for tweens, sports and spa programmes for teenagers or babysitting services that allow parents to go out.

Adventure travel

Adventure travel refers to trips that include at least two of the following elements : physical activity, natural environment and cultural immersion. Such travel often involves risk and a certain level of skill on the part of the tourist. Adventure tourism is a very large segment, and it consists of many niche markets. One important distinction within the adventure-tourism segment is between ‘soft’ adventure' travel and ‘hard’ adventure travel. There are many different niches. Examples include wildlife watching, birdwatching, fishing, ecotourism, cycling, walking, community-based tourism, water sports, diving, sailing and scientific, volunteer and education tourism.

Adventure tourism contributes greatly to local economies. Approximately two-thirds of all money spent on adventure travel stays on site. On average, this amounts to approximately €350 per visitor, per day. For example, Green Safaris in Zambia offers high-end, sustainable safaris, and Tanzania Birding offers bird-watching experiences in Tanzania.

Accessible tourism will be the golden key of future, not only for making profit but also for achieving a sustainable environment. A fair and inclusive society is the basis for the implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and sustainable business endeavours. ‘ If it is not fair, it will not fly ’.

Europe is the main source market for adventure tourism companies in Africa (43%) and Asia (30%). Soft adventure is relatively easy for small businesses to offer, for various reasons. For example, it requires less expertise than is the case for other markets. It also requires less investment in expensive materials, and it involves less risk, therefore requiring fewer precautionary measures. On the other hand, the easier access of small businesses to this market also translates into more competition.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, adventure travel outside Europe vanished almost completely, mainly due to border restrictions. According to expectations, adventure travel will recover more quickly than other segments. Safety is likely to become the most important issue—not only in the physical sense, but also in terms of the images that people have of safety in your country or at your destination.

• Build a dedicated website or web page for people with disabilities.
• In your facilities and during trips, use demonstration CDs with subtitles for people with hearing impairments.
• Provide equipment for individuals with accessibility requirement (e.g. wheelchairs, strollers for families with children, and walking sticks).
• Train your personnel about how to communicate with and behave towards individuals having special requirements.
• Have special volunteers to accompany tourists in specific places and activities, if necessary.

This study was carried out on behalf of CBI by  Molgo  and  ETFI .

Please review our market information disclaimer .

• Entering the European market for accessible tourism products

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Ostfriesland Tourismus GmbH has been working on accessibility in tourism since 2012. For us, accessibility is not a project that can be implemented in the short term, but a guiding principle that must develop and expand over the course of years. The many smaller and larger steps that we have taken towards accessibility have led to success. Due to demographic changes, accessible tourism is evolving from a niche to a basic building block for tourism in general. Nevertheless, our work towards accessibility in the region is never done, as there is always room for improvement or optimization. The framework conditions in Germany are supportive, and they encourage positive development: The coalition agreement of the State of Lower Saxony assigns appropriate importance to the topic of accessibility. The state also provides financial support for the ‘Travel for All’ certification. This makes it possible to keep the otherwise high certification fees for service providers low. The working groups ‘Accessible East Frisia’ and the ‘AG Leichter Reisen’, of which East Frisia is a member, are also making major contributions to the success of these efforts. It is important to have a well-developed network. In addition, we have our own surveyor in the region, who carries out and approves the ‘Travel for All’ inspections. Finally, the Ostfriesland Tourismus GmbH team has had an accessibility staff position for several years. Maike Fockens, Project Leader for OstFriesland Travel

When tourism products and services are made accessible, this will benefit everyone—not only people with disabilities, but also other target groups, including seniors and families with small children. Ideally, interventions should simultaneously improve the quality of experiences for visitors, the quality of life for inhabitants and the quality of work for people and businesses active in tourism. No two destinations are the same. This calls for a contextual approach to advising stakeholders, including government bodies, societal organizations and business representatives. Jeroen Klijs , Professor of Tourism Impacts on Society, Breda University of Applied Sciences

Related research

• What is the demand for outbound tourism on the European market?
• What trends offer opportunities or pose threats on the European outbound tourism market?
• What are the requirements for tourism services in the European market?
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Road Trips: How to Plan an Accessible Getaway

By Syren Nagakyrie

Planning an accessible road trip is getting a little easier for people with disabilities. There are more resources created by and for the disability community, and the tourism industry is starting to recognize the value of accessible travel. As a disabled, chronically ill, neurodivergent person, I take road trips every year and have learned some tips and tricks along the way.

Renting a vehicle

Most major car companies offer adaptive driving devices for their vehicles at no additional cost. Enterprise , for example, offers hand controls, left foot accelerators, pedal extenders and spinner knobs to facilitate steering. Budget can provide hand controls, spinner knobs, a panoramic mirror, swivel seats and transfer boards. Be prepared to request adaptive devices at least three business days in advance.

For a wheelchair-accessible van with a ramp or a lift, rent from a mobility company like BraunAbility , one of the largest builders of wheelchair-accessible vans in the country, with rentals at many locations. MobilityWorks , an accessible-vehicle and adaptive-equipment dealer, has rental locations in 34 states. AccessibleGO , which offers a one-stop shop for adapted rental cars and wheelchair-accessible vans, has agreements with 100 wheelchair van rental locations nationwide; request a quote on their website. For accessibleGO’s rental cars, you can request hand controls and a spinner knob at checkout.

Route planning

You can use Google Maps, Waze and MapQuest for initial accessibility research using photos and street view. Google Maps provides directions for some wheelchair-accessible pedestrian and transit routes.

Sites such as Roadtrippers and Furkot can plot an entire itinerary. While these websites are not disability specific, they are invaluable tools. (Roadtrippers does have a wheelchair-accessible check box in the search function.) You can filter by types of destinations such as national parks or museums, and search for hotels and campgrounds. Furkot allows you to input how long you want to drive each day, whether you want to travel on Interstate highways or take more scenic roads. The app will determine the best route and length of time between stops, and suggest where to stay overnight.

Finding lodging

While hotels and other accommodations are required to comply with the Americans With Disabilities Act, many hotels do not meet all accessibility needs. Most of the booking sites list hotels with accessible rooms for those with mobility, hearing and vision needs, but this information is not always verified. Do additional research on review sites and look for photos. Hyatt, Marriott, Hilton and Fairmont hotels offer allergy-friendly and scent-free rooms in some locations. Call the hotel to verify accessibility and to make sure a specific room is reserved for you.

Vacation rentals are typically not required to be A.D.A. compliant, but some do provide accessibility information. Airbnb recently rolled out an adapted category with accessibility search features and homes that have been scanned for accessibility. Review photos and contact the host for more information. Some hosts will make accommodations, such as changing the cleaning supplies or shifting furniture, but document your request using the in-app messaging system so that customer service can help if you run into issues.

Wheel the World is an accessible travel agency offering bookings at over 3,000 verified accessible hotels in the United States. The hotels have been reviewed in person by trained assessors; only those that meet the criteria are listed. Sign up as a disabled traveler or a companion and complete a personal profile that includes options for a variety of disabilities and accessibility needs. The site will provide listings that match your profile with partial, adequate and outstanding match options.

Food and medication

There are a variety of options to keep food or medication cold while traveling. Electric coolers can plug into your vehicle’s 12-volt outlet, but pay attention to the type of cooling mechanism — the less expensive versions are usually thermoelectric and will cool only to about 30 degrees below ambient temperature (if it is 70 degrees in the car, it will cool to 40 degrees). Compressor coolers are more expensive but maintain normal refrigerated temperatures.

Many hotels provide mini-refrigerators. When you know you will be stopping somewhere with a fridge almost every night, layer large ice packs and supplies in a cooler, then top them with another insulating layer like a cooling bag. This keeps everything cold for a couple of days at a time.

It’s also a good idea to travel with a single-burner cooktop — electric to use inside, or propane to use at rest areas and campgrounds — and a camp mess kit so that you can safely cook meals.

Some of the best apps to find food, restaurants and grocery stores that accommodate dietary needs are Fig for allergy-specific options, Happy Cow for vegan-friendly options and Find Me Gluten Free for celiac-safe spots. Add your favorite options to the route-planning app so that you know where to stop.

Finding activities

In addition to the apps mentioned in the route-planning section, state and local tourism organizations are good sources for accessible destinations.

National parks and monuments, which are required to meet federal accessibility guidelines, typically have visitor centers and recreation sites with accessible features. Each park website has information, as well as programs and services within the park. While accessibility varies, you can usually find information on wheelchair-accessible trails and campsites, tactile and audio features, assistive listening devices, and American Sign Language interpreters.

At state parks, accessibility features may not be consistent, but you can usually find some information on each park’s website.

Apps like AllTrails list wheelchair-friendly trails across the country, but the information may not be verified, so contact the park or land manager for verification. Among the parks with notable accessible trails are Redwood National and State Parks, North Cascades National Park, Badlands National Park, and Great Smoky Mountains National Park .

Syren Nagakyrie, the founder of the nonprofit Disabled Hikers and the author of “The Disabled Hiker’s Guide to Western Washington and Oregon” and “The Disabled Hiker’s Guide to Northern California,” among other guidebooks, leads group hikes and conducts assessments throughout the United States.

Open Up Your World

Considering a trip, or just some armchair traveling here are some ideas..

52 Places:  Why do we travel? For food, culture, adventure, natural beauty? Our 2024 list has all those elements, and more .

Mumbai:  Spend 36 hours in this fast-changing Indian city  by exploring ancient caves, catching a concert in a former textile mill and feasting on mangoes.

Kyoto:  The Japanese city’s dry gardens offer spots for quiet contemplation  in an increasingly overtouristed destination.

Iceland:  The country markets itself as a destination to see the northern lights. But they can be elusive, as one writer recently found .

Texas:  Canoeing the Rio Grande near Big Bend National Park can be magical. But as the river dries, it’s getting harder to find where a boat will actually float .

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Road trips: How to plan an accessible getaway in the United States

Syren Nagakyrie

UNITED STATES – Planning an accessible road trip is getting a little easier for people with disabilities. There are more resources created by and for the disability community, and the tourism industry is starting to recognise the value of accessible travel.

As a disabled, chronically ill, neurodivergent person, I take road trips every year and have learnt some tips and tricks along the way.

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ENAT - European Network for Accessible Tourism asbl. Rue du Marché aux Herbes 61 / Grasmarkt 61 1000 Bruxelles Belgium

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Turn Your Curiosity Into Discovery

Latest facts.

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40 facts about elektrostal.

Written by Lanette Mayes

Modified & Updated: 02 Mar 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Key Takeaways:

• Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
• With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy, materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes, offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development.

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy, with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

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UNWTO, ONCE Foundation and ENAT - Delivering Accessible Tourism for All

• All Regions
• 14 Apr 2021

The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) will continue to build on its successful partnership with the Spanish ONCE Foundation and the European Network for Accessible Tourism (ENAT). The three parties have agreed to extend their partnership agreement for a further four years to ensure that their work to improve accessibility, in every part of the tourism value chain, continues during and beyond the pandemic.

The joint work will continue to focus on the promotion of good practices during the current crisis, the application of standards, the measurement of accessible tourism, as well as labour inclusion and institutional disability inclusive policies. The three partners are currently collecting success stories of destinations and companies which have adopted new sanitary protocols to facilitate access to travel and tourism for all , including both residents and visitors. In line with the key UNWTO Recommendations released early on during the pandemic, the Accessibility Champions initiative is still open for submissions illustrating how the guidelines to restart tourism without imposing new obstacles are being successfully implemented. The most outstanding cases will be promoted by the partners through an e-publication and webinars.

The three partners are also committed to raising awareness of the forthcoming ISO Standard on Tourism for All. All three have worked with the International Standardization Organization (ISO) on the new requirements and recommendations. The ISO standard will represent a milestone, being the first global standard aimed at implementing and improving accessibility throughout the tourism value chain.

The awareness-raising work will sensitize institutions, governments and service providers   o the importance of accessibility for all and inclusion. It will make clear that this is not only a question of human rights and equal opportunities, but also a major competitive advantage for destinations and the private sector.

UNWTO, the ONCE Foundation and ENAT jointly state: “ Accessibility for all is about service quality, innovation and comfort for all tourists, new sources of revenue and new clients with disabilities, seniors and families with young children, among many other individuals, with specific access requirements. By adopting Universal Design principles in the development of environments and services, the tourism sector can fulfil its moral responsibility and, in many countries, legal obligations to cater to those with specific requirements, making tourism for all a reality.”

Related Links

• Download the news release in PDF
• UNWTO Accessibility Champions initiative

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Pro-Palestinian demonstrators shut down airport highways and key bridges in major US cities

Pro-Palestinian demonstrators shut down both directions of the Golden Gate Bridge Monday snarling traffic for hours.

Pro-Palestinian demonstrators blocked a freeway leading to three Chicago O’Hare International Airport terminals Monday morning, temporarily stopping traffic into one of the nation’s busiest airports and causing headaches for travelers.

A passenger walks on the highway as he carries his luggage to at O’Hare International Airport in Chicago, Monday, April 15, 2024. Pro-Palestinian demonstrators blocked a freeway leading to three Chicago O’Hare International Airport terminals Monday morning, temporarily stopping vehicle traffic into one of the nation’s busiest airports and causing headaches for travelers. (AP Photo/Nam Y. Huh)

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Pedestrians and bicyclists wait outside the pedestrian gate on the south side of the Golden Gate Bridge while the bridge is closed due to protesters on Monday, April 15, 2024 in San Francisco, Calif. (Lea Suzuki/San Francisco Chronicle via AP)

Heavy traffic is seen at O’Hare International Airport in Chicago, Monday, April 15, 2024. Pro-Palestinian demonstrators blocked a freeway leading to three Chicago O’Hare International Airport terminals Monday morning, temporarily stopping vehicle traffic into one of the nation’s busiest airports and causing headaches for travelers. (AP Photo/Nam Y. Huh)

Protesters calling for a cease fire in Gaza shut down southbound traffic on Highway 880 in Oakland, Calif. on Monday, April 15, 2024. (Bronte Wittpenn/San Francisco Chronicle via AP)

A passenger talks on the her phone as she walks to Terminal 1 at O’Hare International Airport in Chicago, Monday, April 15, 2024. Pro-Palestinian demonstrators blocked a freeway leading to three Chicago O’Hare International Airport terminals Monday morning, temporarily stopping vehicle traffic into one of the nation’s busiest airports and causing headaches for travellers. (AP Photo/Nam Y. Huh)

Passengers walk to a security checkpoint at O’Hare International Airport in Chicago, Monday, April 15, 2024. Pro-Palestinian demonstrators blocked a freeway leading to three Chicago O’Hare International Airport terminals Monday morning, temporarily stopping vehicle traffic into one of the nation’s busiest airports and causing headaches for travelers. (AP Photo/Nam Y. Huh)

Travellers wait for their ride at O’Hare International Airport in Chicago, Monday, April 15, 2024. Pro-Palestinian demonstrators blocked a freeway leading to three Chicago O’Hare International Airport terminals Monday morning, temporarily stopping vehicle traffic into one of the nation’s busiest airports and causing headaches for travelers. (AP Photo/Nam Y. Huh)

Travellers wait for an airport shuttle bus at O’Hare International Airport in Chicago, Monday, April 15, 2024. Pro-Palestinian demonstrators blocked a freeway leading to three Chicago O’Hare International Airport terminals Monday morning, temporarily stopping vehicle traffic into one of the nation’s busiest airports and causing headaches for travelers. (AP Photo/Nam Y. Huh)

TravelLers walk to Terminal 1 at O’Hare International Airport in Chicago, Monday, April 15, 2024. Pro-Palestinian demonstrators blocked a freeway leading to three Chicago O’Hare International Airport terminals Monday morning, temporarily stopping vehicle traffic into one of the nation’s busiest airports and causing headaches for travelLers. (AP Photo/Nam Y. Huh)

Travelers wait for an airport shuttle bus at O’Hare International Airport in Chicago, Monday, April 15, 2024. Pro-Palestinian demonstrators blocked a freeway leading to three Chicago O’Hare International Airport terminals Monday morning, temporarily stopping vehicle traffic into one of the nation’s busiest airports and causing headaches for travelers. (AP Photo/Nam Y. Huh)

Traffic is backed up at O’Hare International Airport in Chicago, Monday, April 15, 2024. Pro-Palestinian demonstrators blocked a freeway leading to three Chicago O’Hare International Airport terminals Monday morning, temporarily stopping vehicle traffic into one of the nation’s busiest airports and causing headaches for travelers. (AP Photo/Nam Y. Huh)

Travelers wait for their ride at O’Hare International Airport in Chicago, Monday, April 15, 2024. Pro-Palestinian demonstrators blocked a freeway leading to three Chicago O’Hare International Airport terminals Monday morning, temporarily stopping vehicle traffic into one of the nation’s busiest airports and causing headaches for travelers. (AP Photo/Nam Y. Huh)

Travelers walk through Terminal 1 at O’Hare International Airport in Chicago, Monday, April 15, 2024. Pro-Palestinian demonstrators blocked a freeway leading to three Chicago O’Hare International Airport terminals Monday morning, temporarily stopping vehicle traffic into one of the nation’s busiest airports and causing headaches for travelers. (AP Photo/Nam Y. Huh)

Demonstrators protesting the ongoing war in Gaza, block southbound traffic on Interstate 880 in Oakland, Calif., on Monday, April 15, 2024. Traffic in the San Francisco Bay Area was also snarled for hours Monday morning as pro-Palestinian demonstrators shut down both directions of the Golden Gate Bridge and stalled a 17-mile (27-kilometer) stretch of Interstate 880 in Oakland. (Brontë Wittpenn/San Francisco Chronicle via AP)

CHICAGO (AP) — Pro-Palestinian demonstrators blocked roadways in Illinois, California, New York and the Pacific Northwest on Monday, temporarily shutting down travel into some of the nation’s most heavily used airports, onto the Golden Gate and Brooklyn bridges and on a busy West Coast highway.

In Chicago, protesters linked arms and blocked lanes of Interstate 190 leading into O’Hare International Airport around 7 a.m. in a demonstration they said was part of a global “economic blockade to free Palestine,” according to Rifqa Falaneh, one of the organizers.

Traffic in the San Francisco Bay Area was snarled for hours as demonstrators shut down all vehicle, pedestrian and bike traffic on the Golden Gate Bridge and chained themselves to 55-gallon drums filled with cement across Interstate 880 in Oakland. Protesters marching into Brooklyn blocked Manhattan-bound traffic on the Brooklyn Bridge. In Eugene, Oregon, protesters blocked Interstate 5, shutting down traffic on the major highway for about 45 minutes.

Protesters say they chose O’Hare in part because it is one of the largest airports. Among other things, they’ve called for an immediate cease-fire in the war between Israel and Hamas.

Anti- war protesters have demonstrated in Chicago near daily since Hamas’ Oct. 7 attack on southern Israel that killed around 1,200 people. Israeli warplanes and ground troops have since conducted a scorched-earth campaign on the Gaza Strip.

The Israeli offensive has killed more than 33,700 Palestinians, according to the Gaza health ministry. The ministry does not differentiate between civilians and combatants in its count but says women and children make up two-thirds of the dead.

O’Hare warned travelers on the social platform X to take alternative forms of transportation with car travel “substantially delayed this morning due to protest activity.”

Some travelers stuck in standstill traffic left their cars and walked the final leg to the airport along the freeway, trailing their luggage behind them.

Among them was Madeline Hannan from suburban Chicago. She was headed to O’Hare for a work trip to Florida when her and her husband’s car ended up stalled for 20 minutes. She got out and “both ran and speed walked” more than a mile (1.6 kilometers). She said she made it to the gate on time, but barely.

“This was an inconvenience,” she said in a telephone interview from Florida. “But in the grand scheme of things going on overseas, it’s a minor inconvenience.”

While individual travelers may have been affected, operations at the airport appeared near normal with delays of under 15 minutes, according to the Chicago Department of Aviation.

Inbound traffic toward O’Hare resumed around 9 a.m.

Near Seattle, the Washington State Department of Transportation said a demonstration closed the main road to Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. Social media posts showed people holding a banner and waving Palestinian flags while standing on the highway, which reopened about three hours later.

About 20 protesters were arrested at the Golden Gate Bridge demonstration and traffic resumed shortly after noon, according to the California Highway Patrol. The agency said officers were making arrests at two points on the interstate, including one spot where roughly 300 protesters refused orders to disperse,

“Attempting to block or shut down a freeway or state highway to protest is unlawful, dangerous, and prevents motorists from safely reaching their destinations,” the agency said in a statement.

Oregon State Police said 52 protestors were were arrested for disorderly conduct following the Interstate 5 protest in Eugene, Oregon, about 110 miles (177 kilometers) south of Portland. Six vehicles were towed from the scene.

New York Police made numerous arrests, saying 150 protesters were initially involved in the march around 3:15 p.m., but that number quickly grew. The bridge was fully reopened by 5 p.m.

In Chicago, dozens of protesters were arrested, according to Falaneh. Chicago police said Monday that “multiple people” were taken into custody after a protest where people obstructed traffic, but they did not have a detailed count.

Associated Press writers Janie Har in San Francisco, Claire Rush in Portland, Oregon; Pat Eaton-Robb in Hartford, Connecticut and Audrey McAvoy in Honolulu contributed to this report.